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A lot has been written in the media recently about APTs, but there seems to be a level of confusion out there about what this phenomenon is and how this could affect us. Within this brief article, I shall try and shed some light on the phenomenon that is APTs! So let’s start off with a definition – APTs are posed by entities that have a vested interest in breaking into your cyber defences usually not for financial gain, but to get access to other assets such as Intellectual Property, trade secrets, national secrets or other items of immense, ongoing value. APTs are made up of three key components as described below: The entities engaged in these attacks have access to a vast array of resources to ply their trade. They are at the other end of the spectrum compared to script kiddies and will usually have access to a vast array of computer intrusion technologies and techniques. They are regarded as persistent because they usually will have a specific target in mind and go for it with everything. This is distinct to the traditional notion of hacking where intruders usually ‘smash and grab’ generally for financial gain. In the cases of APTs the idea is to gain access to a part of the network (usually using social engineering techniques such as a spear phishing attack – with the increase in social networking, getting information about potential targets is almost trivial these days) and then elevating privileges until you have access to the desired part of the infrastructure. Once access has been gained, then the intruders will look for, and gather what they want. Two critical differences with this type of attack is going ‘low and slow’ to avoid detection by traditional means of security such as IPSs and to maintain remote access to the network via backdoors so that further attacks can be mounted later if desired. Some very large companies of late have fallen victim to APTs. Names that pop up include Sony and RSA overseas, and the likes of Rio Tinto, BHP locally. Simply put, these guys are real and out to get you if they really want to. Vulnerabilities exist in every system and zero day vulnerabilities are particularly hard to defend against. However, on their own vulnerabilities are benign unless there is a threat agent out there willing and able to exploit the vulnerability. That is the threat posed by perpetrators of APTs. So what does this all mean? To sum it up, the game has not changed, but the rules are a bit different. Using a rugby analogy, it’s almost like we had been playing against Georgia to date and all of a sudden we have come up against the All Blacks. The vulnerabilities and risks are relatively the same, but we now have to change the game plan and bolster our defences in order to counter the increased threat. Having spoken about the threat and the risk it poses to us, let’s now turn our attention to what can be done about this. At a high level, the following things are particularly applicable in this case: - Layers of defence Yes, nothing different or extraordinary here. Most networks tend to be ‘hard on the outside and soft and gooey on the inside’. Once the external layer of defence is broken it’s all open slather. The traditional model of perimeter based security is no longer applicable. With increased dealings with third parties, the perimeter is blurring fast. This is further complicated by Bring Your Own Technology (BYOT) whereby even your employee’s endpoints can no longer be trusted. Social engineering based attacks such as spear phishing exploit access already granted to a trusted insider. Both of these will occur within your network, and perimeter based defences will largely be useless against these. The idea is to collapse the perimeter to just house your core systems and critical assets inside it and treat everything outside this as untrusted. The easiest way to visualise this is to see every system composed of a number of layers like an onion and each layer requiring protection. This is depicted below with an illustration of the possible protection that could be applied at each layer. I have defined each security measure in Appendix 1 and what defence is applied to the system will depend on its criticality. This is a good sag way into my next point. - Know your assets Know what your IT assets are and what they mean to your organisation i.e. what is their criticality. We all have limited budgets so we need to apply just enough controls so as to protect the information within the system, but not spend so much on it that it becomes non cost effective. Know what your information assets are, classify them according to criticality and protect them appropriately. - Know that attacks will happen Have the ability to detect these AND respond to these. I cannot overstress the ability to be able to respond. It is pointless knowing that something has gone astray and have no ability to respond to it. Plus this response capability needs to be 24x7. If you cannot, or do not want to run a 24x7 security shop then you might want to consider getting hired help and outsourcing this. After all, no one turns their network off when they go home at night. Please note that traditional forms of security are not completely useless. Learn to detect even the slighted change in network traffic patterns e.g. data going out of your network that you wouldn’t typically expect to see going out or going out at odd times. Remember, APTs employ a ‘low and slow’ approach and would typically harvest and extract data remotely over an elapsed period of time. - Realise that breaches will happen Have effective and tested incident response procedures so that you can detect, stop, quarantine and recover from an attack. Within this short article I have tried to explain what APTs are, their impact to businesses and how to protect against them. APTs represent a much tougher opposition, but the game is still the same. And just as the All Blacks aren’t invincible, neither are these bad guys, so long as we know what we are protecting and are prepared to protect it from multiple avenues.

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Definition of Gather 1. Noun. Sewing consisting of small folds or puckers made by pulling tight a thread in a line of stitching. 2. Verb. Assemble or get together. "Pull your thoughts together" Specialized synonyms: Marshal, Mobilise, Mobilize, Summon, Rake, Glean, Harvest, Reap, Club, Hive, Salvage, Scavenge, Come Up, Muster, Muster Up, Rally, Summon, Round Up, Cull, Pick, Pluck, Nut, Snail, Bird-nest, Birdnest, Nest, Oyster, Sponge, Pearl, Clam, Shock, Heap Up, Pile Up, Stack Up Derivative terms: Collecting, Collection Also: Gather Up 3. Noun. The act of gathering something. Generic synonyms: Aggregation, Assembling, Collecting, Collection Specialized synonyms: Centralisation, Centralization, Harvest, Harvest Home, Harvesting 4. Verb. Collect in one place. "The crowds gather in the streets"; "Let's gather in the dining room" Specialized synonyms: Aggroup, Group, Meet, Congregate, Hive, Fort, Fort Up, Convene, Clump, Cluster, Constellate, Flock, Crowd, Crowd Together, Converge, Turn Out, Caucus, Club Related verbs: Come Across, Encounter, Meet, Run Across, Run Into, See Generic synonyms: Interact Derivative terms: Assemblage, Assemblage, Gathering, Gathering, Meeting, Meeting 5. Verb. Collect or gather. "The crowds gather in the streets"; "The work keeps piling up" Generic synonyms: Increase Specialized synonyms: Backlog, Accrete, Drift Derivative terms: Accumulation, Accumulative, Accumulative, Conglomeration, Conglomeration, Cumulation, Cumulative, Cumulus, Gathering 6. Verb. Conclude from evidence. "I gather you have not done your homework" 7. Verb. Draw together into folds or puckers. Generic synonyms: Run Up, Sew, Sew Together, Stitch Derivative terms: Gathering, Pucker, Tuck, Tucker 8. Verb. Get people together. "They want to gather the prisoners "; "Gather the close family members" Causes: Assemble, Foregather, Forgather, Meet Specialized synonyms: Make Derivative terms: Assemblage, Assemblage, Gathering, Gathering, Get Together 9. Verb. Draw and bring closer. "She gathered her shawl around her shoulders" 10. Verb. Look for (food) in nature. "Our ancestors gathered nuts in the Fall" 11. Verb. Increase or develop. "The car gathers speed" Definition of Gather 1. v. t. To bring together; to collect, as a number of separate things, into one place, or into one aggregate body; to assemble; to muster; to congregate. 2. v. i. To come together; to collect; to unite; to become assembled; to congregate. 3. n. A plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing a thread through it; a pucker. Definition of Gather 1. Verb. To collect; normally separate things. ¹ 2. Verb. To bring parts of a whole closer. ¹ 3. Verb. To infer or conclude; to know from a different source. ¹ 4. Verb. (intransitive medicine of a boil or sore) To be filled with pus ¹ 5. Verb. (glassblowing) To collect molten glass on the end of a tool. ¹ 6. Noun. A plait or fold in cloth, made by drawing a thread through it; a pucker. ¹ 7. Noun. The inclination forward of the axle journals to keep the wheels from working outward. ¹ 8. Noun. The soffit or under surface of the masonry required in gathering. See gather (transitive verb). ¹ 9. Noun. (context: glassblowing) A piece of molten glass colected on the end of a blowpipe. ¹ ¹ Source: wiktionary.com Definition of Gather 1. to bring together into one place or group [v -ED, -ING, -S] Medical Definition of Gather 1. 1. To come together; to collect; to unite; to become assembled; to congregate. "When small humors gather to a gout." (Pope) "Tears from the depth of some divine despair Rise in the heart, and gather to the eyes." (Tennyson) 2. To grow larger by accretion; to increase. "Their snowball did not gather as it went." (Bacon) 3. To concentrate; to come to a head, as a sore, and generate pus; as, a boil has gathered. 4. To collect or bring things together. "Thou knewest that I reap where I sowed not, and gather where I have not strewed." (Matt. Xxv. 26) 1. To bring together; to collect, as a number of separate things, into one place, or into one aggregate body; to assemble; to muster; to congregate. "And Belgium's capital had gathered them Her beauty and her chivalry." (Byron) "When he had gathered all the chief priests and scribes of the people together." (Matt. Ii. 4) 2. To pick out and bring together from among what is of less value; to collect, as a harvest; to harvest; to cull; to pick off; to pluck. "A rose just gathered from the stalk." (Dryden) "Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?" (Matt. Vii. 16) "Gather us from among the heathen." (Ps. Cvi. 47) 3. To accumulate by collecting and saving little by little; to amass; to gain; to heap up. "He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance, he shall gather it for him that will pity the poor." (Prov. Xxviii. 8) "To pay the creditor . . . He must gather up money by degrees." (Locke) 4. To bring closely together the parts or particles of; to contract; to compress; to bring together in folds or plaits, as a garment; also, to draw together, as a piece of cloth by a thread; to pucker; to plait; as, to gather a ruffle. "Gathering his flowing robe, he seemed to stand In act to speak, and graceful stretched his hand." (Pope) 5. To derive, or deduce, as an inference; to collect, as a conclusion, from circumstances that suggest, or arguments that prove; to infer; to conclude. "Let me say no more Gather the sequel by that went before." (Shak) 6. To gain; to win. "He gathers ground upon her in the chase." (Dryden) 7. To bring together, or nearer together, in masonry, as where the width of a fireplace is rapidly diminished to the width of the flue, or the like. 8. To haul in; to take up; as, to gather the slack of a rope. To be gathered to one's people, or to one's fathers to die. To gather breath, to recover normal breathing after being out of breath; to get breath; to rest. To gather one's self together, to collect and dispose one's powers for a great effort, as a beast crouches preparatory to a leap. To gather way, to begin to move; to move with increasing speed. Origin: OE. Gaderen, AS. Gaderian, gadrian, fr. Gador, geador, together, fr. Gaed fellowship; akin to E. Good, D. Gaderen to collect, G. Gatte husband, MHG. Gate, also companion, Goth. Gadiliggs a sister's son. See Good, and cf. Together. Source: Websters Dictionary (01 Mar 1998) Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Gather Images Lexicographical Neighbors of Gather Literary usage of Gather Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature: 1. The Complete Poetical Works of Sir Walter Scott by Walter Scott (1900) "gather, gather, gather, etc. Our signal for fight, that from monarchs we drew, Ii ust be heard but by night in our vengeful haloo ! ..." 2. The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ: Translated Out of by Robert M. Hartley, American Bible Society, Wightman family (1875) "44 For every tree is known by his own fruit. For of thorns men do not gather figs, nor of a bramble bush gather they grapes. food treasure of his heart ..." 3. Sermons by Phillips Brooks (1896) "But he said, ' Nay ; lest while ye gather up the tares, ye root up also the wheat with them. Let both grow together until the harvest.' "—MATTHEW xiii. 29. ..."

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This could be it. The Large Hadron Collider finally has enough data to explore every nook and cranny where the elusive Higgs boson could be hiding. LHC physicists will announce the results of their latest hunt on Tuesday at CERN in Switzerland. What if they find nothing? New Scientist takes a look at alternatives to the Higgs. What is the Higgs boson? It is the last undiscovered member of the standard model of particle physics, the leading theory describing how particles and forces interact. The mysterious particle is thought to give all other particles mass, but the standard model can't predict what the Higgs itself weighs. Where might the Higgs be hiding? The Higgs may be produced fleetingly when particles smash into each other at high speeds, and for years physicists have been looking for evidence of it at various particle colliders. They have gradually ruled out its existence at different masses, but there is still a narrow mass range, between 115 and 141 gigaelectronvolts, where the simplest version of the Higgs could take refuge. What will LHC physicists report next week? Rumour has it they have found hints of the Higgs at a mass of 125 gigaelectronvolts, about 133 times the mass of a proton. What is known for sure, though, is that researchers from the LHC's main detectors, ATLAS and CMS, will separately present the past year's worth of data from the proton collider. That represents more than 300 trillion high-speed particle collisions, more than twice the amount of data reported at a conference in August. That is still not enough data to be able to rule the Higgs definitively in or out, but it should be enough to show hints of the Higgs if it exists in the mass range that had previously not been scrutinised. What if there is still no sign of the Higgs? This time, if nothing materialises, physicists will really start giving up. "If we witness a lack of events in the full mass range, then clearly we will start disfavouring the presence of the standard model Higgs boson in LHC data," says CMS spokesperson Guido Tonelli. "To really exclude it we would need additional data. But if in this amount of data we don't see any indication that something is happening, the most likely hypothesis is that we have to look for another solution." Are there other solutions? "I think there are alternatives to the Higgs," says Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg of the University of Texas at Austin, who, together with Sheldon Glashow of Boston University and Abdus Salam of Imperial College London, wrote the standard model in the 1960s. Giving up on the Higgs boson opens the door for more exotic kinds of physics, including extra particles and extra forces. Do we need a Higgs boson to give things mass? No, says theorist Matt Strassler of Rutgers University in New Jersey. The Higgs boson is just a ripple in the so-called Higgs field, which is really what is thought to give all other particles mass. "The poor Higgs field labors in obscurity, protecting the universe from catastrophe but getting none of its deserved credit," Strassler writes in his blog. Physicists are only looking for the Higgs particle because it is the easiest way to access the field. If they don't see it, then it suggests the field is different from the one predicted by the standard model. Normally, particles in fields are like ripples in ponds – photons are ripples in the electromagnetic field, for example. But if the field is more like molasses than water, then the ripples die away too quickly for us to detect. That means matter might get its mass from a thick Higgs-like field that has no associated particle. To get such a goopy field, theorists need to add in more exotic possibilities – such as new particles or forces of nature. "You can't get the situation where there's no Higgs particle there unless you add something else," Strassler told New Scientist. What about more exotic possibilities? The existence of a new force, called technicolour, could also give particles mass without the need for a Higgs boson. Technicolour would act like a heavy-duty version of the strong nuclear force, which binds quarks together in the nuclei of atoms. The technicolour force would fill space with pairs of still more new particles, which would form a soup through which other particles would travel, gaining mass in the process. "That would be an outstanding alternative if the Higgs isn't there," Weinberg says. "In that case there would be a whole host of other particles, probably at higher energy, that the LHC might discover. But it wouldn't find the Higgs. There wouldn't be a Higgs, in the usual sense." Are there even more exotic ideas? The existence of a fourth dimension of space, beyond the three we experience, could explain why particles have different masses – a fact that is usually attributed to the Higgs boson. If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.

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U.S. Forest Service Chief Tom Tidwell today announced a new nonprofit-operated fund allowing people across the country to support environmental restoration work in areas damaged by wildfire. The Wildfire Recovery Fund established by the National Forest Foundation will help work crews to restore and protect waterways, stabilize soils to prevent mudslides and plant new trees following wildfires. “Our work isn’t over when we’ve put the fire out. If restoration efforts aren’t underway before the next big storm hits, critical drinking water supplies may be endangered and overall forest health compromised for years to come,” said Tidwell. “When you consider that one in five Americans get their drinking water from a national forest, it is all the more important to get to work once the fire is out.” “In recent years we have experienced increasing levels of catastrophic fire that have brought about dramatic changes, especially in the American West,” said Bill Possiel, president of the National Forest Foundation. “Our goals are ambitious, but our purpose is clear. Our national forests need our help and together we can ensure that these amazing places are healthy so that future generations can enjoy their many benefits.” Recovery efforts are vital to ensure that water flowing from burned forests is clean and free of ash, mud and other contaminants. The loss of ground cover such as grasses, shrubs and moss dramatically increases the possibility of mudslides. In most cases, only a portion of the burned area is actually treated. Severely burned areas, very steep slopes, places where water runoff will be excessive, fragile slopes above homes, businesses, municipal water supplies and other valuable facilities are focus areas. The treatments must be installed as soon as possible, generally before the next damaging storm. Some of the primary stabilization techniques used include reseeding of ground cover with quick-growing or native species, mulching with straw or chipped wood, construction of straw, rock or log dams in small tributaries and placement of logs to catch sediment on hill slopes are the primary stabilization techniques used. Work crews might also need to modify road and trail drainage mechanisms by installing debris traps, modifying or removing culverts to allow drainage to flow freely, adding additional drainage dips and constructing emergency spillways to keep roads and bridges from washing out during floods. Over the years, the U.S. Forest Service and National Forest Foundation have worked together to restore dozens of fire-damaged areas, including the Hayman Restoration Partnership, a three-year, $4 million project that is Colorado’s largest public-private partnership aimed at restoring areas severely damaged by the Hayman Fire ten years ago. The project is addressing 45,000 acres of the most severely affected watersheds feeding into the Upper South Platte River, which supplies much of Denver’s water.

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A woman’s blood type and Rh factor can impact her pregnancy. That’s why every pregnant woman will have an Rh factor test. In some cases, the father of the baby will be tested too. Here’s what you need to know about blood types and Rh factor. The four major blood types are: Which classification you are is determined by antigens (proteins) on the surface of blood cells that trigger an immune response. According to the American Pregnancy Association, the Rh factor is a specific type of protein on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has these proteins, it’s considered Rh positive. This is the most common blood type. If you don’t have these proteins, you are Rh negative. Being Rh negative is not considered an illness, and it doesn’t usually impact your health. But it can be problematic during pregnancy. If you are Rh negative and the father of your baby is Rh positive, your baby might inherit the Rh-positive gene. Stanford Children’s Health explains that the Rh-positive gene is dominant. So even when it’s paired with an Rh-negative gene, the positive gene is dominant. If both parents are Rh negative, the baby will be Rh negative too. Rh Factor Complications Complications can occur when the mother’s Rh factor is negative and her baby’s Rh factor is positive. According to the Mayo Clinic, small amounts of your blood can come into contact with your baby’s blood during delivery or other times during your pregnancy, including: - amniocentesis, a prenatal test that involves retrieving a sample of the amniotic fluid in your uterus - chorionic villus sampling, a prenatal test that involves retrieving a sample of the placenta - fetal blood sample - bleeding during your pregnancy - ectopic pregnancy, when the fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the uterus, often in one of the fallopian tubes If both mother and baby are Rh positive, compatibility isn’t an issue. But if the mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive, the mother’s body may respond with an allergic reaction to the blood of the baby. The mother may produce proteins called Rh antibodies. According to the American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecologists (ACOG), someone with Rh-negative blood who produces Rh antibodies is considered “Rh sensitized.” This isn’t normally a concern with the first pregnancy, because in many instances the baby is born before the mother’s body can develop a significant amount of antibodies. But without treatment during the first pregnancy, it can be an issue with any pregnancies that follow. If your next baby is also Rh positive, your body will produce the Rh antibodies again. This time, they can cross the placenta and attack your baby’s red blood cells. Without enough red blood cells, your baby won’t get enough oxygen. This condition is known as hemolytic disease or hemolytic anemia. It can lead to illness, brain damage, and even death to your baby before or after delivery. It’s very important to prevent your body from producing these antibodies. Otherwise, every Rh-positive baby you carry after the first pregnancy could be at risk for this condition. Rh Factor Antibody Screen Women who test negative for the Rh factor early in their pregnancy may need a second blood test, or antibody screen, in or around week 28. The antibody screen tests for the presence of antibodies in Rh-positive blood. If no Rh antibodies can be detected, an injection of Rh immunoglobulin (Rhlg) will be administered. This prevents a woman’s body from producing Rh antibodies during her pregnancy. If you test positive for the presence of Rh antibodies, the injection won’t be effective. Instead, your baby will be closely monitored throughout your pregnancy. In severe cases of anemia, ACOG cautions that it may be necessary to delivery your baby before 37 weeks. A blood transfusion may be necessary immediately after delivery or through the umbilical cord while the baby is still in your uterus. If anemia is present but mild, it may be possible to deliver your baby at full term. If a baby is born with Rh-positive blood, the mother will receive another injection of Rhlg within 72 hours after delivery. If you or your baby’s father test positive for the Rh factor, it’s important to take certain precautions during your pregnancy. Contact your doctor immediately if you experience vaginal bleeding. The Mayo Clinic recommends scheduling an Rhlg injection with your doctor. It’s also important to inform the doctors and nurses assisting you during labor and delivery if you and your baby are not Rh compatible.

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2.2. Molecular Gas What is seen in the molecular phase is just the contrary: apparently large H2 concentrations pile up at the galaxy nuclei in interacting systems. Up to 50% of the dynamical mass could be under the form of molecular hydrogen in merging systems (Scoville et al. 1991), even when the the CO / H2 conversion ratio is corrected to a minimum (Bryant & Scoville 1999, Solomon et al 1997). In summary, the observations suggest that the HI gas is dragged outwards, while the H2 gas is driven inwards, to be consumed in star formation. In fact these two tracers (HI and CO) shed light on two aspects of the same gas component. In normal spiral galaxies, there exists a sharp cut-off in the HI line distribution (21cm) (van Gorkom et al 1991, Corbelli & Salpeter 1993); it is interpreted as a ionizing front, due to photoionisation from the extragalactic background. HII is the third gas phase to take into account. While star formation is enhanced in interacting galaxies, this is not true in groups and clusters. This is mainly due to the stripping of the outer gas acting as reservoirs of fuel for star formation. The HI deficiency in compact groups is in average 3 (Williams & Rood 1987, Williams et al 1991, Huchtmeier 1997, Oosterloo & Iovino 1997), and there is no significant CO deficiency or enhancement (Boselli et al 1996, Leon et al 1998, Verdes-Montenegro et al. 1998). The missing gas is heated by repeated interactions, and joins the coronal hot phase. ROSAT survey of 22 HCG (Ponman et al 1996) have revealed that 75% possess a diffuse hot gas. There appears to be a correlation between X-ray and spiral galaxy fraction (Pildis et al. 1995).

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There are a few steps involved in changing a mountain bike fork. First, you’ll want to measure the steerer tube. Make sure that the new steerer tube is exactly the same size as the old one. You can also use a round file to smooth out rough surfaces. If you don’t have these tools or you’re unsure how to go about doing this, take your old fork to a bike shop and ask them to replace it for you. Next, remove the stem. You can do this by sliding the stem up and off the steering tube. You can also pull the fork out of the headset. Make sure that you remove any spacers or headset before you proceed. Once you’ve removed them, slide the fork out of the head tube. Another important step is to install the new fork. The new forks should fit your bike’s steerer tube. Threadless forks are not compatible with suspension bikes, so you’ll need to purchase one that’s made for suspension bikes. Remember to also check the size of the stem, handlebar, and wheel. You should also make sure that your brake levers fit the handlebar mounts. Related Questions / Contents Can You Change Front Forks on a Mountain Bike? Before you can change your fork, you need to measure the steerer tube. If you’re replacing a steel or aluminum fork, you’ll also need cutting oil. A round file is also helpful to remove any rough surfaces. If you don’t have these tools, it’s best to take your old fork to a bike shop. A front fork has two types of springs: coil and air. Coil springs are linear springs that compress equal amounts at every stage of travel. Progressive-rate springs, on the other hand, have varying coil spacing. The latter type requires more force at the end of the stroke. Most mountain bikes come with air-sprung forks. The air in the chamber reduces the volume of the chamber when compressed. Most bike shops use a standard method for fork replacement. This way, the bike shop’s adjustments may not be suitable for your preferences. Are Mountain Bike Forks Interchangeable? The difference between a mountain bike’s fork and a road bike fork is that the latter is tapered. Tapered forks have a narrower bottom and a wider top, and they connect the front end of the bike to the handlebars. There is a corresponding size difference for the fork and the steerer tube, so you must know the difference between the two. Different types of mountain bike forks are meant to fit specific types of bikes, which is why they can be divided into various categories. Downhill, freeride, and all-mountain mountain bikes all use different types of forks. Fork sizes depend on the size of the wheel, the axle, and the steerer tube. Different forks also come with different features. For example, some are longer than others, making it more difficult to position the bike in the right position and to prevent bending the rims or tires. Another type of mountain bike fork is called a suspension fork. A suspension fork dampens the vibrations that come from uneven terrain and provides a smooth ride. Forks are a highly sophisticated component that requires special care when purchasing one. Depending on the purpose of the bike, the type of fork can be interchanged as long as the travel is compatible. How Do You Change Bike Forks? First of all, you’ll need to remove the bike fork. This is done with the help of an Allen wrench. Unscrew the bolt on the upper tube, slide the old fork off, and then screw the new fork in. You’ll want to make sure that you grease these parts well, too. Next, measure the steerer tube. This should be about the same measurement as the old fork. This measurement will help you ensure the new fork sits flat on the frame. You may need to use a cutting oil to clean the steerer tube, and a round file to smooth out rough edges. If you do not have the proper tools, it’s best to take the old fork to a bike shop and have them replace it for you. Next, you need to determine which kind of fork you need. The two most common types are threaded and threadless. The former is more common, while the latter is more uncommon and is used on bikes with suspension. You’ll also need to decide which size of fork to get, as this will determine the size of the frame, handlebar, and wheel. Make sure you choose one that is compatible with your brake levers. Can I Put a 29Er Fork on a 26 Bike? You may have a question, “Can I Put a 29Er Fork on my 26 Bike?” The simple answer is no. The differences between a 26 and a 29-inch bike are too great. One major difference is wheel size. 29-inch wheels are wider and heavier than 26-inch wheels. As a result, they have less clearance in the rear. This can cause instability and wobbling, which can be difficult to control. Adding a 29-inch fork will alter the geometry of your bike. If you want to use a 29-inch fork on your 26-inch bike, you will need to add clearance in the frame. The 29-inch fork is much taller than its 26-inch counterpart, so make sure your bike has enough clearance. The fork offset also makes a big difference. For instance, a 29-inch fork will have a 51-mm offset, while a 26-inch fork will have an offset of 50-54mm. Offsets are important because they affect cornering. If you’re a newbie, a short-offset fork will make your bike easier to turn. Should I Upgrade My MTB Fork? When it comes to mountain biking, suspension forks play a huge role. As you progress in your riding skills and the challenges you face increase, you may want to consider upgrading your fork. While these can be expensive, you may get better ride quality and better handling with a new suspension fork. Some of the features of a new suspension fork include adjustable settings, plush travel, and large thru-axles. First of all, you should make sure that the new fork you choose is compatible with your bike. A mountain bike fork that is too long or too short can cause a bike to be unbalanced and cause damage to your frame. It can also void the manufacturer’s warranty. If you are unsure about which fork to get, make sure you read the manufacturer’s service schedule. Most companies produce service videos and maintenance schedules to guide you through the process. Taking the time to learn how to service your fork properly will be a treat for you and your bike. Oiling and cleaning your fork is essential, and changing the oil regularly will improve the smoothness of your ride. Learn More Here:

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In January 2012 mountaineer and ‘adventurer’ Wilco van Rooijen and co-pilot Fokke van Velzen are embarking on a trip to the South Pole with a CO2-neutral vehicle running on solar energy. Part of the bodywork consists of TenCate composites. With this expedition, Team Wilco wants to highlight the importance of sustainable energy and draw attention to the fact that in 2048 this continent will no longer enjoy protected status. The vehicle is designed by Team Antarctica, students at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology of the University of Applied Sciences Utrecht. The climate-neutral vehicle that they are now building is powered by solar energy. Because it is equipped with solar cells, it is sturdy in build and TenCate Cetex® has been selected to limit the weight. This composite laminate based on carbon fibre is manufactured by Ten Cate Advanced Composites bv in Nijverdal. TenCate Cetex® can withstand the low temperatures during this period in Antarctica. Panels of TenCate Cetex® are processed for reinforcement purposes in the lid of the boot (where the solar cells are installed), in the interior of the bonnet and the doors, as well as in the climate box. Antarctica (picture pooljaar.nl) Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. Once a temperature of -89.2 C was registered some 1000 km from the South Pole. The continent is almost completely covered with ice. Currently this continent is still protected by the Environmental Protocol, part of the Antarctic Treaty, against drilling for minerals. The protection by this protocol ends in 2048. This project is intended to provoke dialogue with the pundits and government leaders of the future. ‘By making the youngsters of today aware of this virgin continent and the possibilities of sustainable energy, they can later protect Antarctica.’

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The Vandemonian War, Hardie Grant, Melbourne, 2017; available electronically The Vandemonian War had many sides and shades, but it was fundamentally a war between the British colony of Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) and the Aboriginal people who lived in political and social contradiction to that colony. The Vandemonian War tells the largely untold story of how the British truly occupied Van Diemen’s Land deploying regimental soldiers and special forces, armed convicts and mercenaries. In the 1820s and 1830s the British deliberately pushed the Aboriginals out, driving them to the edge of existence. Far from localised fights between farmers and hunters of popular memory, this was a war of sweeping campaigns and brutal tactics, waged by military and paramilitary forces subject to a Lieutenant Governor who was also Colonel Commanding. The British won the Vandemonian War and then discretely and purposefully concealed it. (blurb)

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Every Wednesday, I hope to find a new ‘weed’ to investigate. My only criterion will be that I will not have deliberately planted the subject of our inquiry. Who knows what we will find….. In East Finchley, all the Red Dead-nettle plants seem to have come into bloom at exactly the same time. Where last week there was just a clump of leaves, this week there are those tiny magenta-pink flowers, each one a complicated combination of long throat (corolla) and upper and lower lip. They seem designed to encourage a foraging bee to take a sip of nectar, with a handy landing-platform provided by the lower lip, and the stamen poised to gently tap the insect on the back, as if administering a blessing. It is also a source of pollen, especially for Queen bumblebees who are looking for food for their new offspring. This is reflected in the name given to the plant in Nottinghamshire and Lancashire – ‘Bumblebee flower’. However, like many plants, Red Dead-nettle is not dependent on bees to reproduce. It can self-pollinate if times are hard, and ants have been observed dispersing the seeds by carrying them into their nests as food, where some of them will germinate before being eaten. A quick look at the Garden Organic website tells me that a single Red Dead-nettle can produce 27,634 viable seeds if there isn’t any competition from other plants. Such abundance! This is not surprising, as unlike its close relative White Dead-nettle, which is a perennial, Red Dead-nettle is an annual, and so has only one chance to pass on its genes. As with many things in nature, it’s lucky that not every seed or egg is able to reach adulthood or we’d soon be buried under a positive carpet of furry leaves and pink flowers. Red Dead-nettles are plants of disturbed soils, but they are not tolerant of trampling, so they often crop up just at the edge of footpaths or other open spaces. Although it is native to continental Europe, it is thought to have been brought to the UK during the Bronze Age – remains of the plant have been found in deposits of wheat and barley from this period. It has since travelled widely with its human compatriots, and is hence found in North America and New Zealand too. Unlike many ‘weeds’ however, this is not an especially vigorous plant, and so it is not generally considered to be a problem. In addition to its value to pollinators, it is also useful for humans: the leaves and flowers can be eaten as a salad vegetable, and if you want to experience the delights of Dead-nettle and Chilli Soup or, indeed, Dead-nettle Beer, you can have a look here. As we have seen before, the medicinal uses of plants often depend on their appearance, and Red Dead-nettle is no exception. Because of its colour, Nicholas Culpeper, the fifteenth century herbalist, considered it efficacious for any problems relating to the blood, especially menstrual problems. It’s also believed that the crushed leaves will help to staunch blood flow, which is useful if you are ever unlucky enough to walk through a particularly vengeful bramble patch en route to your destination. I also note that it is sometimes used as a treatment for piles, although Lesser Celandine is more commonly referred to as the ‘go-to’ plant for such afflictions. Beware, however: Red Dead-nettle also has a reputation as a laxative, and, whilst browsing through the various ‘wild food’ websites on the internet I noticed several people referring to cramps and diarrhoea. So, the word here, as everywhere, is caution. On the other hand, if you have a pet tortoise, Red Dead-nettle seems to be a fine food for them. Sometimes, it’s possible to find a more unusual flower tucked in amongst the Red Dead-nettle. This is the Cut-Leaved Dead-nettle (Lamium hybridum). Described as ‘easily overlooked’, you can see why. The main difference between this plant and Red Dead-nettle is that, as you might expect from the name, the leaves are less rounded and more deeply toothed.Red Dead-nettle is also has an angelic alternative name – Purple Archangel. It is argued that this is because the plant comes into flower around the time of the feast of the Archangel Michael, which is on 8th May. However, the plants that I saw today are obviously having a bit of calendar trouble if this is the case. Maybe there is something about the flowers which looks a little ethereal and heaven-bound. For the bumblebees, at least, they are manna.

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A remote administration tool does what it says on the can: it allows a workstation to be administered remotely, usually over the Internet. (RATs are sometimes called 'remote administration trojans'. This is a misnomer, although a Trojan is often the delivery mechanism for a RAT. In this scenario, the RAT is more akin to the Greek soldiary hiding inside the Trojan Horse than to the Horse itself. RATs are also sometimes described as Backdoor Servers. However, RAT remains the best name and description.) A RAT comprises two elements: the server (installed on the “target's” workstation; and a client used by the remote administrator. There are perfectly valid reasons for the use of a RAT provided that the remote administrator has the right to install the server (for example, owns the PC), and that the user knows that it is there. However, if the server is installed by trickery (such as via a Trojan Horse), or secretly, then the RAT is malware rather than software. Some of the most popular (perhaps better described as 'infamous') RATs are Back Orifice, NetBus and SubSeven.

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Breast cancer is a medical term that strikes fear into the hearts of many women. While we used to believe that it struck randomly, researchers and scientists now know that there are specific risk factors for breast cancer. And, by knowing those risk factors we can reduce our own risk for developing this dreaded disease. A risk factor is anything that affects the chances of getting a disease, such as cancer. Researchers have found that different illnesses and different cancers have very different risk factors. For instance, you have a higher risk of developing skin cancer if you spend hours of unprotected time in the sun. Smoking is a risk factor for cancers of the lung, mouth, bladder, kidney and several other organs. However, having a risk factor does not necessarily mean you get the disease. It only means that you have a higher risk of getting the disease than other women who do not carry that same risk factor. And, researchers have found that women who don’t appear to carry any risk factor will also develop breast cancer as they grow older. Some of these risk factors we can change and the others we have no control over. For instance, simply being a woman increases your chance of having breast cancer. Although men can also develop cancer of the breast, it is more likely to develop in women. The main reason that women develop breast cancer is that their breast cells are constantly exposed to female hormones that promote the growth of these cells. Risk factors that are related to your lifestyle include not having children or having them after the age of 30. Becoming pregnant at a younger age reduces the risk of breast cancer and pregnancy reduces the woman’s total number of lifetime menstrual cycles which may be the reason for this effect. (1) Studies have determined that women who use oral contraceptives do not have a greater risk of breast cancer than women who have never used them. (2) Another hormonal therapy which raises the risk of women who have breast cancer is postmenopausal hormone therapy also known as hormone replacement therapy. It was used for many years to relieve symptoms of menopause and to help prevent osteoporosis but today has been found to increase the risk of uterine cancer and breast cancer. (3) Some new studies are also suggesting that breast-feeding can slightly lower the risk of breast cancer, especially if it continued for 1 1/2 to two years. The explanation for this effect may be that it reduces the woman’s total number of lifetime menstrual cycles. The use of alcohol is clearly linked to an increased risk of developing breast cancer as is being obese, especially for women after menopause. Having more fat tissue after menopause can actually increase your chance of getting breast cancer because it raises your estrogen levels and most breast cancers are dependent upon estrogen. (1) There is also a growing body of evidence that physical activity will help reduce breast cancer. In the Women’s Health Initiative researchers found that as little as 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 hours per week a brisk walking will reduce a woman’s risk by 18%. (4) The American Cancer Society recommends 45 to 60 minutes of intentional physical activity five or more days per week to help reduce the risk of cancers. There are other factors which are controversial or unproven in the risk of developing breast cancer. These are high fat diets, the use of aluminum-based antiperspirants, a certain types of bras which constrict lymphatic drainage, induced abortions, breast implants, smoking, working at night and environmental chemicals. There are also risk factors which we cannot control. The first of these is age. About one out of eight invasive types of breast cancer are found in women who are younger than 45 while two out of three are found in women who are older than 55. (3) There are also genetic risk factors which we cannot change. Approximately 10% of women who develop breast cancer will have some hereditary gene that was inherited from their parents. The most common cause is a mutation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. If you inherit a mutated copy of either one of these genes one of your parents you have a higher risk of developing breast cancer during your lifetime. This risk can be as high as 80%. There are other gene mutations that can also lead to inherited risk but are not frequent cause of breast cancer. ATM, p53, CHEK2, PTEN ADH1 are mutations that can potentially increase risk. Genetic testing can be done, although it may be helpful in some situations many women have to weigh the pros and cons carefully. A similar consideration to genetics is family history of breast cancer. Breast cancer is higher among women who have a close blood relative who also develop this disease. Women who have a personal history of breast cancer has a three to four greater chance of developing a new cancer in the other breast which is different from a recurrence, or return, of the first cancer. African-American women are more likely to develop breast cancer as are women who have denser breast tissue or who have certain benign breast conditions. Breast conditions which increase risk are complex fibroadenomas, sclerosing adenosis, a radial scar or papillomas. (1) While the excretion of estrogen protects women against cardiovascular disease it appears that those who have had more menstrual cycles because they started at an earlier age or went through menopause at a later age have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer. Any radiation to the chest area for another type of cancer, such as Hodgkin’s disease or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, also has a slightly increased risk for breast cancer. (1) BreastCancer.org: Breast Cancer Risk Factors (2) The New England Journal of Medicine: Oral Contraceptives and Risk of Breast Cancer (3) American Cancer Society: What are the Risk Factors for Breast Cancer? (4) National Cancer Institute: Physical Activity and Cancer

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For those who saw the Cosmos episode on William Herschel describing telescopes as time machines, here is a clear example of that. By examining 140,000 objects called quasars (galaxies with an active black hole at their centers), astronomers have charted the expansion rate of the universe — not now, but 10.8 billion years ago. This is the most precise measurement ever of the universe’s expansion rate at any point in time, the science teams said, with the calculation showing the universe was expanding by 1% every 44 million years at that time. (That figure is to 2% precision, the researchers added.) “If we look back to the Universe when galaxies were three times closer together than they are today, we’d see that a pair of galaxies separated by a million light-years would be drifting apart at a speed of 68 kilometers per second as the Universe expands,” stated Andreu Font-Ribera of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, who led one of the two analyses. The researchers used a telescope called the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a 2.5-meter telescope at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico. The discovery was made during Sloan’s Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, or BOSS, whose aim has been to figure out the expansion and acceleration of the universe. “BOSS determines the expansion rate at a given time in the Universe by measuring the size of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), a signature imprinted in the way matter is distributed, resulting from sound waves in the early Universe,” the Sloan Digital Sky Survey stated. “This imprint is visible in the distribution of galaxies, quasars, and intergalactic hydrogen throughout the cosmos.” Font-Ribera and his collaborators examined how quasars are distributed compared to hydrogen gas to calculate distance. The other analysis, led by Timothée Delubac (Centre de Saclay, France), examined the hydrogen gas to see patterns and measure mass distribution. You can read more about Font-Ribera’s team’s research in preprint version on Arxiv. Delubac’s research does not appear to be available online, but the title is “Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in the Ly-alpha forest of BOSS DR11 quasars” and it has been submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics. Source: Sloan Digital Sky Survey

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“It is not only fine feathers that make fine birds.” – Aesop Colors also contribute greatly to the beauty of birds. There’s no question that birds are fascinating creatures. The differences and similarities between the many bird species make it possible to give them all kinds of sortings. Our sorting today will be restricted to the yellow colors on the chests of birds. In this article, we’re listing eight birds with yellow chests. Top 8 Most Common Birds with Yellow Chests 1. Eurasian Blue Titmouse - Scientific name: Cyanistes Caeruleus - Length: 6.3 – 7.5 inches - Weight: 0.38 – 0.4 ounces - Wingspan: 6.9 – 7.1 inches Eurasian Blue Titmice are small colorful birds of the Paridae bird family. The name “Euroasian” came from the abundant presence of these birds in Southeastern Europe and the Middle East. Author Note: Eurasian Blue Titmice have dark blue backs that end with a blue crown. This blue crown is beautifully striped with white lines. There’s a black line between those white lines which contains the small dark eye. The bill is small, pointy, and short. Underneath that bill is a dark line that ends with the large yellow chest. Sometimes there’s another black line in the center of that yellow chest. Eurasian Blue Titmice are favored among gardeners. They feed on plant-eating pests like aphids, grubs, and moths. They also feed on yellow caterpillars which directly contribute to how vibrant their yellow chests are. The more of these caterpillars they eat, the more vivid their yellow chests become. Eurasian Blue Titmice are acrobatic birds that perform lots of aerial stunts when they fly. It doesn’t stop there, though. Even when they are standing still on a branch, they might hang upside down. That takes the “bird’s eye view” to a whole new meaning. - Scientific name: Piranga Ludoviciana - Length: 6.3 – 7.25 inches - Weight: 0.8 – 1.3 ounces - Wingspan: 11 – 11.5 inches The closest resemblance to the male Western Tanager is the flame. The head is reddish-orange, followed by a vivid yellow chest and body that ends with a black back and tail. The female may not look as vivid as the male but it still has that yellow chest. The back and tail are also much lighter in color than the male. Western Tanagers can be found mostly in the western states. They breed in the Northern ones like Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. During winter, they migrate south to New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas where it’s a bit warmer. Western Tanagers eat insects like wasps, ants, and caterpillars. They could also eat dried fruit or fresh fruit at bird feeders. They nest in trees where they could easily find their food from leaves and foliage. To attract the female, male Western Tanagers perform a strange courtship ritual. They suddenly tumble past a female while showing their flashy colors. The oldest recorded Western Tanager was a male in Nevada that lived at least 6 years and 11 months. It’s another one of the most common birds with yellow chests The song of the Western Tanager sounds like a chuckling call note. - Scientific name: Icterus Draduacauda - Length: 7.5 – 9.4 inches - Weight: 1.1 – 1.9 ounces - Wingspan: 12.3 – 12.6 inches Audubon’s Oriole (previously known as Black-headed Oriole) is a member of the Icteridae family. The body of the Audubon’s Oriole is mostly vivid yellow while the crown, wings, legs, and tail are all black. The bill is medium-sized, pointy, and also black. Males and females look quite similar except for the color vividness. The yellow on the males is somewhat more vibrant than it’s on females. Audubon’s Orioles are native to Mexico where they can be found all year long. If you live in the southern part of Texas, there’s a great chance that you might spot them as they nest there as well. They prefer open woodland where they form their nests hidden in branches of trees. They may pay a visit to nearby backyards if their trees have thick vegetation or fruiting shrubs. Like most birds, they feed on small insects and fruits. They could catch the insects mid-air or pick them off the ground or the branches. Additionally, they insert their pointy bills inside holes in the trees to catch unsuspecting insects. Audubon’s Orioles like to host Bronzed Cowbirds in their nests. More than half the Audubon’s Orioles nests in Texas contain Eggs of the Bronzed Cowbirds. Audubon’s Orioles don’t harm the Cowbirds’ eggs and the female could even lay on them to keep them warm. Audubon’s Orioles sound like a person who’s learning to whistle, so it’s easy to locate them using that calling sound. - Scientific name: Sphyrapicus Varius - Length: 7.1 – 8.7 inches - Weight: 1.5 – 1.9 ounces - Wingspan: 13.4 – 15.8 inches The Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker is a robin-sized bird that belongs to the woodpecker family. If you’re familiar with Woody-Woodpecker’s children’s cartoon, this is the real-life version of him. The exception is that Yellow-Bellied Sapsuckers aren’t blue. Yellow-Bellied Sapsuckers are generally colored black and white. The back, wings, and tails are black with white speckles while the belly is white with black spots. Top Tip: The males have red throats and foreheads while the females only have red foreheads. Both genders have a small yellow patch on their chests. Yellow-Bellied Sapsuckers breed in southern Canada and the northeastern states like New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. In winter, they migrate towards the central stars like Missouri and Illinois where you could find them drilling holes in trees. Yellow-Bellied Sapsuckers use their sharp bills and brush-tipped tongues to suck tree saps and any insects they could catch as they do that. They either make circular deep holes where they insert their bills deep for food, or shallow rectangular holes where the tree sap would flow. - Scientific name: Tyrannus Couchii - Length: 7.9 – 9.4 inches - Weight: 1.2 – 1.4 ounces - Wingspan: 14 – 16 inches Couch’s Kingbird is a robin-sized bird that belongs to the Tyrant Flycatcher family. It’s a buff-looking yellow bird with gray wings and head. The bill, feet, and eyes are all black. Couch’s Kingbirds live all year long in Mexico and they can be sighted in Texas as well. These birds have a sharp vision which enables them to locate and catch insects mid-air. They use their large wings to hover in the air and watch for flying insects to feed on, hence the “Flycatcher” family name. In addition to fling insects, Couch’s Kingbirds also feed on beetles, grasshoppers, berries, and seeds. Top Tip: The “couch” in the bird’s name came from Lieutenant Darius Nash Couch. He was a soldier in the United States Army who collected the first Couch’s Kingbird back in 1853. That was near San Diego, Mexico. Couch’s Kingbird shares a very similar look to the Tropical Kingbird (our next bird). The call sound is the one thing that differentiates between them. Couch’s Kingbird has a distinctive grating call that can’t be made by any other bird. It goes something like “kip-kip-breeeeeet” which is then followed by continuous “bret-bret-bret” noises. - Scientific name: Tyrannus Melancholicus - Length: 7.1 – 9.1 inches - Weight: 1.1 – 1.5 ounces - Wingspan: 15 – 16 inches The Tropical Kingbird is a common sight in South America. Much like the Couch’s Kingbird, it also belongs to the Tyrant Flycatcher family. Tropical Kingbirds have a similar “black and yellow” color pattern to Couch’s Kingbird. They also have the same puffy yellow chest and relatively the same size, weight, and wingspan. Despite breeding in South America, you can still spot the Tropical Kingbirds in the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico as they breed in their forests. They’ve become regular visitors to the Pacific Coast of the U.S. Their relatively large sizes allow them to hunt for larger insects than most birds on our list. They feed on wasps, bees, crickets, beetles, and dragonflies. They catch them mid-air just like their Couch cousins do. To make their food-seeking journeys easier, they build their nests near large wasp nests or beehives. Tropical Kingbird’s “pit prrrrrrrr pit prrrrrrrrrr” call is the only thing that can help you distinguish between Tropical Kingbirds and Couch’s Kingbirds. - Scientific name: Icteria Virens - Length: 6.7 – 7.5 inches - Weight: 0.8 – 0.9 ounces - Wingspan: 9.1 – 10.6 inches The Yellow-breasted Chat is the largest member of the wood-warbler family. This beautiful bird is mostly covered with a plain olive color that gets darker when it reaches the head. The bill is black, short, and relatively heavy. The black color of the bill extends back until it reaches a dark eye. The throat, chest, and belly are all yellow. Both males and females share this description. Author Note: The Yellow-breasted Chat is mostly found in the Northern States of America in Summer. Examples of these are New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, and North Carolina. In winter, Yellow-breasted Chats migrate to Mexico where it’s a bit warmer. Yellow-breasted Chats don’t form feeding flocks. These birds like to look for food individually through the foliage. They generally feed on small insects but fruits can sometimes make up to 50% of their diets. When Yellow-breasted Chats eat, they exhibit behaviors you wouldn’t often see. They hold their food with their legs and take little bites from it until they finish their meal. Yellow-breasted Chat females build their nests in well-concealed areas up to eight feet above the ground. The female often lays three or four eggs but both parents take responsibility for feeding the young. Yellow-breasted Chats’ songs sound like hoots and whistles and it’s easy to distinguish among other birds. - Scientific name: Setophaga Palmarum - Length: 4.7 – 5.5 inches - Weight: 0.3 – 0.5 ounces - Wingspan: 7.9 – 8.3 inches Palm Warblers are tiny songbirds that don’t seem to care too much about their vulnerability. They spend most of their time on the ground, walking and wagging their tails as if nothing could happen! Palm Warblers have brownish-olive backs that get darker as you approach the wings. The rest of the body is yellow and the color gets brighter as you approach the chest. You can identify the Palm Warblers by the flashing light coming out of their tails mid-flight. The head is often yellow but both genders have a rusty cap during breeding seasons. Palm Warblers breed mainly in Canada and the northern areas of Wisconsin and Minnesota. In winter, they migrate down to the central and eastern states. Because Palm Warblers often walk on the ground, they also build their nests there in peat moss. Most commonly at the base of a tree or a shrub. They mainly feed on beetles, caterpillars, and flies. Berries and seeds also contribute to a good portion of Palm Warblers’ diets. We’ve tried our best to make sure that you could see all of those birds with yellow chests in the United States. To ensure diversity and the presence of some interesting facts, we couldn’t have all the eight birds in America, though. However, you could still spot the majority of them (seven to be exact) in the U.S. Most of these birds nest in trees and feed on insects and fruit. So if you want to attract some of them to your backyard, make sure to have enough green and some seeds or fruit in your feeders.

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July 8, 2010 Heat waves and extremely high temperatures could be commonplace in the U.S. by 2039, Stanford study finds The effects of global warming will be felt sooner than expected, say Stanford researchers. By Mark Shwartz Exceptionally long heat waves and other hot events could become commonplace in the United States in the next 30 years, according to a new study by Stanford University climate scientists. "Using a large suite of climate model experiments, we see a clear emergence of much more intense, hot conditions in the U.S. within the next three decades," said Noah Diffenbaugh, an assistant professor of environmental Earth system science at Stanford and the lead author of the study. Writing in the journal Geophysical Research Letters (GRL), Diffenbaugh concluded that hot temperature extremes could become frequent events in the U.S. by 2039, posing serious risks to agriculture and human health. "In the next 30 years, we could see an increase in heat waves like the one now occurring in the eastern United States or the kind that swept across Europe in 2003 that caused tens of thousands of fatalities," said Diffenbaugh, a center fellow at Stanford's Woods Institute for the Environment. "Those kinds of severe heat events also put enormous stress on major crops like corn, soybean, cotton and wine grapes, causing a significant reduction in yields." The GRL study took two years to complete and is co-authored by Moetasim Ashfaq, a former Stanford postdoctoral fellow now at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The study comes on the heels of a recent NASA report that concluded that the previous decade, January 2000 to December 2009, was the warmest on record. In the study, Diffenbaugh and Ashfaq used two dozen climate models to project what could happen in the United States if increased carbon dioxide emissions raised the Earth's temperature by 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit (1 degree Celsius) between 2010 and 2039 a likely scenario, according to the International Panel on Climate Change. In that scenario, the mean global temperature in 30 years would be about 3.6 F (2 C) hotter than in the preindustrial era of the 1850s. Many climate scientists and policymakers have targeted a 2 C temperature increase as the maximum threshold beyond which the planet is likely to experience serious environmental damage. For example, in the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Accord, the United States and more than 100 other countries agreed to consider action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions "so as to hold the increase in global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius." But that target may be too high to avoid dangerous climate change, Diffenbaugh said, noting that millions of Americans could see a sharp rise in the number of extreme temperature events before 2039, when the 2-degree threshold is expected to be reached. "Our results suggest that limiting global warming to 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial conditions may not be sufficient to avoid serious increases in severely hot conditions," Diffenbaugh said. For the GRL study, the researchers analyzed temperature data for the continental United States from 1951 to 1999. Their goal was to determine the longest heat waves and hottest seasons on record in the second half of the 20th century. Those results were fed into an ensemble of climate forecasting models, including the high-resolution RegCM3, which is capable of simulating daily temperatures across small sections of the United States. "This was an unprecedented experiment," Diffenbaugh said. "With the high-resolution climate model, we can analyze geographic quadrants that are only 15.5 miles [25 kilometers] to a side. No one has ever completed this kind of climate analysis at such a high resolution." The results were surprising. According to the climate models, an intense heat wave equal to the longest on record from 1951 to 1999 is likely to occur as many as five times between 2020 and 2029 over areas of the western and central United States. The 2030s are projected to be even hotter. "Occurrence of the longest historical heat wave further intensifies in the 2030-2039 period, including greater than five occurrences per decade over much of the western U.S. and greater than three exceedences per decade over much of the eastern U.S.," the authors wrote. The Stanford team also forecast a dramatic spike in extreme seasonal temperatures during the current decade. Temperatures equaling the hottest season on record from 1951 to 1999 could occur four times between now and 2019 over much of the United States, according to the researchers. The 2020s and 2030s could be even hotter, particularly in the American West. From 2030 to 2039, most areas of Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico could endure at least seven seasons equally as intense as the hottest season ever recorded between 1951 and 1999, the researchers concluded. "Frankly, I was expecting that we'd see large temperature increases later this century with higher greenhouse gas levels and global warming," Diffenbaugh said. "I did not expect to see anything this large within the next three decades. This was definitely a surprise." The researchers also determined that the hottest daily temperatures of the year from 1980 to 1999 are likely to occur at least twice as often across much of the United States during the decade of the 2030s. "By the decade of the 2030s, we see persistent, drier conditions over most of the U.S.," Diffenbaugh said. "Not only will the atmosphere heat up from more greenhouse gases, but we also expect changes in the precipitation and soil moisture that are very similar to what we see in hot, dry periods historically. In our results for the U.S., these conditions amplify the effects of rising greenhouse gas concentrations." Besides harming human health and agriculture, these hot, dry conditions could lead to more droughts and wildfires in the near future, he said. And many of these climate change impacts could occur within the next two decades years before the planet is likely to reach the 2 C threshold targeted by some governments and climate experts, he added. "It's up to the policymakers to decide the most appropriate action," Diffenbaugh said. "But our results suggest that limiting global warming to 2 degrees Celsius does not guarantee that there won't be damaging impacts from climate change." The GRL study was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation. The high-resolution climate model simulations were generated and analyzed at Purdue University. GRL is a publication of the American Geophysical Union. Mark Shwartz is communications manager at the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University.

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The chart above summarizes the environmental votes of members of the House of Representatives in the 112th Congress. Specifically, the x-axis is the score on environmental votes according to the League of Conservation Voters (LCV). The red curve then shows the percentage (on the y-axis) of all Republican representatives who reached that score (on the x-axis) or less. The blue curve shows the percentage of all Democratic representatives who had at least that score. For the purposes of this post, I take the LCV score as a reasonable proxy for overall commitment to the environment by legislators - readers are invited to critique it in comments. The conclusions from the data are perhaps unsurprising: - Democrats tend to be pro-environment and Republicans tend to be anti-environment. - The House of Representatives is extremely polarized with the median Democrat having around a 90% LCV score, while the median Republican has around a 10% score. - There is a small cross-over, with a small minority of Republicans having half-decent scores (up to Christopher Smith of New Jersey with a 60% score). Likewise there are a minority of Democrats with poor scores (down to Jane Harman of California with an 11% score). - The Republicans are more tightly clustered than the Democrats. The Republican average is 11% with a standard deviation of 9% while the Democrat average is 87% (a little further from the extreme end) with a standard deviation of 17% (almost twice as large as the Republican spread).

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CC-MAIN-2014-10

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In Scotland, certain stretches of land have titles tied to them. According to Scottish law, when a small part of that land is sold, both the land and the corresponding title "Glencairn" or "John O'Groats" go to the new owner. This is how you can acquire an authentic and legal Scottish title when buying a bit of land. Even though these are no nobility titles, they nevertheless are authentic titles – and Laird of Glencairn or Lady of John O'Groats certainly has a nice ring to it! An authentic certificate confirms both your co-ownership on the plot of land and the fact that you can legally carry the title. To make things even better, this title allows you to add a second person to the certificate for free so you can both enjoy the new title. In contrast to German and English laws, Scottish titles of nobility are not permanently tied to people or their descendants but to a plot of Scottish land. So by purchasing land in Scotland, you also acquire a nobility title. You would then carry the Scottish title "laird", which corresponds with "Lord". However, the title of Laird is not identical to the English Lord: While "Lord" is used to address representatives of higher English nobility, a Scottish Laird is a landowner or landlord but not nobility in that sense of the word. Because the majority of people could not afford to own land back in the day, landowners were generally respected and revered individuals. The German salutation "Herr" developed in a similar way; until the modern period, this salutation was reserved for landowners. If you would like to be a Scottish Laird, all you need to do is purchase a plot of land that comes with a title. It is completely irrelevant whether you inherited the title or not. Unfortunately, it isn't the easiest thing to purchase land in Scotland. In addition to the necessary financial means, there is also a plethora of paperwork – and this certainly is not everybody's cup of tea. So if you would like to acquire a nobility title just for fun, then there is an easier path you can take: We own some land in Scotland to which a Laird title is tied and you can become a co-owner of this land. There is no law regulating how large the land must be in order to become a Laird. So you can purchase a parcel that measures just one square foot (roughly 30 x 30 cm) and in doing so, you become a Lady or Laird. This title would be a name affix similar to a stage name and you can use it on business cards and your letter head. Keep in mind that no nobility privileges are tied to this title. However this applies to descendents of noble families as well because Germany is a republic and the nobility title merely a part of your surname. The only difference is that inherited nobility can pass the noble "von" on to the next generation. The UK is one of the only nations worldwide, where titles of nobility are awarded. It is also possible to be rewarded for exceptional achievements and receive at least a lower noble rank. The Scottish nobility title "Laird" is also a title you can acquire just for fun. We can assure you, you will enjoy the reactions of some people when they find out about your title.

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CC-MAIN-2018-13

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GEMS program brings science to life for youth July 19, 2012 FORT RUCKER, Ala. (July 19, 2012) -- While a lesson in polymers was under way Fort Rucker youth mixed glue and food-coloring in order to create a Silly Putty-like concoction at the Gains in the Education of Mathematics and Science laboratory, July 12. Gains in the Education of Mathematics and Science, known as GEMS, features a summer-camp-like environment, said Catherine Davis, the public affairs specialist of the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, adding that the lessons are helpful for mental development because the children can see what they are learning. The class this week was July 9-13 for 12- and 13-year-old students. This is the second year for GEMS, but the first year for the intermediate program for seventh and eighth grade students. The program strengthens students' grasps on science and math in hands-on activities. Chloe Wyatt, a returning participant, said she really liked the lessons this year because they added biology and chemistry. "My favorite [lesson] was the wheat germ that we took out of the DNA. That was really neat." GEMS is especially helpful to those students who may be struggling with science. "It shows them that science can be fun. It's not all reading a book and lectures. It shows them what they are reading and how to apply it," said Sarah Thiel, the lead resource teacher. "They have the best time and don't even realize that they are learning something. Its super-fun learning," she said. Each of the five groups consists of four students who get one-on-one attention by a mentor, a college student who oversees each experiment. This ensures that each student can ask questions to fully grasp the lessons, Thiel said. "One parent told me that their child has learned and retained more here at GEMS than they had all year at school," she said. The children who participated in last year's program and returned this year are the standout students, she said. "They take the lead in their groups to help the others who may be shy or more reserved." Collin Robinson enjoyed learning how to make root beer and cheese. "It wasn't the tastiest cheese I've had," he said, "but it was really awesome to learn how to make it. Who can say they know how to make cheese?" During lunchtime theatre, the mentors pick topics to discuss with the children, such as what they are studying in school, a hobby, or what the children want to be when they get older. "Speaking in front of each other and adults is something they can take away from GEMS and apply it once school starts," said Jessica Cumbee lead mentor, and chemistry major at Georgia College. "The hands-on techniques are key to them learning here and getting interested in science." The children learn team building, self confidence and participate in ice-breaker conversations. They become more independent and even dabble in public speaking. "I always teach them how to do a proper handshake," Thiel said. Ryan Nagy said, "I love it. It's the most fun I have had all summer, and I've been to other summer camps. I definitely want to come back next year." The lead resource teacher said she is thrilled the children enjoy the program. "I know this program is making a difference in their grades and confidence in school. It's very rewarding. We want to do a third and fourth grade group, so that way we will have three age groups. That's my hope for next year." The students take home all of their projects as well as receive awards at the end of the week. "It's so beneficial to the students," Thiel said. "I love this program. Not only are they learning, but they are having fun, and building relationships and making new friends."

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CC-MAIN-2014-23

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Grenada is a group of three larger islands (Grenada, Carriacou, and Petite Martinique) and several tiny islands in the Caribbean, or West Indies. It lies just northeast of Trinidad and Tobago, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is famous for spices and is known as the "Spice Isle", being a major source of nutmeg, cloves, ginger, cinnamon, and cocoa. Christopher Columbus discovered Grenada in 1498. The island was already inhabited by the Carib Indians, who had migrated from the South American mainland, killing or enslaving the peaceful Arawaks who were already inhabitants there. The Amerindians called their island Camerhogue, but Columbus renamed it Concepción. However, passing Spanish sailors found its lush green hills so evocative of Andalusia that they rejected this name in favor of Granada. Over the centuries, although control of the island passed from France to Britain (and briefly back to France again), the name endured with just the slightest of alterations, changing from "Granada" to "La Grenade" to "Grenada". The French were the first to settle Grenada. Legend holds that in 1652 the last of the defending Caribs rather than be ruled by the French, threw themselves into the sea from a spot that was christened Le Morne des Sauteurs, and is known today as Leapers' Hill and Carib's Leap. Exploited first for indigo (hence the name of an area "True Blue"), and later for sugar production, the island prospered and, like many others in the Caribbean, attracted the attention of the British. Captured by Admiral George Rodney in 1762, near the end of the European Seven Years' War (1756-63), Grenada reverted to French rule from 1779 until 1783 when the island was restored to Britain by the Treaty of Versailles. The inhabitants' loyalties remained divided between the two European powers for many years, as illustrated by Fedon's Rebellion of 1795. In the course of this violent episode, a group of rebels under the command of the mulatto General Julien Fedon, and inspired by the rhetoric of the French Revolution wreaked havoc on the island and its British settlers in an unsuccessful attempt to reunite with France. From 1784 until its independence in 1974, Grenada remained a member of the British Empire, passing through various stages of colonial status and multiple associations with other regional states. In 1967, Grenada became an "Associated State of Great Britain" within the British Commonwealth. With this, the island nation gained control of its internal affairs, while the government of Britain continued to control external matters. Early in the twentieth century, it produced one of the region's outstanding leaders, T. Albert Marryshow. His Representative Government Association, which inspired similar movements in other Windward Islands states and in Trinidad, did much to encourage the liberalization of British rule in the Caribbean. It is ironic that the achievement in 1950 of universal adult suffrage, long a goal of Marryshow's, led directly to his displacement in Grenadian political life by a new figure, Eric Matthew Gairy. Whereas Marryshow had been a man of the middle class, Gairy and his Grenada United Labour Party (GULP) appealed to the lower class, the peasantry. Suddenly empowered by the vote, Gairy's supporters swept him to the leadership of the Legislative Council in 1951; he dominated the island's politics for almost three decades. The most successful electoral challenge to Gairy between 1951 and 1979 was posed by Herbert Blaize's Grenada National Party (GNP) in 1961, mainly on the issue of union with Trinidad and Tobago (the "unitary state" proposal). Again reflecting the Grenadian penchant for looking outward for support and viability, the GNP campaigned on a platform urging acceptance of the Trinidadian offer of union. Although Blaize's party won the election, it subsequently lost a large measure of prestige and credibility when Trinidad failed to follow through on the proposal. The GNP's fall from grace paved the way for the return of Gairy, who has never tired of the role of political savior of his country. Complete independence was achieved in 1974, with significant opposition, under the leadership of the late Sir Eric Gairy -- a charismatic and controversial figure who had been in the public eye since the early 1950s. In 1979, after a Coup d'etat, an attempt was made to set up a socialist/communist state in Grenada. Four years later, at the request of the Governor General, the United States, Jamaica, and the Eastern Caribbean States intervened militarily. Launching their now famous "rescue mission", the allied forces restored order, and in December of 1984 a general election re-established democratic government. The last 31 years have been a peaceful, democratic and fruitful back to normal existence, which has included many new building structures and vastly improved infrastructure. Average temperatures range from 24°C/ 75°F to 30°C/ 87°F, tempered by the steady and cooling trade winds. The lowest temperatures occur between January and April. The driest season is between January and May. The rainy season is from June to December, where several days out of the week may see rain at some point in the day. Generally when it rains it doesn't last for more than an hour at a time. A valid passport and return or onward ticket is required. Visas are not required from citizens of the USA, Canada, United Kingdom and its dependencies, British Commonwealth countries, Caribbean countries (except Cuba), Venezuela, European Union countries and their dependencies, Norway, Japan, and Israel. Commonwealth of Independent States such as Ukraine and other eastern European countries are required to purchase a tourist visa on arrival in Grenada and costs EC$ 25. Duty Free Allowances - Personal items, one quart in total wines and spirits, half-pound tobacco or 50 cigars or 200 cigarettes. No restrictions on the amount of money that can be brought in. Restricted items are fruits, vegetables, meat, soil, illegal drugs, firearms and ammunition. Maurice Bishop International Airport (IATA: GND)(ICAO: TGPY) is on the main island of Grenada, located on a peninsula in the extreme southwest corner in the Point Salines area. It is about 4 miles from the capital of St. George. Delta (New York JFK & Atlanta), jetBlue (JFK), British Airways, American Eagle, American Airlines, Monarch, Air Canada (winter season), Virgin Atlantic (UK), Liat, Caribbean Airlines, Condor (Germany - winter season), Conviasa (VE)(from Porlamar, Margarita) provide direct service to Grenada; connections can be made on Liat via Trinidad and Barbados, and also from Barbados via SVG Airlines. Private moorings for yachts are available all around the island. The town centre has several hilly, narrow streets. Drivers are very careful but personal care must be taken as some streets have very narrow or no sidewalks. The town also has the most picturesque horse-shoe harbour in the Caribbean with restaurants, shops and supermarkets. Travel in and around the city St. George's is by taxis, minibuses or hired cars. Hailing a taxi is similar to other parts of the world - hold out a hand and beckon to the driver. Taxis carry an 'H' on their licence plates. The independently owned, but government licensed, cars and vans will stop and ask if one wants a ride. Some standard fares include EC$30 from the airport to St. George's and EC$25-$40 for trips from most hotels to the various dining spots around the city. Buses in Grenada are the standardized form of transportation. They are mini-vans that hold between 15-19 people, and they have route numbers and signs on them. In the centre of town (Melville Street), there is a bus terminal and in and around the town there are designated bus stops, however, once you leave town, you can signal a stop by either knocking on the side of the bus or pressing the stop button. Conductors and drivers are always very friendly, so do not hesitate to ask them where you should stop. Bus fares vary between EC$2.50-10.00 depending on the distance. They are lively trips, with great music and a nice breeze. Car rentals are available, with rates of US$50-75 per day. With a valid license from your home country you will qualify for a temporary Grenada license which can be obtained from any police station for a fee of EC$30. Drive on the left and make frequent use of the car's horn when coming around the numerous blind corners in the mountains. Water taxis are another means of getting around - between the Cruise Terminal, Grand Anse Beach and the Carenage. Standard (British) English is the official language of Grenada and is widely spoken. However an English-based Creole language (not referred to as such by locals) is the dominant tongue of most Grenadian people and can be difficult for people outside of the Caribbean region to understand. French Patois used to be the dialect language spoken within Grenada, but it only remains within the older generations and in scattered pockets. Most Grenadians only know a few words. There is so much to see in Grenada ... historic forts, lakes, waterfalls, spice estates - some of them still operational today, spice gardens, floral gardens (Grenada won its 7th Gold Medal at the Chelsea Flower Show in London in 2009), rum distilleries (with generous samples), plantation houses, Amerindian petroglyphs, etc. Note: Some of the sites noted below may be closed on Saturdays and Sundays. Check in-advance. Grenada produces many amazing products. Rum, Chocolate, Honey, Jams and Jellies, Spices, Clothing and Art. Many are award winning. Support the local economy when on the island and buy local goodies to bring back home. Nutmeg is Grenada's cash crop, so be sure to bring some home in some form - whole, jam, jelly, syrup, Nutmed (medicinal ointment). In addition, you can purchase nutmeg flavored ice cream, which has an unusual flavor that is difficult to find elsewhere. Due to Hurricane Ivan in September of 2004, over 90% of Grenada's nutmeg crop was destroyed, but thankfully, you'll now see an abundance around the market, town, and tourist shops. Other fine spices include mace, cinnamon, ginger cloves, vanilla, tumeric.... To bring herbs/spices back to the U.S. (and several other countries), they need to be within properly sealed containers. Most responsible sellers offer them packaged - check to be sure. Real vanilla is a steal in the markets, sometimes it can be found for as little as $1US for a 1/2 litre bottle. The concentration of the fluid does vary, but in its pure form there is a noticeable (and very pleasant) difference from the vanilla extract that most North Americans are used to. You might also look for dried vanilla beans (in pod)...an essential to a full range of kitchen herbs/spices. Locally grown and produced chocolate is gaining a good reputation. You can find excellent bars of varying cocoa percentage at the cooperative store, nearby Belmont Plantation, grocers, and the cruise terminal. Rum Grenada makes some of the best Rum. You will understand what 'good' rum is when you try Rum made in Grenada, and may even become a convert when you 'sip a good rum'! Grenada Chocolate one of the best in the world. Dark, organic chocolate. Look for it's beautiful, brightly colored packaging. The large cruise ship pier outside the main harbor offers a small, enclosed, "duty-free" mall. It has several shops (and food outlets) offering both local items and those typically for cruise passengers. Prices on local products may be at a premium to stores elsewhere on the island. Just a block away, you'll find the spice market with stalls run by families and growers. You might also consider Grenada Discovery Train, cruise terminal St. Georges, . 0,45. Unique narrated city sightseeing trips in St. Georges on-board the only trackless tourist train in Grenada. The train starts at the cruise terminal on cruise ship days and takes you around the most interesting sites in town, such as Fort George and the National Museum. Tickets for sale at the kiosk inside the Esplanade Mall (cruise terminal) or on-board the train. Leaves with 45min intervals and tickets include free entry in Fort George and the National Museum. It's a good way to get around in a comfortable way through the steep streets of St. Georges with on-board information on history and "couleur locale". 15$-20$. edit Grenada is known for its rum distilleries. The three largest companies are Clarke's Court, Westerhall Estate and River Antoine. All three offer educational tours that demonstrate the sugar production for rum. They are all located on different parts of the island. In many bars, take care with drinks made with "under the counter" ingredients, e.g., highly-overproof rums for "locals" often used in "Pain Killers". They can overwhelm the most experienced drinkers. Fruit juices they use are made from locally grown fruits such as mango, papaya, carambola (five fingers fruit). A few "watering holes" (often with food service) include... See each island's article for accommodation listings. Grenada is a fairly safe country. However, the high humidity and glaring sun in the summer means you should drink plenty of water. Take bottled water on outings. There may be more danger for pedestrians on the narrow sidewalks and streets than from crime. There is a General Hospital in St.George's, a smaller hospital at Mirabeau on the east coast and one in Carriacou. A small private hospital in St. Paul, clinics and doctors are available. House-calls can be made. Drinking water is chlorinated in most places; if in doubt about safety/potabiliy, ask the seller or server. Dialysis is now available on the island. A company called Island Health Services has opened the first dialysis unit. Fresenius has been operating for almost a year now. If regularly dependent on dialysis, ensure in-advance that the type(s) offered meet your needs. Have fun, but use a condom! Local slogan - "Don't be a fool, wrap your tool!" Although Grenada is a West Indian island in the Caribbean, Grenadians do not spend the majority of their time "liming" on the beach. They are very serious about their jobs and many workplaces require specially-tailored suits. Though work remains, they rightly take well-deserved pride in widespread repairs to massive damage from hurricane Ivan. St. George's Town is a place of commerce with the many banks, businesses, and governmental offices. Do not confuse it for the beach. It is often seen as rude or disrespectful for people to walk around Grenada inappropriately dressed, especially if you are dressed for the beach and you are not on it (Grenada just recently passed and is starting to enforce an indecent exposure law that bans bathing suits in non-beach areas as well as saggy pants that reveal underwear). Do not confuse the laid-back attitude for lazy, as Grenadians have a very formal and conservative attitude about their lifestyle and workplace.

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

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Every creative process commences with the search for inspiration. To follow up on my previous post on inspiration, let us talk about this process of research. Inspiration can be derived from daily life around us, nature’s beauty or from other interconnected artistic mediums. What we are going to focus on here is research from the oodles of inspiring content on the interwebs. The process of brainstorming is the initial step of researching. When we begin our quest for inspiration, we need not have a specific path, but a general direction. Pablo Picasso is reputed to have quoted “You have to have an idea of what you are going to do, but it should be a vague idea.” - Defer judgement: Don’t dismiss any ideas. Nothing can kill the spirit of a brainstorm quicker. Learn to delete negative feedback from yourself or from others during this process. The key to this process is not to decide for or against any ideas or concepts. There is a Zen saying that goes thus “In the landscape of spring, there is neither better nor worse. The flowering branches grow naturally, some long, some short.” - Encourage wild ideas: The whole point of brainstorming is to come up with new and creative ideas. Think out of the box, allow ideas to come to you unhindered and unbiased. A life without ideas is an unfulfilled existence. Having ideas is important, but to express them, share them and implement them is what makes a difference in this world. Be not afraid seemingly bizzare and wild ideas. Oscar Wilde once said “An idea that is not dangerous is unworthy of being called an idea at all.” - Combine and improve ideas: No “buts”, only “ands.” Ideas at this stage only serve to complement and supplement one and another, so add them up without much care as to how they will shape up. On the matter of arithmetic (adding ideas) a quote by George Bernard Shaw come to mind “If you have an apple and I have an apple and we exchange these apples then you and I will still each have one apple. But if you have an idea and I have an idea and we exchange these ideas, then each of us will have two ideas.” - Go for quantity: Aim for as many new ideas as possible. “Human history is, in essence, a history of ideas.” Thus spake H.G. Wells the man who came up with such incredible ideas as ‘The Time Machine’, ‘The Invisible Man’ and ‘The War of the Worlds’. This initial phase of brainstorming is no time to be minimal and selective in one’s approach. I strongly insisted that you make a moodboard when embarking on a new project. A moodboard is the practical aaplication of the brainstorming process outlined above. Collect inspiration including textures, colors, positioning and various other design attributes of the project under research. This is the raw material that will form the basis of your magnum opus design! Moodboards display related media, research and inspirations inorder to gain a complete understanding of what you are trying to envision. Remember you need not limit yourself to a single one for any given project. Explore concepts, color palettes and typography all in a noncommittal way with a bird’s eye view of your vision before you start designing. If you wish to indulge in old-skool technology, I’d suggest arranging a haphazard collage by pasting images of inspiration, doodling and sketching on charts or more conveniently on a Moleskin for the convenience of portability. This ambient collage of imagery, screenshots, color swatches, words & shapes serves to convey the emotion of your intended design. Then again it can be a big poster, a digital PDF or even a montage of associated imagery. One of the tools used can be Evernote. Simply start a new notebook in Evernote and clip everything you find relevant on the interwebs. Don’t edit, just add as detailed above. Once you have the necessary reference material, you can use any software from your favorite stable to create a collage that you can share as a PDF with your design team. Conclusion: The Beginning Strangely enough, the conclusion of the brainstorming process is merely the beginning of your journey of design. Now that you have the requisite raw material and inspiration to match, unleash your creativity and indulge in creating your own design in keeping with the objectives laid down by you at the start of the process. Feel free to share your thoughts on your initial process and post links to sample moodboards you may have created.

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What is a Risk Assessment? Avalution defines the risk assessment as an identification and analysis of business risks that may affect an organization’s ability to deliver its most important products and services, with the objective of understanding the effectiveness of existing controls, as well as additional controls to decrease the likelihood or severity of a disruption. A risk assessment enables an organization to understand the risks to and vulnerabilities of its most critical activities and supporting resources, as well as the impact that would arise if an identified risk leads to an actual disruptive incident. A properly conducted risk assessment, performed in conjunction with a business impact analysis (BIA), enables an organization to clearly identify key risks to its most critical activities and resources. The information resulting from this analysis enables management to identify where risks exceed its risk tolerance and sets the stage for developing business continuity strategies and plans to reduce the likelihood of a disruption, shorten the period of the disruption, or limit the impact to the delivery of the organization’s key products and services. The major outcomes associated with the risk assessment include: - Understanding of potential business risks, including their likelihood and impact - Identification of existing controls, and potential control enhancements or new strategies to mitigate business risk by protecting resources (as to decrease the likelihood or severity associated with a disruptive incident) What are the Common Challenges with a Risk Assessment? Understanding the Risk Assessment It is not uncommon for organizations to struggle with understanding the purpose and usefulness of a risk assessment. Some may suggest foregoing the risk assessment altogether. However, before an organization can develop strategies to mitigate against risks facing the organization, it must first understand what those risks are. By performing a risk assessment, the organization is able to identify all the relevant risks to the business, as well as understand what the likelihood of that risk occurring is and what the associated impacts would be. The business can then measure the identified risks against the organization’s specified amount and type of risk that it may or may not be willing to take, relative to its objectives. Knowing what to do with the Outcomes of a Risk Assessment Many organizations have difficulties taking the outcomes of the risk assessment and applying them to the business in a practical manner. As a first step, upon completion of the risk assessment, it is imperative to conduct a gap analysis to understand which risks identified during the assessment exceed the organization’s risk tolerance. These risks can be identified by asking two key questions: - Based on the results of the risk assessment, which risks associated with the loss of that activity or resource exceed the organization’s stated risk tolerance due to lack of response and recovery planning or control measures? - For the risks identified in #1, what are the risk treatment opportunities or controls available to the organization to get the risk below the organization’s stated risk tolerance? The answers to the second question form the basis for strategy selection to treat the identified risks. After reviewing the various options and performing a cost-benefit analysis, management will select the strategy it feels is most appropriate, then the organization can begin developing business continuity plans that reflect the selected strategy. When Management Chooses to do Nothing Selecting mitigation strategies can often be difficult – or even contentious – for some organizations. A common source of frustration occurs when management chooses not to address certain risks. However, choosing to not take action to treat a risk is an option and a strategy itself. There are many reasons why management may choose to accept a risk and not take any action. Most commonly, management feels that the costs (measured in dollars and/or time commitment) outweigh the benefits, or the costs are simply too high, and the likelihood of the risk being realized are too low, to justify taking proactive measures to treat the risk. Instead, management may opt to address the risk from a reactive standpoint should it occur. Another common reason management may choose to accept a risk is, that the potentially impacted product or service may not be critical to the organization’s long-term business strategy. Avalution’s consultants can help advise on what risks are acceptable and which ones may require additional mitigation. Risk Assessment versus Threat Assessments Organizations are often confused whether a risk assessment and threat assessment are one in the same. The short answer is, no. While Avalution is capable of assisting organizations with both types assessments, they are two very different things. A threat assessment focuses on specific threats to a business (e.g., hurricane, fire, flood), while a risk assessment takes a resource-based loss approach, which looks at risks associated with the loss of specific facilities, personnel, technology, or third-party suppliers – agnostic to what threat actually caused the loss of the resource. In the latter example of a risk assessment, we don’t focus on why we lost access to the specific resource. Instead, we focus on what the likelihood of that loss is, as well as the impacts associated with the loss. Avalution’s Catalyst tool is built to easily conduct a resource-based risk assessment using inputs from the BIA and can help make this an effective tool in assessing your organization’s risk. The threat assessment on the other hand, is much more focused on the likelihood and impact of a specific event occurring. For example, what is the probability and impact of a specific threat affecting operations. Avalution’s key differentiators when it comes to helping organizations with their risk assessments are two-fold. First, is Avalution’s breadth and depth of experience. In our 10+ years of experience, we have worked in almost every industry and with organizations of all sizes. This perspective gives a unique vantage point to help you understand what risks exist and the most effective means to manage those risks. Clients find great value in Avalution’s post-assessment analysis, as we don’t just leave the client with results of the assessment. Instead we help them make sense of those risks as it relates to their organization’s risk tolerance and objectives. Our other big differentiator is our business continuity software solution, Catalyst. Catalyst helps remove unnecessary complexity from the BIA and risk assessment process. This results in fewer meetings and reduced time commitment from the business. Catalyst introduces automation to the risk assessment process by allowing the user to ask a few additional questions during the BIA, and then the responses are used to calculate the risk score automatically. This allows our clients to spend more time on strategy selection and planning, and less time on aggregating the information obtained during the assessment. Avalution’s process for conducting a risk assessment can be broken down into three phases: - Assessment Preparation: During this phase, Avalution will work with the client on developing the appropriate rating scales for impact and likelihood, as well preparing interview participants to think about specific risk assessment-related topics ahead of the discussion. - Data Gathering and Assessment: While the BIA typically precedes the risk assessment, Avalution collects much of the data required to perform the risk assessment during the BIA meeting. Due to the nature of the topics covered in the BIA meeting, a few additional probing questions allows us to garner the information needed to successfully complete the risk assessment. - Post-Assessment Analysis: During the analysis phase, we seek to understand where specific risks exceed the client’s predetermined risk tolerance. These risks are sorted by their assigned risk score (Catalyst automatically calculates and ranks identified risks according to the risk score). Clients who are using other software or no software at all have nothing to fear, as Avalution will perform the data aggregation and reporting as part of the assessment. Avalution will then work with the client to determining prioritization for key risks to mitigate. Once the key risks have been identified, Avalution and the client can begin to identify risk treatment strategy options and present those to leadership for selection. During a recent risk assessment, Avalution worked with a mid-sized life sciences company on a business impact analysis and risk assessment. While the outputs of the BIA helped the organization understand its recovery requirements and served to inform the development of current state recovery plans, the outputs of the risk assessment helped the organization identify it’s most impactful and likely risks overall. While the organization was aware of the existence of some of the risks even prior to the assessment, the organization did not have a solid understanding on where the risks fit into the risk profile of the organization as a whole, or how they measured up against the organization’s stated risk tolerance. In considering the organization’s risk tolerance overall, the client was able to prioritize risks for mitigation, as well as identify risks that leadership was willing to accept. The client identified at the beginning of the assessment that it was most unwilling to accept downtime that impacted critical infrastructure that enabled core lab and development activities. While other operational enablers were important, these functions were deemed most critical. Avalution and the client used the outcomes of this assessment to develop a risk register in conjunction with a multi-year plan reduce the organizations risk footprint. This approach takes a realistic view of addressing the organization’s overall risk footprint and does not attempt to boil the ocean and address every single risk, nor does it dedicate all of its resources towards planning for and mitigating “black swan” events (highly impactful, but extremely unlikely, disasters). This risk assessment in conjunction with the BIA laid the foundation for the client to not only be able to confidently plan for disruptions with current-state recovery capabilities, but it helped the client identify a clear path forward for implementing strategies to both reduce the likelihood of the risks occurring, as well as identify optimal recovery strategies, should the risk be realized.

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The electric field can be described in terms of electric field intensity and electric potential. We have already described field in terms of electric intensity, in this section we will describe field in terms of electric potential or simply potential. In contrast to electric intensity, electric potential is a scalar quantity. The potential at a point (in an electric field) is the external work needed to bring a positive unit charge, at constant speed, from the position of zero potential to the given point. Conventionally, the point of zero potential is taken at infinity. The potential at a point is represented by symbol V. If VA and VB are the electric potentials of two points A and B, and if we are moving from point A to B, the potential difference is DV = VB - VA Once the potential difference between two points is known, the external work needed to move a charge q (with no change in its speed) from point A to B may be found Wext = qDV = q(VB - VA) The sign of this work depends on the sign of q and the relative magnitudes of VA and VB. If Wext > 0, work is done by the external agent on the charge. If Wext < 0, work is done on the external agent by the field. In this case, the external force acts opposite to the displacement of the charge. The quantity DV depends only on the field set up by the source charges, not on the test charge. The SI unit of potential is volt (V), which is equivalent to J/C. The dimensions of V are The change in potential from point A to point B is If we choose V = 0 at r = ¥, the point A shift to the infinity. The potential at any point B in the field is given as The locus of all the points, which have the same electric potential, is called an equipotential surface, or equipotential line. We are the leading online assignment help provider. Find answers to all of your doubts regarding the Electric Potential. Assignmenthelp.net provide homework, assignment help to the school, college or university level students. Our expert online tutors are available to help you in Electric Potential. Our service is focused on: time delivery, superior quality, creativity and originality. To Schedule a physics Electric Potential tutoring session To submit physics Electric Potential assignment click here. Following are some of the areas in physics Electrostatics which we provide help: Electrostatics Problems | Physics Electrostatics Problems | Physics Online Tutor | Physics Assignment Help | Physics Tutors | Physics Homework Help | Physics Tutor | Physics Help | Physics Projects | Physics Problems | Physics Online Help | Physics Online Tutoring | High School Physics | Homework Tutor | Physics Experiments | Online Tutoring Assignment Writing Help Engineering Assignment Services Do My Assignment Help Write My Essay Services

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ARCHIVED - 9. Anglophone Priorities and Concerns The Standard on Web Usability replaces this content. This content is archived because Common Look and Feel 2.0 Standards have been rescinded. Page 13 of 16 While health and social services are ranked highest among Anglophones in terms of importance to the community, the most frequently cited single problem is equality of rights. The representation of Quebec Anglophones in the provincial public service contributes to an important sense of disempowerment among the community. A majority of Anglophones do not believe that they have equal chances of securing employment with government. Both federal and provincial governments recognize this situation and add that efforts are being made to recruit and retain more Anglophones. Relations between Quebec Anglophones and Francophones have improved over the course of the 1990s. Friendship and marriages between members of the two principal language communities have been on the rise. Yet there remain important differences in the extent to which Anglophones and Francophones respectively believe that the future of their communities is threatened. Questions on whether leadership is effective in addressing community needs are connected to what the group regards as its main interests and priorities. The issues that communities deem important will evolve based on changing social, economic and political circumstances. During a referendum campaign, national unity may be regarded as the priority for the vast majority of Quebec Anglophones. So the timing in which the concerns of the population are assessed is an important consideration. Various government and non-governmental actors can play a crucial role in shaping the needs of the population and determining priorities. Effective leadership must demonstrate an ability to adapt to changing concerns of its constituents. Further related to this is the question of how organizational leadership defines its constituency. It has been amply demonstrated that demographic changes have had a significant impact on the structures and institutions of the Anglophone population. In the absence of research on the historic priorities and concerns of Anglophones, it is more difficult to ascertain whether the trends described here have influenced such matters. On what basis are the differences of opinion among Anglophones most pronounced? These are issues that have been much debated over the years both within and outside Quebec’s Anglophone community. In attempting to provide insight into how Quebec Anglophones prioritize their concerns, the CROP-Missisquoi Institute survey asked respondents to rate the degree of importance of issues to the Anglophone community and then to identify the most important issue. There is an obvious relationship between the two as reflected in the themes repeatedly evoked by Quebec Anglophones. However, the distinction permits an understanding of how strongly felt the concerns are, and the extent to which certain issues are a catalyst for mobilization. Overall, health and social services issues were ranked as extremely or very important by the highest percentage of Anglophone respondents. Yet health and social services were not considered the most important issue facing the Anglophone community. Generally, it is the social issues or what might be described as more immediate needs that rank highest when Anglophones are asked to rate importance. When it comes to asking about the single most important issue, however, the political/identity questions appear to come to mind more frequently. |Table 22 – “Extremely” or “Very Important” Responses Regarding the Importance of Selected Language Issues, by Selected Demographic Groups within the Quebec Anglophone Population| |Health and social services (%)||Access to government services (%)||Language of signs (%)||Decrease in Anglophone community (%)| |French conversation – yes||85 ||76||57||61| |No high school||77||61||62||54| |Source: CROP-Missisquoi Institute, Survey of the English-Speaking Community of Quebec, 2000.| With 54 percent of Anglophones believing that the language of signs is an important issue, it ranks well behind health and social services. There appears no single issue that a majority of Quebec Anglophone consider the most important. However, the largest plurality contend that equal rights is the single most important issue facing the community. There does not appear to be much difference of opinion based on age, gender, education and bilingualism. A. Inclusion and Disempowerment Seeing members of one’s group reflected in government institutions and decision-making bodies is a critical issue for minority groups. Both the federal and Quebec provincial governments have acknowledged the need to address issues of representation of Quebec Anglophones in their respective public services. For its part, the Quebec government has produced a series of reports over the course of the 1990s lamenting its failure to increase the underrepresentation of Anglophones in the province’s public service. Despite provisions in the Quebec Charter of Rights that make it obligatory for there to be employment equity programs for minority groups in the public service and in spite of hiring quotas, the share of mother-tongue Anglophones in the Quebec public service has dropped from 485 employees (or 0.83 percent) to 394 employees (or 0.7 percent) out of 57,468 in 2002 (Government of Quebec, Conseil du Trésor, March 2002). According to the Treasury Board Secretariat of the Government of Canada, as of March 2003, Anglophones made up 72 percent of public service employees and Francophones made up 27 percent. Their corresponding share of the Canadian population is 75 percent and 24 percent, respectively. Outside the National Capital Region, 14.5 percent of all federal employees in Quebec were Anglophones, whereas Anglophones constitute 12.9 percent of the population in Quebec. Anglophone federal public servants in federal departments represent 7.6 percent (excluding the National Capital Region). The Treasury Board recognizes this situation and adds that efforts are being made to recruit and retain more Anglophones. While there has been no systematic study of federal and provincial government appointments of Quebec, any examination of the list of such Quebec government appointments over the past two decades will illustrate the relative rarity of nominations of Anglophones. Limited input into government decision making on the part of Anglophones is a significant contributing factor to feelings of disempowerment. Efforts to increase Anglophone representation in the provincial public service need to consider the important number of Anglophones who believe they do not have equal access to such jobs. Across all demographic groups, an important share of Anglophones believe that federal and provincial governments do not provide equal opportunities for employment. Overall, some 54 percent of Anglophones surveyed in 2000 (CROP-Missisquoi Institute, 2000) do not believe that the Government of Canada in Quebec provides equal access to jobs for Anglophones, and approximately 70 percent believe that similar inequity exists in the Quebec provincial government. Perceptions of such discrimination are somewhat higher among those Anglophones with university degrees and those employed full time. Quebec Anglophones are not uninterested in being employed by government. The survey reveals that while interest in such opportunities is greater federally than provincially, it nonetheless remains reasonably high at both levels of government. Nearly half of respondents said they either have or would be interested in seeking a job with the Government of Canada, and 40 percent expressed similar interest with respect to employment with the Government of Quebec. Further, bilingual Anglophones and those between the ages of 18 and 24, expressed particularly high levels of interest in employment in either the federal or provincial public service. B. Social Distance Increased marriage between Quebec Anglophones and Francophones is a function of rising social contacts between language groups. Therefore, it is increasingly difficult to talk about two solitudes when describing the relationship between Anglophone and Francophone Quebecers. In 2000, more than half of Quebec Francophones reported having frequent and/or occasional contact with Anglophones. The region in which one resides is by far the most important factor contributing to the degree of interaction between members of the two groups. On the Island of Montréal, nearly one-half of the Francophone population reported having frequent contact with Anglophones, and the same percentage indicated that they had close friends who were Anglophone. On a regional basis, there was some variation on this question with as many as 60 percent of respondents on the Island of Montréal reporting close friendships with Anglophones. Other survey-based evidence supports the notion that relations between Quebec Anglophones and Francophones have improved over the course of the 1990s. When asked about the state of relations with Anglophones, 83 percent of Francophone respondents described them as either good or very good (6 percent described them as bad or very bad). In the western part of Montréal, 95 percent viewed the relationship positively. When asked whether the relationship has improved over the past ten years, 44 percent said it had (67 percent in the western part of Montréal, 52 percent in the centre and 37 percent in the east). Overall, some 43 percent felt that the relationship remained unchanged, while 6 percent said it had deteriorated. According to a SOM/La Presse/Radio-Canada survey (2001), 80 percent of Anglophones say that they have made efforts to reach out to the Francophone population. When asked whether the relationship between Francophones and Anglophones was more positive now than ten years earlier, some seven out of ten Anglophones agreed. When asked to make the comparison between now and five years ago, some 40 percent described the attitude of the Francophone community towards the Anglophone community as more positive and another 40 percent as neutral. In urban areas, Anglophones were more inclined to say the change was more positive (42 percent) than were their regional counterparts (27 percent). When exploring issues of social distance and the extent to which communities believe the relationship is improving, it is critical to consider the context in which the question is asked. It is widely acknowledged that the past 40 years in Quebec have been characterized by intense debates over language and identity. Undoubtedly, the 1995 Quebec referendum put more focus on the relationship between Quebec’s language communities. In short, the state of the relationship can fluctuate according to the political climate of the day. Clearly, more than ever, Anglophones are able to speak French, and uses that language more frequently in the workplace and in a variety of economic activities. To date, little research has been done on the extent to which the increased knowledge of French and increased contact with Francophones has a bearing on the attitudes of Anglophones around the main social and political questions confronting the society. The reduction in social distance described here has not given rise to increasing consumption of French-language media and cultural products by Quebec Anglophones, despite the increased interaction with Francophones and growing bilingualism. While intergroup relations have improved, there persists important divergence in perceptions of linguistic and cultural concerns between Quebec Anglophones and Francophones. Among them are differences in the extent to which members of the two communities view the threat to their respective language communities. In effect, 61 percent of Francophone respondents believe that the future of the French language in Quebec is threatened. Such perceptions are held to a somewhat greater degree by those who speak French only than by Francophones who are able to conduct a conversation in English. For their part, about 78 percent of Quebec Anglophone respondents disagreed with the statement that the future of the French language in Quebec is threatened (nearly two-thirds strongly disagreed). Neither the age of the Anglophone respondents nor their ability to speak French much affected the extent to which they thought the French language is threatened. When asked whether they thought the future of the English-speaking community in their region was threatened, 66 percent of the Anglophone respondents agreed (36 percent agreed totally and 30 percent agreed somewhat). Only 14 percent of Francophones agreed with the statement that the English-speaking community is threatened in their region, and there is little variation in such attitudes in the regions of the province. Even though the majority of Anglophones did not believe that the French language is threatened, 51 percent agreed with the statement that it is important for the government of Quebec to maintain laws to protect French, while some 48 percent disagreed with this view. For their part, Quebec Francophones supported a number of concerns expressed by Quebec Anglophones, such as the right to health and social services in the English language. Also, twice as many Francophone Quebecers agreed than disagreed that the Government of Canada should support the development of the Anglophone community in their province (18 percent disagreed, 46 percent were neutral and 36 percent agreed).

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The effects of iron deficiency and anaemia on primary school learners’ scholastic performance Background. Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a preventable cause of cognitive impairment and other negative effects on the academic potential of learners. Objectives. To determine the local prevalence of IDA among grade 2 learners in a resource-poor community and to evaluate the association between IDA and the learners’ scholastic performance. Methods. This was a case-control observational design study. Data were collected using a stadiometer and an electronic scale, HemoCue Hb 201+ system and official grade 1 school reports. Results. The point prevalence of IDA was found to be 9.8% (n=19), with a higher prevalence among girls (58%). There was no statistically significant difference between the performances of the two groups (p=0.511) in mathematics. There was a statistically significant difference for life skills (p=0.00017), and the difference between the groups in literacy or languages approached statistical significance (p=0.071). Conclusions. The results of this study suggest that IDA is prevalent and may have negative effects on learners’ scholastic performances. Such negative effects warrant early preventive measures so as to avoid the possibilities of school failure, drop-out and poor productivity in adulthood. Bongiwe P S Hlatswayo, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Medical University of South Africa, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University (SMU), Pretoria, South Africa Sibusiso Ntshangase, Department of Psychology, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa François Pierre Rousseau de Villiers, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Medical University of South Africa, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University (SMU), Pretoria, South Africa Full TextPDF (119KB) Cite this article Date published: 2016-06-29 Full text views: 803

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420003173730880009410065Microsoft Office User[company name]450000Microsoft Office User[company name]420003173730175001871345Extended EssayOriginal version translated into English from German450000Extended EssayOriginal version translated into English from German Global warming is a global concern and affects many levels which includes individuals to corporations. However, we must address the effects, challenges and solutions that Germany has created in its country, as a result of global warming. Germany has an important role in the EU policy. It has worked with many neighbouring countries to combat C02 emissions. Many examples are listed in this paper and it explains in detail what Germany is doing to reduce these emissions. Germany will have to make many changes in order to adapt to the new laws incorporated into the EU countries’ agenda. Many of these measures aim to reduce CO2 emissions and switch to cleaner alternatives, such as renewable energy, which will drastically affect Germany in many areas. Germany has set itself goals in the future, such as the decommissioning of all nuclear power plants by the year 2022 or a clean car industry with hybrid and electric vehicles that occupy the highway. This will be mentioned later. In addition, Germany has a permanent seat in the EU and must adhere to, reject and negotiate various techniques and strategies in order to minimize its contribution to global warming. In this article, I will address various topics related to Germany’s position on the various climate change mitigation strategies to combat global warming. The questions are the following: 1. How global warming affects Germany? 2. How does this climate policy relate to the European agenda ? A comparison between the current climate policy in Germany and what the EU currently demands. 3. What is Germany’s policy plan on climate change in the coming years? 4. Alternative energy sources for Germany, which should be implemented, expanded and monitored in the next few years These questions will be answered in detail and outline the opportunities that Germany has to make in order to keep its contribution to the climate protection act. Chapter 1 – How Global Warming Affects Germany Global warming is defined as the warming of the earth with the addition of increased human activity that enhances this process known as enhanced global warming. To fight global warming as a country, we need to take a country apart and see the mitigation that is taking place to reduce the emissions that heat the world. Also known as greenhouse gases. Germany set itself goals during the Paris Summit to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 to 90 percent by 2050. This goal requires many changes. At both national and individual levels, people have to adapt to the effects of a warming earth. In order to achieve these goals, mitigation measures have already been taken. Germany has built a sea of ??solar panels on its territory for an alternative energy source. As statistics show, Germany can source 50% of its electricity from solar energy, which is, of course, on sunny days when there is no interference from clouds coming from the Gulf Stream. There are many downsides to global warming and, more specifically, to Germanys geographic positioning. An example of this may be the rise in sea level, which may negatively affect the shipbuilding industry as well as naval military bases. Due to rising sea levels, this will lead to an increase in storms near the North Sea. This will bring about a loss of biodiversity and a large agricultural area loss from these floods. Another crucial sector will also be affected. The Rhineland is one of the largest coal producers in Germany from its rich iron and coal deposits. In the course of global warming, acid rain has increased in the Rhineland due to the strong sulfuric acid emissions of coal-fired power plants. This leads to many disasters in the ecosystem, such as damaged forests, contaminated groundwater and destruction of infrastructure due to extreme weather conditions. Germany has presented plans to tackle these challenges. The plans include the “reduction of greenhouse gas emissions” resulting from the abolition of gasoline and diesel vehicles planned for 2030. Germany is the focus of politics in Europe. This has challenged Angela Merkel and her coalition to realize an energy transition in the country. This energy revolution will ultimately fight the rising temperatures of the world. In addition to the above-mentioned slowdown, Germany wants to phase out nuclear energy by 2022, which is an important part of the program. The term energy transition has a footprint in EU policy. The term focuses on “shifting from centralized to decentralized generation.” This means that local combined heat and power units can supply nearby cities instead of overproducing electricity, which lowers efficiency. This plan was published in 1980 by the ?ko-Institut. Chapter 2 – How does this climate policy relate to European? A comparison between the current climate policy in Germany and what the EU is currently calling for. First of all, we have to look at neighbouring countries like France, for example, how they are handling and advancing forward with their climate policy plan. France is a good example of a comparison because its policy is similar to Germanys. Its plan consists of five priority areas: improving the quality of life, CO2-neutral environment, setting the course for a green economy, adapting to global temperature increases, and finally international awareness of global warming. The same is true in France with emissions as in Germany. They have presented a plan to the UN with the words: “They will achieve 2030 emissions cuts by 55% and 75% by 2050, which will require major changes.” Germany has presented a similar plan, the biggest worry Germany has , is its fast-growing economy. These massive reductions in its carbon industries will lead to deficits in total GDP. Germany is the world’s fourth largest consumer in coal, which will drastically affect power plants with the “exit from fossil fuel consumption” and imports of natural gas where Germany is the world’s largest importer of natural gas. This will coincide with its GDP and evaluate other alternative options to minimize the risk of a recession. The EU body has set many goals for the future to limit the amount of artificial chemicals released into the air. A key objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% compared to 1990 levels. In addition, the EU has embarked on an “energy-efficient, low-carbon economy” that will bring many positive aspects, such as job creation and increased competitiveness with other countries, such as China or the US.

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As drones become more useful and more common, the skies have come busier and more complicated. While they were originally mostly for military use, drones are now commercially available, and soon we’ll have regular drone delivery systems. Some regulation will be needed to keep our airways clear from potentially falling pieces of metal and plastic, but the government can and will certainly use the state of things to it’s advantage. This cannot be stressed enough: things aren’t like they were in the past. Here are a few reasons why this will be the case: Drones Can Have Hacking Capabilities While not every drone is meant to be used as a weapons platform or to have any particular use outside of entertainment for hobbyists, there are drones in development with advanced hacking (or remote hacking) capabilities. Think about it: what is stopping a drone from getting in range of a network and hacking in, potentially messing with cameras, communications or any other function of that network. If well piloted, the victim network would never know. This would theoretically make covering up a UFO sighting very easy for the US government if they knew who sighted the object. Any proof could be tampered with or erased through the drone over the internet. EMPs could be used by drones in the most extreme circumstances, destroying the data allowing people to see the truth. In 1950, if someone saw something hovering in the sky, there weren’t that many options for people to choose from. A weather balloon was a possibility, but those could be checked, meaning this excuse could only work for so long. The believer community had the advantage, and it put the government on edge (where it should be when it comes to keeping secrets from the public). Now the government has plausible deniability and is happy to use it, even if it has to take some drastic cover-up measures. The average person will see something in the sky and won’t even register it as a UFO. They’ll simply explain it away as a type of helicopter, plane or now a unique type of drone, which come in different forms and sizes. And what’s to say any type of craft couldn’t be part of an experimental drone program funded by the military and kept top-secret? Most people would consider it rational to believe the government if it came to that. We can’t expect the government to admit or confirm anything whatsoever anymore. Drones have brought in a new age of the cover up. The Government is Watching Our Actions Drones allow for increased surveillance, and the government is surprisingly honest about this, usually when discussing counter-terrorism operations. Yet what is stopping the government from taking a look at the lives of average citizens who are interested or looking for UFOs? What might drones notice, and what might their internet surveillance software notice? Snowden likely wasn’t thinking too much about UFO sightings when he released his documents, but attempts to censor the public are still attempts to censor the public, and the same tactics can be used to keep people quiet about UFOs. Assume you are being watched. The next thing to consider is why you are being watched. Too many people are onto the truth. People will need to fight back against the surveillance to be entirely sure of their safety. Proxies and VPNs will be useful, but a vigilance for drones in the air and hackers on the internet will also be necessary. Technology will expand, and its role in our lives will too, but you still have control. You can still be careful about how you use Facebook and Google (it’s likely they work with the government on some level, and they might be involved with UFO sightings themselves, given their interest in advanced technology). It’s clear we’re headed into unchartered waters regarding internet surveillance and technology, so it is important we are well-armed with the knowledge and tools to help keep the truth alive. What is your experience with drones? Do you believe that their use will make UFO sightings more difficult to identify? Do you think the technology will actually help believers with their ability to keep a closer watch on the sky? What do you think the government intends? Please leave a comment below and tell us what you think. About the Author: Carla knows things aren’t always what they seem. Everything is too convenient, and too many strange occurrences have been swept under the rug for the past century. She writes to reveal the truth and to keep tabs on the government that may very well be keeping us from the truth we need to know about. Find her at rightsideoftruth.com

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Jeannette Ingabire, a third-year student at Mount Mary University, is a student leader active in addressing the problem of healthcare inequity. She has been working at the Medical College of Wisconsin exploring how ACE's (Adverse Childhood Experiences) affect the health of children and how to improve the availability of quality healthcare to impoverished communities. As an aspiring scientist, I consider addressing healthcare disparities to be both my passion and the responsibility I owe to all global citizens. Growing up in a developing Sub-Saharan country has allowed me to see the vital role of public health innovations in reducing social injustices. It is neither fair nor just that children who grow up in poor neighborhoods are more likely to develop serious health conditions during adulthood. Scientific research on the health outcomes, both mental and physical, associated with healthcare disparities is vital. These findings will be crucial to creating novel solutions and social change, especially making quality healthcare available to all. This past summer, I did research at the Medical College of Wisconsin on the link between adverse childhood experiences and diabetes outcomes. Our results showed that children who live in poverty have higher chances of developing adult-onset diabetes. In addition, collaboration between the government and the people who live in poor neighborhoods is critical for addressing public health issues. Continued advocacy for health coverage for all is crucial. In a country like the United States, no child should lose a chance to a long, successful, and healthy life because of poverty.

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Eating five to 9 servings every day of fruit and veggies freed from pesticides. Research reveals the choices we make every day affect our probabilities of getting most cancers. Scientists have discovered that what you eat, how you move and the way a lot you weigh can lower your danger for a lot of cancers. But along with amount, high quality of sleep matters too! Follow our tips about getting quality sleep—things like preserving your bed room cool at night time, avoiding blue mild after dark, and more. Over 6.2 million malaria deaths have been averted between 2000 and 2015, primarily of children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. The international malaria incidence rate has fallen by an estimated 37 per cent and the mortality rates by 58 per cent. Tuberculosis stays the main reason for dying among people residing with HIV, accounting for around one in three AIDS-related deaths. 32.7 million individuals have died from AIDS-related diseases because the begin of the epidemic. seventy five.7 million people have become contaminated with HIV for the reason that start of the epidemic. 38 million people globally were living with HIV in 2019. How To Lose Healthy Life In 9 Days It retains you grounded, and helps you deal with situations that would otherwise make you loopy. Read the comics, watch a sitcom, or tell jokes to bring out those pleased feelings. Brush and floss daily to keep your enamel and gums healthy and free of illness. If you are one of the fortunate ones who never grew to become addicted to nicotine, pat your self on the again. Smokers, I hope you are working diligently to kick your behavior. - In this interview, News-Medical speaks to Dr. Neeraj Narula about ultra-processed meals and how this can enhance your danger of creating inflammatory bowel disease. - We have discovered unprecedented success in substance abuse treatment. - The researchers checked out NHS and HPFS knowledge on food plan, physical activity, body weight, smoking, and alcohol consumption that had been collected from frequently administered, validated questionnaires.

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Pests arrive in numerous kinds. No matter whether it truly is a Northern Kentucky termite, a Cincinnati termite, a mouse in a basement, ants inside a kitchen area or mosquitoes in the garden, they all could be defined as undesired creatures that enjoy havoc on our life. Managing these pests assists shield us through the damage they inflict. This hurt involves, but isn’t limited to, contaminating our foods, spreading ailment, threatening our wellness and injuring our house. By defining this damage, support for pest handle is firmly validated. It truly is extremely important to possess correct pest management around any area in which foodstuff is present. This contains just about everywhere through the farms exactly where foodstuff is developed to the grocery merchants in which it truly is marketed. Otherwise accurately managed, pests can contaminate meals, producing it impossible to expand and consume. Many people would take into account bugs to be the principal “pests” to prevent exactly where foodstuff is concerned. Other pests that also have to be dealt with are rodents, birds and also other plant taking in animals. Effectively managing these pests can be done by making use of chemical substances or organic pesticides, environment traps, constructing fences or generating other deterrents. Ailment could be distribute swiftly if correct Pest Control Atlanta is just not completed. Bugs and bugs can transfer strands of flu and viruses to animals, men and women and foods. Our authorities attempts to manage and prevent this from happening by positioning rigid recommendations on what’s allowed to be introduced into our region. That is a sort of pest handle. Folks ought to consider these kinds of actions in the home at the same time. By making use of bug repellent, individuals can decrease their exposure to mosquitoes and other biting bugs. Programs of chemicals to yards and perimeters of properties will limit the quantity of pests that may influence our well being, and also the health of our property animals. Getting steps to control pests that trigger harm to our residence is similarly critical. Spraying substances to control insects that consume wooden, burrow holes in our residences, construct nests within our trees and chew holes inside our landscape aids safe the survival of that house. The expense of pest control is extremely insignificant on the cost of restoring or replacing things that have incurred destruction from pests. For instance, contemplate the price of new plant materials to get a yard. Folks who pick not to apply any pest manage are working the risk of losing these crops to leaf eating insects. If this occurs, they’d incur the price of new plant content, possibly replacing soil and also the labor expenses for that set up. By taking care of pests with the starting this project, they would only have had their first expenditure. Numerous men and women are against using so many chemicals on or surrounding their properties. You will find other options now with all the organic and natural options in the marketplace which are quite effective as well. Folks really need to contemplate the long-term effects of proper Termite Control. The spread of ailment could be stopped or lowered and our foodstuff will stay healthy. Our crops will develop sturdy and our residence will keep intact. Pest management is critical for all of this to occur.

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National Palace Museum in Taipei is home to a collection of over 700,000 items. Assembling a collection of this size spanning seven millennia of Chinese history and pre-history was a mammoth task requiring the joint efforts of countless collectors over Chinese emperors began avidly collecting works by famous artists as early as the Tang period (A.D. 618-906). One notable example Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty (r. 627-649), who resorted to trickery to obtain the original "Preface to the Lanting Collection" by calligrapher Wang Xizhi. Emperor Huizong (r. 1101-1125, Song dynasty), himself a keen artist, commissioned scholars to catalog the imperial collection of his own day and write biographies of the Chinese painters and calligraphers whose works were included there. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 1736-1795, Qing dynasty), another great lover of art and antiquities, turned his personal study (the Sanxitang or "Hall of Three Rarities") into a repository for three celebrated ancient calligraphic works. emperors were not only keen collectors of art, many were also accomplished artists in their own right. Calligraphy by Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712-755, Tang dynasty), and flower & bird paintings by Emperor Huizong (Song dynasty), are both highly renowned. Emperors were also major sponsors of art. Chinese court artists held official rank and received stipends that enabled them to pursue creative work without distraction. Imperial taste was often a moving factor in determining artistic trends of the period. Examples include the brilliant achievement of Southern Song Guan ware under the aegis of Emperor (r. 1127-1162), the development of Ming porcelain from Jingdezhen under the strict regime of the Xuande Emperor (r. 1426-1435), and in the Qing period the introduction of Western enamel techniques by the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1662-1722), and the vogue for imitating antiquity inspired by the Qianlong Emperor. It is hard to find parallels to the Chinese emperors' passion for art elsewhere in the world. It is their success in preserving ancient artifacts and works of art that has led to the National Palace Museum having the impressive collection we see today. We are indeed fortunate that the traces of 5,000 years of Chinese civilization can be reconstructed through this priceless collection of cultural artifacts.

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Rajshekhar Basu (1880-1960) alias Parashuram, was one of the greatest storytellers of our time. He has written about a hundred short stories, many articles, condensations of Ramayana and Mahabharata, Chalantika, a much-used Bengali dictionary and translated the Gita and Meghdoot. The basic form of Parashuram’s stories is satire. He has not only made us laugh but also has persuaded us to think. However, that does not mean that he has ignored the other hues in the spectrum of laughter. Some of his stories are purely comic and some others, though very few, bring in a touch of the tragic. The most important aspect of Parashuram’s writing is his language. He has used the colloquial and the classical with consummate dexterity and that is his signature. His language is perhaps the one thing that has set him apart from other contemporary satirists. The sudden throwing in of the colloquial and the equally sudden use of the unexpected create the irresistible comic situations in his stories. A few of the stories are based on the epics, perhaps inspired by his deep familiarity with Ramayana and Mahabharata. The characters are familiar but the incidents are not. These are merely incidents, which could or might have happened. And if these did occur, the situations must have been comic indeed! It is truly an impossible task to reproduce the ambience created by Parashuram’s language, but perhaps the reader will catch a glimpse of the comedy of the situation as conceived by Parashuram. The five Pandavs are worried. Not because they have had to leave the glitz and glamour of their capital and go to the forest for thirteen years of exile, one of which they are required to spend incognito; not because they are aware that Duryodhan would never return their kingdom at the end of this period and they would have to fight their Kaurav relations; but because Panchali has stopped talking to them for the last one month. After leaving their kingdom, the Pandavs first came to Kamyak forest. But now they have built their ashram in Dvaita forest on the riverbank and are presently residing there. They have with them Dhaumya, the family priest and other Brahmins, Indrasen, the charioteer and many male and female servants. Draupadi has Sevanti, a young companion, with her. Draupadi is rather busy. She has to run a large household even in exile. The copper pot, which she got as a gift from the Sun God, has made the job of cooking somewhat easier. The food she cooks in it is never exhausted until she has eaten. It does not reduce a bit even after a thousand people have been served. She does all the duties of a housewife. The only thing she does not do is talking to her husbands. If it becomes unavoidable, servants act as intermediaries. The Pandavs have already spent almost four months in the forest. Till now Yudhisthir has been in a very happy frame of mind, as if he had got quite used to this life of exile. Bhim, of course, had expressed his irritation in the beginning but nowadays he is merrily occupied with hunting. Arjun, Nakul and Sahadev, too, have forgotten the pain of losing a kingdom. But at present, they are all worried because of Draupadi’s change of mood. Draupadi has never been able to forget the insult heaped upon her in the dice-hall. Neither has she been able to ignore the grief of a kingdom lost. She has often been heard lamenting that Yudhisthir’s obtuseness and the other husbands’ worthlessness were at the root of all her misery. Yudhisthir tried on many occasions to console her. Bhim, too, repeatedly vowed he that he would not let matters rest till he had drunk Duhshasan’s blood and broken Duryodhan’s thigh. The other three also often tried to tell her that thirteen years would pass in a jiffy and they would see good days again. But all in vain. Draupadi, unable to suppress her anger, has finally stopped talking to them. Dvaraka is very far from Dvaita forest. Even then, Krishna visits them occasionally on his chariot. Some times, Satyabhama also accompanies him. This time, however, he has come alone. He heard the details of the present impasse and came to Draupadi’s room. Krishna and the Pandavs are cousins. He and Arjun are of the same age. In those days, there was no specific form of address that could satisfactorily describe the relationship between Krishna and Draupadi. Even if it did exist, there were technical difficulties, because he was younger than her husbands, Yudhisthir and Bhim, and at the same time, older than Nakul and Sahadev. Draupadi’s actual name was Krishnaa and therefore they had established a friendship between themselves. They addressed each other by their proper names. Having exchanged the customary pleasantries, Krishna asked with a smile, “My dear Krishnaa, why is your moon-like face looking like a blackened kitchen- pot?” Draupadi said, “ Krishna, your levity is not appreciated.” Krishna said, “What is your problem? Tell me how the Pandavs have failed to meet your needs. Do you want fine muslin or jeweled ornaments? Or perfumes perhaps? It is true that grains and cereals are not easily available here. It is quite possible that a monotonous diet of meat, fruits and roots has made you lose appetite and consequently, made you unhappy. Shall I send you cereals and pulses? Do you want a cow to give you milk? Or perhaps, butter, oil, sugar, salt, turmeric and ginger? Shall I send you ten or twenty bottles of exquisite wine? We have various kinds of wines and spirits available at Dvaraka. Here, of course, you may not get anything but toddy.” Draupadi said, “No, no, I don’t want any of those things. Madhav, you are wise. People say that you are also omniscient. Can you tell me the reasons for my misfortune? Have you seen any person as unfortunate as me?” Krishna said, “ Oh, many. Ask any of my wives. Each of them will tell you that she is the one and only hapless wretch in this world and an ill-starred person. They are of the firm opinion that I am the sole cause of all their temporal and spiritual disasters. Krishnaa, don’t worry. God is great.” “You are a stooge of God. You can only see his magnanimity, not his cruelty.“ “Yajnaseni, why are you thinking only of your misfortunes? Remember all the good things that have happened to you. You are the queen of Indraprasth. Whose glory is greater than yours? These bad times will not last; you will soon regain your lost status. You have risen from fire, you are exquisitely beautiful, your father, Drupad, king of Panchal, is still alive and you have two very brave and powerful brothers. Your five sons are receiving education at Dvaraka along with Abhimanyu. You have five great husbands, four younger and four elder brothers-in-law.” “Where did you get these brothers-in-law? I have nothing to do with the sons of Dhritarashtra.” “Your brothers-in-law are here with you. Have you not heard the couplet: ‘The eldest Pandav is Panchali’s husband and eldest brother-in-law; the youngest Pandav is her husband and the youngest brother-in-law. The other three are husbands and both younger and elder brothers-in-law’.” “Bah! Ain’t I lucky!” “Panchali, don’t be angry. There is none in the world who can be called faultless. Yudhisthir is a simpleton and he loves a game of dice. That is why all this has happened. He is repentant. So, don’t torture him any more. Your other husbands are obedient to their eldest brother and so they really cannot go against his wishes. Don’t consider them worthless.” Thus, Krishna tried to console her in various ways, quoting scriptures on the duties of a wife. All in vain. She would not budge. So, Krishna left her and went back to the Pandavs. Dhaumya, the priest, and the other Brahmins live in a large hut. All have been summoned here in honour of Krishna’s visit. Yudhisthir and his brothers respectfully escorted Krishna to that conference. Yudhisthir said, “ Honourable Dhaumya and Brahmins, your attention please! Vasudev Krishna, you too listen. Draupadi has lost her balance because of the insults heaped upon her in the Kaurav court and the subsequent loss of kingdom. She is very upset with her husbands and has not spoken to us for a month. I request all of you to kindly find a way out of our present intolerable predicament.” Dhaumya said, “I can quote from Vedas, Puranas and other scriptures to instruct her on the duties of a wife. I can also scare her with the possible results of sin.” Krishna said, “All that would have no effect. I have just tried. Nothing happened.” Yudhisthir said, “Then what is the solution?” Haumya, an uncle of Dhaumya and a strong old Brahmin, said, “It is not at all difficult to subdue Panchali. Pandavs have become highly henpecked. They have pampered the daughter of Drupad too much. They are actually scared of this common wife of theirs. Dharmaraj Yudhisthir, listen to me! There is a very easy way out. She is not your only wife. You have a wife of your very own: Devika, King Shaivya’s daughter. Bhim too has three more wives: Hidimba, the Rakshasi, Kali, Shalya’s sister and Balandhara, the princess of Kashi. Arjun has three other wives: Chitrangada, princess of Manipur, Ulupi, the daughter of the Nags and Subhadra, Krishna’s sister. Nakul has one other wife: Karenumati, daughter of the king of Chedi. Sahadev too has another wife: the daughter of Jarasandha, – I can’t recall her name. Well, bring these nine co-wives of Panchali. Her vanity will no doubt take a beating when they come and you too will be able to enjoy the company of your multiple wives.” Yudhisthir said, “Honourable Brahmin, your proposal is very unfair. Draupadi has suffered much. How can we visit her with more grief? It is true that we have other wives, but none of them is our principal wife. None but Panchali can be our companion in our exile in forest. Krishna, you are our guide in all our distress. Please find a way to make Panchali see reason.” Krishna thought for a while and said, “Dharmaraj, I will do something. With your permission, I shall take your leave today. One of my maternal uncles, Rajarshi Rohit, lives at Vanaprastha Ashram, about ten miles north from here. I shall meet him and return in two days.” Krishna climbed on the chariot and told Daruk, the charioteer, “Drive north and go to the ashram of the sage, Jwalajjat.” The sage Jwalajjat is about fifty years of age. His body is huge, fair and ruddy. His hair and beard are flame-colored and that is why people call him Jwalajjat. He welcomed Krishna and said, “Janardan, I met you last at Prabhas about three years back. It is my good fortune that I meet you today again. Tell me, what can I do for you?” Krishna said, “O great sage, my beloved relatives, the Pandavs, having lost their kingdom are presently living at Dvaita forest. Currently, they are passing through a crisis. I have come for your help to get them out of their quandary. Do you, Sir, know any woman who is readily available?” Jwalajjat said, “ I do not have any woman etc. I am a bachelor. Where will I get a woman in this lonely forest? But yes, Panchachura, the heavenly nymph, does come to me occasionally to listen to the scriptures. But she is hardly pretty. “ Krishna said, “I do not need a pretty woman. Can she scream? That will serve my purpose. Now listen to my request.” Krishna narrated his request in minute detail. Jwalajjat guffawed loudly and said, “Vasudev, people call you a wicked schemer. But I find that you are a benevolent schemer. Your purpose is good. Don’t worry; I will certainly honor your request. I will reach the ashram of the Pandavs in two days, in the afternoon.” Krishna touched his feet and took his leave. Then he drove further north and reached the ashram of Rajarshi Rohit, the brother of Rohini, Balabhadra’s mother. He was presently living in the ashram with his wife. He was naturally happy to see Krishna and said, “My son, I am meeting you after a long time. Your aunt and I will be happy if you spend a few days here. I hope all is well at Dvaraka.” Krishna said, “Revered uncle, everything is fine. I have come to pay my respects to you, but I can’t stay long. I have to return to the ashram of the Pandavs within two days.” About two to three hundred people stay with the ndavs. Twice every day they have to be fed. There is no market at Dvaita forest. So rice etc., are not available. Once in a blue moon, tribals like the Pukkasas bring some barley and honey. Therefore, the principal diet of the Pandavs consists of meat from hunting and forest products like fruits, roots and leafy vegetables. Everyday, after completing the morning ablutions, the Pandavs go out to hunt. Today they were happy to find a boar because back at the ashram, the Brahmins relished pork. Arjun shot it with an arrow, but it did not die. It sped into the forest. At that moment, all the Pandavs released their arrows together. And at once a woman screamed, “Oh my beloved, I am killed!” Oh no, had they killed a woman? ThThe Pandavs quickly entered the forest, hearts pumping with anxiety and found the dead boar. There was no one else. They searched everywhere but did not find anyone. Bhim said, “It must be one of the tricks of the Rakshasas. Marich misled Ram with a similar trick.” But Yudhisthir was scared. He said, “Let us quickly go back to the ashram. I don’t know if anything untoward has happened there. Bhim, carry the boar.” On their return, they were relieved to find that nothing had happened. Panchali cooked the boar in her copper pot that Surya had gifted her and all gorged themselves with that well-cooked pork. In the afternoon, all were sitting under a Banyan tree. Dhaumya was narrating the story of Nachiketa and Yama. Draupadi, too, sat a few steps behind and was listening to the sacred story. At that moment of time sage Jwalajjat arrived like an avenging fury. His long, matted hair and beard were like raging flame, his face was flushed with anger, and his eyes were bulging. An angry frown creased his forehead. Jwalajjat roared, “You killers of women, you sinners, I will curse you all to hell today!” Yudhisthir folded his hands and said, “Lord, what sin have we committed?” Jwalajjat said, “You have killed my beloved with your arrows. Fie on your expertise with the bow and arrow. You have killed the wife of a sage instead of killing a boar.” The five brothers fell at the feet of the sage. Panchali too folded her hands and shed copious tears. Yudhisthir said, “Lord, we have unknowingly committed this great sin. We shall accept with bowed heads whatever punishment you give us, however difficult it may be.” Draupadi came forward and said, “O great sage, your wife has been killed by the arrows of my husband. As a punishment for that, please take my life and spare my husbands. O Second Pandav, prepare a pyre, I will enter fire and sacrifice my life.” Jwalajjat again roared, “ I see that you are a very stupid woman. Will my wife live if you sacrifice your life? I want a wife and I want her immediately. I have been rendered wifeless by the Pandavs and therefore I want Panchali, the wife of the Pandavs.” Having said this, the sage Jwalajjat started dancing and kicking the earth like a man possessed. Yudhisthir said with folded hands, “O sage, be charitable. Ask for anything but Panchali because our beloved is more important than our lives. She is to be looked after as a mother and respected as an elder sister. How can we forsake her? We would prefer to be burnt to cinders by the fire of your curse. Please spare Panchali.” Jwalajjat said, “Oh how foolish can you be. If you burn, then Panchali will also join you in death. Unnecessarily, I too will be involved in the sin of killing a woman. No, I want Panchali.” Bhim then folded his hands and said, “O Sage, let me suggest something, please listen. Accept the eldest wife of the Pandav clan, Hidimba. She was married to me much before Panchali.” Jwalajjat said, “You are a wicked cheat. You want to pass off a Rakshasi onto my shoulders.” Bhim said, “Lord, even though Hidimba is a Rakshasi, she does not look too bad when she assumes human form. In case you do not consider her enough, we have eight spare wives. Take all and spare Panchali. I am sure that my brothers will agree.” Nakul and Sahadev said, “Oh, but surely!” Jwalajjat said, “Your wives are not here and you cannot gift away something which is not available. I want a wife now and I want only Panchali.” Arjun said, “Lord, please spare Dharmaraj and Panchali. And for the present, please burn the four of us and curb your anger. Then, pick a nice daughter of a sage in good time.” Jwalajjat said, “All of you are nincompoops. However, I am somewhat pleased to see your anxiety. I won’t gain anything by burning you. I want a wife who will look after me. If, however, you insist upon sticking to Draupadi, then all five of you must become my slaves for the rest of your lives.” Yudhisthir said, “O sage, we agree. We shall serve you as your slaves for the rest of our lives.” Dhaumya said, “O great muni, won’t it be highly improper to do that? Instead, why don’t you prescribe some penance like eating the five holy cow-products, Chandrayana, etc.? They don’t have any money now. But when they get back their kingdom after thirteen years, they will give you as much as you want.” Jwalajjat roared again, “Who the hell are you, Brahmin, poking your nose into our affairs? Anyway, somebody bring me a long rope!” Yudhisthir said, “Lord, you don’t need a rope. Please tie us up with our scarves.” Jwalajjat tied one end of the scarves to the waist of each of the brothers and went out of the ashram, holding the bunch of the other ends in his hand. Draupadi screamed and fainted. Dhaumya and others stood dumb-founded. Draupadi, on regaining consciousness, found herself resting on Sevanti’s lap. Krishna was fanning her with a Palmyra-leaf. Draupadi said, “Alas! My husbands, where are you?” Krishna said, “Krishnaa, be calm. They are quite safe. They are presently sitting under the Banyan tree and reciting the Aghamarshan mantra to remove their sin. I will take you to them as soon as you feel better.” “Where is that dangerous sage? ” “No fear. He was taking the Pandavs away, tied like animals, when fortunately I met him. I told him, ‘Lord, what are you doing? These fellows are useless, comfort-loving, lazy Kshatriyas. They will not do any work and merely demolish your food.’ He said, ‘Then I don’t want them. Bring me Panchali.’ I said, ‘Panchali is even more useless and more comfort loving. She only knows how to make herself up. It is better that I send you a hard-working Braja-woman when I return. Please accept this cow and calf instead of Panchali – at least you will have milk, curd, etc., to eat. My uncle Rohit has given it to me.’ Sage Jwalajjat was happy with that and released your husbands.” Draupadi said, “Great is the cow that is as valuable as the queen of the Pandavs. But how can the Pandavs cleanse themselves of the sin of killing the wife of a sage?” Krishna laughed and said, “No sage’s wife was killed. The nymph Panchachura is not exactly his wife. You can call her one who merely serves him. The boar only slightly touched her with his tusk; she panicked, screamed, ran to the ashram and fainted. Jwalajjat thought she was dead. After the Pandavs were released, I accompanied the sage to his ashram and found her swinging merrily on the swing.” Draupadi said, “Krishna, take me immediately to my husbands. Alas, I am guilty; I have ignored them for a month. How can I apologize and ask for their forgiveness?” “Panchali, don’t embarrass them by asking for their forgiveness. They are not upset with you. They are now as eager as a thirsty Chatak bird to hear you speak.” “Govinda, what shall I tell them?” “Nothing makes men happier than listening to their own praise from their wives. Krishnaa, go and praise them.” “Alas Krishna, I have always scolded them. How can words of praise come out of my black mouth? Please teach me what to say. ” “My dear Krishnaa, the Goddess of speech will rest on your tongue. Publicly celebrate them without any hesitation. Now, come with me to see your husbands. Sevanti, are the garlands ready?” Sevanti pointed to a basket, “Those are all I have. No other flower except Kadamb could be found.” Krishna said, “That will do.” The five Pandavs, surrounded by the Brahmins, were sitting under the Banyan tree. They had just finished their recitation. They stood up when they saw Draupadi and Krishna coming towards them. Draupadi folded her hands, fixed her gaze on the Pandavs and stood motionless like a sculpted statue. Krishna said, “Panchali, break your silence.” Draupadi, her voice dripping with emotion, said, “Oh my five husbands, born of gods, I am now overcome with the glory of my husbands. I will say whatever comes to my mind. Please excuse my garrulity. I was bewitched when I cast my eyes on Dhananjay at my father’s place. I was thrilled when he pierced the target and I considered myself lucky a hundred times over as I knew that I would get him as my husband. But fate and my elders did not bother about my sentiments and married me off to all the five brothers. The Lord in my heart is my witness that within a short while, all my grievances were gone and my five husbands merged into one in my heart. As the five senses please the heart singly and jointly, so my five husbands brightened my heart individually and jointly. “O eldest Pandav, when I was the Queen of Indraprasth, I expended a lot of wealth in buying dresses, ornaments, etc., and bestowed gifts lavishly on my favorites. You gave me, without any question or complaint, whenever and whatever I wanted. I scolded the servants and your favorite servants complained to you against me, but you turned a deaf ear to them, lest the pride and prestige of the queen be hurt. You are peaceable, forgiving and pious. I scolded you many times unreasonably, without understanding your sense of propriety and justice. But you were never upset with my unpleasant gibberish. O revered Dharmaraj, who has no enemy, who can fathom your greatness? “O Second Pandav, you are the powerful one who even defeated Jarasandh. You deserve to perform only such labors as are impossible. But I set you to do small jobs and you were happy to do all those just because you loved me. You like eating and are an expert cook. Many experienced cooks used to feed you to your satisfaction. But in this forest, you are satisfied with what little I give you. You never complain if the food is tasteless, too salty or without salt. O tiger among men, the kingdom will be regained with the joint effort of all of you but only you can avenge me properly. Remind Duryodhan and Duhshashan in the battlefield that no one can get away with insulting the queen of the Pandavas. “O Third Pandav, you are not the eldest, but even then all your brothers accept your leadership in the battlefield. You are the beloved of the gods, the possessor of all good qualities, an incomparable bowman, as handsome as Skanda, the general of the gods, and an expert in the arts of music and dance. Hrishikesh Krishna is your bosom friend. I was upset when you married Subhadra and brought her to Indraprasth. But to tell you the truth, now I have no complaint. The woman, who is the wife of five husbands, cannot grudge a co-wife. Subhadra is my dearest sister. I have left my five sons with her at Dvaraka and I have no worry on their account. O brave one, you will be the leader of the Pandav troops in the forthcoming Kuru-Pandav war and with the help of Vasudev, will defeat all your adversaries. Grandfather Bhishma is my guru, your teacher Dronacharya deserves my obeisance, but they did not protect the queen, a daughter-in-law of the family. They did not obey the dictates of chivalry but remained frozen like cowards. Savyasachi, remind them of their default in the battlefield by your sharp, heart-piercing arrows. “O fourth Pandav, you are handsome and comfort-loving, but invincible in the battlefield. At Indraprasth you dressed in expensive clothes and valuable jewelry. But here, seeing me without ornaments, you too have given up wearing ornaments and other decorative things like garlands, etc. I am impressed with your empathy. You conquered many kingdoms like Dasharna, Trigarta, Panchanad, etc., just before the Rajasuya Yajna. You will obtain similar glory in the coming war. “O Youngest Pandav, you are my husband and youngest brother-in-law, an object of my love and affection, especially of the latter. Mother Kunti specially instructed me when we were setting off on our exile, saying, ‘Panchali, look after my Sahadev, see that he is not scared in danger.’ O fearless subjugator of enemies, I have never found you wanting in courage. On the other hand, you were always eager for battle. In the earlier days, you defeated the wicked Neel of Mahismati and the human demon named Kalmukh. I am sure you will come out victorious against the Kaurav rascals." “O my god-like, magnanimous husbands, no one thinks of the faults of the gods while praising them. I, too, do not recall your defects now. Today you were ready to give up your lives for me. You were prepared to accept slavery just for my sake. Which other woman is more loved by her husband than I? Not Sita who was exiled by her husband, nor Damayanti who was forsaken by her husband. You left your wives with their parents and have brought along only me on this long exile of thirteen years. You are satisfied with one fifth of me when you could have had one, two or three exclusive wives. Who is more fortunate than I? Which other husbands have more control over their senses than you? Long back, I had garlanded you, one by one, on the same day, in my father’s house. Today, again, I am doing the same, under the open firmament of the forest. O my magnificent husbands, be contented and look upon me with happy eyes.” Panchali garlanded her five husbands, Sevanti blew the conch-shell, the Brahmins uttered congratulatory words and Krishna happily clapped his hands. Yudhisthir then laid his hand on the head of Panchali and said, “Panchali, you look tired. Come, let’s go home and rest.” Yudhisthir and Draupadi left. Arjun took Krishna aside and asked, “Where did you get that sage Jwalajjat? He has acted very well but he was making horrible faces to suppress laughter. Fortunately, Dharmaraj, Panchali and others did not notice.” Bhim said, “You, Krishna! Come here! I suppose Panchali would not trouble us again, eh? What do you think?” Krishna said, “Of course she will. Her vocal chords are not affected in the least.” – Translated by Major General Shekar Sen, VSM from the original in Bengali by Rajshekhar Basu

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The previous articles in this series argued that the current use of family planning in U.S. welfare policy contradicts the original idealistic purposes of the welfare system. America has always believed that today’s poor could become tomorrow’s productive citizens; welfare assistance to the needy would therefore be an investment to build up what economists call “human capital.” But as the earlier articles argued, federal family planning policy replaces the optimistic premises of welfare with the eugenicist’s pessimistic view that the poor are a net burden on society, that rather than being an investment in human capital, welfare assistance is really just a cost that should be minimized. These assumptions motivated the architects of our current welfare policies, as they found birth control programs particularly attractive because of their racist views about welfare recipients, who in the early 1970s were disproportionately black. Today, despite the overall decline of racism in American public life, those who wish to increase welfare funding of family planning do not challenge the eugenicist structure of the programs, but instead work within it. While they may not embrace the racist Jim Crow laws, as did the Senators who designed the programs they seek to expand, they do repeat the cynical cost-benefit analyses that those racists used to justify their policies. This final article in the series outlines the recent history of U. S. welfare family planning, showing how it preserves as its central working assumption the eugenicist principle that American society would be better off if poor children are never conceived. “Averting Births”: The Clinton Era Medicaid Family Planning Expansion By the early 1990s, Medicaid (the health care program of the welfare system) had become the federal government’s largest source of contraception funding. This was due in part to the growing political clout of the pro-life movement during the 1980s, which was able to slow the growth of direct federal funding for Planned Parenthood clinics through the other major source of federal funding, the Title X program. Medicaid’s importance as a source of contraception funding was due mostly to the program’s open-ended structure. Medicaid is not really a health insurance program, but a reimbursement program. If it were a health insurance program, Congress would pay a fixed premium now to reduce future expenses. Instead, Congress promises to reimburse the states for a certain percentage of whatever they spend on eligible health expenses, whether that be $10 million per state or $10 billion. The states decide how much they will spend on Medicaid, and Congress just signs the check. For most medical expenses, the federal government reimburses the states at a little more than half of the state’s expenses, so that if the state makes its health care program too generous (by paying for redundant tests or experimental therapies, for example), it can break the state’s budget. In the case of family planning funding, however, the states have an incentive to be profligate, because the federal government reimburses the states for 90% of their expenses. Not surprisingly, the states are very creative in finding ways to classify expenses as “related to” contraception. Many states have set up fancy “school-based health clinics” in public middle schools and high schools, complete with an M.D. on staff, and charge the federal government, not just for the contraception they give to the children, but also for the overhead costs of running the clinic. Hospitals and health clinics also have incentives to classify as many expenses as possible as related to “family planning services,” to take advantage of the extra federal money available. When the states run out of ideas for exploiting this infinite funding stream, abortion providers such as Planned Parenthood are happy to think of some more. Even though Medicaid won’t pay for most abortions, Planned Parenthood clinics can get access to an unlimited amount of money for everything related to contraception, including overhead, secretaries, training, advertising, paperwork, etc. Since the same clinics usually also perform abortions, the money going for “contraception” subsidizes their abortion practice, too. In fact, the Guttmacher Institute frequently conducts symposia and releases special reports on innovative ways states can tap Medicaid’s giant pool of funds for contraception-related services. Despite these creative efforts, however, there was always the problem that the funding for contraception could not grow unless the demand for contraception among the people eligible for Medicaid also grew. And by the early 1990s, the Medicaid eligible population was so saturated with birth control that demand was in danger of leveling off, threatening the budgets of state Medicaid bureaucracies and the ability of Planned Parenthood to open more clinics. So when Bill Clinton came to Washington, there was a chance to put some of the Guttmacher Institute’s more creative ideas into practice. In 1993, the Clinton Administration approved a plan whereby states could expand Medicaid’s free family planning services to those who were too rich to be eligible for Medicaid. There was a catch, however—a state could have access to Medicaid’s contraception money only if it could promise that it would save the government money in the long run by “averting births” of children who were likely to be a drain on the welfare system. The Guttmacher Institute had been publishing papers since the 1970s arguing that averting the births of the poor would save money set aside for helping the poor; now the federal government was demanding that the states adopt this perverse argument in order to have access to more of Medicaid’s millions. South Carolina was the first to be admitted under this program, and other states have followed suit—by March 2008, 26 states had adopted such programs, and several others were in the process of establishing them. To demonstrate that the extra spending saves money, all used some variation of the Guttmacher Institute’s figure purporting to show that every $1 spent on contraception would save the welfare system $4 in births averted. Medicaid even developed a model worksheet to guide the state bureaucrats in making this calculation. (This method has serious weaknesses, as detailed here). The results have been an enormous success for the program’s designers. Overall Medicaid funding of family planning services more than doubled since the Clinton expansion program was started, driven by nearly 500% increases in the states that were the first to sign up. As of 2006, Medicaid was spending over $1.3 billion on family planning services, up from $536 million in 1994 (in constant dollars). Medicaid pays for 97% of the nation’s publicly funded sterilizations. But the program cannot transcend its eugenicist structure. To the bureaucrats in charge, “averting births” of low-income children is all in a day’s work. They are ruthlessly utilitarian as they weigh the high costs of a new poor person against the few benefits his life is likely to bring to society, and they conclude that it is cheaper to invest in methods likely to avert his too expensive life. (For an example of this sort of calculation, see here). The 2009 Stimulus Package When Pelosi told George Stephanopoulos that “family planning services reduce costs,” she was defending a provision that would have made the Clinton Medicaid family planning expansions permanent. The Clinton-era family planning expansion program was effective but cumbersome. Because of the laws that govern the program, the states have to apply for a renewal every five years, and they had to conduct research showing the programs’ effectiveness. The Democrats saw the stimulus package as a way to make these programs permanent, so that any state could offer Medicaid-funded family planning to those earning up to double the federal poverty line (i.e., up to $39,000 for a family of four). The original stimulus bill would have changed current law in other ways as well, according to Dennis Smith, the policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation whose paper first called attention to the contraceptive funding in the stimulus package. The provision would have provided discount contraceptives to college students in university health clinics, eliminated the parents’ role in contraception decisions for their children and allowed all children to have free government-funded birth control, given family planning to illegal immigrants, and denied the states the flexibility to accommodate religious objections to aspects of the program. Not of all of these ideas are eugenicist. Pushing contraception on immigrants might be, but giving contraceptives to college girls at a discount has another motivation entirely. Yet all of these policies were designed to tap into Medicaid because of its extraordinarily favorable rules toward contraception, especially the 90% federal reimbursement rate for family planning costs and the rules giving Planned Parenthood and others access to children without their parents’ knowledge or consent. And as shown above, those policies were enacted as part of a desperate political compromise to avoid an alternative policy—mandatory contraception for welfare recipients—that the NAACP regarded as a racist and eugenicist nightmare. A Simple, Substantive Fix As long as Medicaid is structured this way, Pelosi’s eugenicist statements will accurately describe the intellectual justification for U.S. contraception policy. Congress could fix that with three modest changes: reimburse family planning services at the same rate as other services in Medicaid, make contraception an optional part of a state’s Medicaid plan (like most other services in Medicaid), and defer to the states’ policies on parental notification and consent. In other words, it could stop giving contraception special treatment, so that promoting the health of the poor would become at least as important a national priority as preventing them from having children. In that case, federal policy would treat contraception as an individual’s choice for which the state provides moderate financial assistance, rather than as a government priority with which the person on welfare is pressured to cooperate. There are stronger measures that could be taken, and many would dispute that Medicaid should pay for contraception at all, but these three steps would be enough to distance the federal government from an unsavory policy with a dark history. Daniel Patrick Moloney, Ph.D., a former post-doctoral fellow at the Witherspoon Institute, was until recently Senior Policy Analyst in Religion and Civil Society at the Heritage Foundation, where research for this article was conducted. The author is solely responsible for the contents of this article. This article is the third in a three-part series.

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Plagiarism is the act of claiming the ideas, writings, images and other multimedia of others as one’s own without crediting those sources. Plagiarism is academically dishonest and carries severe consequences, up to and including removal from the course for those who engage in this unethical behavior. Examples of plagiarism include (this is not an exhaustive list): - Using ideas from another source without citing (giving credit to) that source. - Using direct wording from another source (even a cited source) without quotation marks. - Slightly re-wording phrases from another source and passing the phrases as your own. - Passing off another student’s work as your own. - Using images from another source without citing (giving credit to) that source. MVS has a zero-tolerance policy toward plagiarism and any assignment, quiz or test that shows evidence of this will be awarded a zero. A call to your mentor will also be made and your school's plagiarism policy will be enforced on the first offense. Learn more (video) »

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Structure of the Human Eye You'll be introduced to basic terminology of the human eye. Brain & Behaviour You'll be introduced to the link between brain and behavior. HIV Modes of Transmission Arrange the Modes of transmission from lowest to highest risk Snake - Digestive System See how good you are at identifying these sound-alike terms! Show off your knowledge of Microbiology. Test your knowledge of respiratory pathogens. You'll learn about terms associated with the eye! Alterations in the Hepatobiliary/GI Systems You'll learn terms associated with the liver, gallbladder, and gastrointestinal system. Substance Related and Addictive Disorders You'll learn about substance abuse and addictive disorders.

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Early settlers washed clothes in or near rivers and lakes, or carried water to their homes. By the 1870s cold piped water was available in the main centres, but it had to be heated for washing clothes, using a copper or washing boiler, or a tub on a fire or kitchen range. Washing clothes took a whole day – usually Monday. Clothes were dried outside on lines. Electric washing machines became common in the 1950s, and automatic washing machines in the 1970s. Cleaning the house In the 19th and early 20th centuries all housework was done by hand. Wooden floors were mopped and polished, and rugs were beaten to remove dust. From the 1930s more people had electric appliances such as vacuum cleaners. Women were responsible for housework, and in the 2000s they still did more housework than men. Bathing and personal hygiene Women were expected to keep their family clean, to protect them from germs and disease. From 1912 the School Medical Service encouraged hygiene in schoolchildren. In the 19th and early 20th centuries doctors recommended daily cold baths and less frequent warm or hot baths. Water for bathing often had to be heated over a fire or in the laundry copper. Some people used a washstand in a bedroom, with a basin and ewer (jug). People probably bathed more often after electrically heated water became common in the 1930s. Traditional Māori communities kept human toilet waste separate from living and food preparation areas. Villages had paepae (latrines). These became less common after European settlement, and in the 1900s Māori health reformers encouraged the building of new paepae. Through the 20th century Māori homes were less likely than Pākehā homes to have a flush toilet. European settlers built simple outhouses over holes (cesspits) in the backyard, and moved them when the hole was full. In the 1870s cesspits were banned, and households had to pay the night-soil man to collect toilet waste. From the late 1890s high-pressure water systems meant toilets could flush waste into sewers.

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Let us examine the proper facts, as outlined in The Treatment of Depression in Primary Care. This document reviews 162 worldwide research papers on depression. Fact 1: Cognitive therapy has been shown to be as effective as other treatments of depression in primary care. Fact 2: There is no significant difference in efficacy or compliance with treatment between tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs. Compliance is clearly related to acceptability by patients of the effect of the drugs. Fact 3: Shift to use of SSRIs as first-line drugs for depression would cost the NHS an additional pounds 100m per year for no greater clinical outcome. SSRIs do have a place, but not the one advocated by Mr James. They are highly effective where phobic symptoms are a feature and in eating disorders. However, if Mr James and his ilk were to have their way, there would be far fewer resources to employ the therapists and mental health staff he also advocates using. There is also one further fact he omitted. Paroxetine, one of the SSRIs, produces withdrawal reactions on cessation. This implies dependency can occur. I remember similar newspaper articles in the 1970s to that of Mr James's, talking about the wonder drugs of Valium and Librium . . . and we all know where that sorry episode ended. Dr JOHN OLDHAM

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"Choose water as a drink" Source: Australian Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents Water is the best drink for children. - Water is refreshing and healthy for bodies and teeth. - Remind children to drink water regularly while at school to prevent dehydration. Water is an essential nutrient - Water makes up over half of our body. - Many important functions in our bodies require water. - Tap water contains fluoride for strong bones and teeth. Our bodies naturally lose water as we breathe and sweat, and also in urine and faeces. - We must replace this water by drinking regularly during the day. - Children who do not drink enough during the day can become tired and irritable, have difficulty concentrating, or develop a headache. Children need to have regular drinks at school every day. - Children often forget to drink during the day, and need to be reminded. - Drinking is especially important during warm weather and also before, during and after active play and sporting activities. - It is just as important to drink enough water in cold weather. Drinks to avoid at school. - Soft drinks (such as cola, lemonade etc), sweetened fruit juice drinks, cordials and sweet drinks have large amounts of sugar. Drinking these regularly could contribute to obesity and tooth decay. The acidity of soft drinks can lead to erosion of teeth and a greater chance of decay. Cola drinks contain caffeine. - "Energy drinks" are not suitable for children because they contain high levels of caffeine. - Fruit juice is not needed every day, as it is high in sugar, very acidic and can decay tooth enamel. Because of the high sugar content (even in unsweetened versions) fruit juice should not be consumed more than once a day and have a water rinse after drinking the juice. It is better to drink the juice all at once rather than keep sipping throughout the day. Lunch box ideas - If you pack a frozen water bottle in hot weather, remember that it will take time to thaw enough to drink. Try filling the water bottle to 1/3 or 1/2 full and freeze overnight. Top up with cool water before packing it for school. - Read the label on fruit juice and choose one without added sugar. For more information - Crunch & Sip. A program for schools to encourage classes to have a set break to eat fruit (or salad vegetables) and drink water in the classroom. - Drinking water Child and Youth Health. Government - South Australia. - Eating tips for children - juices and sweet drinks Better Health Channel. Government - Victoria - Why drinking water is the way to go. Kids Health. US site for children. - What's the big sweat about dehydration? Kids Health. US site for children.

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When analyzing conjoint analysis data, we may wish to conduct statistical tests to detect significant differences. Common situations include... - Testing whether the share of preference for one product is significantly different from another, or if shares differ by respondent segments. - Testing whether one attribute is more important than another, or a level has a higher utility than another (within the same attribute). Performing statistical testing as described in this article requires individual-level part worth utilities. Tests between Two Products - Generate an Individual Shares file by checking Individual Results to File from the Scenario Specification dialog in the Market Simulator. This generates a file of product shares for each respondent called studyname.shr. - Using the individual-level results (perhaps you open this file using Excel or your statistical package), compute a difference in a new column (variable) between the two products (Share1 – Share2). - For this new variable representing the difference, calculate a mean and a standard error across all respondents. (The standard error is equal to the standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.) - Compute a t statistic by dividing the mean difference by the standard error of the differences. A t-value of absolute magnitude greater than 1.96 indicates a significant difference at the 95% confidence level. When running market simulations using individual-level utilities, a share and standard error are reported for each product in the simulation scenario. To test for a significant difference between a product’s share for two unique respondent groups (such as males vs. females), we first compute a t-statistic: Where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the respondent groups 1 and 2, and SE refers to the standard error of the shares, as reported in the market simulator. A t-value of absolute magnitude greater than 1.96 indicates a significant difference at the 95% confidence level. Testing Differences for Importances/Part Worth Utilities - Export the Importance scores or normalized utilities (by the Points, Diffs, or Zero-Centered Diffs method) to a comma-separated values (.CSV) file using the Run Manager + Export option. - Open the file in Excel (or a statistical software package). Create a new column (variable), where the new variable is equal to the difference between the importance scores or utility values of interest. If comparing part worth utilities, remember that you should only compare levels within the same attribute. - Compute a t-statistic by dividing the mean difference by the standard error of the differences. A t-value of absolute magnitude greater than 1.96 indicates a significant difference at the 95% confidence level. In conjoint analysis, the standard errors reflect the uncertainty in the preference estimates due to sampling and the uncertainty regarding the estimated part worths. They do not completely characterize the accuracy of the model. There are other sources of inaccuracy such as bias or misspecification that are not captured in the standard error. Standard errors decrease as the sample sizes increases. Quadrupling the sample size cuts the standard error in half.

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Geologic Tour of the Colorado Plateau The Colorado Plateau in the northwestern corner of New Mexico is part of a larger geologic feature of the same name that also covers portions of northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and southwestern Colorado (Figure 2). The Colorado Plateau of the Four Corners region is on average 2.1 km (1.3 miles) above sea level. The Colorado Plateau is characterized by relatively flat-lying, red, white, gray, green, and yellow sedimentary rocks that have been sculpted into mesas, buttes, and badlands over the eons by the erosive effects of water (Figures 3 and 4). The Colorado Plateau in New Mexico includes the San Juan Basin, a major source of oil, gas, coal, and uranium for our state. The northwest-trending Zuni Mountains form the southwestern margin of the San Juan Basin. Both the San Juan Basin and the Zuni Mountains are broad downwarps and upwarps that formed during regional-scale compression about 75 million years ago during the Laramide orogeny (e.g., Cather, 2004). The southeast margin of the Colorado Plateau is covered by <5 million volcanic rocks that erupted along the Jemez lineament, a northeast-trending zone of weakness that likely developed about 1.6 billion years ago as the North American continent was forming. - Cather, S.M., 2004, The Laramide orogeny in central and northern New Mexico and southern Colorado, in Mack, G.H., and Giles, K.A., eds., The Geology of New Mexico, A Geologic History: New Mexico Geological Society Special Publication 11, p. 203-248.

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The History of Venetian Blinds Venetian blinds have had a long and illustrious history that you may not be aware of. For centuries, people across the world have been benefitting from their unique design, but how did it arise? How did it spread? Here, we hope to shed light on the history of Venetian blinds and highlight their advantages, too. Origins in the Mediterranean Although we call them Venetian blinds here in the UK, this style is actually thought to have originated in Persia, or even in Ancient Egypt. It was introduced to the Europeans in the 18th century through the merchant city of Venice. So while Europe has enjoyed the specialised blind for only a few centuries, others have been prospering from its use for a lot longer. The French even call these blinds ‘les persienes’, harking back to their truer origins. The Spread of the Venetian Blind Following their introduction in Venice in the 1760s, Venetian blinds took the world by storm. Soon, the upper classes of Europe had Venetian blinds installed in their properties, namely because of the combined accessible functionality and degree of privacy and lighting controls it offers. Following this, Venetian blinds traversed the Atlantic and found their way into large manor houses and governmental buildings. For instance, in 1761 St Peter’s Church, Philadelphia had Venetian blinds installed, and they can also be seen in a host of paintings from the era. A number of variations on the original design began propping up, as well as a couple of patents being taken out in England in 1761 and 1769. A New Material for a New Age Although the core design of Venetian blinds has remained largely the same, there have been vast improvements to its functionality and the range of materials that it can be made from. These materials have become available as technology has improved, and we are now able to create Venetian blinds from aluminium, plastics and faux wood materials. The advantage of these moisture-resistant materials is that they make Venetian blinds suitable for use in damp environments, such as bathrooms and kitchens. Innovation, Innovation, Innovation In 1841, a visionary from New Orleans devised a way to control the angle of the slats. His name was John Hampson, and his innovation can be seen on Venetian blinds to this day in the form of the plastic device near the top of the blind. 1936, on the other hand, saw the introduction of mass produced aluminium slats. Venetian Blinds Stand the Test of Time Despite the innovative history the Venetian blind design has had, fundamentally it is both the convenience and great level of control that has ensured its survival and proliferation. Here at Paul James Blinds, we believe that Venetian blinds have a long and fruitful life ahead of them. However, although Venetian blinds have stood the test of time, poor materials and poor installation can see them fail to live up their potential. To avoid this problem, you’ll need a professional service you can rely on, which is where we can help. Paul James Blinds are the expert blind and curtain specialists of the Colchester, Sudbury, Braintree & Bury St Edmunds areas. We use the best brands in the field to provide top quality and reliable products at a price you can afford. Our Venetian blinds are perfect for use in both domestic and commercial settings. For a free no obligation survey of your home, contact our friendly team today.

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Sample Term Paper Term Paper: William Shakespeare was an eloquent 16th century writer of comic and tragedy works. He is considered to be a superlative transcriber with virtually no parallels throughout history till date. His works have been revered and performed consistently since their inception and include 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two lengthy poems of the narrative variety along with other simpler ones. He wrote mainly in English but his works have been subject to translations into all other major languages and are still being performed in recent times not just in theatres but in big screen feature films as well. His birth date is unknown but he was baptized on the 26th of April 1564 and lived through till 23 April 1616. Born in Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England, he began his career as an actor, writer and part owner of one of the leading playing companies of London named Lord Chamberlain’s Men (later referred to as the King’s Men who he was also a partner to) between 1585 and 1592 and became rather successful. He fell in love with a young Anne Hathaway who was pregnant with their first child when they got married. Shakespeare was 18 and Hathaway was 26 at the time. Together they had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Not much is known in the way of their private life but they were married till Shakespeare’s death in 1616, three years prior to which, he had gone back to Stratford from London. There has been much debate with regards to his appearance, sexual orientation, and religion since then, going so far as to doubt the legitimacy of his writing being his, but most of it all is speculation if anything. Shakespeare was the son of a successful alderman called John Shakespeare who was married to the daughter of a farmer with his own land. It is reputed that he went to a free school called King’s New School in Stratford, where he received the standard education in Latin grammar, language, history, philosophy, etc which was made customary by law at the time. By 1585, Hathaway, Shakespeare’s wife had born him 3 children. From 1585 to 1592, there is limited record of what went on with the elite writer up until he was mentioned as part of the London theatre in 1592 when his plays started staged. There have been conflicting reports mostly based on hearsay that describe how he went into self-exile or spent his years as a school master. This is just a sample term paper for marketing purposes. If you want to order term papers, essays, research papers, dissertations, case study, book reports, reviews etc. Please access the order form. A+ papers are what we do the best, and that’s our promise! We believe our success is due to countless of satisfied customers who continue to trust us and cherish this professional relationship. Our custom term papers are guaranteed to be original and delivered before the deadline. - Countless students worldwide are satisfied with our professional writing services. - Professionally written custom paper according to your specific instructions. - We offer the most experienced bank of dependable and capable academic writers. - All assignments are thoroughly researched and 100% guaranteed as original. - 100% privacy guaranteed – your private information is strictly confidential. - Dedicated 24/7 friendly support team, always available to assist you.

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Chihuahua: Cradle of the Mexican Revolution Founded as a mining town in the early 18th century, Chihuahua City has attractions in and around town. Those returning from roughing it in the Copper Canyon might be tempted to stretch their stay, enjoying the city along with such regional treats as baked goat, pork tacos, and savory bean soup. With a population of more than 600,000, the capital of the state of the same name (Mexico’s largest) is an odd assembly of colonial and modern. Historically, it's bred independent, hardy men and women, including Revolutionary War hero (and rogue) Pancho Villa as well as Francisco I. Madero, first---and short-¬lived--- president of the modern era. Chihuahua’s downtown has an open, commercial feeling. It is neither compact nor charming, but nonetheless worth exploring. The main sights are north and south of Plaza Libertad. At the Palacio Federal, visit the cell where Independence hero Father Miguel Hidalgo was imprisoned. Across the street at the Palacio de Gobierno, murals describing regional history adorn the interior patio where the priest faced the firing squad. South of Plaza Libertad are the baroque Iglesia de San Francisco, the oldest church in Chihuahua state, and Chihuahua Cathedral, with huge pipe organ and a small art museum. These and other sights can be seen on the city trolley tour. One of the city’s most impressive tourist attractions is the Museum of the Mexican Revolution, which highlights the state's history and culture. The collection is great, but the most interesting aspect is the venue itself: the rambling home of Pancho Villa’s wife, Luz Corral. Art aficionados can see contemporary art at Casa Redonda museum as well as some rather amateurish pieces at the neoclassic mansion Quinta Gameros. The artist Sebastián hales from Chihuahua; see reproductions of his distinctive metal sculpture at Museo de Sebastián, and keep an eye peeled for the real McCoy around the city. Many visitors enjoy a tour of the dairy farms and cheese factories surrounding nearby Ciudad Cuauhtémoc (100 km from Chihuahua). Named for the penultimate Aztec emperor, the city is better known for the fair-haired Mennonite pacifists who migrated there in the early 20th century.

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Draft Recommendation Statement Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening This opportunity for public comment expired on March 27, 2017 at 8:00 PM EST Note: This is a Draft Recommendation Statement. This draft is distributed solely for the purpose of receiving public input. It has not been disseminated otherwise by the USPSTF. The final Recommendation Statement will be developed after careful consideration of the feedback received and will include both the Research Plan and Evidence Review as a basis. Recommendations made by the USPSTF are independent of the U.S. government. They should not be construed as an official position of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Draft: Recommendation Summary |Children ages 3 to 5 years| The USPSTF recommends vision screening at least once in all children ages 3 to 5 years to detect amblyopia or its risk factors. |Children younger than age 3 years| The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of vision screening in children younger than age 3 years. The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) makes recommendations about the effectiveness of specific preventive care services for patients without obvious related signs or symptoms. It bases its recommendations on the evidence of both the benefits and harms of the service and an assessment of the balance. The USPSTF does not consider the costs of providing a service in this assessment. The USPSTF recognizes that clinical decisions involve more considerations than evidence alone. Clinicians should understand the evidence but individualize decision making to the specific patient or situation. Similarly, the USPSTF notes that policy and coverage decisions involve considerations in addition to the evidence of clinical benefits and harms. One of the most important causes of vision abnormalities in children is amblyopia (or “lazy eye”). Amblyopia is an alteration in the visual neural pathway in the developing brain that can lead to permanent vision loss in the affected eye.1, 2 It usually occurs unilaterally but can occur bilaterally. Risk factors associated with the development of amblyopia include strabismus (ocular misalignment), visual deprivation caused by media opacity (e.g., cataracts), and certain refractive errors (e.g., anisometropia). Other common causes of vision abnormalities are nonamblyopic strabismus and nonamblyopic refractive error.1 The Table provides definitions for the common causes of visual impairment. Among preschool-aged children, 1% to 6% have amblyopia or its risk factors (strabismus, anisometropia, or both) that, if left untreated, could lead to amblyopia.1, 3-6 Early identification of vision abnormalities could prevent the development of amblyopia. The USPSTF found adequate evidence that vision screening tools are accurate in detecting visual abnormalities, including refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia. The USPSTF found inadequate evidence to compare accuracy across age groups (<3 vs. ≥3 years). Many studies did not include children younger than age 3 years. Benefits of Early Detection and Treatment The USPSTF found adequate evidence that treatment of amblyopia or its risk factors in children ages 3 to 5 years leads to improved visual acuity. The USPSTF determined that the magnitude of improvement in visual acuity is of moderate benefit. The USPSTF found inadequate evidence that treatment reduced long-term amblyopia or improved school performance, functioning, or quality of life. Limited evidence suggests that screening can potentially reduce psychosocial harms. The USPSTF found inadequate evidence that treatment of amblyopia or its risk factors in children younger than age 3 years leads to improved visual outcomes. Harms of Early Detection and Treatment The USPSTF found adequate evidence to assess harms of screening tests in children ages 3 to 5 years, including higher false-positive rates in low-prevalence populations. False-positive screening results may lead to overdiagnosis or unnecessary treatment. Limited evidence suggests that patching in children ages 3 to 5 years does not worsen visual acuity in the nonamblyopic eye but may be associated with psychological harms, such as child or parent upset or worry. The USPSTF found adequate evidence to bound the potential harms of screening and treatment in children ages 3 to 5 years as small, based on the nature of the interventions. The USPSTF found inadequate evidence on the harms of treatment in children younger than age 3 years. The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that vision screening to detect amblyopia or its risk factors in children ages 3 to 5 years has a moderate net benefit. The USPSTF concludes that the benefits of vision screening to detect amblyopia or its risk factors in children younger than age 3 years are uncertain, and that the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined for this age group. Draft: Clinical Considerations Patient Population Under Consideration This recommendation applies to children ages 6 months to 5 years. Assessment of Risk Although all children ages 3 to 5 years are at risk of vision abnormalities and should be screened, there are some risk factors that increase risk. Amblyopia risk factors include strabismus, refractive errors, and media opacity.1, 2 Additional risk factors associated with amblyopia, strabismus, or refractive error include family history in a first-degree relative, prematurity, low birth weight, maternal substance abuse, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and poor parental education.1, 7-12 A variety of screening tests are used to identify visual abnormalities in children in primary care settings. Visual acuity tests screen for visual deficits associated with amblyopia and refractive error. Ocular alignment tests screen for strabismus. Steroacuity testing, or the assessment of depth perception, is often omitted, and may be performed incorrectly when attempted in a primary care setting.1, 13 In children younger than age 3 years, screening can include vision assessment, including external inspection for gross abnormalities, fixation and follow test (visual acuity), red reflex test (media opacity), and pupil examination with a penlight. The corneal light reflex test, which assesses for strabismus, can be done at any age, including in preverbal children.1, 13 Instrument-based vision screening (i.e., autorefractors and photoscreeners) may be used in very young children, including infants. Autorefractors are computerized instruments that detect refractive errors; photoscreeners detect amblyopia risk factors (ocular alignment and media opacity) and refractive errors.1, 14 In addition, vision assessment in children older than age 3 years could include external inspection of the eyes, red reflex test, cover-uncover test (strabismus), evaluation of visual acuity with charts (e.g., Snellen, Lea Symbols® [Lea-Test, Helsinki, Finland], and HOTV [Precision Vision, La Salle, IL]), autorefractors and photoscreeners, and stereopsis tests.1, 13 The USPSTF did not find adequate evidence to determine the optimal screening interval in children ages 3 to 5 years. Treatment depends on the specific condition, but could include correction of any underlying refractive error with the use of corrective lenses, occlusion therapy for amblyopia (e.g., eye patching, atropine eye drops, or Bangerter occlusion foils), or surgical interventions for some causes of strabismus. Clinicians may use vision therapy for various eye conditions, such as individualized eye muscle exercises, over a period of several months, either alone or in combination with occlusion therapy, correction of refractive errors, or both. Suggestions for Practice Regarding the I Statement Potential Preventable Burden Untreated amblyopia is not likely to spontaneously resolve.1, 15, 16 Treatment efficacy decreases as children age, with a risk of irreversible visual loss.1, 17-19 Amblyopia often becomes irreversible if the child is not treated by age 6 to 10 years.1 Untreated visual abnormalities can result in short-and long-term physical and psychological harms, such as accidents and injuries, bullying, poor visual motor skills, depression and anxiety, poor self-esteem, and problems at school and work.20-24 Vision screening is routinely offered in most primary care clinics. Screening rates in children age 3 years are approximately 40% and increase with age.1, 25 One survey reported that 3% of pediatricians began vision screening at age 6 months.1, 26 Typical components of vision screening include assessments of visual acuity and strabismus. Younger children are often unable to cooperate with some of the clinical screening tests performed in clinical practice, such as visual acuity testing, which may result in false-positive results. Some clinical practice guidelines now recommend handheld autorefraction and photoscreening as alternative approaches to screening in children age 6 months or older due to improved child cooperation and improved accuracy.1, 27 One potential disadvantage of using photoscreening is the need for external interpretation of screening results with some types of photoscreeners. Children with positive findings should be referred for a complete eye examination to confirm the presence of vision abnormalities and for further treatment. Draft: Other Considerations Research Needs and Gaps The USPSTF identified several gaps in the evidence. Well-designed studies are needed to identify the optimal age for screening initiation and appropriate screening intervals. Additional studies are needed to determine the best screening approach and most favorable combinations of screening tests. There is also a need for studies that examine the benefits and harms of preschool vision screening, treatment of children younger than age 3 years, and the effects on long-term outcomes, such as quality of life, school performance, developmental trajectory, or functioning. Burden of Disease The prevalence of amblyopia, strabismus, and anisometropia ranges from 1% to 6% in children younger than age 6 years in the United States.1, 3-6 Strabismus is the most common cause of amblyopia in children younger than age 3 years; in children ages 3 to 6 years, strabismus and anisometropia contribute equally.17 Among children younger than age 6 years, 4% have myopia and up to 20% have hyperopia. Five percent to 10% of preschool-aged children have astigmatism.1, 18-20 Amblyopia may significantly increase the risk of severe visual abnormalities or blindness in the event of vision loss in the nonamblyopic eye.1, 28, 29 The estimated lifetime risk of vision loss for persons with amblyopia is 1.2% or greater.1, 28, 29 Scope of Review The USPSTF commissioned a systematic evidence review to update its 2011 recommendation on screening for amblyopia and its risk factors in children.30 The review examined the evidence on the accuracy of vision screening tests and the benefits and harms of vision screening and treatment. Surgical interventions for refractory strabismus, cataracts, ptosis, or other conditions were considered to be out of scope for this review. Accuracy of Screening Tests The USPSTF found 34 fair-quality studies (n=45,588 observations) that assessed the accuracy of various screening tests: visual acuity tests (six studies), stereoacuity tests (four studies), ocular alignment tests (one study), a combination of clinical tests (four studies), autorefractors (16 studies), photoscreeners (11 studies), and retinal birefringence scanning (one study).1 Fourteen studies recruited participants from ophthalmology clinics; 16 studies recruited from Head Start, community, or school settings; two studies were conducted in primary care settings; and one study did not report its setting. Across the studies, screening was administered by diverse personnel such as pediatricians, orthoptists, ophthalmologists, nurses, and Head Start staff.1 More than half of the studies (k=19) were conducted in the United States. The remaining studies took place in Canada (k=5), Europe (k=7), and New Zealand or Australia (k=3). Study sample sizes ranged from 63 to 4,040 participants. The age of study participants ranged from 6 months to 6 years. About one third of study participants were younger than age 3 years; most were age 3 years and older.1 Many of the studies of photoscreeners (n=6,187) included children younger than age 3 years; four of the 15 studies evaluating autorefractors (n=16,610) included children younger than age 3 years.1 The Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) study (n ≤4,040) provided data for several publications. The VIP study evaluated the accuracy of multiple screening tests for a wide range of visual conditions. It preferentially enrolled children ages 3 to 5 years from Head Start with amblyopia, amblyopia risk factors, reduced visual acuity, or strabismus.1, 31 Phase I of the study compared the accuracy of 11 screening tests.31 Tests were conducted in specially equipped vans that provided a standard environment with minimal distractions. Phase II of the study compared the performance of nurse versus lay screeners and focused on four of the 11 screening tests.32 The VIP study evaluated the accuracy of screening for a broader range of conditions than most other studies, including significant nonamblyogenic refractive error. Visual Acuity Tests Six fair-quality studies evaluated visual acuity tests (Lea Symbols or HOTV). Three publications from the VIP study (n=6,019) assessed the accuracy of Lea Symbols for identifying amblyopia risk factors or clinically significant nonamblyogenic refractive error.1 In phase I of the VIP study, visual acuity testing with Lea Symbols was associated with a positive likelihood ratio (PLR) of 6.1 (95% CI, 4.8 to 7.6)31 for detecting amblyopia risk factors or significant nonamblyogenic refractive error; among the 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old age groups, PLRs ranged from 5.95 to 7.39.1 The overall negative likelihood ratio (NLR) was 0.43 (95% CI, 0.38 to 0.50); it ranged from 0.39 to 0.47 among the 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old age groups. In phase II of the VIP study, PLRs were 4.9 (95% CI, 4.0 to 6.0) and 3.7 (95% CI, 3.0 to 4.7), respectively, for nurse and lay screeners. The NLR was 0.57 (95% CI, 0.52 to 0.62) for nurse screeners and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.76) for lay screeners.1, 32 Three additional studies (n=773) assessed the accuracy of Lea Symbols for detecting amblyopia risk factors, significant refractive error, or astigmatism. PLRs ranged from 1.6 to 5.7 and NLRs ranged from 0.05 to 0.21.1 The VIP study (n=3,121) found that the HOTV test was associated with an overall PLR of 4.9 (95% CI, 3.9 to 6.1) for detecting amblyopia risk factors or significant nonamblyogenic refractive error.1, 31 PLRs ranged from 3.76 to 6.83 in 3- to 5-year-old age groups.1 Overall, the NLR was 0.52 (95% CI, 0.46 to 0.58); it ranged from 0.47 to 0.62 in 3- to 5-year-old age groups.1, 31 Four fair-quality studies (n=7,801) evaluated stereoacuity tests.1 Most of the studies found PLRs ranging from 3.6 to 4.9. NLRs were in the minimal range for detecting amblyopia risk factors or significant nonamblyogenic refractive error and in the moderate range for detecting refractive error or strabismus.1 Ocular Alignment Tests Combinations of Clinical Tests Four fair-quality studies (n=1,854) assessed a combination of tests of visual acuity, stereoacuity, and ocular alignment.1 Three of the four studies found PLRs ranging from 12 to 17.1 The fourth study, which found a smaller PLR of 4.8 (95% CI, 2.8 to 8.4), was the smallest (n=141) of the studies. The four studies had NLRs ranging from 0.10 to 0.91.1 Eleven fair-quality studies (6,187 observations; n=63 to 3,121) assessed photoscreeners. Generally, most studies reported moderate PLRs and small NLRs.1 Retinal Birefringence Scanning One fair-quality study (n=102) evaluated the Pediatric Vision Scanner (REBIScan, Boston). The PLR was 10.4 (95% CI, 5.6 to 19.4) and the NLR was 0.89.1 Direct Comparisons of Different Types of Screening Tests Phase I of the VIP study compared 11 screening tests among 3- to 5-year-olds. The Lea Symbols and HOTV visual acuity tests and the Retinomax (Nikon, Melville, NY), SureSight (Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, NY), and Power Refractor (Plusoptix, Nuremberg, Germany) autorefractors had higher sensitivity for identifying any visual condition compared with the Random Dot E stereoacuity test (StereoOptical, Chicago), Randot Stereo Smile Test II (StereoOptical, Chicago), iScreen photoscreener (iScreen, Memphis, TN), and MTI photoscreener (Medical Technologies, Riviera Beach, FL). However, likelihood ratios were similar. PLRs were generally in the moderate range and NLRs were in the small to minimal range, with overlapping confidence intervals.1, 31 Age and Testability Five studies evaluated whether screening accuracy differs by age. Most studies of test accuracy (n=45,588 observations) did not enroll participants younger than age 3 years. Accuracy did not clearly differ among preschool-aged children in different age groups (3 years or older).1 Testability (the ability to complete screening tests) may limit the usefulness of some clinical screening tests in children younger than age 3 years. Testability was reported in many of the included studies; however, few reported data stratified by age or for children younger than age 3 years. Testability generally exceeded 80% to 90% in children age 3 years, with small increases through age 5 years. Studies that evaluated testability found better testability in older children (age ≥3 years); low testability rates were reported for visual acuity and stereoacuity tests in children younger than age 3 years. Some data suggest that photoscreeners have high testability rates for children as young as age 1 year.1 Effectiveness of Early Detection and Treatment No eligible randomized, controlled trials directly compared screening with no screening. No available studies evaluated school performance, other functional outcomes, or quality of life. No eligible studies evaluated atropine or vision therapy.1 The USPSTF evaluated two fair-quality studies; a nested trial within a population-based cohort study (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children [ALSPAC]). The study assessed prevalence of amblyopia at age 7.5 years (using visual acuity testing); school performance, function, or quality of life outcomes were not evaluated.1, 33, 34 The ALSPAC nested, randomized trial (n=3,490) compared earlier, intensive screening (at age 8, 12, 18, 25, 31, and 37 months) with one-time screening at age 37 months.1, 33 The trial showed that periodic screening (including clinical examination, visual acuity test, and cover-uncover test) from ages 8 to 37 months was associated with a 1% decrease in the prevalence of amblyopia at age 7.5 years compared with one-time screening at age 37 months; however, the difference was only statistically significant for one of two definitions of amblyopia (interocular difference in acuity ≥0.2 logMAR [logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution], 1.5% vs. 2.7%; relative risk, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.29 to 1.04]; interocular difference in acuity ≥0.3 logMAR, 0.6% vs. 1.8%; relative risk, 0.35 [95% CI, 0.15 to 0.86]).1, 33 The ALPSPAC cohort study (n=6,081) compared screening at age 37 months with no screening and found no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of amblyopia at age 7.5 years for three definitions of amblyopia.1, 33 ALSPAC had several study limitations. A major limitation was the high overall attrition (about 55%) in both studies. Additional limitations included inadequate randomization and the inability to parse out the effects of earlier screening compared with repeated screening. As a result of these important limitations, the USPSTF did not include ALSPAC as direct evidence; however, the results support an indirect chain of evidence.1, 33, 34 One fair- and two good-quality trials (n=417) of older preschool-aged children (ages 3 to 5 years) assessed treatment benefits.1, 35-37 These trials evaluated patching for amblyopia or amblyopia risk factors. Two trials compared patching with no patching (children were pretreated with eyeglasses if indicated in both groups).1, 36, 37 One trial compared patching plus eyeglasses versus eyeglasses alone versus no treatment.1, 35 Study sample size ranged from 60 to 180.1 One of the three trials (patching plus eyeglasses vs. eyeglasses alone vs. no treatment) enrolled screen-detected children.1, 35 Followup duration varied from 5 or 12 weeks to 1.5 years.1, 35 Trials were conducted in the United States or the United Kingdom.1, 35-37 The trials reported best corrected visual acuity and improvement in visual acuity (secondary outcome).1, 35-37 Results could not be pooled due to differences in study populations (e.g., eligibility criteria, baseline visual acuity), outcome measures, comparisons, and length of followup.1 The trials reported that patching improves visual acuity of the amblyopic eye by an average of less than 1 line on the Snellen chart after 5 to 12 weeks in children with amblyopia risk factors who were pretreated with glasses.1 More children treated with patching experienced improvement of at least 2 lines on the Snellen chart than children with no patching (45% vs. 21%; p=0.003). Patching plus eyeglasses improved visual acuity by about 1 line on the LogMAR chart after 1 year (0.11 logMAR [95% CI, 0.05 to 0.17]) in children with amblyopia risk factors who were not pretreated with eyeglasses.1 Eyeglasses improved visual acuity by less than 1 line on the LogMAR chart after 1 year (0.08 logMAR [95% CI, 0.02 to 0.15]) in children with amblyopia risk factors. Benefits were greater for children with more severe visual impairment at baseline. Children with worse baseline visual acuity had greater improvement with patching plus eyeglasses or eyeglasses alone.1 Potential Harms of Screening and Treatment Potential harms of vision screening of preschool-aged children include psychosocial effects such as labeling and anxiety, unnecessary referrals due to false-positive screening results, overdiagnosis, and unnecessary use of corrective lenses or treatments to prevent amblyopia. Studies of screening tests (n=9,723) showed high false-positive rates in low-prevalence populations. Studies with a lower prevalence (<10%) of vision abnormalities showed much higher rates of false positives (usually >75%), whereas studies with a high prevalence had lower false-positive rates (usually <35%).1 No studies reported other measures of psychosocial distress, labeling, or anxiety. The prospective cohort study (n=4,473) from ALSPAC evaluated bullying in 8-year-olds among a subgroup of children who were treated with patching. The likelihood of being bullied was lower for children who were offered screening at age 37 months than for those who were not screened (25.7% vs. 47.1%; p=0.033; adjusted odds ratio, 0.39 [95% CI, 0.16 to 0.92]).1, 33 Potential harms of treatment include harms to the nonamblyopic eye, loss of visual acuity in the amblyopic eye, psychological harms (e.g., child happiness, behavior problems, parental worry or upset), inverse amblyopia, and patch allergy. One fair-quality trial and two good-quality trials (n=417) assessed treatment harms.1, 35-37, 38 The three trials did not report similar outcomes. None of the included studies evaluated atropine drops. One trial compared patching (n=87) versus no patching (n=93) and demonstrated that worsening visual acuity in the nonamblyopic eye did not differ between groups at 5 weeks (2.4% vs. 6.8%; p=0.28).1, 36 A trial comparing patching plus eyeglasses (n=59), eyeglasses alone (n=59), and no treatment (n=59) found no significant difference in loss of visual acuity in the amblyopic eye between treatment groups at 1 year.1, 35 In a subanalysis of one trial (patching plus eyeglasses vs. eyeglasses alone vs. no treatment), the psychological harms of treatment were evaluated in 144 out of 177 study participants.1, 35, 38 Few differences were observed between the treatment groups for child happiness or behavioral problems. Child or parental worry or upset about treatment were greater with patching than with eyeglasses alone (29% vs. 85% at age 4 years; p=0.03; 26% vs. 62% at age 5 years; p=0.005).1, 38 The study did not compare the eyeglasses and patching group with the nontreatment group for the psychological harms identified.1, 38 No participants experienced an adverse event (e.g., inverse amblyopia, patch allergy) in one trial (n=60) that compared patching with no patching.1, 37 Estimate of Magnitude of Net Benefit Treatment of amblyopia is associated with moderate improvements in visual acuity in children ages 3 to 5 years, which are likely to result in permanent improvements throughout life. The USPSTF concluded that the benefits are moderate because untreated amblyopia results in permanent, uncorrectable vision loss; the benefits of screening and treatment are potentially experienced over a child's lifetime. The USPSTF found adequate evidence on harms of screening (i.e., higher false-positive rates in low- prevalence populations). The USPSTF found adequate evidence to bound the potential harms of treatment as small. Therefore, the USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that the overall net benefit is moderate. How Does Evidence Fit With Biological Understanding? Amblyopia is a functional reduction in visual acuity characterized by abnormal processing of visual images by the brain. It is associated with conditions that affect binocular vision, such as strabismus, anisometropia, and media opacity. The loss in visual acuity is unlikely to resolve spontaneously if left untreated. Therefore, screening in preschool-aged children seems to be consistent with the current biological understanding of amblyopia and the importance of detecting it during a critical period in children’s development. Draft: Update of Previous USPSTF Recommendation This recommendation updates the USPSTF 2011 recommendation, in which the USPSTF recommended vision screening for amblyopia and its risk factors in children ages 3 to 5 years (B recommendation). The USPSTF concluded that the evidence was insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of vision screening in children younger than age 3 years (I statement). The current recommendation reaffirms the previous recommendation. Draft: Recommendations of Others In 2016, the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, American Academy of Certified Orthoptists, and American Academy of Ophthalmology released a joint clinical report recommending preschool vision screening. The joint report recommends that children ages 6 months to 3 years should have their vision assessed with physical examination (e.g., external inspection, fixation and follow test, red reflex test, and pupil examination). Instrument-based vision screening (autorefraction, photoscreening), may be added, when available, for children ages 1 to 3 years. Visual acuity screening may be attempted at age 3 years using HOTV or Lea Symbols; children ages 4 to 5 years should have visual acuity assessed using HOTV or Lea Symbols, the cover-uncover test, and the red reflex test.1, 39 The American Academy of Family Physicians recommends vision screening in all children at least once between the ages of 3 and 5 years to detect amblyopia or its risk factors; it concluded that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of vision screening in children younger than age 3 years.40 The American Optometric Association recommends that infants receive an initial vision screening at birth. Regular comprehensive eye examinations should occur at age 6 months, age 3 years, and prior to entry into first grade; eye examinations should then occur at 2-year intervals unless children are considered to be at high risk for vision abnormalities.41 1. Jonas DE, Amick HR, Wallace IF, Feltner C, Vander Schaaf EB, Brown CL, Baker C. Vision Screening in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years. Evidence Synthesis No. 153. AHRQ Publication No. 17-05228-EF-1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2017. 3. McKean-Cowdin R, Cotter SA, Tarczy-Hornoch K, et al; Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study Group. Prevalence of amblyopia or strabismus in Asian and non-Hispanic white preschool children: Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(10):2117-24. 4. Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J, et al. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in white and African American children aged 6 through 71 months: the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(11):2128-34.e1-2. 5. Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study (MEPEDS) Group. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in African-American and Hispanic preschool children: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(10):1990-2000.e1. 6. Ying GS, Maguire MG, Cyert LA, et al; Vision In Preschoolers (VIP) Study Group. Prevalence of vision disorders by racial and ethnic group among children participating in Head Start. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(3):630-6. 7. van Hof-Van Duin J, Evenhuis-van Leunen A, Mohn G, Baerts W, Fetter WP. Effects of very low birth weight (VLBW) on visual development during the first year after term. Early Hum Dev. 1989;20(3-4):255-66. 8. Cotter SA, Varma R, Tarczy-Hornoch K, et al; Joint Writing Committee for the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study Groups. Risk factors associated with childhood strabismus: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Studies. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(11):2251-61. 9. Tarczy-Hornoch K, Varma R, Cotter SA, et al; Joint Writing Committee for the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study Groups. Risk factors for decreased visual acuity in preschool children: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Studies. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(11):2262-73. 10. McKean-Cowdin R, Varma R, Cotter SA, et al; Joint Writing Committee for the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study Groups. Risk factors for astigmatism in preschool children: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Studies. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(10):1974-81. 11. Borchert MS, Varma R, Cotter SA, et al; Joint Writing Committee for the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study and the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study Groups. Risk factors for hyperopia and myopia in preschool children: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Studies. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(10):1966-73. 12. Quinn GE, Dobson V, Davitt BV, et al; Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Progression of myopia and high myopia in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity study: findings at 4 to 6 years of age. J AAPOS. 2013;17(2):124-8. 14. Miller JM, Lessin HR; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Ophthalmology; Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine; American Academy of Ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus; American Association of Certified Orthoptists. Instrument-based pediatric vision screening policy statement. Pediatrics. 2012;130(5):983-6. 16. Carlton J, Karnon J, Czoski-Murray C, Smith KJ, Marr J. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening programmes for amblyopia and strabismus in children up to the age of 4-5 years: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2008;12(25):iii, xi-194. 18. Flynn JT, Schiffman J, Feuer W, Corona A. The therapy of amblyopia: an analysis of the results of amblyopia therapy utilizing the pooled data of published studies. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1998;96:431-50; discussion 50-3. 19. American Academy of Ophthalmology Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern® Guidelines: amblyopia. 2012. https://www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/amblyopia-ppp--september-2012. Accessed January 19, 2017. 25. Marsh-Tootle WL, Funkhouser E, Frazier MG, Crenshaw K, Wall TC. Knowledge, attitudes, and environment: what primary care providers say about pre-school vision screening. Optom Vis Sci. 2010;87(2):104-11. 28. Rahi J, Logan S, Timms C, Russell-Eggitt I, Taylor D. Risk, causes, and outcomes of visual impairment after loss of vision in the non-amblyopic eye: a population-based study. Lancet. 2002;360(9333):597-602. 29. van Leeuwen R, Eijkemans MJ, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, de Jong PT, Simonsz HJ. Risk of bilateral visual impairment in individuals with amblyopia: the Rotterdam study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(11):1450-1. 31. Schmidt P, Maguire M, Dobson V, et al; Vision in Preschoolers Study Group. Comparison of preschool vision screening tests as administered by licensed eye care professionals in the Vision In Preschoolers Study. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(4):637-50. 32. Vision in Preschoolers Study Group. Preschool vision screening tests administered by nurse screeners compared with lay screeners in the Vision In Preschoolers Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(8):2639-48. 33. Williams C, Harrad RA, Harvey I, Sparrow JM; ALSPAC Study Team. Screening for amblyopia in preschool children: results of a population-based, randomised controlled trial. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2001;8(5):279-95. 34. Williams C, Northstone K, Harrad RA, Sparrow JM, Harvey I; ALSPAC Study Team. Amblyopia treatment outcomes after screening before or at age 3 years: follow up from randomised trial. BMJ. 2002;324(7353):1549. 35. Clarke MP, Wright CM, Hrisos S, Anderson JD, Henderson J, Richardson SR. Randomised controlled trial of treatment of unilateral visual impairment detected at preschool vision screening. BMJ. 2003;327(7426):1251. 36. Wallace DK, Edwards AR, Cotter SA, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial to evaluate 2 hours of daily patching for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(6):904-12. 37. Awan M, Proudlock FA, Gottlob I. A randomized controlled trial of unilateral strabismic and mixed amblyopia using occlusion dose monitors to record compliance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(4):1435-9. 39. Donahue SP, Baker CN; Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics; Section on Ophthalmology, American Academy of Pediatrics; American Association of Certified Orthoptists; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus; American Academy of Ophthalmology. Procedures for the evaluation of the visual system by pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2016;137(1). 40. American Academy of Family Physicians. Clinical preventive service recommendation: visual difficulties and impairment. http://www.aafp.org/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all/visual.html. Accessed January 19, 2017. 41. American Optometric Association. Optometric clinical practice guideline: pediatric eye and vision examination. 2002. http://www.aoa.org/documents/optometrists/CPG-2.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2017. Draft: Table. Definitions |Amblyopia||Functional reduction in visual acuity characterized by abnormal processing of visual images; established by the brain during a critical period of vision development| |Strabismus||Ocular misalignment; most common cause of amblyopia| |Anisometropia||Asymmetric refractive error between the two eyes that causes image suppression in the eye with the larger error| |Astigmatism||Blurred vision at any distance due to abnormal curvature of the cornea or lens| |Hyperopia||Farsightedness; visual images come to focus behind the retina| |Myopia||Nearsightedness; visual images come to focus in front of the retina| Internet Citation: Draft Recommendation Statement: Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. February 2017.

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Four days before Thanksgiving 2013 in Rotterdam, Netherlands, construction workers arrived at an elderly woman’s apartment to replace her gas pipes. After repeatedly ringing her doorbell without a response, police were called and arrived at the scene. Finding a pile of the woman’s mail inside the door, police noticed that the oldest mail was postmarked from ten years ago! As police progressed into the apartment, they made an appalling discovery—the decayed corpse of the woman who had lived there. A chilling realization hit them: This woman had been dead for ten years.1 How could something this unthinkable happen? The woman had not been living on the streets. Rather, she had been living within a bustling community of people connected through multiple means of communication. Nonetheless, despite the available modes of technologically driven communication, this woman had not been able to meaningfully connect to another person. Former Surgeon General Vivek Murthy offers an explanation. He comments, “We live in the most technologically connected age in the history of civilization, yet rates of loneliness are increasing.” Loneliness Has Health Implications Loneliness. Though extreme, this tragic story reflects the reality that many are suffering from loneliness. Recently, the New York Times featured a study on loneliness and deemed our society as experiencing a “loneliness epidemic.” In the work place loneliness decreases performance, affects creativity, reasoning and decision-making. Moreover, loneliness and weak social connections are associated with a reduced lifespan similar to someone smoking fifteen cigarettes a day and are associated with having a greater risk of reduced lifespan than someone with obesity. Loneliness is also linked with a greater risk of heart disease, dementia, anxiety and depression.” Further, the World Health Organization paints a grim picture of the ramifications of loneliness via its strong association with depression: - 300 million people have depression - 16. 2 million adults have experienced a major depressive episode in the past year - 10.3 million adults in the U.S. experienced an episode that resulted in severe impairment in the past year - Close to 50 percent of all that were diagnosed with depression also diagnosed with an anxiety disorder - An estimated 15 percent of the adult population will experience depression at some point in their life Depression has economic ramifications as well. Statistics show that the leading cause of disability worldwide is depression and that an estimated amount of more than $210 billion per year is spent treating depression. While nearly 50% of these costs are due to work absences and decreased work productivity, the remaining half of costs is due to medical expenses. 4 Things You Can Do With the strong link between loneliness and depression, and with the inevitability in life of being alone sometimes, learning to deal with loneliness is an important skill that can improve one’s quality of life and prevent more serious mental health issues. Here are 4 things you can do. 1. Take the first step in increasing your support network. Become intentional in finding ways to connect to someone around you who may also be feeling lonely. A 2012 study found that religious involvement protected against loneliness later in life. While scientists weren’t sure why people who were religious tended to be less lonely later in life, they theorized because religious involvement typically means you’re more connected to a live network of people who care about you. When we feel that others can’t relate to our personality or our particular situation, we tend to overly focus our attention inwardly and feel even more isolated. However, when we realize that there are indeed others who feel equally isolated, it becomes easier to practice shifting our focus from self to others and asking ourselves, “Who is someone who could use my support?” 2. Take care of yourself through balance and priorities. Commit to balancing your time and taking care of yourself. Simple things such as getting good rest, eating healthy food and minimizing time on electronics (especially social media that studies have found can actually lead to isolation and depression) can make a significant difference on our emotional health. Recognize your joy sources, such as faith, family, exercise or hobbies, and prioritize them. 3. Remember that you are not alone. Seek the help of a counselor. Loneliness and depression can have roots from our childhood. The unresolved hurts from instability in the home, lack of boundaries or broken trust can leave tremendous impact on how we feel and respond as adults. Sharing these issue—and simply being heard and understood—by a counselor, mentor or pastor can be monumentally helpful. 4. Change your perspective. Being alone does not equal loneliness. In the times when we cannot avoid being alone (literally or emotionally), we can turn that circumstance into our advantage. Rather than viewing our circumstance as loneliness, we can view it as solitude. Solitude is different than loneliness because it isn’t necessarily negative—it’s the time for “me time,” a time to hone old skills or to discover and develop new skills. This happened to me on a personal level. Years ago, in a quest to cure what I thought was loneliness, I moved forward into an unhealthy relationship. It was one of the most trying times of my life. Thankfully, it ended and in the solitude of hurt and recovery, I was able to use that time to strengthen my personal relationship with God So be intentional about creating meaningful friendships and investing the time necessary to be a good friend. Go out of your way to inquire and support those people in your network that seem less connected or are withdrawing for whatever reason. Or just go and volunteer at a soup kitchen or some other service to the underserved where it puts you in contact with other people. Put down your phone and actually meet people for the purposes of investing time and emotional energy with them. As we learn to care about others, we realize that helping others is a powerful antidote to our feelings that lead to isolation, depression and loneliness and we become capable of seeing our own lives in a different, more positive way.

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Western rangelands are rich in deposits of minerals and fossil fuels. The states of Nevada and Utah house the world's largest mines respectively for gold and copper, while parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Montana are slated for unprecedented development of coal bed methane (a source of natural gas). As the population of the United States and the world continues to grow and demand a higher standard of living, the demand for mineral and energy resources is increasing. At the same time, the mining and fuel industries are facing increased public scrutiny as citizens question past policies and demand higher environmental standards. Here we present some of the main issues surrounding mineral and fossil fuels extraction including both environmental and industry concerns. While recognizing that not all situations can be win-win, we highlight innovative solutions and successful collaborations. - Coal and Natural Gas Issues - Environmental Justice and NIMBY (Not in my backyard) Issues - Hard Rock Mining Issues - Related Links

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It is a part of society that young people will congregate in public. It is both inevitable and socially necessary. Congregating is part of the rite of passage of sorts from childhood to adulthood, allowing youth to socialize and bond with their peers, out of their parents' view. Young people's self-identity and self-worth are profoundly shaped by how they believe their peers perceive them, and gathering in public provides opportunities to see, and be seen by, others. Group settings provide a relatively safe context for teenagers to flirt and pair up with one another, supported and protected by their friends. But they often do not always see how their gatherings affect other people. It can often make people feel afraid or apprehensive regardless of their behavior when most people see such a gathering they automatically see them as a gang. Such gatherings can become disorderly depending of their conduct such as cursing, blocking sidewalks and streets, playing games in the streets, playing music loudly, drinking, fighting, littering, making offensive remarks to passerby and vandalizing property. Young teens usually are looking for a place where they can hang out with each other without excessive adult supervision. In England, the police arranged for their teens to help an architect design a public youth shelter. Some of the following can help problems from occurring: Employ youth where businesses are negatively affected by disorderly conduct, it can promote a sense of responsibility among youth. Make sure that youth have adequate transportation to and from events this removes the risk of them being on the streets. Give teens a place to gather where they will not be complained about. Install closed-circuit TV where problems exist. Rules of conduct need to be established and made known to area teens if they wish to be in that particular place. Mediating conflicts between youth needs to be a factor in helping teens know that there are other ways of handling situations. And that they must be held accountable for their actions.

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California is home to more military veterans than any other state – 1.9 million – but, proportionately, its veteran population is one of the lowest, a new Census Bureau report reveals. The report, issued for Veterans Day, says that the nation has 21.4 million veterans of military service. A detailed report on California reveals that largest single group of its veterans served during the Vietnam War, although not necessarily in Vietnam, and just under 50 percent are over 65 years old. The bureau also calculated that 6.9 percent of the state’s veterans are women, that the unemployment rate for the state’s veterans is 7.4 percent, that 12,096 are homeless, that the state has 254,873 veteran-owned businesses, and that the Veterans Administration has 101 facilities in the state. Never miss a local story. Florida and Texas, each with 1.6 million veterans, trail California in numbers, but both have higher proportions of veterans in their populations. At just over 6 percent of its population, California has the nation’s third lowest proportion of veterans among the states. Alaska is the highest at 14 percent, Texas is eighth lowest and Florida is 22nd highest.

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/beuh noh"boh/, n., pl. bonobos.See pygmy chimpanzee. * * *Species (Pan paniscus) of great ape.It was once considered a subspecies of the chimpanzee, which it closely resembles in size, appearance, and way of life. Its range, the lowland rainforests of central Congo (Kinshasa), is more restricted than that of the chimpanzee, and it has longer, more slender arms, a more slender body, and a less protruding face. Bonobos eat mainly fruits but also leaves, seeds, grass, and small animals. They form communities of 50–120 individuals. A striking feature of their social lives is that they engage in sexual activity with great frequency, often as a means of settling quarrels, and with little regard for gender or age. Populations are shrinking, largely because of hunting and habitat destruction, and bonobos are an endangered species. * * *▪ mammalalso called pygmy chimpanzeeape that was regarded as a subspecies of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) until 1933, when it was first classified separately. The bonobo is found only in lowland rainforests (rainforest) along the south bank of the Congo River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Closely resembling the chimpanzee in both physical appearance and mode of life, the bonobo is more slender, with longer limbs, a narrower chest, and a rounder head with a less-protruding face. Bonobos are not much smaller than chimpanzees—males weigh around 39 kg (86 pounds) and females about 31 kg, but both are the same height, standing 115 cm (3.8 feet) tall when erect.Bonobos feed mainly in trees and descend to the ground to move to other trees. They eat mostly fruits (which they often share with one another) and other vegetation, such as herbs and roots. In some places, food is washed in streams. The diet is supplemented by invertebrates such as caterpillars and earthworms. In rare instances, they have been observed eating bats, flying squirrels, and even young duikers (duiker) (small antelopes). Unlike chimpanzees, bonobos do not hunt monkeys but instead play with and groom them. Furthermore, the phenomena of infanticide, cannibalism, and lethal invasion seen among chimps have never been observed among the bonobo. Relationships between separate communities also differ—individuals often intermingle. Adult males do not intermingle but, unlike chimpanzees, are not hostile. The egalitarian and peaceful bonobo society might have evolved as a result of reduced competition due to the abundance of food in their habitats.Bonobos are active during the day and move on all fours by knuckle walking. They make beds from leafy branches, but, in the wild, tool use is mostly limited to leaf umbrellas and branch dragging during intimidation displays. They form communities usually numbering from 30 to more than 100 individuals occupying a home range area of 22–60 square km (8.5–23 square miles). Each community is in turn composed of “parties,” groups of 6–15 individuals that forage together but whose membership is continually changing. Bonobo females and their young form the core of most groups, and males tend to follow the lead of mature females. Females unite against adult males, and mothers help their adult sons to promote their dominance rank. Thus, although adult males are larger in size than adult females, the former cannot be said to dominate the latter. Males groom and share food least frequently with other males, whereas females groom and share food mostly with other females. Males and females, old and young, mate and use a variety of sexual behaviours to promote social bonding. Female bonobos are sexually active for more of the time than their chimpanzee counterparts; they bear offspring at roughly five-year intervals and resume copulating with males within a year of giving birth. Bonobos sometimes mate in a face-to-face position, which is rarely seen among chimpanzees.The number of bonobos in the wild is shrinking because of human destruction of forests and illegal hunting of bonobos for meat. The bonobo is an endangered species; at the end of the 20th century, the estimated population was fewer than 40,000. Bonobos are not often kept in captivity.Toshisada NishidaAdditional ReadingTakayoshi Kano, The Last Ape: Pygmy Chimpanzee Behavior and Ecology (1992; originally published in Japanese, 1986), is the most extensive description of bonobos in their natural habitat. Frans de Waal, Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape (1997), compares the behaviour of captive and wild bonobos with that of other chimpanzees and humans. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Roger Lewin, Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind (1994), describes the remarkable intellect of a bonobo living in a primate research laboratory in Atlanta, Georgia. * * *

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Milton’s writing is incisive and controversial in its time. Milton provides his readers with a moral framework that spans the soul and the political. Milton’s works and a similar understanding can be used to refine one’s view of human nature and the forces of government that enable or hinder it. Milton has serious concerns about the latter notion, that governments can limit their citizens’ activities. Milton, who was very vocal in his political views, fought to protect the idea of freedom. He believed that the right to choose and speak freely is an essential part of human life. Milton wrote Areopagitica to protest against the restrictions of liberty when the British government passed the Licensing Order of the 1643. (Kerrigan 923). The government, empowered by its order, could monitor and control all books. Milton’s work implores parliament to repeal the law and thereby restore British rights. Milton claims, “the right to know and express freely according conscience …””. The work’s overt goal is to provide freedom of publishing for all writers, irrespective of their content. But Milton’s argument is not limited to books. It is about freedom of choice. Books and the restrictive laws which surround their distribution are only a microcosmic representation of his larger argument. “Not absolutely dead things,” they say, but they still have enough life to be active, just as was the soul that produced them …”. Milton’s Reader, when considering this definition, should treat books the same as humans. They must understand that restricting the book is restricting the individual. If you keep this in mind, it is possible to apply the same principle to Milton’s other works. One example would be Comus: A masque Presented at Ludlow Castle 1634, which has Lady Alice confronting vice and choosing virtue. Alice, Milton’s “warfaring Christian,” is characterized by her self-control. She embodies the Miltonian principles of liberty. Milton was a religious man, and he believed that both existed. Milton was a devout Christian who believed both were real. Milton went as far as saying that good and evil “grow almost inseparably”. Milton’s realist perspective sets him apart his political adversaries, who regulate literature based on the assumption that evil must be expelled from society. Milton insists that evil and good are codependent. This forces an individual to make a decision between the two. Milton believes, outside of their intrinsic connection, that both forces are practical, and that each is a means to identify the other. Milton explains that, as well as being connected, they also have a practical use. This is perhaps the fate that Adam met when he learned good and evil. That is, he came to know good through evil. Milton, in order to support his claim that evil must be present in order to know good, goes back to the Bible, more specifically the Book of Genesis. Here, Eve, under the influence of Satan, eats a forbidden apple. She releases evil, which ultimately leads to original guilt. He is attempting to clarify evil’s origin and prove that both good & evil have always existed. Milton’s readers are not only meant to understand the literal implications, but also that goodness, without evil, is just a vague word with no moral significance. It is only by actively avoiding evil that one can be considered truly good. By limiting certain books, the Parliament denies individuals their freedom and their choice. They are preventing them from experiencing true goodness. Milton wrote Areopagitica to fight against this deprivation, to correct Parliament’s mistake and to free freedom from its chains. Milton’s freedom is the freedom to choose. The virtue that drives this choice should be understood after contemplating Milton’s choice. Milton combines liberty and virtue to create a fictional individual who is able to “apprehend vice and all its lures and apparent pleasures” and still “abstain and distinguish and yet prefer what is truly better …” (939)”. Milton personifies vice with a feminine pronoun. It is given a seductive and human-like form, which it uses to tempt people. A personification of this kind is misogynistic in that it associates women with moral corruption. Milton’s “warfaring Christian,” must be confronted with the vice she represents and rejected. Milton is perhaps limited by his political intentions in not exploring this Christian figure fully in his Invocation to Parliament. This Christian figure can however be found in Milton’s other work that was performed 10 years before Areopagitica. Comus was commissioned for the Early of Bridgewater by his daughter Lady Alice. Her two younger brothers are also featured in the work: the 11-year-old and the 9-year-old. (Kerrigan, 61-62). Milton, in an effort to anger these children, isolated together in the forest, chooses Comus. Traditionally associated with Greek gods who bring chaos and confusion, Comus here is a wily witch whose’many baits and guileful spells /…inveigle them and invite their unway feeling/Of all those that walk by without weeping. Comus, an agent of corruption who deceives innocent bystanders and tempts them with vice, is Milton’s choice to create a hostile environment for these children. Milton describes him as more than just corrupt. “A charming-rod is held in one’s hand and a glass of wine in the other. A rout follows, headed by various wild beasts …”. In this version, Comus is seen as casual and smooth. He leads his followers who, after having passed “unweeting along the way”, are then infected with sorcery and degraded. Comus, however, targets Lady Alice as the mask’s target. Her chastity is what foils Comus’ depravity. In Areopagitica we learn that Comus is a depraved man, and his obsession with Alice comes from this evil. Comus can “feel a different pace” when he is on chaste ground, because of the linkage between good and evil. Comus, who is evil, can sense the presence and power of the Lady, a virgin. Comus, seduced by Lady’s pureness, sets out to find her. He eventually finds her all alone after her siblings have separated her. Comus, master of deceptions, convinces her that he is a local shepherd who can help her reunited with her brothers. She accepts it, naive and unaware, but is then taken to the palace of Comus and paralyzed. But his magic seems to only affect her body. Her soul is left unaffected. Milton’s dichotomy of body and soul is important because it allows her virtue to be untouched by the enchantment. Comus doesn’t seem to possess the magic needed to influence his Lady. So he gives her a drink with which she will be transformed into his inhuman follower: “And now, first look at this cordial Julep,/That flames & dances inside his crystal bounds/With spirits & fragrant syrups mixed.” Milton’s masque does not show the drink in action, but its symbolic purpose is to suggest sexual temptation and undermine the Lady of chastity. Comus views this act as an example of self-inflicted violence. The Lady, unmoved by the offer, abstains. By using hyperbole she expresses her absolute conviction. She says that she wouldn’t drink the beverage if it was owned by Juno, an ancient Roman goddess. The Lady uses diction related to food and nutrition in order to relate goodness with sustenance. This almost implies that the source of her nourishment is not food but virtue. Finally, she implies that an outside force is responsible for her ability to resist temptation. She gains strength and meaning, both of them preventing her from being corrupted, by this force. A magical spirit with wisdom helps the Lady’s brother to defeat Comus. The Lady is still paralyzed by the magic, even after Comus has fallen. The spirit sings Sabrina’s soul to free the Lady. Sabrina’s virginity is a symbol of purity, which she embodies in her purpose to “ensnar” chastity …”. Due to this, the Lady is saved by her virginity, which proves that she is worthy of being saved. Chastity is therefore understood to be both a form of vulnerability and self-defense. This is because it attracted Comus as well as enabled salvation. She embodies Milton’s “warfaring Christian” who, like her, abstains from vices in order to affirm virtue. Although magically paralyzed from her physical freedom, she retains her mental freedom and fights Comus with the good in her heart. Milton argues in Areopagitica for the need to confront vices and choose what is better. Comus shows the same thing. The Lady in Comus not only faces vice, but she abstains from doing so and defeats it. Milton lauds her Christian morality.

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Goliath (gōlĪˈəth) [key], in the Bible, a giant of Gath, a Philistine city, who challenged the Israelites. The young David, fortified by faith, accepted the challenge and killed him with a stone from a sling. In 2 Samuel it says that Elhanan killed Goliath, though 1 Chronicles says Elhanan killed Lahmi the brother of Goliath. The Authorized Version edits 2 Samuel to agree with 1 Chronicles. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

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Unit: 1st Lincolnshire Commemorated: Romeries Cemetery France Born in Wildmore, the son of William and Mary Beecham. Aged 30, Joseph was killed in action on the 23rd October 1918, just a few weeks before the end of hostilities After enlisting at Boston, Joseph was posted to the 1st Battalion of the Lincolnshire Regiment. This was a pre-war regular battalion and was part of 9th Infantry Brigade, of the 3rd Division, an element of the original British Expeditionary Force. At the end of April 1918, Haig placed at Marshall Foch’s disposal 5 Divisions, one of which contained the 1st Lincolns. By October 1918, the 1st Lincolns were to find themselves involved in the Battle of The Selle. The 62nd Brigade attacked with the 2nd and 1st Lincolns on the right and left respectively. The Northumberland Fusiliers were in support. To quote from the War Diary: “The two battalions assembled in the valley north-east and north of Amerval and by 9.30am were able to go forward to the line of the 3rd objective, the River Harpies. Considerable difficulty was, however, experienced in clearing out the enemy from Vendegies. On the right the mist had at first troubled the 2nd Lincolns but, at about 10.00am, the atmosphere cleared and direction was re-established. The advance was vigorously opposed by machine gun fire and heavy shellfire. Despite this the battalion pushed on and by 3.00pm gained the fourth objective. The 1st Lincolnshire on the left, having first assisted in clearing out the line of the third objective, pushed on beside their comrades of the 2nd battalion to the fourth objective. Here also they were held up by the enemy’s shellfire and dug in for the night. They had lost during the day 15 other ranks killed, Major C.C. Vickers and Captain Harrison and 48 other ranks wounded”. Amongst those who fell was Joseph.

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Several species can be picked out simply by the fact that the flight feathers are white, the common species have black on their primaries. Conservation status-none; may be a common species in suitable habitat. Wholesale conversion of land not only threatens to make no small number of common species rare through human activity," writes Dinerstein. We first compared the proportion of species in the uncommon/rare category to the proportion of common species between the suborders Anisoptera and Zygoptera (Table 1). Dr Richard Inger, one of the researchers from the University of Exeter, said: "It is very worrying that the most common species of bird are declining rapidly because it is this group of birds that people benefit from the most. The Lion's Mane jellyfish packs the most potent sting of the common species that have been spotted in British waters, and they can grow to be several feet wide. Switzerland represent, detect different levels of biodiversity and integrate both rare and common species In the UK, the most common species is called Toxocara and it is seen in dogs and cats. include Baby Doll, Eric Smith and Britten, whose flowers open white and blush pink as they age. TEHRAN (FNA)- Scientists harnessed the circadian mechanism found in cyanobacteria to transplant the circadian wiring into a common species of bacteria that is naturally non-circadian. John, 68, said: "I've tried to concentrate on relatively common species , things like rooks, the fox or the blackcap, which thies into the window John, 68, said: "I've tried to concentrate on relatively common species , things like rooks, the fox or the blackcap, which 'ies into the window and dies. One of the UK's most common species , it is a small bat which roosts in crevices of houses The marbled white, a common species in the south of England, was introduced into Wingate Quarry in County Durham, 65km above its range. There are six common species of sea creatures that are able to generate a sizable electric jolt, used to hunt prey, navigate murky waters and communicate with others of their species, especially during mating season. The researchers report that world's top 50 most evolutionarily distinct bird species include widely distributed and common species such as the osprey and the ostrich, well-known oddities such as the hoatzin and the shoebill, and lesser-known, range-restricted species such as the New Caledonian owlet-nightjar and the Solomon Islands frogmouth, the researchers report.

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Guns, Germs, and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies by Jared Diamond Editor: WW Norton & Co Enjoy this book on your E-Reader and in the format you prefer Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, Rifles, Germs, and Steel, is a brilliant work to answer the question of why the peoples of some continents have succeeded in invading other continents and conquering or displacing their peoples.This edition includes a new chapter on Japan and all-new illustrations from the TV seriesUp to almost 11,000 BC, all peoples still have the Stone Age hunter-gatherers.At this stage, a fracture has occurred in the tariffs that human societies have evolved.In Eurasia, the regions of the Americas and Africa, agriculture has become strong in the way of life when indigenous plants and wild animals were domesticated by prehistoric farmers and pastoralists.As Jared Diamond brilliantly reveals, people who have gained a head start in food production collide with preliterate cultures, shaping the modern world through conquest, displacement and genocide.Pathways that lead from scattered food centers to wide bands of settlement had much to do with climate and geographyBut how do the differences in societies ariseWhy were not indigenous Australians, Americans or Africans, those to colonize Europe?Pernicious demon diamond of racial theories of tracing societal differences of biological differencesIt gathers convincing evidence linking the germs of domesticated animals, germs that Eurasians then spread in the proportions of an epidemic in their travels of discovery.In its wake, Rifles, Germs and Steel embraces the rise of agriculture, technology, writing, government and religion, providing a unifying theory of human history, as intriguing as the stories of dinosaurs and glaciers. Jared Diamond – Guns, Germs, and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies – Free Format: ePub, MOBI and Pdf In this site we encourage writing and creativity.

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Schools have many resources available to use to broaden the cultural awareness of their students. They have access to information, guest speakers, field trips (virtual and physical), as well as the cultural differences within the student and faculty in the school system. Parents can help some with cultural awareness, but they do not have the resources that the school has. I think the schools should be responsible for the cultural awareness of children. Cultural awareness could be incorporated into their existing curriculum without any major modifications. Since schools already teach geography and history, it would be appropriate to include cultural studies for each area covered. It might also be good if they could start a separate class simply for cultural awareness in today's society, especially sine the US culture is so diverse. Yes, schools should be responsible for the cultural awareness of children, because we can't leave it up to the parents. The children need to learn that the world is bigger than just their school. They need to learn that people in the rest of the world have different circumstances than them. Not just for "cultural awareness", but for everything. As the parent, it is their duty and responsibility to have first say in everything concerning the upbringing of that child. At best, schools can be considered 'facilitators' of education, but even a child's education should include active participation from the parents. A child trusts their parents more than anyone in the world, and (most) mothers especially are more close to their children than anyone will ever be. I believe that parents should be the ones responsible for their children's cultural awareness. I do not think that schools should be responsible for such a thing. Schools should just be responsible for teaching kids about educational programs and fields. Everything else that deal with society is up to the parents.

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Making a case for mirror-neuron system involvement in language development: What about autism and blindness? David Bourget (Western Ontario) David Chalmers (ANU, NYU) Rafael De Clercq Jack Alan Reynolds Learn more about PhilPapers Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (2):145-146 (2005) The notion that manual gestures played an important role in the evolution of human language was strengthened by the discovery of mirror neurons in monkey area F5, the proposed homologue of human Broca's area. This idea is central to the thesis developed by Arbib, and lending further support to a link between motor resonance mechanisms and language/communication development is the case of autism and congenital blindness. We provide an account of how these conditions may relate to the aforementioned theory. |Keywords||No keywords specified (fix it)| |Categories||categorize this paper)| Setup an account with your affiliations in order to access resources via your University's proxy server Configure custom proxy (use this if your affiliation does not provide a proxy) |Through your library| References found in this work BETA No references found. Citations of this work BETA No citations found. Similar books and articles Allan Combs & S. Kripner (2008). Collective Consciousness and the Social Brain. Journal of Consciousness Studies 15 (s 10-11):264-276. Lawrence Shapiro (2009). Making Sense of Mirror Neurons. Synthese 167 (3):439 - 456. Sebo Uithol, Iris van Rooij, Harold Bekkering & Pim Haselager (2011). What Do Mirror Neurons Mirror? Philosophical Psychology 24 (5):607 - 623. Giacomo Rizzolatti (1998). What Happened to Homo Habilis? (Language and Mirror Neurons). Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21 (4):527-528. Uwe Jürgens (2003). From Mouth to Mouth and Hand to Hand: On Language Evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26 (2):229-230. Derek Bickerton (2005). Beyond the Mirror Neuron – the Smoke Neuron? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (2):126-126. Maxim I. Stamenov & Vittorio Gallese (eds.) (2002). Mirror Neurons and the Evolution of Brain and Language. John Benjamins. Michael A. Arbib (2005). From Monkey-Like Action Recognition to Human Language: An Evolutionary Framework for Neurolinguistics. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (2):105-124. Vilayanur S. Ramachandran, The Simulating Social Mind: The Role of the Mirror Neuron System and Simulation in the Social and Communicative Deficits of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Michael A. Arbib & James Bonaiuto (2007). From Grasping to Complex Imitation: Mirror Systems on the Path to Language. Mind and Society 7 (1):43-64. Added to index2009-01-28 Total downloads26 ( #76,946 of 1,410,046 ) Recent downloads (6 months)2 ( #107,760 of 1,410,046 ) How can I increase my downloads?

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As the weather gets warmer in spring, rising greenhouse temperatures are controlled by opening ventilators and doors. The air can get very dry, and this is a problem for plants which prefer it moist, such as cucumbers, foliage plants and many orchids. Damping-down helps. You sprinkle the ground (and staging if any) with water using a hose or watering-can. The evaporation of the water humidifies and cools the air, reducing water stress on the plant leaves. The humidity also prevents tomato pollen from drying out and encourages a better set of fruit. In warm weather the water will quickly dry off and you may need to damp down more than once a day. Capillary matting or old carpet holds more water than a concrete path and they keep the humidity up for longer. In really hot weather you may need to spray the plant leaves as well. Damping down discourages some pests like red spider and thrips which don’t like the humidity. On the other hand, the same humidity can encourage the botrytis fungus that causes grey mould, so carefully remove all rubbish and dead leaves, and don’t damp down late in the day to let the greenhouse dry out before dark. We have a star in our midst! The new Star Greenhouse from Janssens is now on display. This beautiful little Greenhouse being a Janssens is a substantial one, made with the same aluminium profiles as the Helios range of Greenhouses. It is 1.62m x 2.36m and 1.81m high at the sides. It is available in an attractive black or green powder coated frame with decorative ridge finials and crestings. The glass is 4mm toughened. The price is currently 2,144 euro for the DIY kit (for self assembly). Customers are most welcome to come and view six days a week (Monday to Saturday) during office hours. As the days get shorter and cooler, greenhouse plants need less and less water. If you go on giving them as much water as in summertime, problems will build up. Firstly, the plants may continue to grow soft young shoots that will be susceptible to frosts and disease, instead of slowing down their growth-rate and hardening up their stems for the winter. Secondly, the dampness caused by all the watering will encourage the fungus growth that causes leaf moulds and root rots. This is made worse by the lack of sun to dry off plant and soil surfaces quickly after watering. Thirdly, the excess water unused by the roots as it drains down through the soil dissolves essential plant nutrients out of the soil and carries them down beyond the roots’ reach. This process is called leaching (sometimes misspelled ‘leeching’, which is an entirely different thing). Fourthly, you are wasting water. What can you do? If you are using a watering computer set it to water less often, for example every fifth day instead of every third. The soil surface can dry off longer between waterings. You could also set it to run for a shorter time. Water in the early morning, so that leaves and soil can dry off before night, when humidity rises as the temperature falls. Instead of spraying with a hose use a can to apply water to the bases of plants without splashing their leaves and wetting the soil between them. Ventilate the greenhouse as often as you can. Check pot plants by touching the compost surface with a dry finger: if it is damp enough it will feel cool and compost particles will stick to your fingertip. Give little or no water until next time. We are delighted to announce we have moved into our new state of the art office. The office is a converted stone barn that has been radically renovated to include geothermal under floor heating, insulation to virtually passive standards, heat recovery and a lovely open bright feel to it. We will have an official opening in the spring. At the moment we are in the process of settling in but of course are open for Glasshouses and Polytunnel sales, visitors are most welcome. In due course we will have a showroom in the office for Greenhouse Accessories to complement our display area which has currently 24 structures (Greenhouses and Polytunnels) on show. De-leafing is one of the tasks that beginners to tomato-growing have to learn. It’s a simple task, and knowing why you need to do it makes it easier still. Basically, you take the lowest leaves off single-stemmed vine tomato plants as they grow upwards. It’s harder and less profitable to do it on bush-type plants with their smaller leaves and tangled growth habit, so just cut out any dead or diseased bits and otherwise leave them alone. Only the leaves on the top 75 centimetres of vine tomatoes contribute to their growth and yield: the rest are passengers using up feed and water. The lowest leaves are the oldest, most tired and shaded ones that contribute nothing. They are magnets for fungus diseases such as Botrytis (grey mould), and increase the risk of infection of ripening tomatoes by trapping damp stagnant air around them. They can hide weeds and slugs that make things worse again. There are two ways of de-leafing. In the morning, when plants are still pumped up with water drawn up during the night, the leaf stem will snap off cleanly if bent sharply upwards at the base. The neat wound left behind will be dry and resistant to fungal infection by nightfall. The easiest way to break off leaves is to place your fingers behind the main stem opposite the leaf, and your thumb on the leaf stem about two centimetres above the base, then pull in your thumb smartly towards the main stem to break it inwards. If it hangs on to the stem by a bit at the top snap it downwards to finish the job. Cutting works too, but the stubs that you leave behind can rot and infect the main stem. Compost the leaves, and wash your hands thoroughly. In hot sunny weather opening all available doors and vents may not be enough to cool your greenhouse, especially if there’s no breeze. Plants suffer from stress if the temperature goes above 25-27°C (77-81°F): they wilt if they fail to get water from the soil and up to their leaves as fast as it evaporates out. If they wilt badly enough the leaf edges will die and turn brown (scorch) and growth and yield will be reduced. Apart from plenty of watering and full ventilation, shading is the answer. It blocks the entry of infra-red light into a greenhouse and reduces the build-up of heat but it also reduces the visible light needed for plant growth, so use only as much shading as the plants need and only when they need it. A recording thermometer can help you decide how much and when. Shading paint can be applied to glasshouses with aluminium or painted wood frames, but it can stain polythene, polycarbonate and unpainted wood permanently. Paint it on in spring or summer when needed and clean it off in autumn when no longer wanted. It’s inflexible when the weather changes often. Shade netting or roller blinds can be fixed up to the inside of the frame or over the top of the greenhouse, and small plants can be shaded with larger plants or sheets of newspaper or tinfoil above them. Shading fixed inside the greenhouse is easier to adjust and blocks direct sunlight from the plants, but it still allows heat to build up. External shading controls the heat better, but can be more expensive to fit and interfere with vents. Automated blinds are handy but cost more. We are looking forward to participating at the Bloom Show in the Pheonix Park in Dublin next week. It is on from Thursday 29th to June 2nd inclusive. Bloom is a great day out for all the family. Our stand is number 35 and we will have the lovely Helios Victorian 34 that we had on display at Garden Show Ireland recently. We will be exhibiting at the Garden Ireland Show at Antrim Castle from Friday to Sunday this week (9th to the 11th of May). On display will be a black Helios Victorian Greenhouse. The radio station U105FM will be broadcasting again from our Greenhouse on Friday and Jonathan Pyle (a Director of Polydome) might be interviewed. Last year the show was at Hillsborough in beautiful surroundings and I am told that the Gardens at Antrim Castle are fabulous too. Looking forward to a great show and hoping the weather will be kind. It’s handy to be able to keep tender plants and grow salad crops in the greenhouse over the winter. Protected from the worst of the frost, they survive the cold so much better than outside. But aphids overwinter better in a greenhouse too. Commonly called greenfly, the many different species come in all colours and some, like woolly apple aphid and lettuce root aphid, are covered in white waxy ‘wool’ to deter predators. Aphids are weak fliers, and easily killed by cold or washed away by rain. Their only hope of survival outdoors is to lay eggs to hatch out in spring, but in a warmer, drier and wind-free greenhouse the adults can live all winter. When the sap starts to rise in your precious plants they give birth to live young which are bearing young themselves in a few days, so their numbers snowball quickly. What can you do? Various aphid predators can be bought for releasing into a greenhouse, but most take time to build up and reduce aphid numbers to an acceptable level. For best results use them exactly as recommended. You could rescue adult ladybirds from winter prunings and cleanups, and leave them on the plants in your greenhouse. Sprays come and go: check with your local garden shop or centre to see what’s currently available, and follow the instructions carefully. Some spray very dilute washing-up liquid weekly. If you want organic remedies try Pyrethrum or sprays based on fatty acids, or on plant or fish oils such as rapeseed oil. Hose down plants with water to dislodge aphids, or squish them on the shoot tips between finger and thumb, or brush them off with a soft brush. Grow root aphid-resistant lettuce varieties. Tagetes grown between other plants can deter aphids. You could pull out the last of your summer crops from your greenhouse, clean it up for the winter and close it until spring. But why not have it produce fresh green salads for you all winter? If you didn’t sow any leaf greens in recent weeks you can still sow turnip seed in early November and expect the soil to be still warm enough for some growth. It will grow slower than would September-sown crops but still be worthwhile. Failing that, you can plant roots of turnip and beetroot in pots or the greenhouse soil and let them sprout leaves as if it were next spring. The leaves might not be as good eating as the seedling ones but will be better than nothing. The roots may need some frost to trigger this re-growth. Watch out for slugs. Chicory has traditionally been grown for forcing in winter. Dig up straight roots about 2cm thick, cut the leaves back to about 2cm high and shorten the roots to about 15cm. Store them flat in sand in a cool shed. Every few weeks, plant a half-dozen or so roots upright and tight together in a medium pot of damp compost, placing it in a shady part of the glasshouse and covering over the top with an upturned pot (cover the drainage holes) to exclude light. Darkness makes the emerging leaves paler and less bitter. Cut them for eating when about 15cm high. Rhubarb roots can be forced too. Dig up crowns and leave them exposed to frost. Then pack them tightly into a container with old compost, leaving them upright. Put it in a shady part of the greenhouse covered with black plastic. Harvest the sticks when still small and dump the exhausted roots afterwards.

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So you want to start creating your own games? Then you've come at the right place. This article will get you started on creating simple 2D games. Note: After you've read this article, I suggest you go for this course: https://www.udemy.com/gamedeveloper/?couponCode=ONLYforGAMEDEV Following this link you can buy my Game Maker: Studio course for just $12 (52% off) and learn making 2 games in just 2 hours. Game Maker: Studio What is that? Game Maker: Studio is a popular game development software used by many Indie Game Developers all over the world. It's easy; yet powerful. It has a free version which is capable of making good games for Windows. Further, the professional version can be bought for more features and can be extended by buying packages to be able to make games for different platforms such as Android, Mac, iOS, etc. There are mainly two ways of creating your game: Using the Drag&Drop actions, or by coding. In this article, we'll make our game using the coding language of Game Maker: Studio, which is called Game Maker Language and often abbreviated as GML. Don't worry, it's very easy. Let's proceed. Understanding the basics Before starting, understanding the basics is a must. Let's see how a game is created in GM:S. Sprites are the images created/imported in the software to be used for different things such as the character, a block, the wall, or the boss. A sprite can be a single image or a series of images (or sub-images) which results in an animated sprite. Sprites can be created using the sprite-editor in GM:S or can be imported from any file. Objects signify different elements of a game, such as a character, a block, a power-up, an enemy, or anything. So every different element, or simply object of a game needs a different object. Sprites can be assigned to objects. Further, you can add events, actions and code in the object which define its actions, and then can be placed in a room, which will be shown when you play your game. Note: If you understand this completely, then, good for you. If not, or if you're confused, don't worry - just keep reading. You'll get it eventually. Rooms can be defined as levels in your game. A room is a rectangular space - its size is defined by its width and height in number of pixels. (Example: A width of 1024 and a height of 768 pixels will result in a room of size 1024x768) After a room is created, objects can be put in the space of the room, and a level can be designed in this way. This way, many rooms, or levels, can be created. When you start your game, the first room is shown first. Our first game! So now that we're done with the basics, we'll start by creating a simple game. We'll be making a simple character who needs to collect coins to win, avoiding the enemies. Start Game Maker: Studio. You'll see a small window with many tabs. Open the New Tab, enter your project name and click on Create. You'll see an empty window with many folders in the left pane. That's where all of the Sprites, Objects, Rooms, Sounds and everything is sorted. Quite neat, isn't it? ;) In that left pane, the first folder will be Sprites. Right-click on it and select Create Sprite. You'll see sprite0 under the folder Sprites - that's your first sprite! A small window will open - that's the sprite manager. It shows your sprite with many options. It's empty for now, because you haven't created or imported any sprite. Name it spr_player, because it will be our player's sprite. Click on Load Sprite to load any image file for the player, or click on Edit Sprite to create your own. Creating your sprite Now that you've clicked on Edit Sprite, another window will open: This is where all of the subimages of your sprite are created. From the menus on the top, open the File menu and select New.... Enter the dimensions of the sprite in the window that opens. In our case, we'll use width: 32, height: 32. Hit enter, and in that window, a small sprite will be created, with the name image 0. Wow. You just created the first subimage of your sprite! Double-click on the sub-image you just created. Another window will open, and this one is the sprite editor. You'll see it's mostly like Paint. Now - use your creativity! Create your player, as you like. Remember: We're creating a Top-Down game, which means the player must be created as seen from the top. And, it must face right: or else it'll cause problems. Now, create! :D Done with the sprite? Click on the Green Tick on the top-left in the window. It'll close, and in the sub-image editor you'll see your player image. Again, click on the Green Tick. There's your sprite! Under 'Origin', click on 'center'. This is the point from where the sprite will rotate; and it must be the center. Now click OK to save the sprite. Now, in the same way, create these sprites: a wall block, a coin, and an enemy - and remember, they too must be from the top and the enemy also should be facing right. Don't forget to name them after "spr_"(Like spr_player, spr_coin). Use the size 32x32 for all of these sprites. Done with creating the sprites? Let's move on to creating our objects. Find the objects folder from the left pane, right-click on it and choose Create Object. Your object (object0) will be created and the object manager window will open. First of all, change the name from object0 to obj_player. Yes, obj_ will be used as the object name prefix. Prefixes: Name prefixes such as spr_ (for sprite names), obj_ (for object names), room_ (for room names) aren't compulsory but they're used so that it's easier to reference them in code. For example: A coin is a coin but while coding, you'll know what you want to reference and it will be easier: spr_coin for the sprite and obj_coin for the object. Now, under the place where you typed the name of the object will be a menu where you can select the sprite you want to use with the object. Click on it and select spr_player. Click on OK to save the object. Now, in the same way, create objects for the coin, the wall block and the enemy. Wow! Do you realise that you're creating your own game? You're not far away from getting it running. Just keep reading! Done with creating the objects, and assigning sprites to them? Good. Now let's start the next step. Double-click on obj_player. In object manager, you'll see two empty panes: the one on the left is the event pane, and the one on the left is the action pane. Events are the specific events which trigger the actions inside them. For example, actions inside the 'left arrow key' event will be executed when the left arrow key on the keyboard is pressed. The 'Create' event works when the object is created first, and that's the only time the actions inside the create event are executed. Actions inside the 'Step' event will be executed every step: or every frame. By default, there are 30 steps in a game, so it means actions inside the Step event will be executed 30 times a second. Woah! Similarly, there are many events. Room Speed, which tells how many steps there will be in the room, can be changed from the room settings. Default is 30. Now, right-click in the event pane and select "Add" or just click on "Add Event" below the pane. A small window will open, which contains all of the existing events. Click on Keyboard, and select Left Arrow Key. Similarly, add events for Right Arrow Key, Up Arrow Key and Down Arrow Key. Now we'll add the code for these events. Click on the Left Arrow Key Event. Now look at the action pane - in the rightmost pane, there are many events which can be dragged into the action pane. They're called Drag & Drop actions. We'll not use them; we'll use an action which is used to add code. See the many tabs on the right side? Open the control tab. From the actions there, choose the first action under the name "Code". (There will be total 3 actions under 'Code') Drag it into the action pane. A window will open - it's the text editor for entering the code. Enter this code in the window: Let me explain what this does. x is the horizontal property, so it defines the horizontal position of the object in the room in the number of pixels. Similarly, y is the vertical property - it defines the vertical position of the object. So, x=254 will change the horizontal position of the object to 254 pixels in the room. If x increases, the object will move right. If it decreases, it'll go left. If y increases, the object will go down, and if it decreases, it'll move up. What we're doing is telling the object to move left when Left Arrow Key is pressed - so we're decreasing its x property, by using x-=3 - which means subtract 3 from x. Now click on the Green Tick at the Top-Left. You'll see that your code action has been added in the action pane. You can open and edit the code any time just by double-clicking on the action. Now, in the same way, add codes for the other Arrow Key actions. Open the next event. Drag the Code action from the control tab of D&D (Drag and Drop) menu. Here are the codes for the arrow keys: (I suggest you first yourself guess what the code will be based on what I told you in the previous paragraph about reducing and increasing x and y to move) Right Arrow Key: Up Arrow Key: Down Arrow Key: Added the code? Press OK to save your object. Let's move on to creating the room. Find the Rooms folder in the left pane and... I think you know what to do. Right Click > Create Room. Your room, namely room0, will be created. We'll let this be the name. Another window opens - this one will be the room manager. You'll see an empty space along with a left pane and some options on the top - that empty space is your room, basically what you'll see when you start your game. In the left pane, there will be many tabs. Open the Settings tab, and change the room width and height to 800 and 600, respectively. Now, open the Objects tab. Before adding objects, change both x snap and y snap to 32, which are found on the top in the room manager window. Now, in the left pane, click on the empty pane under the tabs. A menu will open with all of your objects. Click on the wall object (obj_wall). You'll see its sprite there - it means that the object has been selected. Now, use your mouse to add the wall blocks in the room (that empty space on the right). Left-click to add one or hold Ctrl+Shift while Left-clicking to continuously add them. What you want to do here is create your level - design it. Add the wall blocks so that the player has to navigate through the level to find the coins. If you misplace any object, they can just be dragged and re-placed, or deleted using Right Click > Delete. Done with adding the wall blocks? Now select the coin object (obj_coin) from the left pane and add 10 coins in your level. After adding the coins, add a few enemies. Add them at a place where they can move up - where a wall block is not blocking their way. After adding the enemies, select obj_player and add it into the room. That's where our player will start, so choose a nice place. Now save the room using the same green tick you see in every window. Now let's add more code. We've just made the player move. Double-click open obj_coin. Click on Add Event and choose Collision and select obj_player. This is the event that triggers when the object (obj_coin) collides with the object you just selected (obj_player). Let's add code in it. Select the event, open the control tab, and drag the Code action into the Action Pane. Add this code: score+=1 will increase the score by one everytime the player gets the coin. instance_destroy() will delete the object instance of the coin. That's to show that the player had taken the coin. Click on the Green Tick. Press OK to save the object. Now, open obj_player. Add a collision event with obj_wall. Add Event > Collision > obj_wall Add this code in it: This code restricts the player from walking through the wall block. xprevious is the previous x property of the object. yprevious is the previous y property of the object. When the player collides with the wall, its position is immediately changed to its previous position (before the collision), stopping it there. Click on the green tick. Add another collision event, this one with obj_enemy. Add this code: This will restart the room whenever the player collides with the enemy. Click on the green tick. Add Step event. It executes 30 times a second. In its code, add: if x>xprevious image_angle=0 if xyprevious image_angle=270

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Being properly hydrated when hiking or backpacking is not only vitally important for your health, but for your enjoyment as well. Dehydration can lead to serious health problems, which can be especially dangerous if you’re on a backpacking trip in the middle of no where for days at at time. The biggest issue that comes with stay hydrated is that water is heavy and inconvenient to carry! So in order to keep weight you’re carrying as low as possible while also ensuring that you stay hydrated, it’s best to figure out just how much water you expect to need during your hike. Hydration Best Practices Pre-hydrate – hydrating before hiking gives your body a “head start” so that once you start hiking, you’ll last longer before needing more water. If you’re starting already dehydrated, it’s going to be more difficult to remain hydrated during your hike. Drink about a liter of water in the few hours before setting off if you can. Drink it slowly so that your body an absorb it – and then make sure to pee before you leave! Sip Often – start sipping water every 10-15 minutes right at the beginning of the hike. Don’t wait until you’re thirst to start drinking. The more you can keep yourself hydrated throughout the hike, the more enjoyable your trip will be. Don’t Chug – if you’re sipping water every 10-15mins, you’re constantly re-hydrating your body. The small amounts allows the water to be better absorbed. If you’re chugging water, it’s going to go through you more quickly as it’s too much at one time for your body to absorb. Don’t Over Do It – it is possible to drink too much water. While it’s very unlikely that you will actually do this, too much water can also make you pee a lot, which reduces your hiking time and just makes you feel full and bloated. It can also dilute sodium levels in your blood. (Salty snacks are also a good idea to enjoy on your hike!) Replace Electrolytes, Not Just Water – when you exert yourself and sweat, you lose electrolytes, which are also an important part of keeping your energy levels up. If you’re hiking for more than an hour, you should considered trying to replace electrolytes during this hike. Sodium and potassium are the most important, but calcium and magnesium are too. One of the easiest ways to do this is just to add an electrolyte powder to your water. Post-hydrate – once you’re done with your hike, drink extra water to re-hydrate yourself and get back to normal. If you’re backpacking, it’s especially important to drink water at camp in between hikes (when it’s available) as both a post and pre-hydrate. When you’re in the wilderness for days at a time, you want to keep your hydration levels up as much as possible since it will likely decrease over time the longer you’re away from steady water supplies. How much water should you drink when you’re hiking? Roughly a 1/2 liter (2 cups or 16oz) of water every hour is what you should be aiming for when hiking during normal conditions in order to stay hydrated. When hiking in heat, humidity, or at higher altitudes, this doubles to roughly 1 liter every hour. Also know yourself and listen to your body. While this is a good general rule of thumb to follow, it will vary from person to person. Some people just naturally drink and need more water than others. But if you’re not drinking 1/2 liter every hour, you really should try to increase this to avoid problems later on. Also to reduce weight, it’s a good idea to bring a water bottle with filter or purification tablets with you if you know there’s going to be a water source on the trail. That way you can just drink right out of the steam water that carrying all of your water with you! Calculating How Much Water To Bring When Hiking If you want to get more specific and take into account the myriad of other factors that can influence how much water you should drink, here’s a more detailed calculation for that: Here are the factors you need to know for this calculation: - elevation gain - backpack weight Get ready to do some math!: ((Miles x 20) + (Elevation Gain / 16.66) + ((Temperature – 80) -> (IF POSITIVE /20) x 120) + ((Altitude – 10000) -> (IF POSITIVE /2000) x 120) + ((Weight – 50) -> (IF POSITIVE /25) x 120) / 120 = Total Liters Then it’s also a good idea to add another .5 liters in there for safety. A 10 mi hike with an elevation gain of 2000ft in 100 degrees at an altitude of 12,000ft, carrying a 60lb pack. (Phew that sounds awful!) 10 Miles x 20 = 200 minutes 2000ft / 16.66 = 120 minutes 100 degrees – 80 = 20, which is a positive number, so we continue with the rest of this part of the equation; 20/20 = 1 unit of 20; 1 X 120 = 120 min 12,000ft – 10,000 = 2,000, which is a positive number, so we continue; 2,000/2,000 = 1 ; 1 x 120 = 120min 60lbs – 50 = 10, which is positive, so we continue; 10/ 25 = .4; .4 x 120 = 48mins Total minutes = 608 / 120 = 5.06 liters (+.5 for safety) How this calculation works: We are trying to reduce all of these variations into time, which can then be converted to liters. In general, the average person walking on a flat path will finish a mile in less than 20mins. So Miles x 20 = Minutes to finish those miles In general, every extra 1000ft of elevation gain will take an additional hour. 1000ft elevation gain = 60mins. If it’s hot (over 80 degrees), you should bring an extra liter of water for every 20 degrees. Temperature – 80 = Degrees over 80. If this number is positive: Degrees over 80 / 20 = Units of 20. For every unit of 20, we want to bring an additional liter of water, but we need to write this in time rather than liters so that it can be added to the other metrics. In the general estimate of time to liters mentioned above, .5 liter = 60mins. So 1 unit of 20 = 1 liter = 120mins. You should also bring an additional liter for every 2,000ft if hiking over altitudes of 10,000ft. Altitude – 10,000 = altitude over 10,000ft. Altitude over 10,000ft/2000 = Units of 2000. For every unit of 2000, we want to bring an additional liter of water, but we need to write this in time rather than liters. So 1 unit of 20000 = 1 liter = 120mins For very heavy backpacks (over 50 lbs), we want to bring an additional liter per 25lbs. Weight – 50 = weight over 50lbs. Weight over 50lbs/25 = Units of 25. For every unit of 25, we want to bring an additional liter of water, but we need to write this in time rather than liters. So 1 unit of 25 = 1 liter = 120mins Add all of that together and you get the total value of these variables in minutes. Divide this by 120 (120 is 60 (minutes in an hour) x 2 (.5 liter every hour)) How Much Water Should I Carry When Backpacking? Water is heavy – probably one of the heaviest things you’re going to carry. It generally weights about 2lbs per liter, which can add up really quick! If you know there’s going to be water along the trail, I highly recommend bringing a water bottle with filtration system, purification tablets, or a gravity water filter (this is great for once you set up camp to purify larger amounts of water!) so that you can just drink from the available water and not have to bring all of it with you. As a general rule of thumb, you should be prepared for .5 liters every hour. Plus an additional liter for every 1,000ft of elevation gain. If you want a much more detailed and complicated equation taking into consideration several factors, that’s available above. Know your pace and plan out your trip so that you only have to carry the water that you need for each section between water sources. This will ensure that your pack stays as light as possible while still carrying the necessary amount of water. Also keep in mind that a lot of times, water is also needed for your food. Take a look at your meal plan and see how much water you’re going to need to make your food. Dehydrated food takes a lot of water – sometimes .5 – 1 liters per pouch! – and this needs to be accounted for in your calculations for water. This is also why gravity water filters are really helpful when setting up a campsite where you plan on spending a few days since you can filter a large amounts of water at one time. Carrying your Water: Bottle vs Bladder Why not both?! I always bring both a bladder and bottle with me when I’m backpacking since each one has it’s own strengths and weaknesses. I use the bladder while I’m hiking since it’s so convenient and then will fill up a water bottle with the local water source on the trail and use this for cooking or to refill the bladder. Hydration packs or bladders Pros: Really convenient when on the move and carries a lot of water (usually 3 liters). They allow you to have your hands free since the water is on your back and also make it very easy to sip your water since the hose is easily available over your shoulder all the time. Cons: More difficult to refill, get water out of, and clean. Harder to know when it’s almost empty Also due to the large volume, if you want to add electrolytes or flavors, it’s going to effect all of your water supply. Reusable bottles can either come with a water filtration system automatically built in, or just a good sturdy regular bottle. When choosing a water bottle, the mouth size can be an important thing to consider. If you plan on using this bottle to collect water along the trail (drips from a seep or a small stream), a larger mouth is generally better. Pros: Easy to refill in streams, from seeps, or other water sources. Easier to get water out of if needed for cooking. Cons: Carries a smaller amount of water. Harder to drink from (need to stop to get it out of your pack) or you have to carry it in your hands. How do you know how much water is left in your hydration pack? This can be a bit tricky. I’ve definitely incorrectly estimated how much water I was drinking while hiking and had much less than expected by the time we got to camp. Currently there isn’t a way to monitor the water levels in your hydration pack without just looking at it. There have been a few purposed products such as HydrateMate and Hydration System, which would do this, but as far as I know has not come to exist yet. You really just have to guesstimate. Know yourself and how quickly you usually drink water and if you think you’re feeling particularly thirty during this hike. Expect to drink more when it’s hot and you’re at higher elevations. It’s also a good idea to stop and check your bladder whenever you’re near a water source even if you don’t think you need to refill.

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Introduction / History The Warembori people maintain their livelihood by swidden agricultural, hunting, gardening, fishing and crabbing along the rivers and marshlands of their coastal region. The Warembori people can most easily be accessed from Serui by a 7-8 hour boat trip. The Arupi clan of the Warembori moved south in 1988 and intermarry with the people of Kaipuri. The Warembori people enjoy dances and song cycles. The peoples' main diet is sago, fish, and yams. Houses are generally along the coast on stilts. The Warembori people have no gospel cassettes, films, nor videos in their language. The Warembori are sometimes known as the Warenbori, Waremboivoro, or Warabori people but they prefer to be called Warabori. Warembori is the main language at home. |Profile Source: GMI Papua|

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Jake Garn Simulator and Training Facility |Back To Multimedia| The Jake Garn Mission Simulator and Training Facility, otherwise known as the Integrated Training Facility, is the prime training facility for astronauts in the Shuttle and Space Station programs. [top] Shuttle Mission Training Facility (SMTF) The SMTF is the only high-fidelity simulator facility for flight crews and ground controllers for all phases of a Shuttle mission, from launch minus 30 minutes to landing and roll out. To support this requirement, the SMTF uses real-world flight computers and associated software, along with flight cockpit hardware. In addition, visual, aural, and motion cues are provided by computer generated out-the-window scenes, hidden speakers, and a motion platform. In the last 25 years, flight simulation has become the major method of training personnel for commercial, military, and space vehicle operations. Ever since the Mercury and Apollo programs, flight simulation has proven to be the best way to train astronauts. Constructed in 1976-77, the facility has been operational since late 1978 and is expected to provide Shuttle crew training for the life of the Shuttle Program. The SMTF includes the Fixed Base Simulator, Guidance and Navigation Simulator, Motion Base simulator, and the Space Habitability Simulator. The Motion Base is a high-fidelity replica of the Shuttle forward flight deck with seating for four astronauts, mounted on a platform assembly with seven hydraulic servo-actuators to pitch the crew cabin up to 90 degrees. The simulation controls, along with the platform motion, give the perception of vehicle motion. [top] Space Station Training Facility (SSTF) The Space Station Training Facility provides for mission training, flight procedures verification, and contingency mission support for the Space Station Program. This is the only facility in the program capable of providing full system simulation for the crews of both the Space Station and Space Shuttle programs. Additionally, it provides training for the flight control team in Mission Control at Johnson Space Center, and the payload support teams at Marshall Flight Center. The design is open and flexible to include simultation devices for the International Partners in the Space Station Program. The Space Station Training Facility consists of a set of crew stations which replicate the interior of various modules of the Space Station. The modules can be operated individually or in tandem to simulate the full Space Station Mission. Further, the facility can be operated in conjunction with the other training simulators in this facility to provide a fully integrated set of training scenarios.

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CC-MAIN-2015-14

http://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/historic/Jake_Garn_Simulator_and_Training_Facility

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Posted on: 08/03/2016 Overcoming regulatory hurdles for energy storage could save the UK £7 billion a year, according to a report by the Carbon Trust. Andrew Lever, Director of Innovation at the Carbon Trust, said: “Storage turns conventional knowledge on its head as it doesn’t fit neatly into existing regulatory frameworks, which have been designed around an energy system where power is supplied to consumers from large centralised power stations. “We have now reached a stage where the technologies are looking promising, but will face challenges in deployment due to an outdated market framework. “An urgent rethink is needed so we can address and overcome the broken value chain of energy storage, which is essential if Britain is to provide low carbon energy at the lowest cost to the consumer.” £50 saved per consumer Using the National Grid’s “Gone Green” scenario, the report estimates that up to £2.4bn a year could be saved by 2030. Passing on half of this saving to consumers would trim £50 a year off the average bill. The report was compiled by the Carbon Trust and Imperial College London and funded by E.ON, SSE, Scottish Power, the Scottish Government and the Department of Energy & Climate Change.

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March 27, 2009 CDC: Pets considered a fall hazard The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says more than 86,000 people are injured each year in falls caused by their cats and dogs. That's an average annual injury rate of 29.7 per 100,000 people, the agency said in a release. Nearly 88 percent of the injuries were associated with dogs and women were twice as likely to be injured than men. Nearly 62 percent of dog-related injuries occurred inside or immediately outside the home. Thirty-one percent of those cases involved falling or tripping over a dog. Most falls involving cats occurred at home, with 66 percent due to the person falling or tripping over the cat. The CDC said there needs to be increased public awareness of pets and pet items as fall hazards and of situations that can lead to fall injuries. The American Veterinary Medical Association recommendations emphasizing obedience training for dogs should also be reinforced, the agency said.

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http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1661403/cdc_pets_considered_a_fall_hazard/

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What does sport mean in sport? - FAQ. Those who are looking for an answer to the question «What does sport mean in sport?» often ask the following questions - 8 other answers - Your answer - 23 Related questions Those who are looking for an answer to the question «What does sport mean in sport?» often ask the following questions: ❓ What does active sport mean? involving physical effort and action: active sports. having the power of quick motion; nimble : active as a gazelle. characterized by action, motion, volume, use, participation, etc.: an active market in wheat; an active list of subscribers. ❓ What does adapted sport mean? Adaptive or para sports include athletes with a variety of disabilities. While adaptive sports was originally created to encompass athletes with physical disabilities, initially only including athletes who used wheelchairs and gradually becoming more inclusive to ambulatory athletes with a disability, athletes with a visual impairment and so on. ❓ What does amg sport mean? A new trim designed to do battle with BMW’s M-performance cars and Audi’s ‘S’ models. AMG Sport represents a halfway-house between a full-blooded AMG model and a regular Mercedes. The C-Class C 450 AMG Sport gets a powerful turbocharged V6 engine but is still built in a Mercedes factory rather than by AMG by hand. 8 other answers Oxford Dictionary defines sport as "an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or a team competes against another or others for entertainment". By the latter... Sport refers to a competitive physical activity. Sport is generally recognised as activities based in physical athleticism or physical dexterity. Sports are usually governed by rules to ensure fair competition and consistent adjudication of the winner. Records of performance are often kept and reported in sport news. A sport is ... A human activity involving physical skill and exertion. Governed by a set of rules or customs. undertaken competitively and capable of achieving a result. Webster Dictionary (0.00 / 0 votes) Rate this definition: Sport noun that which diverts, and makes mirth; pastime; amusement Sport noun mock; mockery; contemptuous mirth; derision Sport noun that with which one plays, or which is driven about in play; a toy; a plaything; an object of mockery Sport ... The precise definition of what separates a sport from other leisure activities varies between sources. The closest to an international agreement on a definition is provided by SportAccord, which is the association for all the largest international sports federations (including association football, athletics, cycling, tennis, equestrian sports, and more), and is therefore the de facto ... In botany, a sport or bud sport, traditionally called lusus, is a part of a plant that shows morphological differences from the rest of the plant. Sports may differ by foliage shape or color, flowers, fruit, or branch structure. A sport in the plant world is a genetic mutation that results from a faulty chromosomal replication. The results of the mutation are a segment of the plant that is distinctly different from the parent plant in both appearance (phenotype) and genetics (genotype). Power in sports is the ability to exert maximum force as quickly as possible, as in jumping, accelerating and throwing. While strength in sports is the maximum force an athlete can apply to a given load, power is proportional to the speed at which the force is applied. The Most Interesting Questions - bay area elite baseball castro valley? - how to shrink hockey gloves? - ares sports rub? - gs25 bat? - evo coins tap baseball? - don bragg sports complex? - don leyo sport bar? - herbies hockey drill? - a 500 kilogram sports car? - dingers batting cages kyle tx? - de ware tijd sport? - a rod bat gs25? - which sport uses the lightest ball? - john henry smith wvit? - sportsarefree kodi? - a 450 kg hockey puck? - how to shorten baseball swing? - baseball legend melvin thomas crossword clue? - sports and studies are equally important? - pegassi faggio sport? - bama belleck cup? - yugioh 5ds ar codes? - european mountain running championships zermatt? - how to pronounce ellesse brand? - bangalore blues challenge cup? - baseball boy online? - maverick sport front bumper? - atpi sports events canada? - gta faggio sport? - barna bellack cup? - a 1000 kg sports car accelerates? - can chiropractors perform sports physicals in california? We've handpicked 23 related questions for you, similar to «What does sport mean in sport?» so you can surely find the answer! What does mainstream sport mean? In the US, the term “mainstream sports” typically. refers to professional football, professional basketball, professional baseball (Rinehart, 2005), and arguably. professional hockey, golf, and auto racing (Sport. Business Research Network, 2010). What does mean in sport? a person known for the way she (or he) behaves when teased or defeated or subjected to trying circumstances "a good sport"; "a poor sport" sport, sportsman, sportswoman noun someone who engages in sports What does mil sport mean? Many ranges limit or forbid rifle cartridges so the Mil Sport allows people to run carbines on more restrictive ranges. So as you can see the it has a lot going for it and if you are in the market for a 9 x 19 carbine or another rifle, you may want to give this one a think. There are a few things I do not care for. What does non sport mean? What does nonsport mean? Definitions for nonsport non·sport Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word nonsport. What does olympic sport mean? It can be defined as follow a sport that has been recognised by the olympic committee and will or has been undertaken at an olympic event. Many sports that appear in the olympics have their own sporting events out side that of teh Games What does poor sport mean? Wiktionary (2.00 / 1 vote) Rate this definition: poor sport (Noun) someone who exhibits improper behaviour during a game, whether winning or losing poor sport (Noun) someone who cannot take a joke What does rally sport mean? Rally is a form of motorsport that takes place on public or private roads with modified production or specially built road-legal cars… Rallies may be won by pure speed within the stages or alternatively by driving to a predetermined ideal journey time within the stages. What does sanctioned sport mean? Boys volleyball and boy’s lacrosse are the only two that have yet to be sanctioned. Since boy’s volleyball is not sanctioned by the IHSAA, they are not considered a school sport. They are considered a club sport. “If you’re not sanctioned, you have to be called a club (sport),like us or lacrosse,” boy’s volleyball coach Joe Leonard said. What does spectator sport mean? Spectator sport definition is - a sport (such as football, baseball, ice hockey, etc.) that many people watch. How to use spectator sport in a sentence. What does sport casual mean? Casual: A Definition Casual basically means “whatever you’d like—as long as it’s event appropriate.” Like business casual, casual dress is dictated in part by the nature of the event. But casual attire offers a much wider range of possibilities than business casual attire. What does sport coat mean? A sport coat, also called a sport jacket (sports coat or sports jacket in American English), is a men 's smart casual lounge jacket designed to be worn on its own without matching trousers, traditionally for sporting purposes. What does sport codes mean? Sport Code WSQ abbreviation meaning defined here. What does WSQ stand for in Sport Code? Get the top WSQ abbreviation related to Sport Code. What does sport fit mean? One of your shoulders may be lower than the other (more common than you’d think) This is why proper shoulder fit is monumentally important when it comes to suit jackets and sport coats. Take a long look at the collar area and see if there’s any gap. In fact, check right now, with the suit hanging in your closet. What does sport fragrance mean? Sport is usually a flanker (addition), so when there's a fragrance that sells really well, the companies want to take advantage of customers who already like it and the brand equity that's been built. To do that, they release various "new" updated versions of the scent. One of the easiest ones to do is a lighter version, often the "sport" one ... What does sport mean specficity? According to the BBC, specificity is a principle in sport training that states that training a certain body part or component of fitness yields benefits that are specific and related to it. It implies that one needs to incorporate a certain exercise or skill into a training program if one hopes to become better at it. What does sport modality mean? What is a PT/OT modality? A modality is a type of electrical, thermal or mechanical energy that causes physiological changes. It is used to relieve pain, improve circulation, decrease swelling, reduce muscle spasm, and deliver medication in conjunction with other procedures. What does sport performance mean? Sport Performance. Sport performance is the manner in which sport participation is measured. Sport performance is a complex mixture of biomechanical function, emotional factors, and training techniques. Performance in an athletic context has a popular connotation of representing the pursuit of excellence, where an athlete measures his or her ... What does sport personality mean? Sports And Personality. Personality has been defined as the relatively stable organization of an individual's character, temperament, intellect, and physique, which shapes the individual's behavior and his or her actions in a given situation. Click to see full answer. What does team sport mean? A team sport includes any sport where individuals are organized into opposing teams which compete to win. Team members act together towards a shared objective. This can be done in a number of ways such as outscoring the opposing team. What does trd sport mean? In the event you were wondering: TRD stands for “Toyota Racing Development.” This is Toyota’s in-house tuning shop for all Toyota, Lexus, and formerly Scion cars. TRD is responsible both for improving street cars for more performance and supporting Toyota's racing interests around the world. TRD Sport. Some Tacomas will never see dirt. What does wrangler sport mean? If you’re looking for the best budget off-road vehicle for sale today, the Wrangler Sport and Sport S fill that need. For under $30k, the Sport is a one-of-a-kind, 4 wheel drive vehicle that is nearly unstoppable off-road and provides the open air, wind in your air experience Jeeps are known for. Chevrolet what does rally sport mean? - RS stands for “Rally Sport,” which was an option package on the first-generation Camaro , starting in 1967. For just $105 more than the base Camaro price, it included dress-up items like chrome wheel well and roof drip rail moldings, a wide, lower body molding, RS emblems, and its most distinctive feature — hideaway headlights. Sb sport what does it mean? Sport SB abbreviation meaning defined here. What does SB stand for in Sport? Get the top SB abbreviation related to Sport.

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CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://sport-topics.com/what-does-sport-mean-in-sport

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“The chance of an education is a chance to escape poverty, to improve health and to enhance opportunities.” Educate A Child (EAC) supports the hardest-to-reach out of school children (OOSC) around the world facing barriers to education including poverty, discrimination, conflict, challenging geographies and climate change. EAC and its partners scale up existing education projects in support of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal of achieving quality education for all by 2030. EAA’s Educate A Child is built around a uniquely flexible model. EAC’s local and national partners tailor their grassroots solutions to the needs of OOSC in their communities and countries, and in line with predefined goals and success metrics. This allows EAC to adjust its programming and bridge formal with non-formal education approaches, thereby reaching and engaging OOSC no matter their geography, circumstances or context. While in addition to maintaining support for its existing OOSC education interventions, EAC has committed to reaching an additional 1 million children each year and implemented the forward-looking At-Risk Initiative to help prevent vulnerable children from dropping out of education. Furthermore, EAC’s ZERO Strategy aims to work with countries that have a demonstrated commitment to UPE and bring their remaining primary OOSC populations into quality education.

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https://www.educationaboveall.org/our-programmes/educate-a-child

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Robots Autmating Construction Habitat for Humanity Habitat for Humanity has provided over 4 million people with homes since its inception in 1976, and new technologies can help to double that number faster than ever thought possible (“Putting Habitat”). Automated construction workers are a cost effective way to help Habitat for Humanity become more efficient and helpful to society than ever before. Three criteria to be met for a solution to be acceptable. First, it has to fit the budget for Habitat for Humanity. It does this. Currently, construction robots can cost as much as $650,000, but new technologies are exponentially decreasing this cost in the next few years (Cook). In addition, the organization will see a return on investment in three years or less. Secondly, the solution has to provide professional work. The solution fits this because these machines can do a better job than most experts with years of experience (Markoff). Third, it has to have an efficient implementation. The solution does this. Crossland Construction Company saved $850,000 by implementing automation (Kronos). Habitat for Humanity can do the same by adopting automated construction workers. Although it is a large initial cost, it pays out and will save money long term. Habitat for Humanity needs to adopt automated construction workers in their projects. As a relatively new technology, many people might believe that this is way too expensive and unreliable; however, they are wrong. As the demand for automated construction workers increases, the price will drop and Habitat for Humanity will save money. It is also efficient because they perform work much safer, faster, and better quality than volunteers can. The organization, volunteers, and people being served all benefit. Luckily, the question of whether this solution will work and save money is already being answered by companies such as Crossland Construction Company who have already saved hundreds of thousands of dollars by implementing this technology. Automated construction workers will reinvigorate Habitat for Humanity by reducing the number of required volunteers, creating professional quality homes, and keeping workers safe. Without automated workers, Habitat for Humanity will continue to lose volunteers and build poor quality housing for the same price as other companies. These robots are a fairly large capital investment, but the returns are well worth the cost. Automated construction working are about to become the next big thing, and investing now will put Habitat for Humanity at the forefront of global charities. This solution will be very cost effective and provide quality homes to people all around the world at a price they normally wouldn’t be able to afford. One of the biggest problems faced by nonprofit and charitable organizations aside from funding may be the lack of resources including volunteers. Consequently, the lack of volunteers has the ability to create various problems. For example, according to a news article published on WKOW on June 18th, 2015, the lack of volunteers for Habitat for Humanity caused house projects to be delayed in Reeedsburg, Wisconsin, resulting in families being left homeless. It is clear that the huge dependence on volunteers for Habitat for Humanity and not being able to meet the need creates various issues. After consideration of the issue regarding volunteers for Habitat for Humanity, criteria was established to bring about a solution. First, the solution should aim to reduce the reliance of volunteers. Second, the solution should be efficient in work. Lastly, the solution should require minimum human input. As a group, we believe that automated house building robots can fix the issue regarding the lack of volunteers, as well as many other issues, by aiding with the bricklaying aspect of the house project. Through evaluation of the solution, it was decided that this in fact met the criteria. First, the robots would decrease the reliance on volunteers. According to an article published on Gizmag by David Nield on June 30, 2015, Australian engineers built a robot named Hadrian that can create brickwork 20 times faster than humans. By using robots such as Hadrian, Habitat for Humanity could benefit by not having to rely on as many volunteers to be able to complete house projects. Furthermore, the robots can help build houses faster and more efficiently. According to the same article published on Gizmag, it was stated that robots such as Hadrian could complete laying brick on houses in just two days. Since these house-building robots have the capability of finishing so quickly, Habitat for Humanity could theoretically build up to 150 homes per year per robot. Additionally, the robots have the ability to free up volunteers to do other work. According to an article published on Digital Trends by Steve Castle on June 29, 2015, these house-building robots use a CAD program to calculate the location of every brick, cut the bricks, and apply the mortar. Since the robots require minimal input or help besides delivering mortar and bricks to the robot, volunteers could be used to do other work that is safer and requires more attention instead of doing skilled work that they may or may not be qualified to do anyway. Lastly, the automated house building robots will only really replace humans in the bricklaying aspect of the house project; therefore, volunteers will still be needed to do other work such as carpentry, plumbing, etc. In the age we live now, a shortage of construction workers and a need to increase construction has led to robotics automating construction and building. To give you an idea of how much faster, a private Chinese construction company was able to raise a 30-story hotel in 15 days through just robotics. In order to develop quality houses that continue to be provided to families at a low-cost, Habitat for Humanity should focus on using automated construction workers. Urban projects tend to be more complex to deliver and one of the main factors is having suitable staff with the necessary skillsets. In an article written in 2008 by Jonathan Reckford, CEO of Habitat for Humanity International, he pointed out that more people were now living in urban areas than in rural areas and that 95 percent of this urban migration was occurring in developing countries. For Habitat, this means an urgent need for low-cost housing in urban areas and therefore, Habitat must be ready to meet some of these new challenges. As previously mentioned, the Fairway Oaks development made it possible for many low-income people to have a home of their own. However, John Leland, a journalist from The New York Times in 2008, claimed that seven years later, about 50 of these house owners had problems with their homes, such as cracks in house ceilings and concrete slab foundations. As a result of the presented issue, I have established three criteria that need to be met for a technological solution to be acceptable. First, there must be a reduction in construction time. Second, there must be a reduction in financing costs. Lastly, it should be user-friendly and safe for volunteers and workers. Therefore, I propose the use of robots that automate construction and building, due to their rapid results, better budgeting of materials and resources, and there easy button operations. Julia Sklar, a journalist from MIT Technology Review in September 2015, stated that robots lay three times as many bricks as construction workers. To provide a comparison, while a human lays about 300 to 500 bricks a day, a semi-automated mason, also known as SAM, is able to lay about 800 to 1,200 bricks a day, according to Sklar. Habitat builds for the prosperity of a community and therefore the proper investment in robotics is necessary. According the journalist Jack Nicas in The Wall Street Journal on January 2015, automating constructions helps mitigate any shortage of staff that needs to have certain skills to get the construction. Sklar also addresses having a human with one SAM is equivalent in productivity to having four or more masons on the job. Many pieces of technology might seem tedious to handle, but these robots will already be programmed with their specific tasks. Human operators would only have to monitor progress and handle the more subtle activities. As a matter of fact, these robots are fairly adaptable, being able to correct for differences between theoretical specifications and what’s actually in site, definitely helping the quality of housing. Automated robots, such as SAM, are not meant to replace humans but instead meant to leverage human jobs, which allow for volunteers to participate in meaningful ways. The reduction of time and cost all add up to a more efficient way of budgeting resources and being able to reach out to more people due to increasing need for low-cost shelters. Having to search for adequate staff that can provide the skillset necessary has been a hassle and will continue as there is a shortage of people in these specified areas. A possible negative effect for my solution is the initial expensive cost for buying just a few of these machines since it might take a couple of years before actually beginning to see a difference. In conclusion, using robots to automate construction is a new technologic solution to address the current challenges the organization is facing, specifically finding specialized workers to perform urban housing projects. Construction sites are very dangerous places. “Construction sites are dangerous places because of the equipment and tools being used.” (pa-workers-comp-lawyers.com). Habitat for Humanity does everything it can to train its volunteers and avoid an accident on site. But when using volunteer labor to construct houses accidents are bound to happen. According to OSHA.gov, in 2014, 874 construction workers died while working on site. These are professional construction workers who are very educated and are still being killed. On a construction site where paid construction professionals are working, OSHA regulates and has safety standards that all companies are required to follow to keep employees safe. But OSHA cannot legally enforce its rules on construction sites where only volunteers work. This means that there is virtually no regulation on a Habitat for Humanity build site except for the few site managers. Volunteers have been killed working for Habitat for Humanity. One man who dies was Ron Mellinger. Mellinger was a 73 year old man who volunteered his time to Habitat for Humanity and was electrocuted on site when a piece of metal he was carrying touched a highly charged wire. He died at the hospital on August 4, 2011. Another example of a lost life was Mel Hechel. According to the Dailyreport.com, Hechel fell through a hole on site that should have been covered, but for some reason, was not. Hechel was not just a volunteer with no construction experience, he was the founder and owner of M.M. Hechel Construction. Habitat for Humanity has even been sued in the injury of a man who, while volunteering, was injured on site. According to leagle.com, Lambert DeVries was climbing up a ladder when he fell off and was seriously injured. He sued and the case was DeVries v. Patterson Habitat for Humanity. These accidents could have been avoided by using automated robots on site. Robots are being put into dangerous situations every day instead of risking the loss of human life. Robots do not die or complain about a long day of work. Robots are being used to defuse bombs and put out fires. According to Nationalmedia.com, that in 2014 a bomb defusing robot cost about 12 million dollars and cheaper alternatives are being produced. This is an example of a very expensive and valuable robot being put at risk of being reduced to nothing but metal pieces if the bomb was to go off. If this seems like it financially seems unreasonable, you need to ask yourself one question. What is a human life worth? To sum everything up: the problem is the possible loss of life on a construction site run by Habitat for Humanity and the solution is replacing volunteers with robots for some of the more dangerous jobs. If the solution of using robots on site is implemented then Habitat for Humanity will not only be more efficient in construction because robots never quit, but they charity and its volunteers will be at less risk. This is why Habitat for Humanity should use automated robots on construction sites. "Cheaper Bomb Disposal Robots Developed by KMUTNB - The Nation." The Nation. N.p., 1 Sept. 2014. Web. 02 Dec. 2015. "Commonly Used Statistics." Commonly Used Statistics. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2015. "DeVRIES v. HABITAT FOR HUMANITY." DeVRIES v. HABITAT FOR HUMANITY. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2015. Digital Trends. N.p., 29 June 2015. Web. 27 Nov. 2015. "Global Village Volunteer Program." Habitat.org. Habitat for Humanity Int'l, 6 Mar. 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. Gizmag. N.p., 30 June 2015. Web. 27 Nov. 2015. "Habitat for Humanity's Construction Safety Policy." Habitat for Humanity’s Construction Safety Policy (n.d.): n. pag. Habitat for Humanity. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. Jacobson, Don. "Robots Replace Humans When Structures Must Be Demolished." Kronos. "Top Contractor Saves $850,000 in Labor Costs." Constructionexec.com. Construction Executive, 2 Mar. 2015. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. LancasterOnline. N.p., 5 Aug. 2010. Web. 27 Nov. 2015. Leland, John. "Habitat for Humanity’s Homes Faulted in Florida." Nytimes.com. The New York Times, 16 June 2007. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. Markoff, John. "Skilled Work, Without the Worker." Nytimes.com. The New York Times, 18 Aug. 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. Murillo, Sandra. "Injured While Helping Others, Retiree Is Left in Need of Help." Latimes.com. Los Angeles Times, 30 Dec. 2003. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. "Putting Habitat's Milestone Houses in Perspective." Habitat.org. Habitat for Humanity, 16 July 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. Nicas, Jack. "Drones' Next Job: Construction Work." The Wall Street Journal. N.p., 20 Jan. 2015. Web. 01 Dec. 2015. Nyam, Samson. "Urban Housing in Nigeria." Habitat for Humanity and Urban Issues 1st ser. 15 (2008): 6-7. Habitat.org. 2008. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. "OSHA's Top 25 Safety Violations." Habitat for Humanity Int'l. N.p., 05 Apr. 2013. Web. 01 Dec. 2015. Reckford, Jonathan. "Urban Habitat." Habitat for Humanity and Urban Issues 15``.1 (2008): 3. Habitat.org. 2008. Web. 1 Dec. 2015. Sam, Cook. "Software: Lay It Again, SAM." Masonrymagazine.com. Masonry Magazine, 24 Feb. 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. Sklar, Julia. "Robots Lay Three Times as Many Bricks as Construction Workers | MIT Startribune.com. Star Tribune, 24 Oct. 2013. Web. 30 Nov. 2015. Technology Review." MIT Technology Review. N.p., 02 Sept. 2015. Web. 01 Dec. 2015 Wkow.com. WKOW 27, 18 June 2015. Web. 27 Nov. 2015.

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Puget Sound is geologically a big fjord, a semi-enclosed body of water with its northern boundary marked by Admiralty Pass and the Strait of San Juan de Fuca, first mapped by Captain George Vancouver. Salt water from the nearby Pacific Ocean mixes with fresh water runoff from the surrounding watershed in western Washington, in a sheltered arm of ocean between Seattle and the mainland of Washington State to the east and the Olympic Peninsula to the west. The southern boundary is marked by where the mainland and the Olympic Peninsula meet, near Olympia. It is the second largest estuary in the United States, with 3,790 km (2,350 mi) of shoreline. The Puget Sound watershed covers nearly 42,800 km2 (16,500 sq mi) and consists of over ten thousand rivers and streams that drain into the Sound. The Puget Sound Region consists of Puget Sound itself, the islands of Puget Sound, the Kitsap Peninsula, plus the mainland counties which form both the western and eastern sides of Puget Sound leading up to the edges of the watershed in the high crests of the Cascade and Olympic mountain ranges. Counties with this area include: Island, Snohomish, Kitsap, King, Pierce, and Thurston It is difficult to break down Puget Sound into smaller regions because there are so many different geographic, cultural and political ideas that it entails. Locals generally refer to Puget Sound as both the body of water and the geographic area surrounding it, but even different bodies of government define Puget Sound as having different physical boundaries. For the sake of clarity Wikivoyage uses the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)official breakdown into five main regions. - North Puget Sound region lies north of the Admiralty Inlet and Port Townsend and west of Whidbey Island. Includes the city of Bellingham and the picturesque San Juan Islands. - King County, where Seattle is located, also has some unique suburbs, such as Bellevue, Redmond, Woodinville, Kent and many others that extend north, east and south from the core. Bordered to the west by the Kitsap Peninsula this region also includes Vashon Island and Blake Island. - Kitsap Peninsula - Whidbey Basin separates Whidbey Island from Camano Island the mainland and includes the city of Everett, at the north end is the famous and turbulent Deception Pass. - South Puget Sound region includes the cities south of Tacoma and the state capital at Olympia, further south. - Hood Canal stands as its own separate hook shaped branch of Puget Sound and separates the Kitsap Peninsula from the Olympic Peninsula The Puget Sound Region has many cities, check in the subregion articles for more of them. Some areas might be mentioned here but be covered more broadly in other subregion articles. For example Port Townsend is on the shores of Puget Sound, but it is part of the Olympic Peninsula subregion. - 1 Bellevue lies across Lake Washington to the east of Seattle. It is the fifth largest city in the state. - 2 Bremerton is the main city within the Kitsap Peninsula. This harbor town is fun place to explore. - 3 Everett is the main city on the North Sound. - 4 Gig Harbor small historical harbor town near the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. - 5 Olympia lies at the southernmost bit of Puget Sound. It is the beautiful state capital. - 6 Port Orchard classic harbor town with downtown shopping area on the Kitsap Peninsula. It is the county seat of Kitsap County. - 7 Port Townsend historic port with its turn of the century buildings is popular with tourists. - 8 Redmond, home of Microsoft, is on the Eastside of Seattle and offers parks, shopping, and more. - 9 Seattle is by far the largest city in the region. It is the heart of a vibrant metropolitan area and a major tourist destination. - 10 Silverdale is a popular town on the Kitsap Peninsula with amazing views of Puget Sound. - 11 Tacoma is another major city in the South Sound. Formerly mostly industrial, the city center has been beautified, and the city now offers attractions such as the famous Museum of Glass, Point Defiance Park, and the Washington State History Museum. It is county seat of Pierce County and home to University of Puget Sound, Pacific Lutheran University (PLU), and Joint Base McChord Military Installation. Puget Sound area offers a vast variety of areas from thick rain forests and rocky wild rivers to sophisticated urban areas with an international cultural influence. Puget Sounds complex series of waterways were formed from receding glaciers that left the area about 14,000 years ago cutting deep into the land forming valleys that eventually flooded creating the intricate landscape that we know today. According to scientific data the first people arrived in Puget Sound about 12,000 years ago, but according to native Suquamish people, legend says that all of the earth was water, then the Old One dried the land and created everything from mud, he used the last mud balls from the earth to create the people. Then he sent Coyote to teach the people how to live with the earth, Coyote traveled the earth teaching the people and making life better for them. By 1792 when Captain George Vancouver named the area after one of his officers and declared the area for Great Briton, the Suquamish and Salish people had already developed a multi facetted and complex society of their own. The Suquamish people called Puget Sound the Lushootseed name 'WulcH, which simply means "Salt Water". For thousands of years the Suquamish traveled the waters of Puget Sound in well designed cedar canoes and before settlers developed roadways a complex series of ferries known as the ‘Mosquito Fleet’ was also the main way people and goods were transported around the area and waters of Puget Sound became the first regional highway. Once the Washington Territory was established in 1853, the U.S. government began signing treaties with area tribes to acquire their lands. The Suquamish people ceded most of their land to the United States and logging came into the area in full force. The areas once impassible thick forests gave way to farms, towns and industry as lumber was shipped off to areas such as San Francisco or burned as fuel for the growing fleet of boats. Today the area has grown in international influence with economic powerhouses such as Boeing, Starbucks and Microsoft whose global reach is far beyond Washington State borders. Seattle is the largest cosmopolitan city with millions of people and the regions cultural influence is profound with many artistic and cultural endeavors reaching an international audience. Yet through all of this growth and change the people of the region are still tied to Puget Sound not only for transportation and a source of food but as the symbolic center of area culture. Despite common belief and contrary to widespread usage there is some debate on the exact boundaries of the area we call Puget Sound. For the sake of clarity we are using the boundaries established by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) which draws the northern border along the Canadian border and Straight of Georgia. In 2009, the area that contains the Strait of Juan De Fuca, all of Puget Sound and the Strait of Georgia was named the Salish Sea, in honor of the Indigenous people of the region (referred to as 'First Nations' people by Canadians). The Pacific Northwest accent spoken in the Puget Sound region is considered very similar to the General American standard accent (native to the Midwest), popularized in the 20th century by radio, TV and movies. People in the area generally have little to no problem understanding different accents of the English language. The Pacific Northwest attracts tourists from around the world, and it is common to hear many foreign languages being spoken in public in major tourist areas. There are ethnically diverse neighborhoods in the Seattle area where many languages are spoken, including a large International District where many Asian languages are spoken. Washington is the thirteenth most populated state for example, but by comparison has the fourth highest Asian population. Seattle's 98118 zip code centered around the Columbia City neighborhood in South Seattle is considered the most ethnically diverse zip code in the country by the US Census bureau with 59 different languages regularly being spoken. Chinook Jargon was a pidgin or trade language established among indigenous inhabitants of the region. After contact with Europeans, French, English, and Cree words entered the language, and "eventually Chinook became the lingua franca for as many as 250,000 people along the Pacific Slope from Alaska to Oregon." Chinook Jargon reached its height of usage in the 19th century though remained common in resource and wilderness areas, particularly but not exclusively by Native Americans and Canadian First Nations people, well into the 20th century. Chinook Jargon was still in use in Seattle until roughly the eve of World War II, making Seattle the last city where the language was widely used. Today its influence is felt mostly in place names and a handful of localized slang terms. Pronunciation of some of these terms is difficult and often separates the visitor from the local including Alki, Seattle, Kitsap, Yakima, Duwamish and Lummi. - 1 Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA IATA), universally nicknamed "Sea-Tac", is in the city's southern suburbs. Domestically it's a major hub for Northwest and West Coast destinations with direct flights to most major cities in the U.S., and internationally it handles frequent trans-Pacific routes, as well as direct flights to Canada, Mexico, the major European airports and Dubai in the Middle East. The airport is about a 25-minute drive from downtown Seattle when there isn't heavy traffic, much longer during rush hour. All information about the airport, including any means of ground transportation, is covered in a separate article. - 2 Bellingham International Airport (BLI IATA)has scheduled flights to Seattle, Las Vegas, andHonolulu, through Horizon Air and Alaska Airlines. Allegiant Air has service to Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Oakland, Palm Springs (seasonal), Phoenix, and San Diego. San Juan Airlines has commuter flights to the island towns of Eastsound, Friday Harbor, Lopez, and Roche Harbor, plus Vancouver, Canada. If traveling with Allegiant Airlines this is the only airport closest to Seattle and Vancouver they offer service to. - 3 Boeing Field/King County International Airport (BFI IATA) Most of its traffic are with Boeing test flights, general aviation, VIP flights and commercial cargo flights. There are limited commercial passenger services with Kenmore Air and JetSuite X from its small passenger terminal at 7277 Perimeter Rd S - 4 Paine Field (PAE IATA), also known as Snohomish County Airport), Everett, WA (about 8.5 miles south of Everett). It is still the location for Boeing's 747 and 777 manufacturing and test flights. As of 2019 a small passenger terminal opened to the public for commercial traffic. It is served only by Alaska Airlines, but other airlines may follow suit in time as the terminal and demand expands. The terminal, ranked one of the best regional airports in the world, has a rather cozy design with fireplaces and nice chairs and sofas, and waiter service from the restaurants available throughout the terminal (all two gates of it). - Sea Planes (LKE IATA)are another popular way to travel around Puget Sound with several airlines based out of Seattle including Kenmore Air serving areas all around Puget Sound and Canada and Harbour Air to Vancouver's Coal Harbour. Kenmore Air offers shuttle transfer from SeaTac to their terminal on the shores of Lake Union and King County International Airport (Boeing Field). - The Coast Starlight train starts in Seattle and heads south through Tukwilla, Tacoma, Olympia, Portland, and ultimately San Francisco and Los Angeles in California. - The Empire Builder starts in Seattle, goes to Everett then heads east across the mountains to Spokane and eventually Minneapolis and Chicago. - Amtrak Cascades is a regional train service that goes north from Seattle to Vancouver and south to Portland and Eugene. For more information about travelling by train in the United States see Rail travel in the United States. I-5 is the main freeway running north-south; going north to Vancouver and south to Portland and California. I-90 goes east from Seattle to Spokane, Chicago and ultimately Boston. Other east-west routes include US-2 over Stevens Pass from Everett and SR-410 from Tacoma (closed in winter). - BellAir Airporter, (company office & bus garage) 1416 Whitehorn St, Ferndale, WA 98248, ☏ , toll-free: . 11 round-trips daily to Sea-Tac from Blaine, Birch Bay, Lynden, Ferndale, Bellingham, Burlington, Stanwood and Marysville along the I-5 corridor. They offer a second route from Burlington to the Anacortes/San Juan Ferry Terminal via La Conner and Anacortes. Passengers coming typically transfer in Burlington from the I-5 Corridor route to continue westward to the Anacortes/San Juan Ferry Terminal. - Flixbus. Runs along the I-5 corridor between Seattle and Eugene (via Tacoma, Olympia, Portland, Salem, Albany, Corvallis). They also run along I-90 across eastern Washington between Seattle, Ellensburg, Spokane and Coeur d'Alene. Up to $30. - Greyhound, toll-free: . Runs along the I-5 corridor between Seattle and Vancouver, BC (via Everett, Mt Vernon & Bellingham) on one route and to Sacramento (via Tacoma, Olympia, Centralia & Kelso, Portland) on the other. They also run along I-90 across eastern Washington between Seattle and Spokane. Prices varies depending on travel from which departure point to which destination point. - Quick Shuttle, toll-free: . Runs between Seattle and Vancouver, BC. Stops in Downtown Seattle (outside the Best Western at 200 Taylor Ave N) and SeaTac Airport (at the main terminal near south end of baggage claim, outside door 00, bays 11-16). Fares from Vancouver to Downtown Seattle are $36 one-way, $65 round-trip; from Vancouver to SeaTac, fares are $49 one-way, $87 round-trip. Vancouver to Downtown Seattle: $36 one-way, $65 round-trip; Vancouver to SeaTac airport: $49 one-way, $87 round-trip. See By bus under Get in in the Seattle, Bellevue and Olympia articles and By shuttle bus under Ground Transportation in the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport article for an extended list of bus and shuttle companies connecting travelers into the Puget Sound region from the airport, from around the state and from the nearby cities of Vancouver and Portland. See By bus under Get around in below for a list of bus companies serving the Puget Sound Region. - Washington State Ferries, ☏ , toll-free: . Connects downtown Seattle to Bainbridge Island, Bremerton, and Vashon Island, and connects West Seattle to Vashon Island and Southworth (Kitsap Peninsula). All ferries are for both vehicles and passenger except the ferry between downtown Seattle and Vashon Island which is foot traffic only. There is also a ferry connecting Port Townsend and Coupeville, on Whidbey Island. The small ferries required by Coupeville's narrow harbor mean that vehicle space is often limited, and drive-up motorists may have to wait several sailings for a space. Guaranteed reservations can be made in advance online or by calling 511, and are all but essential on Friday afternoons, weekends and holidays - Victoria Clipper, 2701 Alaskan Way Pier 69, Seattle @ Seattle downtown waterfront and 254 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC @ Victoria's Inner Harbour, ☏ (Washington), (BC), toll-free: . High speed catamaran passenger ferries which connect Victoria, British Columbia to the San Juan Islands and Seattle. If you are heading to San Juan Islands, you can also join a whale-watching tour. (Passenger only, no vehicles.) By cruise ship Cruise ships to Seattle may be docked at one of two terminals in the Port of Seattle. - Bell Street Pier Cruise Terminal at Pier 66, 2225 Alaskan Way S, near the middle of Seattle downtown's waterfront, serves as home port for Norwegian Cruise Line and Celebrity Cruises. Has bus, taxi and shuttle connections for transfer of passengers and luggage. For travelers with connecting flights, Seattle-Tacoma International Airport is less than 15 mi (24 km) away. - Smith Cove Cruise Terminal at Pier 91, 2001 W Garfield St, at the north end of Seattle's downtown waterfront, serves as home port to Holland America Line, Royal Caribbean and Princess Cruises. It is not coincidence that so many cities in this region are located on the water. Early settlers found the thick regional forests too impenetrable to navigate by land so waterways became the Pacific Northwests early highway system. However when arriving from Canada there are only a handful of ports including Roche Harbor, Friday Harbor, Anacortes and Bellingham that are official U.S. ports-of-entry and can process boaters through customs. The Cardinal Rule is touch land at customs dock before any other stops, fines for not doing so can be up to $5000. Besides a passport for everyone on board, you will need your boat's license number and User Fee Decal number. Customs enforces USDA guidelines for what foods are acceptable to bring into the country and these guidelines are constantly changing so it is best to check in with them before arriving. Boaters are responsible for knowing the prohibited foods and can be fined for not declaring them. The Puget Sound region offers a wide variety of guest marinas throughout the area. Check city listings for specific marina information. - The Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission has the largest state-managed mooring system in the United States. The commission manages more than 40 marine parks in Puget Sound that together provide more than 8,500 feet of public moorage space. Nothing separates the tourist from the local on the ferry system more than car alarms. Please make sure yours is off if you leave your car to enjoy the view from the deck. Most car alarms detect movement and will be activated by the movement of the ferry and you will be asked to return to your car. Washington State Ferries is the largest system of ferries in the country and they are the key to successfully navigating Puget Sound. Many ferry destinations are not islands without a bridge, but peninsulas where going by land would involve a very long detour. The most extreme example of this is the Port Townsend -- Keystone route on State Hwy 20. Only five and a half miles via the ferry, becomes a whopping 217 miles (354 km) traveling by car! Washington State Ferry routes cross Puget Sound including several islands including Bainbridge, Vashon, Whidbey and the San Juan Islands. There are also some county-run ferries to smaller destinations such as to Anderson Island and Guemes Island. Outside the main cities public transportation is scarce and is not of much use for extensive sightseeing, so renting or arriving by car is advisable. Although distances can be long, most roads are paved and well-maintained. Be aware of distances between gas stations and plan accordingly when traveling in rural areas. Most ferries accept vehicles and utilizing them is key to navigating the area. - Sounder operates commuter trains from Seattle King Street Station to Lakewood via Tukwila, Kent, Auburn, Sumner, Puyallup, Tacoma Dome, South Tacoma and Lakewood to the south and north to Everett via Edmonds and Mukilteo on two separate routes. Schedules are limited to weekday rush hours and Seattle Seahawks and Seattle Mariners home game days. - Amtrak Cascades regionally they serve Bellingham, Mt Vernon, Stanwood, Everett, Edmonds, Seattle King Street Station, Tukwila, Tacoma and Lacey (nearest to Olympia). They operate 2x daily going north from Seattle to Vancouver and 4x daily south towards Portland on two separate routes. Check schedules. The Amtrak Coast Starlight runs the same route with the same stops (except Tukwila) as the Cascades between Seattle and Lacey. In Tacoma the Amtrak station and the Sounder stations are in two different places. Regional transit systems tend to be organized by county however they are often interconnected to cover larger areas and some are coordinated with Washington State Ferries, with each other (for one to arrive within minutes of the next one leaving) and have many coordinated pickups at Seatac airport. Not the fastest way to travel but efficient and cheap for the budget traveler and are the only way available in the (more rural) areas west of the Puget Sound. See the below: Along West Side of Puget Sound With the exception of the Dungeness Line, the county operated transit systems are the only way around the Olympic Peninsula without a car on the west side of the sound. Schedules are less frequent on rural routes then local services within the cities/towns. - Dungeness Line (operated by Greyhound Connect), ☏ . The Dungeness Line, operated by Olympic Bus Lines provides two trips daily between Port Angeles, Sequim, Port Townsend, Discovery Bay, and Kingston, to and from Edmonds, downtown Seattle, and Seattle Tacoma International Airport. It is a privately operated bus between Seattle and the Olympic Peninsula. $28 to $49 OW depending on how far you're going. - Clallam Transit. Buses in Port Angeles (Rt #20-24), Joyce (#10), Forks (Rt#14 - 17), Neah Bay (Rt#16), La Push (#15) and Sequim (Rt#30-52) in Clallam County. Connects to Jefferson Transit in Sequim and Forks. The "Strait Shot" bus (Rt #123) runs 3x daily (M-F) and twice on Saturdays from Port Angeles to Winslow in Bainbridge Island where passengers transfer continue to Seattle by ferry. $1.00 or $0.50 reduced fare for Medicare card holders and qualified seniors, disabled, youth and low income riders. - Jefferson Transit, ☏ , toll-free: . Local buses in Port Townsend and to Sequim, Quilcene, Port Ludlow, Brinnon & Poulsbo, as well as the "West End" from Forks to Amanda Park along US Hwy 101 through Jefferson County. $1.50 or $1.00 reduced fare for Medicare card holders and qualified seniors, disabled, youth and low income riders.. - Kitsap Transit. Buses in Bremerton, Bainbridge Island, Poulsbo, Kingston, Suquamish, Silverdale,and Port Orchard in Kitsap County. Limited service to Purdy just over the Kitsap/Pierce County line. $2.00 or $1.00 reduced fare for Medicare card holders and qualified seniors, disabled, youth and low income riders paying with an ORCA card.. - Mason Transit, 790 E Johns Prairie Rd, Shelton, WA 98584, ☏ . Local buses in Shelton and to Belfaire, Bremerton and Brinon Connects to Intercity Transit and Grays Harbor Transit in Olympia; to Kitsap Transit in Bermerton and to Jefferson Transit in Brinnon. $1.50 or $1.00 reduced fare for Medicare card holders and qualified seniors, disabled, youth and low income riders traveling across the county line otherwise it's a free ride for all within Mason County.. Along East Side of Puget Sound The eastside is more populated and therefore, offer more frequent schedules on more routes. If you're trying to get from Olympia to Port Townsend, Bremerton or Widbey Island it would be quicker to get a series of buses up into Seattle and taking the ferry across than the buses along the west side of the Sound. - BellAir Airporter, (company office & bus garage) 1416 Whitehorn St, Ferndale, WA 98248, ☏ , toll-free: . 11 round-trips daily to Sea-Tac from Blaine, Birch Bay, Lynden, Ferndale, Bellingham, Burlington, Stanwood and Marysville along the I-5 corridor. They offer a second route from Burlington to the Anacortes/San Juan Ferry Terminal via La Conner and Anacortes. Passengers coming from Seattle and Sea-Tac transfer in Burlington from the I-5 Corridor route to continue westward to the Anacortes/San Juan Ferry Terminal. - Flixbus (Operated by MTR Western). Runs along the I-5 corridor between Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia. - Greyhound, Bolt Bus, toll-free: . Runs along the I-5 corridor between Vancouver BC, Bellingham, Mt Vernon, Everett, Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia. Quicker to get across longer distances such as from Olympia up to Bellingham than a series of county operated buses. Prices varies. - Sound Transit, ☏ , toll-free: . The long distance public transit operator which operates express bus services between cities in the four county Seattle metropolitan area such as Tacoma (586,590,592,594,595,574), Bellevue (532,550,554,556,560,565), Everett (510,512,513,532), Bothell (522), and other cities/municipalities surrounding Seattle. $2.75 within King County, $3.75 cross-county.. - Community Transit, ☏ , toll-free: . Transit services around Everett and Snohomish County (Arlington, Brier, Bothell, Edmonds, Lynnwood, Lake Stevens, Marysville, Monroe, Snohomish, Stanwood, etc.) and express services from various points in Snohomish County to downtown Seattle and the University of Washington in the mornings and up to Snohomish County in the afternoons. Local bus service within the city of Everett is provided by Everett Transit. $4 from Everett and south of Everett to Seattle, $5.25 from north of Everett to Seattle (one way); $2.00 within Snohomish County.. - Intercity Transit. Operates local buses in/around Olympia, Lacey and Tumwater in Thurston County and express buses up to Tacoma and Lakewood along I-5 (Rt #620). - Island Transit, ☏ , . M-F 3:45AM-7:45PM; no service weekends & holidays. Operates local services up and down Whidbey Island and on around Camano Island as well as the Coupeville and Clinton Ferry Terminals; local services within Oak Harbor and intercounty services to Mt Vernon in Skagit County from Whidbey Island and Camano Island and Everett from Camano Island. .. - King County Metro. Operates buses within Seattle and out to outlying suburbs & cities within King County such as Federal Way, Shoreline, North Bend, Renton, Kent, Bothell, Bellevue, Kirkland, Shoreline, Issaquah, North Bend, and Enumclaw. The rule of thumb is that the three digit line numbers are for service to/from outside the Seattle city limits. There are other routes that operate locally within the suburbs and between the suburban cities that do not come into Seattle at all. $2.75. - Pierce Transit, ☏ . Local buses in Tacoma, Federal Way, Lakewood, Puyallup, Steilacoom and University Place. Limited service to Buckley, Gig Harbor, Bonney Lake/Lake Tapps. $2.50 or $1 reduced fare for Medicare card holders and qualified seniors, disabled, youth and low income riders paying with an ORCA card.. - Skagit Transit, Intermodal Station @ 105 E Kinkaid in Mt Vernon, ☏ . Local buses in Mt Vernon, Burlington, Anacortes and other points in/around Skagit County. County Connector Service to Everett on 90x and Bellingham on 80x. $1 within the county or $2 day ticket; $2 for County Connector Service.. - Whatcom Transit (WTA), ☏ . Operates buses between Bellingham, Ferndale (Rt #27), Lynden (#26), Blaine (#75), Lummi Reservation (#50) and other places in/around Whatcom County. They also go to Mt Vernon on Rt #80x in neighboring Skagit County. They don't cross the international border or go into Point Roberts. By light rail Light rail is growing rapidly in the area, but only one line is operating, from Angle Lake Station in Des Moines to University of Washington Station next to Husky Stadium, with stops at SeaTac Airport, South Seattle, Downtown Seattle, and Capitol Hill along the way. Construction is already underway to extend the light rail south from Angle Lake to Federal Way and north from University of Washington to Northgate. Plans and eventual construction are underway to further extend the light rail from Federal Way to Tacoma and from Northgate up to Everett via Lynnwood and from Seattle to the eastside all the way through 2040. - Blake Island State Park (in Puget Sound in the waters between Seattle and the Kitsap Peninsula). A popular island state park accessible only by boat that was the birthplace of Chief Seattle and still offers guests Native American style dinners and dancing. - Deception Pass Bridge, a National Historic Monument since 1982, is actually two spans that link Whidbey Island near Oak Harbor to Fidalgo Island over Canoe Pass and Deception Pass. The bridge, one of the scenic wonders and destinations of the Pacific Northwest, was a Public Works Administration project built by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Deception Pass State Park, has over 4,100 acres (17 km²) of forest, campsites, trails, and scenic vistas of the San Juan Islands, Victoria (British Columbia, Canada), Mount Baker, and Fidalgo Island. - Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve preserves and protects an unbroken historical record of Puget Sound exploration and settlement from the 19th century to the present. Historic farms, still under cultivation in the prairies of Whidbey Island, reveal land use patterns unchanged since settlers claimed the land in the 1850s. - Hood Canal. Despite its name, it is not a canal but an inland fjord that stretches for over 70 miles separating the Kitsap Peninsula from the Olympic Peninsula. It is a prime destination in the area for outdoor recreation and nature viewing with sweeping views of the Olympic Mountains and lush forests. Near the southern end of the Kitsap Peninsula it hooks inward at an area known as the Great Bend. The Kitsap Peninsula is almost an island attached by a relatively small landmass near Belfair, its complex coastline dominates the Puget Sound area between Hood Canal and the Main Puget Sound Channel. It is home of several cities and towns and is accessible by the Tacoma Narrows Bridge near Tacoma and the floating Hood Canal Bridge giving access on the northern end to the Olympic Peninsula and to several ferry terminals giving access from Seattle and Edmunds. - Anderson Island - southernmost island in Puget Sound. - Bainbridge Island - residential island connected by bridge to Kitsap Peninsula and ferry from Seattle. - Blake Island - state park between Seattle and the Kitsap Peninsula. - Fidalgo Island - 2nd most populous island and ferry terminal to the San Juans. - Fox Island - forested island near Gig Harbor. - Hartstine island - serene forested island with a state park. - Lummi Island - quiet island served by a small ferry. - Vashon Island - served by ferries from Tacoma and Seattle. - Whidbey Island - longest island in Puget Sound. - Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve - Historical features of the reserve appear to today's visitors much as they did a century ago, when New England sea captains were drawn to Penn Cove - Klondike Gold Rush - Seattle Unit National Historical Park - offers a glimpse at the stories of adventure and hardship of the gold rush - Mount Rainier National Park - an active Cascade volcano encased in over 35 square miles of snow and glacial ice - Big Four Ice Caves — caves carved in the year-round glaciers on the shadowed side of Big Four Mountains by streams of snowmelt - Crystal Mountain What Puget Sound beaches lack in white sand and warm water is more than made up for in the amazing scenery as the clear waters play against wild coastlines and snow peaked mountains scatter on the horizons. The areas many State Parks are an excellent place to start a beach combing adventure offering miles of beaches from the rugged to the sandy smooth. Small crabs, moon snails, sea stars and sand dollars are common sites and tide pools can offer hours of exploration. Sea shells and driftwood are considered part of the natural environment and should not be removed, however the often rocky and wild shores are havens for creating and revealing beach glass and anything artificial found is fair game for removal. Be respectful of private property and gentle with sea creatures. Keep a wide distance away from nesting birds, seals and other shore animals and always put back anything removed from the shoreline. Puget Sound offers some of the best recreational boating in the world. Breath taking views of the snow capped Olympic and Cascade mountain ranges along with glimpses of Mount Rainier mingle with thick forests and clear bays and streams to create a humbling cacophony of natural sights. Carved by ancient glaciers, Puget Sounds intricate and complex waterways provide endless opportunities for exploration while the many harbor towns built on protective bays cater to boaters and provide an wide array of services, restaurants and shops. Harbor Seals, Otters, Sea Lions, Bald Eagles and Blue Herons are common sights while the occasional viewing of an Orca or Grey Whale is not out of the question. The Puget Sound is a destination celebrated by sailors from around the world. The scenery around Puget Sound can be so amazing that it borders on the surreal and could only possibly be appreciated more from the deck of a boat under sail. From isolated moorages in such places as Blake Island State Park to historic harbor towns with fine restaurants, museums and shopping all accessible from convenient harbors. Visitors to the area will often be treated to the sight of a flotilla of sailboats on Puget Sound as local yacht clubs organize events that sometimes attract hundreds of sailors. These ‘races’ such as the Gig Harbor Yacht Club Islands Race are often informal events that are more of an opportunity for fraternization and attract many types of sailboats and many different skill levels of sailors. Sea kayaking can be a rewarding way to explore the Puget Sounds miles of coastline allowing the paddler a closer and slower look at their surroundings and making Puget Sound a popular area to sea kayak. Both urban and rural areas offer their own rewards and many organized tours are available in different areas. Organized trails offer overnight camping options and maps of appropriate travel lengths and scenic travel destinations. For thousands of years native Salish tribes navigated these waters in small, well designed wooden boats and many of these trails were developed along their same paths. - Cascadia Marine Trail. This inland sea trail is a National Recreation Trail and designated one of only 16 National Millennium Trails by the White House. Suitable for day or multi-day trips, the Cascadia Marine Trail has over 50 campsites to visit. People can boat to the campsites from many public and private launch sites or shoreline trailheads. - Kitsap Peninsula National Water Trails. The National Parks Service named the this 'Trail of the Month' in December 2012. PDF copies of the water trails map are available - [formerly dead link] Key Peninsula Marine Trail. A 40-mile (64-km) marine trail with 14 legs between 15 points of interest during a paddling journey around the Key Peninsula - Go bird-watching and see some of the 300+ species of birds found in Puget Sound. Diving the cold waters of Puget Sound takes a bit more gear and training than other warm water locations, but the rewards are incredible. The area contains some of the best diving in the world and many areas are accessible from the Kitsap Peninsula. Many dive sites are completely covered with colorful sea creatures that defy description. Giant Pacific Octopus are common, along with friendly wolf eels. Colorful sponges, sea cucumbers, sea stars, soft corals, anemones and fish can be seen on nearly every dive. The state has offers a guide to parks with launch sites here - Sound Dive Center, 5000 Burwell Street, Bremerton, WA 98312, ☏ . Established in 1972, this 6,000 ft² (560 m2) diving center offers a full range of diving gear and classes. The Pacific Northwest is a foodie’s dream come true. Talented chefs and entrepreneurs have taken advantage of the northwest’s incredible seafood, abundant locally sourced produce, award-winning wines, and a well developed beer brewing tradition to establish a regional cuisine that trumps just about any other area in America. The Puget Sound region offers top of the line restaurants squirreled away in almost every neighborhood Pacific north westerners have high expectations from their food. The Pacific North West is perhaps best known for its salmon, but a large variety of other seafood is available in the area. Oftentimes seafood comes in short bursts with seasonal migrations such as the areas fall Salmon runs available for only short amounts of time so watch closely for seasonal specials in restaurants and markets. Shellfish are the prized resources of the Puget Sound, the cool, clean waters provide some of the finest shellfish habitat in the world. Washington State is the nation’s leading producer of farmed bivalve shellfish (clams, mussels and oysters) but other specialties like Geoducks are sometimes available for the more adventurous. The Dungeness Crab is a popular seafood prized for its sweet and tender flesh and high ratio of meat. Its common name comes from the port of Dungeness, Washington where the first commercial harvesting of the crab was done. The Dungeness Crab is a commercially important crab in the state of Washington's territorial waters and was the first shellfish harvested commercially in the area but other crab species are also common. The areas mild climate, rich soil and abundant water resources have created a bountiful climate for the many varieties of fresh produce available across the region. Farmers markets are common in both urban and rural areas and a great way to experience local culture as well as experience local foods. Few, if any, American regions can challenge the Pacific North West's love of coffee. According to a group of industry market researchers, there were an amazing 1,640 coffee shops in the Puget Sound region in 2011, ranking it the most popular coffee region. It is not surprising that such coffee giants such as Starbucks have exported the Pacific Northwest's coffee culture around the globe. Microbreweries and beer in general are a Northwest specialty, and the area has many to offer for beer enthusiasts. The larger brewers, like Redhook and Pyramid, distribute their products regionally or nationally like their coffee cousins, while other brews can only be found in local stores or bars (some notable brewers don't even bottle their product). Ask your servers for local beer recommendations and search out regional microbrews in stores. Hops are the key ingredient in beer making and Washington State's neaby Yakima Valley is by far the biggest exporter of hops in the US giving area brewers another edge in making the best beers. Vineyard in Willamette Valley There are many great wineries spread across the Puget Sound region such as The Chateau Ste. Michelle in Woodinville, which is not only the oldest winery in the state but is the largest single producer of Riesling wine in the United States. Puget Sound is such a broad and varying region it is difficult to give specific safety advice. From large cities where common sense should prevail when dealing with valuables to remote forests where you should keep a watchful eye out for wildlife. Check various subregion and city articles for more specific information. - Olympic National Park - Olympic Peninsula - Port Townsend - Vashon Island - Victoria (British Columbia)

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“What you do makes a difference, and you have to decide what kind of difference you want to make.” – Jane Goodall Why should I make a change in my grading practices? What difference does it make moving to a standards based system from a traditional one? Given the current climate of education with initiative after initiative piling up, why is this endeavor worthy of my time and consideration? If the goal is to put learning first and help students stop gaming the system to earn grades, we are primed for a shift in paradigm and practice. Learning is not a game with winners and losers, nor does it have a finish line. Standards based grading supports learning above all else and solves the problem of students playing the game of school. The collection of points for a myriad of reasons fades away, and the classroom experience ceases to be about the quantifiable value of assignments and assessments. Instead, the process of learning is the focal point. There are unspoken risks we take with a traditional grading system. Students may not be acquiring the knowledge, skills, and understandings to be successful in further study because of inflated grades and/or a hyper focus on grades over learning. Others still may have lower grades because of behaviors such as late work or non-compliance. The risk of miscommunicating student proficiency levels increases within a traditional system. If grades are going to be meaningful, they need to provide accurate information. Below are five examples of how a change in grading practices will make a positive impact in classrooms and schools. - Learning is valued over grades According to Danny Hill (2014), “Learning cannot be secondary.” (p.59) This concept was not at the forefront of my thinking as a beginning teacher. Of course it wasn’t that I didn’t value learning; it was because I hadn’t considered the impact of grading on the classroom culture. I didn’t think twice about the fact that my students were more focused on grades than learning, and I wasn’t helping the issue. Once identified, this problem had a solution. A change in grading practices for my students and myself was in order. As educators, we have to reflect and make sure the focus of everything we do and communicate to our students is on learning. We cannot begin classroom conversations about assignments and assessments with a discussion of points and grading procedures. Rather, center the attention on learning and the journey to mastery. The students will follow suit. - Evidence from assessment is clearly aligned to standards in order to be meaningful An assessment, whether formative or summative, is inconsequential unless it gives relevant and valid information for both the teacher and the student to utilize. The information gathered should facilitate a call to action and yield a clear path forward. With standards based assessment and grading, every assessment is aligned to a learning target and designed to inform future instruction and practice. Cassandra Erkens (2016) states, “Identifying and understanding the learning targets is imperative to a team’s ability to create an accurate assessment.” (p. 9–10) This alignment process maximizes class time and streamlines the process by which students learn. - Grades reflect learning When it comes time to determine a grade, standards based grading provides a more straightforward process in lieu of combining various behaviors, student growth, and academic achievement into one grade. These are separated into independent categories for reporting, as all three are important to communicate clearly. If, for example, a student shows mastery of the standard, but is not timely with his or her work, one letter grade combining the these two aspects of performance would be an inaccurate representation of academic achievement. The separation not only gives clarity, but also weight to the different categories. Behaviors and growth can’t inflate or deflate an academic grade when they are reported independently. - Intrinsic motivation drives learning Extrinsic motivation can only take students so far. “In environments where extrinsic rewards are most salient, many people work only to the point that triggers the reward – and no further.” (Pink, Daniel, 2009, p.56) In my classroom experience, extrinsic motivators worked against what I was trying to achieve and were counterproductive to the task of making learning the center of the classroom. “As motivation to get good grades goes up, motivation to explore ideas tends to go down.” (Kohn, Alfie, 1999, p. 40-42, 44-46) Students need the opportunity to persevere in a safe environment through challenges and adversity. With support and guidance throughout the learning process and path to success, intrinsic motivation blooms. - Grades are determined and communicated with clarity I couldn’t tell you how many different grading policies under which I functioned throughout my experiences as a student. Each teacher had a complex algorithm for determining grades, and it was my job to figure out how to play the game. In a standards based system, there is no algorithm. Instruction, practice, and assessment are all aligned to the standards. Standards and learning targets are transparently communicated to students as well as what each proficiency level means. The scale is significantly shortened to 2-7 levels from 101 in a traditional percentage setting. Students and teachers alike can take evidence of learning, compare it to a standard, and determine a proficiency level for grading. Standards based grading is a game changer. Just as a pair of glasses takes what we see from blurry to crisp and clear, a shift in grading methods provides an accurate picture of where a student is at that moment in time. The grading practices and policies we use make a difference and have a significant impact on student learning. The question is, what kind of difference do you want to make? Erkens, Cassandra. (2016). Collaborative Common Assessments. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press. Hill, Danny. (2014). Brick House: How to Defeat Student Apathy by Building a Brick House Culture. Lebanon, TN: JJ & Zak. Kohn, Alfie. (1999, November). The Cost of Overemphasizing Achievement. School Administrator, 56(10), p. 40-42, Pink, Daniel. (2009). Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. New York, NY: Penguin Group.

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With a government elected by its citizens and that effects every aspect of our lives from schools, city government, county business, state and federal laws; voting is an important right in our society. By voting, you are making your voice heard and giving you a chance to get on your soap box and be able to vote for what you stand for by registering your opinion on how you think the government should operate. With that being said have you ever wondered why, when results come out election night, there are these things called overvotes and undervotes? Undervote: occurs when the number of choices selected by a voter in an election contest is less than the maximum number allowed for that contest. An undervote also occurs when no votes for a single choice contest. For example, a voter that is permitted to cast one vote for a presidential candidate and does not select a candidate has undervoted. Voters have the right to undervote if they choose to do so, a ballot will not be canceled or disqualified as the result of an undervote. Overvotes: An overvote happens when you vote for more candidates than the number of candidates you are permitted to vote for in a particular office race. For example, when a voter is permitted to cast one vote for a presidential candidate and votes for four candidates in that race. Tips on how to avoid overvoting the ballot: • Be sure to read the voting instructions for the voting system used in your county. Examples of instructions for voting include: "Vote for One," "Vote for not more than Two." • If you accidentally vote for more than the allowed number of candidates for a particular office, ask for a new ballot before the defective ballot is cast. If you have not cast the ballot, the Election Official is obligated to provide you with a replacement ballot upon request. • Keep in mind that the area of the ballot that is overvoted will not be counted other than as an overvote. The rest of the ballot areas will be counted accordingly. REMEMBER: Logan County Drop Box can be used for voted ballots, motor vehicle renewals or tax payments or any other correspondence that needs to get to a county office at the Courthouse. 2016 Election Dates Colorado is an all mail ballot delivery state. Voters will receive their official ballot in the mail for all elections. Friday, May 27: Last day for voters who are affiliated with a political party to change or withdraw their affiliation if they wish to vote in a different party's primary election. June 6-June 10: Ballots for the Primary Election will be mailed to voters this week. Tuesday, June 28: Primary Election Day. Ballot will be mailed to all active voters affiliated with Republican or Democratic parties. Unaffiliated Voters need to affiliate and can do so either before or on Election Day. Tuesday, Nov. 8: General Election. Ballots will be mailed to all active voters registered in Logan County. The Election and Recording Department can be reached at 522-1544 for voter and election questions or recording information. The Motor Vehicle Department can be reached at 522-1158 for license plates/renewals or titling a vehicle. You can also reach our office by email at [email protected]. Like us on Facebook at Logan County Elections/MotorVehicle/Recording!

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Bipolar disorder is a mental health illness that leads to rapid, fluctuating shifts in mood, thought processes, activity, and energy levels. Previously known as manic-depressive disorder, it was thought that a patient fluctuated from depression to mania (periods of extreme excitement and elation). However, it is now known that a bipolar patient who is experiencing mania can also be depressed; and, alternatively, when in the depressed state, a patient can suffer from irritability, anxiety, and paranoia, which are symptoms of mania. When this state occurs, the patient is diagnosed with bipolar disorder- mixed type. Due to the extreme mood shifts, bipolar disorder can be extremely dangerous to self and others, if untreated. The changed in through process and content can lead to aggression towards self or others, or to suicidal tendencies. Also present are impulsive, poorly thought-out actions, that can lead to grave consequences and harm. Because of the effects of substances of abuse, bipolar disorder can be difficult to diagnose in chemically addicted persons. Because of this, the dual diagnosis rehab treatment staff must look as far into the history of the patient as possible, and gather strong collateral information from family members, friends, and previous healthcare providers. Early diagnosis of bipolar disorder in the setting of substance abuse is critical for safe and effective treatment of both disorders. Concurrent treatment is essential, to ensure that neither disorder goes under or untreated. This can lead to a cycle of mental health problems and substance abuse with a poor prognosis. Many advances in the diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder co-occurring with drug addiction and alcoholism have been made in recent years. Rapid stabilization of the addiction, along with prescribed medications for bipolar disorder is paramount. Interestingly, some of the medications used to treat bipolar disorder are also used to decrease cravings in substance abusers, especially for those who enter drug and alcohol rehab for the treatment of cocaine and alcohol addiction. A comprehensive treatment plan should be developed by the treatment team. The team should work closely with the patient’s support network in developing this plan. Unfortunately, many relationships may have been destroyed by the dually diagnosed patient with bipolar disorder and addiction. A focus on healthy communication and the development of relationship skills can provide reassurance to the patient that they will have a comfortable transition back into their home environment. Because medication compliance is of the utmost importance when undergoing treatment for bipolar disorder, it is likely that the facility will recommend the Partial Hospitalization Program (PHP) level of care, along with supportive housing. In this setting, medication compliance can be documented. If the patient is suicidal or experiencing acute manic symptoms, it is best that the patient be treated in an inpatient drug and alcohol rehab. Behavioral Wellness and Recovery’s psychiatric and clinical team is experienced in treating co-occurring disorders. Our staff has years of experience in treating patients who suffer from bipolar disorder and addiction. To begin your journey to recovery, please call us confidentially at 800-683-4457. Our Admissions Coordinators are available 24/7 to assist you with questions and to guide you through the admissions process. BEHAVIORAL WELLNESS & RECOVERY 1301 Wrights Ln E Suite 103, West Chester, PA 19380 | (800) 683-4457 Serving Philadelphia, PA, Lancaster, PA and Wilmington, DE

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Freedom of speech is not to be taken for granted in the modern world. Freedom of speech is one of the most fundamental rights someone can have. That said, there’s a lot of confusion these days as to what freedom of speech does and doesn’t mean in practice. So before you decide to start shouting at someone that you have a right to your speech, it’s a good idea to make sure you know what you’re talking about. Freedom of Speech is A Political Right Freedom of speech means that the government will not restrict a person’s speech simply because it doesn’t want to hear what that person has to say. Most western governments cannot, for instance, imprison members of a peaceful protest simply for speaking out against government policies (or at least that’s the way it’s supposed to work). That is a very good thing, and it’s a relatively recent historical development — and if you watch the news, you know how many people in the world still can’t freely criticize their governments. However, it’s important to remember that freedom of speech doesn’t extend to all aspects of life; it doesn’t mean anyone has to listen, and it doesn’t mean you can say whatever you want. …What Do You Mean? Basically, freedom of speech only applies to government enforcement. That means that if someone is in a coffee shop and decides to start talking at peak volume about how the government’s new immigration policies are wrong; the management is perfectly within its rights to tell that person to get out. Other patrons can ignore the speaker, or even jeer derisively. There’s no such thing as the guarantee that anyone will care what you have to say, or freedom from being made fun of. There are also areas of legally restricted speech. You know the old saying; you can’t yell “Fire!” in a crowded theatre? While the government cannot restrict you on purely political grounds, it can restrict certain forms of speech it considers a genuine danger. For instance, “hate speech,” which might incite violence against certain groups of people. The key thing is that you can’t turn your words into weapons. Once you do that you’ve stopped expressing your right to free speech and started infringing on the rights of others. A more controversial area of restricted speech is the act of sharing state secrets. Governments argue that doing so can have disastrous consequences — even if some would argue that the consequences of not revealing some secrets are more serious in the long term. The Grey Area All of this is, of course, how free speech is supposed to work in an ideal situation. Unfortunately it’s a very hairy subject that can be interpreted in many different ways depending on who’s doing the interpreting. Often, governments try to gag citizens so they don’t share information that, while damning or embarrassing for the government, is in no way something that constitutes a danger to people if revealed. Take the revelations by Julian Assange of Wikileaks for instance. On one hand, Assange was in possession of state secrets, particularly regarding the wars in the Middle East that could have constituted a danger to troops on the ground. On the other hand, some of the information he possessed was not dangerous at all, but simply inconvenient for the United States government. Where the line should be drawn? How much of the information is truly dangerous state secrets, and how much of it is just facts that the government wants to suppress? How do they decide, and how can we tell if they decide fairly? These kinds of situations happen all the time. At what point does a peaceful protester who is discussing the facts of a law have to stop because her tone might incite a riot? What are the limits imposed on a government when it wants to silence someone? It’s important to remember that there are certain situations where people shouldn’t be allowed to say whatever they want (such as revealing the names of undercover officers, or talking about the new identities of those in the Witness Protection Program), but that doesn’t mean the government should be implicitly trusted to always rule on the side of citizens. It’s only through a careful examination of the law and what’s being discussed that the question of how free speech applies can really be answered. For more information on how freedom of speech works in the internet age, contact us today!

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Our world is the planet Earth. It is one of 9 planets which circle around the sun. The earth is shaped like a ball, which is slightly flattened at the top and bottom. Most of the earth, about 70 %, is covered by sea and the rest is land. The land on earth is in seven main patches, which are called continents. Imagine holding a small model of the earth in your hands. If you turned it round you would be able to see the continents, as in the pictures below. A world map is a map of the surface of the Earth, which may be made using any of a number of different map projections. A map projection is any method of representing the surface of a sphere or other three-dimensional body on a plane. World maps form a distinctive category of maps due to the problem of projection. Maps by necessity distort the presentation of the earth’s surface. Distortions reach extremes in a world map. The many ways of projecting the earth reflect diverse technical and æsthetic goals for world maps. Maps of the world generally focus either on “political” features or on “physical” features. Political maps emphasize territorial boundaries and human settlement. Physical maps show geographic features such as mountains, soil type or land use. Geological maps show not only the surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock, fault lines, and subsurface structures. This map of the world shows where the world’s main mountains, plateaus, plains, oceans, rivers and lakes are. You can see from this map that there are mountain ranges in the sea as well as on the land. The deepest parts of the sea are long, narrow trenches. Such a map shows the positions of all the countries of the world. Some of the countries are so small that the names do not fit. These countries are numbered. You can look up the numbers, to see which countries they are, in the lists around the map. A time zone is a region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. It is convenient for areas in close commercial or other communication to keep the same time, so time zones tend to follow the boundaries of countries and their subdivisions. Time zones are often represented on Time Zones Maps: The kind of plants and animals around the world depend on what sort of climate the area has – how hot, cold, wet or dry it is. They are also affected by the kind of soil, whether the land is flat or hilly and by farming and towns. Together these things make up areas called environments, where particular kinds of plants and animals live. The five main latitude regions of the Earth’s surface comprise geographical zones, divided by the major circles of latitude. The differences between them relate to climate, and the behaviour of the Sun. They are as follows: · The North Frigid Zone, north of the Arctic Circle · The North Temperate Zone, between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer · The Torrid Zone, between the Tropical Circles · The South Temperate Zone, between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle · The South Frigid Zone, south of the Antarctic Circle Torrid Zone: In the Torrid Zone, also known as the Tropics, the Sun is directly overhead at least once during the year. In the Northern Hemisphere, the overhead Sun moves north from the Equator until it reaches 23.5 degrees North (Tropic of Cancer) at the June solstice, after which it moves back south to the Equator. In the Southern Hemisphere, the overhead Sun moves south from the Equator until reaches 23.5 degrees South (Tropic of Capricorn) at the December solstice, after which it moves back north to the Equator. Temperate Zones: In the two Temperate Zones, consisting of the tepid latitudes, the Sun is never directly overhead, and the climate is mild, generally ranging from warm to cool. The four annual seasons, Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, occur in these areas. The North Temperate Zone includes Great Britain, Europe, northern Asia, North America and northern Mexico. The South Temperate Zone includes southern Australia, New Zealand, southern South America and Southern Africa. Frigid Zones: The two Frigid Zones, or polar regions, experience the midnight sun and the polar night for part of the year – at the edge of the zone there is one day at the winter solstice when the Sun does not rise or set for 24 hours, while in the centre of the zone (the pole), the day is literally one year long, with six months of daylight and six months of night. The Frigid Zones are the coldest parts of the earth, and are generally covered with ice and snow.

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You are here June 1, 2015 Microchip Captures Clusters of Circulating Tumor Cells At a Glance - Researchers developed a device that can capture rare clusters of tumor cells from the blood of cancer patients. - The ability to isolate and study these intact cell clusters could lead to important new insights into how cancer spreads. A tumor is made up of a mass of cells. Rare cells sometimes break away from a tumor and move through the bloodstream. Called circulating tumor cells (CTCs), they can take root in other organs and cause a cancer to spread, or metastasize. Single CTCs are extremely rare, typically fewer than one in a billion blood cells. Small groups of CTCs, or clusters, are even more elusive. Researchers have known about the existence of CTC clusters for more than 50 years, but their prevalence in blood and their role in metastasis have been poorly understood. Recent advances in biomedical technologies have enabled researchers to isolate single CTCs for closer study. CTC clusters are occasionally captured along with single CTCs. A research team led by Dr. Mehmet Toner at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School developed a novel microfluidic chip specifically designed to capture CTC clusters from whole, unprocessed blood. The technology, called Cluster-Chip, was developed with support from NIHs National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB). The device was described online on May 18, 2015, in Nature Methods. The Cluster-Chip is designed to allow blood to flow slowly through rows of microscopic triangle-shaped posts. The posts are arranged so that every 2 posts funnel cells toward the tip of a third post. At the tips, single cellsincluding blood cells and single CTCseasily slide to either side of the post, continuing to flow through the chip. CTC clusters, however, are capturedthey become balanced at the tips of posts between forces gently pulling them in opposite directions. This capture technique is based on the structural properties of CTC clusters rather than on their size or on the presence of particular surface proteins. The researchers found that at a blood flow rate of 2.5 milliliters/hour, the chip captured 99% of clusters containing 4 or more cells, 70% of 3-cell clusters, and 41% of 2-cell clusters. To release clusters from the chip, a solution is flowed through the chip in the reverse direction. Examination of the clusters under a microscope showed that the chip preserved the structure of the cell clusters. The technique was significantly more efficient than previous methods of capturing CTC clusters. The researchers tested the Cluster-Chip in a small trial of 60 people with metastatic cancer. The chip captured CTC clusters in 11 of 27 (41%) breast cancer patients, 6 of 20 (30%) melanoma patients, and 4 of 13 (31%) prostate cancer patients. The team was able to study various aspects of these CTC clusters. The results show that this technique allows for the capture and analysis of CTC clusters from a range of cancer types. “The presence of these clusters is far more common than we thought in the past,” Toner says. “The fact that we saw clusters in this many patients is really a remarkable finding.” The researchers also noted the presence of immune cells within certain clusters. Thus, this approach might allow for monitoring of tumor-immune cell interactions. - Isolated Cancer Cells May Lead to Personalized Treatments - Monitoring Cancer Changes from the Blood - Cancer Topics References: A microfluidic device for label-free, physical capture of circulating tumor cell clusters. Sarioglu AF, Aceto N, Kojic N, Donaldson MC, Zeinali M, Hamza B, Engstrom A, Zhu H, Sundaresan TK, Miyamoto DT, Luo X, Bardia A, Wittner BS, Ramaswamy S, Shioda T, Ting DT, Stott SL, Kapur R, Maheswaran S, Haber DA, Toner M. Nat Methods. 2015 May 18. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3404. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 25984697. Funding: NIHs National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB); Stand Up to Cancer; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Prostate Cancer Foundation; Charles Evans Foundation.

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In this post I am going to try to suggest a potential approach to this essay. Hopefully I will manage to answer the question whilst hitting the requirement of the marking rubric which insists, quite rightly, that writer’s craft should be at the forefront of any response. The essay is not intended as an exemplar in any way, but a vehicle for discussion: 13-18 Sound knowledge and understanding of the text evident in the response Comments about the writer’s use of characterisation/theme/plot/setting for literary effect show sound appreciation of the writer’s craft Engagement with the text is sound, examples used are clearly relevant Where response requires consideration of two or more features, a clear balance is evident 19-24 Thorough knowledge and understanding of the text evident in the response Comments about the writer’s use of characterisation/theme/plot/setting for literary effect show sustained appreciation of the writer’s craft Engagement with the text is sustained, examples used are fully relevant Where response requires consideration of two or more features, a thorough, balanced approach is evident 25-30 Assured knowledge and understanding of the text evident in the response Comments about the writer’s use of characterisation/theme/plot/setting for literary effect show a perceptive appreciation of the writer’s craft Engagement with the text is assured, examples used are fully relevant Where response requires consideration of two or more features, a perceptive, balanced approach is evident. I feel that alongside detailed response to key quotations, awareness of the FORM of the play and the consequent requirements on Shakespeare to adhere to the comic stereotype should be brought out in an essay on this subject. The same approach should also be made if Hero is the subject of the essay. In addition, it is clear that there should be regular well-chosen quotations to support and develop the argument and which are the subject of close, word-level analysis when possible. Shakespeare prepares the audience for the arrival of Claudio in the opening discussion and scene setting between Leonato and the Messenger. The comic genre requires a young protagonist, preferably in love, whose trials the audience will watch until the eventual revelation of the truth and the subsequent happy ending. Since Claudio is the first character of this type to be mentioned, it is fair to assume that he will take on this role. His character is given depth when the messenger uses the metaphor that he has enacted “in the figure of a lamb the feats of a lion”. This description gives a clear indication of his character: pure and innocent outwardly, but capable of acts of great power and cruelty or savagery. The noble connotation of the lion should not be allowed to hide the potential for destruction that the animal holds. In the early scenes of the play, Claudio is all “lamb”. He is young and naive, quick to respond to his emotion and easily swayed. Not only does he fall in love without even a word passing between he and Hero, asking Benedick whether he “noted” Leonato’s daughter, but his youthful ardour is supported by his assertion that she is the “sweetest lady” that he had ever seen. Though he is teased by Benedick, he gains support and Don Pedro is impressed enough by his protestations of love as Shakespeare shifts into verse form at the end of 1.1- “… come thronging soft and delicate desires”. There are potential indications of trouble to come as Shakespeare plants discreet references to possible greed – “hath signor Leonato a son?”- but at this stage the protagonist of the comedy fits the required description – a young man, deeply in love. Shakespeare quickly moves to add complexity to his character. After briefly introducing Don John in 1.3, Shakespeare develops the poisoning of Claudio’s mind which is necessary for his character to undergo a shift towards “darkness” required by the genre. At the masked ball in 2.1 and again in 3.2, Don John tries to trick Claudio into doubting Hero’s faithfulness. Claudio – a willing deceiver of Benedick in 2.3 is on the receiving end of deceit and, as is expected in a play in which mis-noting is such a key theme, is led to believe the evidence of his eyes when observing a midnight tryst. Not only does he fall out of love with the impetuosity of youth, but Shakespeare enhances his credentials as a comic protagonist by ensuring that his response is clearly vindictive and cruel: “If I see anything… there will I shame her”. Claudio is made to present the darker side of his character in an instant reaction which requires not just refusing marriage, but also, by shaming Hero, public humiliation of the innocent victim. The crisis is reached in 4.1 when Shakespeare allows CLaudio full vent to his malign anger. Prepared and guided by the “bastard” Don John, he humiliates Hero, calling her a “rotten orange” and accusing her of knowing the “heat of luxurious bed”, both accusations carrying clear overtones of a loss of virginity and of sexual practices, with the word “luxurious” carrying the meaning more of “lustful” than the modern sense of comfortable. It is only after Leonato has joined in the attack that Shakespeare begins to mix the core comic plot and the subplot of Beatrice ad Benedick. The comic genre requires a crisis and often a hiding-away of the victim in order that her innocence can be proven. At this time, once the Friar has drawn attention to the need for “noting” in all situations, Hero is taken away and centre stage is occupied by the pair who have hitherto been seen as the comic subplot -Beatrice and Benedick. It is a mark of Shakespeare’s genius that this much loved pair, who can seriously imbalance many productions of the play, should be seen as the supporting cast. They are romantically intriguing and entertaining, but do not carry the weight of the comic plot which is based not so much on the need for humour, but on the need to provide entanglement and a happy resolution. Once Benedick has agreed to “kill Claudio”, the resolution can be shown. In Act 5 Shakespeare shows the audience Claudio’s arrogance in the face of the two old men “without teeth”. He has not fooled Antonio who sees through the leonine projection of cruelty and pride to see behind it not a lamb, but Claudio as typical of a “fashion-monging boy”, repeating the noun four times in as many lines to emphasise the point. It is only after the much delayed revelation of the truth and Boracchio’s confession a tthe end of 5.1 that Claudio’s character can return to its earlier state. He is forced to make a public statement of sorrow for the “death of Hero” and to take part in a punishment that will see him wed to another girl. Once he has done his penance, Shakespeare can re-introduce Hero, veiled in keeping with the theme of noting and reminiscent of 2.1, the scene in which the deceits began. Claudio’s response -“another Hero!” is a response of shock and pleasure, as indicated by the exclamation mark, and he speaks no more in relation to Hero in the play, giving her a slight dominance over him for the first time, suggesting that he is still totally aware of the wrong he has done. The comic plot has been brought to its conclusion and the protagonist of the play has been presented as having learned some humility after the excesses of his behaviour when he was under Don John’s spell. Although Shakespeare still needs to wrap up his second couple and bring Beatrice and Benedick together, the comic plot of the play ends with the wedding of Claudio and Hero. Claudio’s character is revealed as having undergone a significant journey during the play and finally, all the troubles that he has been instrumental in causing have been smoothed out. That he can be described as the protagonist of this play is without a doubt.

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Messier 70 (also known as M70 or NGC 6681) is a globular cluster in the constellation Sagittarius. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1780. M70 is at a distance of about 29,300 light years away from Earth and close to the Galactic Center. It is roughly the same size and luminosity as its neighbour in space, M69. Only two variable stars are known within this cluster. Picture obtained with the Wide Field Camera of Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. The field of view is around 3.3 by 3.3 arcminutes. - ^ Shapley, Harlow; Sawyer, Helen B. (August 1927), "A Classification of Globular Clusters", Harvard College Observatory Bulletin (849): 11–14, Bibcode:1927BHarO.849...11S. - ^ Goldsbury, Ryan et al. (December 2010), "The ACS Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. X. New Determinations of Centers for 65 Clusters", The Astronomical Journal 140 (6): 1830–1837, arXiv:1008.2755, Bibcode:2010AJ....140.1830G, doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1830. - ^ a b c "SIMBAD Astronomical Object Database". Results for NGC 6681. Retrieved 2006-11-17. - ^ a b Boyles, J. et al. (November 2011), "Young Radio Pulsars in Galactic Globular Clusters", The Astrophysical Journal 742 (1): 51, arXiv:1108.4402, Bibcode:2011ApJ...742...51B, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/742/1/51. - ^ distance × sin( diameter_angle / 2 ) = 34 ly. radius - ^ a b Forbes, Duncan A.; Bridges, Terry (May 2010), "Accreted versus in situ Milky Way globular clusters", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 404 (3): 1203–1214, arXiv:1001.4289, Bibcode:2010MNRAS.404.1203F, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16373.x. - ^ "Tight and Bright". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved 13 April 2012. - Messier 70, SEDS Messier pages - Messier 70, Galactic Globular Clusters Database page - Messier 70 on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images ||Wikimedia Commons has media related to Messier 70. Coordinates: 18h 43m 12.64s, −32° 17′ 30.8″

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Barium Swallow (cont.) Ask your doctor for the results of your barium swallow test. You may have to wait a few days until the radiologist (a specialist in X-ray examinations) looks at the X-rays and gives your doctor the final results. Your doctor will recommend a plan of action based on the results. - The x-rays will show the digestive wave (peristalsis) through the length of the esophagus. When barium reaches the end of the esophagus, the barium enters the stomach. - The barium swallow may reveal problems in the pharynx (the back of the throat), the esophagus, or the stomach. The problems could be narrowing, tumors, polyps, ulcers (erosions), or disorders in moving food through the system. It can also show a hiatal hernia, diverticula (pouches opening along the esophagus), or varices (enlarged veins). - If the barium swallow test shows any area of concern, your doctor may plan what other tests, procedures, treatments, or medications you may need. The treatment for problems discovered during a barium swallow vary depending on the condition. Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 2/26/2015 Arasi Thangavelu-Veluswamy, MD, FAAEM Must Read Articles Related to Barium Swallow Acid Reflux Disease (GERD) Acid reflux (GERD) is caused by acid backing up from the stomach. Causes of acid reflux include smoking, obesity, alcohol, medications, diet, and other medical ...learn more >> Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis Diverticulitis is an inflammation of the diverticula in the colon. This conditions is referred to as diverticulosis. Causes of Diverticulosis (diverticulitis) i...learn more >> Dysphagia (Swallowing Problems) Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) has many causes. Dysphagia can be caused by diseases of the brain, diseases or conditions that affect muscle function, disease...learn more >> Patient Comments & Reviews The eMedicineHealth doctors ask about Barium Swallow:

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Today is World Sepsis Day! Held on September 13th every year, it is and is an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against sepsis. Sepsis accounts for at least 8 million deaths worldwide annually. Yet, depending on country and education, sepsis is known only to 7–50% of the people. Likewise, it is poorly known that sepsis can be prevented by vaccination and clean care and that early recognition and treatment reduces sepsis mortality by 50%. This lack of knowledge makes sepsis the number one preventable cause of death worldwide. Every 3-4 seconds someone dies of sepsis. Sepsis is a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries and affects millions of hospitalized patients in high-income countries. In the community, sepsis often presents as the clinical deterioration of common and preventable infections such as those of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tract, or of wounds and skin. Sepsis is frequently under-diagnosed at an early stage – when it still is potentially reversible. World Sepsis Day was initiated by the Global Sepsis Alliance in 2012 with the aim to raise awareness for sepsis worldwide.

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|This content series is in partnership with smartwater. smartwater, live a life well hydrated. Click here to learn more. Work hard and you can achieve anything. That’s a bit of advice that’s been repeated to us so many times that it’s sort of lost its meaning. The problem is that we already feel like we are working hard, but for many of us, it seems like we aren’t getting anywhere. So, is that advice complete bunk? I would argue that it isn’t. Rather, I think what’s gone awry is our definition of hard work. The thing about trying to nail down a definition of hard work is that, as I mentioned, most of us already believe we are hard workers. We went to college. We got good grades. We got jobs. We did exactly what our fathers and high school guidance counselors told us to do. We get out of bed, we go to work, we pay our bills, we keep ourselves and our homes neat and tidy, and we go to bed each night feeling somewhat exhausted. But the problem with that conception of hard work is that it’s not what all those successful people meant when they gave you the advice “work hard and you can achieve anything.” Most of what we do on a day-to-day basis is simply what we have to do to survive. Your job, your chores, your obligations to your family and the favors to your friends—that’s not hard work. That’s regular work. That’s your routine—the stuff that you and every other human being does every single day. Hard work is what you do on top of all that. It’s what you do after you’ve put in your eight hours, after you’ve cleaned your apartment, after you’ve kept all your appointments and followed through on all your promises. Hard work is above and beyond—and it’s the only thing that will push you above and beyond. That’s not even the end of the story. What makes hard work truly hard isn’t even the work itself. It’s everything else that you take on when you make the decision to work hard toward your goals. It’s the brutally honest self-evaluation, the tough personal sacrifices and the ever-lurking uncertainty. That’s what we’ll be discussing among the five “easy” steps to hard work. As you’ll discover, this article title is more than a little tongue-in-cheek. The easy part of these steps is learning them. The hard part is doing them. Let’s get started. Overview: The Five Elements of Hard Work Hard work is but one of the ways you can achieve your goals. For those of us who aren’t inordinately wealthy, smart, or lucky, it’s the only way. While each person’s path to success will be unique, the anatomy of the hard work that they do often looks very similar. For most successful people, the hard work that they put forth included all of the following: - The Drive – This is the motivation, the inspiration, the entire reason you work hard. This is the engine that pushes your efforts forward. - The Plan – If The Drive is the heart of your hard work, then the plan is the skeleton. The plan maps out your course of action and helps plot your progress and keep you on track. - The Grind – The Grind is the point when working hard stops being fun and exciting and starts becoming tedious, stressful and perhaps even discouraging. How you handle the grind is often what separates the winners from the quitters. - The Sacrifice – This is the crux of hard work, and the one thing that makes hard work truly hard. Any ambitious goal requires significant personal sacrifice. Enduring the strain in your relationships, finances and comfort level is the real test. - The Payoff – This is the brass ring. In order for hard work to be worthwhile, you have to define a number of goals and milestones and recognize when you’ve achieved them. And once you do, you have to up the ante and keep going. Let’s look at each one of these one by one. The Drive – Find Your Motivation When considering hard work, a good question to ask is: “Why?” Why bother getting up before dawn to train? Why bother working two or three jobs at once while simultaneously attending night school? Why bother scrimping and saving and forgoing earthly pleasures in order to pour every spare cent into your venture? The answer: motivation. Motivation is what sets hard work in motion. Motivation is what keeps us productive in spite of the grueling grind and the tough sacrifices. But just as there are sustainable sources of energy as well as unsustainable sources of energy, there is negative motivation and positive motivation. Both will bring you success. But one is obviously better than the other. The Motivation Matrix: Positive vs. Negative Motivation Writing for Psychology Today, Dr. Jim Taylor defines motivation as “being able to work hard in the face of obstacles, boredom, fatigue, stress, and the desire to do other things.” Each person has a different motivation that drives them toward success. Dr. Taylor illustrates this with the motivation matrix, which breaks down motivation along two dimensions: external vs. internal and negative vs. positive. Each combination—internal-positive, external-positive, internal-negative and external-negative—can provide sufficient motivation to net you success. But the experience and outcome of that journey to success can be very different. The ideal type of motivation is internal-positive. This, according to Dr. Taylor, is when “the motivation is coming from a place of strength and comfort.” This is in contrast to being driven by something like insecurity (internal-negative) or a need for attention (external-negative). Studies show that these negative motivations are not uncommon, especially in business settings. This negative motivation, after all, is an archetypal role in many movies: the driven, successful businessperson who achieves his or her goals but doesn’t feel fulfilled because he or she was motivated by the wrong reasons. The turning point in these narratives is when the protagonist chooses to walk away from the success and pursue happiness (and perhaps success) elsewhere. But in the real world, making this leap isn’t always so easy. Success vs. Happiness: A Rags-to-Riches Story For example, take the real life story of Aimee Elizabeth. From the age of 15, Aimee was broke and homeless, working many low-paying (but legal) jobs to keep from starving to death. By the time she was 18, she did manage to get a foothold on her savings, thanks to a policy typist job she got at an insurance agency. However, after the insurance agency changed ownership, there were a number of changes to the company’s structure, including a new dress code policy. “They expected me to conform,” Aimee tells Primer. “I was outraged. I didn’t want to spend my hard earned money on clothes I would never wear except at work. I had about $5,000 saved in the bank by this time, so my common sense was over-ridden by my youth, and I quit.” Looking back, there were probably other reasons why Aimee felt driven to leave the highest paying job she had ever had. “I realized that I could never earn what I believed I was worth by working for others,” she says. So, by the time she was 20, she started her first successful business. It thrived for nine years. Her personal life, however, did not. When she was an abandoned, hungry and homeless teenager, she had made a vow to herself never to have children for fear that they might end up like she was when she was 15. That decision, along with her drive for success, made it difficult for her to maintain romantic relationships. “Even though I was now financially sound, I just could never ever get over that visceral fear of being homeless and hungry again. I couldn't ever make enough money to get past the fear I had of innocent children depending on me. So I not only missed out on the joys of motherhood, I missed out on some really terrific guys because of this lifestyle choice,” Aimee says. Aimee went on to build and sell four businesses, allowing her to retire when she was 38 years old. By age 49, she was a multi-millionaire, successful real estate investor, guest speaker, business consultant and a bestselling author. But she was, and is to this day, alone. In the beginning, Aimee was driven very much by external-negative motivation. She worked to escape poverty. Ironically, that same drive continued to carry her even after the threat of becoming homeless and hungry again faded. At that point, her motivation transitioned from external-negative to internal-negative. The fear of destitution was no longer part of her circumstances—it was something deeply ingrained in her. She couldn’t shake it. In spite of her success, Aimee says she regrets not going into therapy in her 20s in order to overcome these feelings. Unfortunately, she never made that transition to a positive-internal motivation. “I will forever be that homeless and hungry fifteen year old girl on the inside,” she says. “Being on my own so young taught me to only depend on myself, and now 30 plus years later, it's a habit I doubt I can break. I overcame my homelessness and hunger. I sometimes regret my personal choices because of so many years I have spent alone. And now at my age, I wonder if I will always be alone. Will I grow old alone and die alone too? It seems likely. And so rather than dwell on it, I just continue to make more money, to distract myself from the loneliness.” As Aimee’s story illustrates, success can be realized even through negative motivation. But happiness and success don’t always go hand-in-hand. Doing the Hard Work: The Drive Taking the time to evaluate your motivation is already somewhat above and beyond the routine. But it becomes truly hard work when you muster up the time, focus and courage to do a brutally honest inventory of what’s driving you. For extreme cases like Aimee’s, you may need to seek help from a third party in order to tease out the true nature of your drive. This can be a professional therapist or a mentor or a trusted friend. For the rest of us, it means taking a serious look at the direction of your life and challenging your assumptions about your goals. This can be difficult. If you’ve spent your childhood, your college years and a few years on the job market believing you’d be a pro basketball player or a radio broadcaster or a brain surgeon, entertaining the notion that you might not really want these things can be downright painful. Maybe you’ll let down your parents or coach or teacher who always believed in you. Or maybe your aspirations to be X have always defined a big part of your identity. Whatever the case, if your heart isn’t in it, it will only get worse as you get further down that path. Take the time now. Do the hard work. Find out what really motivates you and make sure it aligns with what will make you truly happy. The Plan – Map It or Scrap It Another Primer article, Map It or Scrap It: The Real Secret to Success, succinctly lays out the case for plotting out the actual steps that it will take you to achieve your goals. When it comes to doing actual hard work, that element becomes even more important. There are many reasons for this, but chief among them are (1) the need to break the hard work down into actionable steps and (2) the need to enroll all stakeholders in your venture. When you think about your big goals, you tend to think of them in terms of a lifetime. But when you do hard work, you go day by day. Establishing a plan lets you take the big goal of “What do I want to do with my life?” and break it down into “What do I need to do over the next five years?” and then “What do I need to do this year?” and then “What do I need to do this week?” and then “What do I need to do today?” and then finally “What do I need to do right now?” This lowest level of granularity is the important one, because it’s the one where you’re going to meet the most resistance, both internally and externally. Internally, you’re going to meet resistance whenever you get into The Grind. Whenever you find yourself working through the night or the weekend instead of sleeping or lounging on the couch or drinking with friends, you’re going to ask yourself “Why am I doing this?” The Plan helps you overcome these feelings. It helps you take the action you are doing right now and connect it to that big goal, even when it makes the present moment incredibly unpleasant. The external resistance you’ll encounter during your daily toil is trickier. As a society, we tend to glorify the notion of hard work. But we tend to do so in retrospect after the hard work has already paid off. Plus, we tend to glorify hard work from a distance—it’s the award presenter or obituary writer who lavishes praise on the hard working attitude of the recipient or subject. When you get down to the personal level and the present moment, our feelings toward hard work become more ambivalent. With The Payoff still somewhere in the distant and uncertain future, it becomes easy to feel resentful towards hard work and the people who choose to do it (you). This will be explained further when we talk about The Sacrifice, but the result is that when the going gets tough (which it will), you will need to make the case that all this struggle and sacrifice is worth something. This is where The Plan comes in. The Plan becomes an important “marketing” tool for explaining why you are making the choices you make on a day-to-day basis. It gives you a framework for all the thousands of times you’ll have to choose between doing A or B. Not only that, it gives everyone in your life an opportunity to either object to or buy-in to The Plan. It gives your girlfriend or business partner or whoever else relies on you a chance to run for the hills before getting dragged into your taxing, sleep-deprived, frustrating lifestyle of hard work. Aimee Elizabeth, the rags-to-riches entrepreneur from the previous section, has admittedly had troubles finding a significant other who is comfortable with her plan. But because she is upfront about her ambitions, it prevents her from becoming entangled with someone who is going to bail on her down the road, or worse, sabotage her for the sake of their relationship. “My fondest wish would be to find a man who can accept me as I am, and love me to death anyway,” Aimee told Primer. For better or worse, Aimee hasn’t compromised her ambition for the sake of a relationship. But when she does find that person who accepts her—ambition and all—then she’ll have a partner in her ongoing ventures, and not a naysayer or rival. In conclusion, this section isn’t about making a plan. It’s about having one and making sure all the stakeholders agree to it, or are at least aware of it. In the narrative of your success, The Plan is the founding document. Although not everything will go exactly according to The Plan, all actions, milestones, setbacks and decisions will harken back to The Plan. This is how you will contextualize the efforts and sacrifice you will put into achieving your goals. And this is how you will measure the hundreds of little successes and failures along the way to the big payoff. Doing the Hard Work – The Plan Making a plan is like declaring a major. It’s something that many of us shy away of because once The Plan has been laid, we are accountable. When The Plan comes into form, it highlights the ways in which we are delinquent and it maps out the hard road we have ahead of us. This can be incredibly daunting. Advertising The Plan to people who are close to you can also complicate your routine life. For many people, The Plan becomes an ultimatum. If you say, “I’m devoting the next 10 years of my life to developing a rural commune of organic farmers,” and your significant other was thinking in the back of her mind, “I’d better be back in the suburbs and pregnant in the next four years or I’m wasting my time,” then there’s going to be some strife. But without The Plan, your work amounts to nothing but treading water. Do the hard work. Pick a direction. And start swimming. The Grind – Don’t Ease Up, Don’t Give Up When you were graduating from high school, someone older probably sat you down and gave you a certain piece of advice. Maybe this person was a father or an uncle or a family friend, but whoever he was, he had been in the workforce for a while and wanted to pass a bit of wisdom to you. Here’s what he said: “Choose a job that that you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life.” That tidbit of advice, while well-meaning, is, sadly, a crock of romantic wishful thinking. No one—not even Oprah—lives this supposed axiom. Even if you are a freelance work-at-home marine biologist/rock star/wizard, there will be times when you just do not want to get out of bed and do your job. This can be a simple case of the Mondays. Or it can be seven consecutive years of thankless toil before you see a single cent of profit. But it is a fact of life. Dr. Jim Taylor, writing for Psychology Today, calls this “The Grind.” The Grind is when you are doing work that takes “you far beyond the point at which it is fun and exciting.” The Grind is stressful, tiring and tedious. It also happens to be the point where it really, really counts. As Dr. Taylor puts it: “Many businesspeople when they reach this point either ease up or give up because it's just too darned hard. But truly motivated businesspeople reach The Grind and keep on going.” To beat The Grind, he recommends striking a balance somewhere in the middle of the love-hate continuum. Managing to truly love The Grind—the paper pushing, the boring meetings, the bleary-eyed mornings when you punch the clock at your 9-to-5 job after pulling an all-nighter on your side project—rarely ever happens. On the other hand, openly hating The Grind is a recipe for burnout. That’s why Dr. Taylor writes: “I suggest that you neither love nor hate The Grind; you simply accept it as part of the deal in striving toward success.” In Psychology Today, Dr. Taylor was writing about success in the business world. But it applies outside the cube walls as well. Let’s take a look at another real life example. Grinding Across the Polar Ice Caps As a newlywed, Akshay Nanav took a big risk. Just four months after his wedding, the 27 year old ex-Marine walked away from his full time job, plunked down $15,000 and embarked on an expedition to ski across the Greenland ice sheet, the second largest ice cap in the world. To do this, Akshay had to spend nearly every cent of his savings, leave his family behind and spend a month dragging a 195 pound sled across 350 miles of unforgiving frozen landscape. In embarking on this journey, Akshay was very much realizing part of his dream. The Greenland ice sheet was a proving ground for Akshay. He had been training for the trip for three years, and conquering the ice cap was a milestone toward his next goal: traversing the Patagonian Ice Sheet and then, in the future, the North Pole. Despite being positively motived to undertake this challenge, the nature of the endeavor guaranteed moments of pure grind. “There were most definitely points in the journey when I did not want to be there, when I was miserable and just wanted to go back home to the warmth and comfort of my bed, my wife, my hot shower, sitting on a couch, all of those luxuries,” Akshay tells Primer. “During those moments of misery, there was really no choice but to continue on. The only way off the icecap was across, so I just worked on changing what I was focusing on.” Because of Akshay’s drive and plan, he was able to make this conscious choice to readjust his focus. “For me, drive is about staying focused on the future and working backwards from there. I do not work from now to the future. I work from the future to the now. By doing so, all the struggles and sacrifices become worth it, because the future vision lives within me every day,” he explains. “If and when doubt shows up, I look at the pain-pleasure dynamic of the decision I am making,” says Akshay. “What is the pain that will result if I don't continue down this path? What is the pleasure if I do? Generally, the thought of pain kills doubt and the pleasure empowers me to continue onward.” To Akshay, the pain of giving up on his journey across the ice cap would have meant delaying or possibly ending his dream of “reaching the poles, exploring the harshest continents on the plant and discovering the infinite capacity of the human spirit.” Back at home, the pain of giving up on his own business would have meant working for someone else for a paycheck instead of being his own boss. “The need to avoid that pain and the desire to gain the immense pleasure from making those sacrifices reinforces my decision and I continue forward as boldly (or stupidly, some would say) as possible,” he says. In many ways, Akshay’s grind can represent our own. Opportunities, like the polar ice caps, are out there—but for each year we hesitate, allowing ourselves to grow older and more complacent, they diminish, slowly softening and melting away. Making the choice to follow your passion and stick to your plan will inevitably wind you up in the middle of your own ice cap—exhausted, discouraged and wanting to quit. How you decide to act in that moment is every bit as crucial as the decision you made at the beginning of the journey. Doing the Hard Work – The Grind Even though you may feel like a latent rock star or an underappreciated genius, there will be times when you are low, humble and just plain bored. There will be times when everything seems like bullshit and nothing makes sense. There will be times when The Plan seems like a pipe dream and The Drive seems like a drunken hallucination. Recognizing these moments for what they are and persevering through them is a major part of hard work. The Grind can happen all at once at the end of the year or once every Wednesday for the next 10 years. But in the end, it doesn’t matter when you quit. If you quit after five years of effort, the net result is the same as if you gave up two hours after you started: you gave up on your dreams. Do the hard work. Don’t. Ever. Quit. The Sacrifice – An Unpopular Leap of Faith I’d like to present something called the Liz Lemon Fallacy. Liz Lemon, played by Tina Fey, is the lead role in the sitcom 30 Rock. One of the ongoing jokes about her character is that she always thought that she was getting one step closer to “having it all”: a good career, the respect of her coworkers, a stable relationship and the satisfaction of knowing that she stuck to her values and stood up for what she believed in. The joke part of that is that, as nearly every episode proves, she is dead wrong. If you ever feel the same way Liz Lemon does, then you’re dead wrong, too. The Liz Lemon Fallacy is the mistaken belief that, if you can just get yourself organized, if you can just get the hang of this certain system, or if you can just get caught up over the weekend, then you can get all your work done, stay in touch with all your friends, keep all your dishes clean, stay in shape, catch all your favorite TV shows and still have time to call your mom maybe once a week. That, as it turns out, is simply not true. There are exactly 24 hours in each day and exactly seven days in each week. There is exactly one of you, and that body that your brain rides around in needs roughly four to six hours of sleep every night in order to function. Meanwhile, it takes about 10,000 hours of practice to become an expert at something (according to a study by Dr. K. Anders Ericsson, which was cited throughout Malcolm Gladwell’s book Outliers: The Story of Success). It takes about 120 semester hours to earn a bachelor’s degree, which amounts to about 1,800 hours sitting in a class room. It takes about 40 hours to earn a master’s degree, which amounts to about 600 hours in class (and that doesn’t include time spent reading, studying and writing a thesis). These are just the things that you can easily quantify. How many hours did it take to develop Facebook? How many hours did it take to for Tesla to invent and develop the AC motor? How many hours has Michael Phelps spent in the pool? No matter how hard you fudge the math, it’s clear that you’re not going to be able to “have it all” by waking up 30 minutes earlier or brushing your teeth in the shower or fashioning yourself a hipster PDA. This means that if you are going to be serious about sticking to The Plan and achieving your goals, then you’re going to have to make some major personal sacrifices. Making sacrifices, I would argue, is the hardest part of hard work. It’s harder even than the work itself. When we think about our goals and the work that we’ll have to put into them, we tend to downplay this part of the equation in our mind. For example, if you are imagining yourself pursuing a career as a novelist, it’s easy to imagine typing long into the night. “All I have to do is write and write and write, right?” you think. “No problem. I love writing. Otherwise I wouldn’t want to be a writer.” But that’s not the hard part. Sacrifice isn’t about what you do to reach your goals; it’s about what you choose not to do for the sake of your ambition. This is worse than it sounds. In order to stick to The Plan, the things you have to give up will be so important to you that it hurts to see them go. This is the definition of sacrifice: the act of surrendering something of value for the sake of a greater purpose. You don’t read about biblical figures sacrificing pigs or sickly runts. They killed the fatted calf. Likewise, the sacrifice you make for the sake of your goals will have to be something near and dear to you. It’s easy to be caught off guard by this. Part of the reason for that is that, like hard work in general, making sacrifice is something that we tend to feel we are already doing. Specifically, we as a society like to pretend that we are making a sacrifice by giving up material possessions. Before we forge The Plan and come face-to-face with The Grind, we factor this runty sacrifice into our mental bargaining. “It’ll be no problem to start my own business. I can live off ramen noodles and drive my beater of a car for a few more years to make ends meet. I don’t need material things to make me happy,” we think. But things don’t always work out so easily. Eschewing a life of conspicuous consumption and lavish luxuries isn’t some kind of righteous, enlightened path. It’s how pretty much everyone already lives. As much as we complain that we live in a materialistic society, no one really believes that owning a Jaguar or a designer watch is their life’s purpose. Most of us place far more value on experiences, relationships and security. These are the things that make us truly happy. And these are the things that you’ll have to sacrifice for the sake of hard work. The Plan occupies an immense amount of space in your life. For many, it consumes it entirely. Giving 110 percent to one cause means that you have less than zero percent to give elsewhere. Your other plans will have to be cancelled or put on hold. Your relationships will be tested and will likely terminate. You will miss funerals, reunions, bachelor parties, holidays, movie premieres and so much more. You’ll uproot yourself from the place that you call home and move to the place where your dreams have a better chance of taking root, leaving your friends, your family, your girlfriend and your comfort zone behind. Perhaps even more painfully, you’ll have to give up on some of your other dreams that aren’t directly related to the one you are pursuing in The Plan. (You can’t be an astronaut and a rock star—at least not to my knowledge. If I’m wrong, please post a link to the exception in the comments.) Because you are doing hard work, it means you’ll be saying “no” over and over and over again. You’ll say “no” when the people you love want you to say “yes,” and a part of you desperately wants to say “yes,” too. You’ll let go of so many things that you’ve been wanting to do, been meaning to do, or thought you had to do in order to feel alive. You’ll do these things and no one—not even you—will know for sure if the sacrifice you are making is worth it. Taking that leap of faith and making that sacrifice is the hardest part of The Plan. But you will have to do it sooner or later. You may even have to do it more than once. Doing the Hard Work – The Sacrifice If you’re not making a true personal sacrifice, then you’re not working hard. You’re coasting. Can you coast your way to success? Yes. If you are rich enough, lucky enough or talented enough, you certainly can achieve your goals without making any personal sacrifice. But that typically means that you’re simply setting the bar too low. This translates into barely any achievement at all. The struggle between you and the obstacles to your goals is a war of attrition. There is no limit to what you can put forth. You only admit defeat when you refuse to make any further sacrifices. Do the hard work. Give up something you love or give up your dreams. You can’t have it all. Although the previous four sections might seem discouraging, that’s not the point of this article. I’m not trying to talk you out of working hard toward your goals by telling you that you’ll lose sleep, lose friends and remain forever alone. What I’m trying to convince you is that no matter how hard you think you are working, you can work harder. But in order to do so, you’re going to have to do just as much emotional and spiritual hard work as physical and mental hard work. True hard work has a disruptive effect on your life, which is exactly the intended effect. There are positives and negatives to this disruption, but if the goal that you have your sights on is truly what you want, then it will all be worth it. In Aimee Elizabeth’s rags-to-riches story, there was certainly payoff and sacrifice. She went from being broke and homeless to being a retiree before the age of 40 and a multimillionaire before the age of 50. The sacrifice she made in doing so was the decision to harden a part of her heart at a young age, and to this day, she struggles to soften it once again. Whether this was a good bargain or not remains to be seen, but her extraordinary story proves that upward mobility is possible. In Akshay Nanavati’s story, the sacrifice and payoff are still somewhat fresh. As of the time of this article, it’s only been three months since he walked away from his fulltime job in order to dedicate himself fully to his exploration and entrepreneurship. But already, he’s realized a number of significant milestones in his journey. The experience of traversing the Greenland ice cap was a month long payoff in itself, but it also helped him grow spiritually and physically. He now lives life on his own terms and is his own boss. He’s validated his wife’s support of both him and his ambitions. Although there is still tension, he’s reached an understanding with her. “She wants me to live the life I want and be the person that I am, just as I want her to do the same and we support each other on the journey,” Akshay explains. What’s important to remember about The Payoff is that it’s never terminal. While it’s crucial to recognize the moments when you’ve reached a milestone or conquered a certain leg of your journey, your hard work is never truly over. Hard work is a lifestyle that you will live until you die. Take the payoffs, celebrate them, and then reinvest them into the next challenge ahead. Akshay Nanavati is a success coach, explorer and inspirational speaker. Learn more at his blog: Existing2Living. Aimee Elizabeth is the bestselling author of Poverty Sucks! How to Become a Self-Made Millionaire!

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9. It has a Halo but still you can’t see directly According to the researchers 90% mass of our galaxy consists of the dark matter that makes a mysterious halo. This halo is invisible and we can’t see that. Their presence has been validated with the running stimulation of the Milky Way with this invisible mass. The stars inside our galaxy disk orbit the center profligately. The orbiting speed is higher in case of the heavier galaxy. If we say that the galaxy is made up of the visible matter then the orbiting would be low than what we observe. It shows that the rest of the mass must be an obscure, dark matter that only interacts gravitationally with the normal matter. 10. It carries more than 200 billion stars According to an estimate the Milky Way has 100-400 billion stars in it. The number of stars is not fixed because they are being produced and also losing through supernovae constantly. Milky Way is a middle weight galaxy that has billions of stars in it. Dwarf galaxies like large Magellan cloud have about 10 billion stars and large galaxies can have as many as a trillion stars in it.

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A typical psychological picture of the “Victorian” house looks with sophisticated vibrant and cut shades. However the phrase “structure that is Victorian” really describes designs that surfaced throughout the rule of Victoria, within the interval between 1830 and 1910. During this period it was created many well-known designs, including Italianate Medieval resurrection Empire, Double Anne style. The designs developed mostly in the imposing gothic-style, which appealed towards the Victorian indisputable fact that was intimate that structure trend and fixtures must certainly be stunning in the place of useful. A Victorian lady is apparel, for instance, concerned hoopskirts, corsets and gowns which used meters of material. It made feeling for that house that was fashionable styles to replicate that surplus as-well. Designers included German, Tudor as well as Egyptian particulars and required the suggestions of medieval structure. Developers were liberated to mix the designs to produce a number of different well known designs — and mix the designs because they found healthy. Consequently, you will find. Suggestions in the gothic-style might have commenced the Victorian designs, but the pattern was nationalized by a in the Commercial Revolution. Steam powered sawmills might produce supplies that were sophisticated quicker and cheaper. Consequently, Victorian houses that were delayed turned increasingly elaborate. Actually reduce-income households might manage designs and cut to show their houses that are current into Victorian.” The Queen Anne design arrived to style in the peak of the mass production of new cut, within the 1880s. These, colorful houses that are sophisticated would be of once they photograph a Victorian house the picture many people think. Experts charged the Victorians of pointless difficulty and litter, promoting a far more sleek, handcrafted house whilst the Artsandcrafts Motion started initially to strike America. Fashion was fallen out of by the design, but continues to be really predominant in historical towns round the nation. - 2 to 3 reports Victorian houses are imposing and usually big. Nearly all Victorian designs utilize timber exterior, however Romanesque designs and the Minute Kingdom more often than not have external surfaces made from rock. Unlike the Traditional revival-style that is boxy, Victorian houses have wings in several instructions. - Ornamental cut Generally named “gingerbread,” homes are steel cut or usually embellished with sophisticated timber. - Distinctive wall areas Scalloped tiles, patterned half-timbering or masonry are generally used-to dress Victorian exterior up. - High, multi-faceted roof or roof Victorian houses usually have steep rooflines with several gables experiencing in instructions that are various. The 2nd Empire Victorian-style includes a flat topped Mansard roof to permit for optimum room indoors. A sizable, wraparound patio with supports and decorative spindles is typical, especially. Some high end houses that are Victorian are adorned having an octagonal or spherical structure having a large, top that is sharp. - Lively shades Prior to the Victorian era, many homes were colored all-one colours, often beige or bright. By 1887 earth-tones like mustard-yellow and sienna were fashionable. Wire Asendorf in 1889 constructed this Savannah, Ga., milestone. It is regarded one of Gothic architecture’s greatest types. This rectangular stone house in Maine was initially built-in 1826. In wooden medieval design in 1850, it had been coated like several houses within the Victorian era to maintain with structure developments. “Colored Girls” in Bay Area It describes Victorian homes colored in even more or three shades to decorate their new aspect. It had been first used-to explain the vibrant houses in Bay Area within the 1978 guide Colored Girls: the Resplendent Victorians of Bay Area. Rosson House Museum at Heritage Square Built-in 1895, this house it is today a memorial and is a superb exemplary instance of the King Anne design. Its comprehensive cut is usually referred to after the sophisticated masterpieces of designer Charles Eastlake, as Eastlake describing. Almost Speaking: Complications and Problems Homes have less wardrobe room than most contemporary houses and rooms. Additionally, like several house designs that are historical, fix inside plaster, and you will possibly have to do some rewiring and cut to fix home deciding.

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The ICE Cases – Search and Scenario Tool To ICE-SST Go to >> https://icedb.shinyapps.io/icedb/ Expert Coding Handbook: About the ICE Cases The Inventory of Environmental Conflict (ICE) is a collection of about 300 cases studies that are coded on 16 differing categories. If you have a moment, try out the new Search and Scenario Creator Tool based on the cases. The idea is that when a new case of conflict and environment occurs (or just if you want do do case-based research), you can input the categorical attributes in the cases and search the ICE cases for matches using a system of pattern matching. The ability to analyze the cases vis-a-vis other cases allows decision-makers, and researchers, the ability to seek best and worst examples for guiding policy based say on outcomes of fatality levels. The cases themselves also have value as a group of data that can be analyzed. Search and Scenario User Guide The ICE Search and Scenario Tool (SST) uses a web site and a programming package called R. One R package allows the coding of a sophisticated sorting and analysis system: Shiny. Along with some programming, we have built the site on a web server that R maintains. The site remains in a sleep mode until it needs to be used. Simply re-load the page to wake it up and use it. - Search the ICE Case Here are the basic ICE cases that can be searched on the basis of attributes and weighted accordingly. Here is the basic screen that will appear (see Figure 1). There are several basic Search Options: >Show Case Descriptions (Abstracts) >Search the Descriptions by Key Word >Choose Number of Cases to Show >Download Inputs and Outputs A “No Scenario” search is essentially a way to search the ICE cases. You could put in one or more attributes as a way to sort the cases. In this way, the site is both a repository for searching the ICE cases as well as a way to assess new instances of conflict and environment (and perhaps eventually add them to the case set). The text search looks at the case abstracts only. Deep Search the ICE Cases In addition to searching the ICE cases based on attributes, it is also possible to change how you weight the attributes you select for (see Figure 2). For researchers and policy makers, interests might be limited to certain areas, problems, types of conflict, or other factors. Each attribute can be rated on a scale of 1 to 10. The default setting is one. Search By Existing Scenarios Anyone can build a scenario on the site and add it to a list of scenarios that are available. It will not be immediately posted as some site updates are set in a timed or approved mode. Some examples of new cases of environment and conflict are used to illustrate how the scenario builder can be used to track new cases as they arise and evolve (see Figure 3). The examples show how the rankings can be selected by attributes and weighted. This particular instance examines other cases similar the current dispute underway in the South China Sea. Create Your Own Scenario You can create your own scenario and add to the list of the ICE scenarios (see Figure 4). Here, you would submit a case (it could be old or new) and have a list of related cases that are similar to it on a number of dimensions. As one begins to understand a case, this can only help in putting together some comparative information (see Figure 4). Creating a scenario involves both textual information (describing the case), along with a coding of prospective case attributes and their possible weightings. You will need to fill in some basic information about the environment and conflict aspects of the case. Save Your Own Scenario You can save any scenario. If it is the default scenario you will get the basic attributes of ICE cases in one file and another file will provide the results. In this instance, the user will get a listing of all the cases. The cases are downloaded as “csv” files and you can use in most any spreadsheet program, starting with Excel. If you create a scenario, your input choices (attributes and weightings) along with a ranked set of cases will be available for download. All new scenarios must be approved. After you have described the case and given it a name, you then select attributes to the prospective cases. You do not have to select on every category. Each selection can also be weighted. Saved results will be exported to excel in two files. One file contains the input scenario (or default) case attributes while the other has the sorts of the ICE case on the basis of the case pattern matching scores. The Full ICE Cases Coding Construct - Case Background - Environment Aspects - Type of Environmental Problem - Type of Habitat - Act and Harm Sites:

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Baby cereal is usually one of the first foods parents give their babies when they are ready for solid foods. Infant cereal is a great source of carbohydrate and important vitamins and minerals, including iron. It can also be a source of fiber for babies suffering from constipation. Some infant cereals contain no fiber while others contain up to 3 grams per serving. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends breastfeeding your baby as her sole source of nutrition until she is around 6 months of age. Function of Fiber Fiber helps maintain normal gastrointestinal function. Fiber isn’t digested, so it moves through your baby’s stomach and intestines and out her body, helping her have regular bowel movements. Your baby’s digestive system continues to develop and mature during her first year of life, so some inconsistencies in timing, texture and even color of stool are normal. If you have concerns, talk to your baby's pediatrician. Infant Fiber Requirements Breast milk and infant formula do not contain fiber, so babies usually don’t consume fiber until they are about 6 months old. The Institute of Medicine has not determined a recommended daily intake of fiber for infants; however, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends that fiber-containing foods, including infant cereal, gradually be introduced from ages 6 to 12 months. By the time your baby is 12 months old, she should be consuming about 5 grams of fiber a day. Do not add foods containing fiber, such as baby cereal, before her system is ready. If your baby can hold her head up, sit with support and push food to the back of her throat with her tongue and swallow, she is ready for solid foods. Fiber Content of Infant Cereals Although infant cereals are made from whole grains, some have very little fiber. Most single-ingredient infant cereals contain 0 to 1 grams of fiber per serving. Infant rice cereal contains no fiber, which is one reason why it is a good cereal to start with. Rice cereal is easier for babies to digest and is less likely to cause allergies. Whole-wheat and barley infant cereals contain 1 to 2 grams of fiber. Infant cereals labeled second- and third-stage with added fruit may have 2 to 3 grams of fiber. Second- and third-stage cereals are for older infants, usually between 8 and 12 months. They have a thicker consistency and may contain bits of fruit. The nutrition facts label on the cereal container will list the amount of fiber. Ask your pediatrician which infant cereal is best for your baby’s age and developmental stage. Increasing Fiber in Baby Cereal If your baby is experiencing constipation and your pediatrician has recommended adding fiber to her diet, you may add some foods to her cereal to increase the amount of fiber she consumes. Prunes, apricots, plums and raisins are good sources of fiber. Peas, beans and broccoli are also considered high-fiber vegetables. Increase her fluid intake, too. - eating baby girl image by Adam Borkowski from Fotolia.com

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Screenshot of the Reading Progress teacher review experience Reading fluency is an essential part of any student curriculum, and recognizing the learning gap that the pandemic has created, it’s especially important that each student gets the chance to build their reading skills and increase their confidence in turn. That’s the idea behind Reading Progress, the new app available in Microsoft Teams that enables students to independently read aloud, record themselves, and grow their reading skills while allowing educators to better support students’ progression. Students share the audio or video recordings of themselves with their teachers who can then track the progress, provide feedback, and discover trends and opportunities for student growth. Here’s a quick look at how Reading Progress works: 1. Create tailored assignments Students benefit from educators’ ability to upload single or multiple assignments that are easily accessible and can be customized for a particular student’s reading level and progress. Students can also read at their own pace and in a comfortable setting, removing any stigma, stress, or distraction associated with reading out loud. This helps students further develop their reading skills at their own pace. This personalized learning and targeted support helps ensure that all students’ performance and progress is monitored, prioritized, and encouraged. 2. Read, record, review, repeat With Immersive Reader technology in Teams, students can adjust page settings, such as format and font size, to tailor their Reading Progress experience based on their preferences. From there, students can record themselves reading aloud on either audio and/or video. Once submitted, teachers can review the recorded assignment and provide feedback at their own convenience. 3. Unlock insights and track progress The app has streamlined a typically time-intensive process by seamlessly integrating with Teams’ Education Insights dashboard. Teachers can use the auto-detect feature to quickly review errors such as mispronunciations, repetitions, phrasing, intonation, and omissions, and can use them to customize instruction for each student. For example, educators can change the pronunciation sensitivity levels to account for different speech patterns and accents. They can also override any inaccuracies the auto-detect feature may have highlighted as they listen to a recording. Get started with Reading Progress today By empowering students to complete their reading assignments independently, Reading Progress keeps the focus on practice and growth. Discover more tips and advice on how to utilize the app, and download Teams to get started.

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We are living through a new economic revolution. The first revolution occurred in the Middle East about 12,000 years ago, after the last Ice Age, and it gave us farming. Instead of the usual question 'where do we find water?' someone asked 'how can we make water come to us?' and thus irrigation began. Nomadic people were able to stay and settle on the land. The second change occurred in the UK around 1750: the industrial revolution. This gave us the factory system of production, and the model by which we run schools and offices as well as factories: centralisation of control, hierarchy, synchronisation and uniformity of produce. The factory was a wonderful invention for getting things done. The current revolution is partly based on information technology and the service sector ('experience economy'). Invention is now even more systematic, and new products and services get spread more quickly. Gordon Moore is a founder of Intel. 50 years ago – on April 19 1965 - he predicted that the power of computers will double every 18 months-2 years, and the price of computers will halve every 18 months-2 years. This is now called 'Moore's Law'. This was the most important 20th century prediction to affect us in the 21st. The pace of change is getting faster. A next stage will be 3D printing ('additive manufacturing').These machines print one layer at time. Owing to the method of construction, there is no waste: only the material that is needed gets used. For example, the International Space Station needed a particular type of spanner; instead of waiting for the next delivery, the plans for one were sent up electronically and a new spanner was printed out for immediate use. The 3D printer will manufacture for you at home. Recall that servants were replaced by the washing machine and vacuum cleaners. Photographers no longer need Kodak for colour photographs; they can do so themselves via a mobile phone. Meanwhile Google is pioneering driverless cars. For how long will we continue to allow dangerous humans to drive vehicles (road crashes kill 1.2 million around the world each year)? Google predicts that human drivers be gone in 15 years. A person will call up a car on their phone; the car will take them to the destination (they can text or sleep on the way) and their bank account will be charged. The car will then drive itself onto the next customer. This will mean less road trauma cases. Given the high rate of road fatalities, humans have set the bar very low. Google cars will be preferred for their safety – and no more parking problems. As in 1750 the next Revolution is creeping up on us. A new economic stage has been reached – the 'experience economy'. This is an escape route from merely competing on price. This is an unlimited area because of the human appetite for amusement, excitement, learning, pleasure and spiritual fulfilment. For example, McDonald's do not just sell fast food; they sell bright, clean, safe, family-friendly eating places suitable for socializing. Starbucks sell more than coffee; they provide the 'third' place (after 'home' and 'work'). Wineries that now host music/ comedy festivals are providing a 'grape grazing' experience. Educational institutions now provide a 'lifelong learning experience'. There are many new business opportunities opening up. The future is coming, much faster than you think! original article: The new revolution Keith Sutor, futurist, author and media personality

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« ForrigeFortsæt » union of heart to being in general, or to God, the being of beings, which appears in those virtues; and of which those virtues, when true, are the various expressions or effects. Benevolence to being in general, or to being simply considered, is entirely a distinct thing from uniformity in the midst of variety, and is a superior kind of beauty. It is true, that benevolence to being in general will naturally incline to justice, or proportion in the exercises of it. He that loves being, simply considered, will naturally, other things being equal, love particular beings in a proportion compounded of the degree of being, and the degree of virtue, or benevolence to being, which they have. And that is to love beings in proportion to their dignity. For the dignity of any being consists in those two things. Respect to being, in this proportion, is the first and most general kind of justice: which will produce all the subordinate kinds. So that, after benevolence to being in general exists, the proportion which is observed in objects may be the cause of the proportion of benevo lence to those objects ; but no proportion is the cause or ground of the existence of such a thing as benevolence to being.The tendency of objects to excite that degree of benevolence which is proportionable to the degree of being, &c. is the consequence of the existence of benevolence, and not the ground of it. Even as a tendency of bodies, one to another, by mutual attraction, in proportion to the quantity of matter, is the consequence of the being of such a thing as mutual attraction; and not attraction the effect of proportion. By this it appears, that just affections and acts have a beauty in them, distinct from and superior to the uniformity and equality there is in them: for which he that has a truly virtuous temper, relishes and delights in them. And that is the expression and manifestation there is in them of benevolence to being in general. And besides this, there is the agreement of justice to the will and command of God; and also something in the tendency and consequences of justice, agreeable to general benevolence, as the glory of God, and the general good. Which tendency also makes it beautiful to a truly virtuous mind. So that the tendency of general benevolence to produce justice, also the tendency of justice to produce effects agreeable to general benevolence, both render justice pleasing to a virtuous mind. And it is on these accounts chiefly, that justice is grateful to a virtuous taste, or a truly benevolent heart. But though it be true, that the uniformity and proportion there is in justice is grateful to a benevolent heart, as this uniformity and proportion tends to the general good ; yet that is no argument that there is no other beauty in it but its agreeing with benevolence. For so the external regularity and order of the natural world gratifies benevolence, as it is profitable, and tends to the general good: but that is no argument that there is no other sort of beauty in external uniformity and proportion, but only its suiting benevolence, by tending to ine general good. 5. From all that has been observed concerning this secondary kind of beauty it appears, that the disposition which consists in a determination of mind to approve and be pleased with this beauty, considered simply and by itself, has nothing of the nature of true virtue, and is entirely a different thing from a truly virtuous taste. For it has been shewn, that this kind of beauty is entirely diverse from the beauty of true virtue, whether it takes place in material or immaterial things; and therefore it will follow, that a taste of this kind of beauty is entirely a different thing from a taste of true virtue. Who will affirm, that a disposition to approve of the harmony of good music, or the beauty of a square or equilateral triangle, is the same with true holiness, or a truly virtuous disposition of mind? It is a relish of uniformity and proportion that determines the mind to approve ihese things. And there is no need of any thing higher, or of any thing in any respect diverse, to determine the mind to approve and be pleased with equal uniformity and proportion among spiritual things which are equally discerned. It is virtuous to love true virtue, as that denotes an agreement of the heart with virtue. But it argues no virtue for the heart to be pleased with that which is entirely distinct from it. Though it be true, that there is some analogy in it to spiritual and virtuous beauty----as far as material things can have analogy to things spiritual, of which they can have no more than a shadow--yet, as has been observed, men do not approve it because of any such analogy perceived. And not only reason but experience plainly shews, that men's approbation of this sort of beauty does not spring from any virtuous temper, and has no connection with virtue. For otherwise their delight in the beauty of squares, and cubes, and regular polygons, in the regularity of buildings, and the beautiful figures in a piece of einbroidery, would increase in proportion to men's virtue; and would be raised to a great height in some eminently virtuous or holy men ; but would be almost wholly lost in some others that are very vicious and lewd. It is evident in fact, that a relish of these things does not depend on general benevolence, or any benevolence at all to any being whatsoever, any more than a man's loving the taste of honey, or his being pleased with the smell of a rose. A taste of this inferior beauty in things immaterial, is one thing which has been taken by some moralists, for a true virtuous principle, supposed to be implanted naturally in the hearts of all mankind. Of Self-Love, and its various Influence, to cause Love to others, or the Contrary. Many assert that all love arises from self-love. In order to determine this point, it should be clearly determined what is meant by self-love. Self-love, I think, is generally defined “a man's love of his own happiness ;” which is short, and may be thought very plain : but in reality is an ambiguous definition, as the expression his own, is equivocal, and liable to be taken in two very different senses. For a man's own happiness may either be taken universally, for all the happiness or pleasure of which the mind is in any regard the subject, or whatever is grateful and pleasing to men: or it may be taken for the pleasure a man takes in his own proper, private, and separate good. And so self-love may be taken two ways: 1. It may be taken for the same as his loving whatsoever is pleasing to him. Which comes only to this, that self-love is a man's liking, and being suited and pleased in that which he likes, and which pleases him; or, that it is a man's loving what he loves. For whatever a man loves, that thing is grateful and pleasing to him, whether that be his own peculiar happiness, or the happiness of others. And if this be all that they mean by self-love, no wonder they suppose that all love may be resolved into self-love. For it is undoubtedly true, that whatever a man loves, his love may be resolved into his loving what he loves.--If by self-love is meant nothing else but a man's loving what is grateful or pleasing to him, and being averse to what is disagreeable, this is calling that self-love, which is only a general capacity of loving or hating; or a capacity of being either pleased or displeased; which is the same thing as a man's having a faculty of will. For if nothing could be either pleasing or displeasing, agreeable or disagreeable to a man, then he could incline to nothing, and will nothing. But if he is capable of having inclination, will and choice, then what he inclines to and chooses, is grateful to him, whatever that be; whether it be his own private good, the good of his neighbours, or the glory of God. And so far as it is grateful or pleasing to him, so far it is a part of his pleasure, good, or happiness. But if this be what is meant by self-love, there is an impropriety and absurdity even in the putting of the question, Whether all our love, or our love to each particular object of our love, does not arise from self-love? For that would be the same as to enquire, Whether the reason why our love is fixed on such and such particular objects, is not, that we have a capacity of loving some things ? This may be a general reason why men love or hate any thing at all; and therein differ from stones and trees, which love nothing and hate nothing. But it can never be a reason why men's love is placed on such and such objects. That a man in general loves and is pleased with happiness, or has a capacity of enjoying happiness, cannot be the reason why such and such things become his happiness : as for instance, why the good of his neighbour, or the happiness and glory of God, is grateful and pleasing to him, and so becomes a part of his happiness. Or if what they mean who say that all love comes from self-love, be not that our loving such and such particular persons and things arises from our love to happiness in general, but from a love to our own happiness, which consists in these objects; so, the reason why we love benevolence to our friends or neighbours is because we love our happiness, consisting in their happiness, which we take pleasure in :still the notion is absurd. For here the effect is made the cause of that of which it is the effect: our happiness, consisting in the happiness of the person beloved, is made the cause of our love to that person. Whereas the truth plainly is, that our love to the person is the cause of our delighting, or being happy in his happiness. How comes our happiness to consist in the happiness of such as we love, but by our hearts being first united to thern in affection, so that we as it were look on them as ourselves, and so on their happiness as our own ? Men who have benevolence to others have pleasure when they see others' happiness, because seeing their happiness gratifies some inclination that was in their hearts before. They before inclined to their happiness ; which was by benevolence or goodwill; and therefore, when they see their happiness, their inclination is suited, and they are pleased. But the being of inclinations and appetites is prior to any pleasure in gratifying these appetites. 2. Self-love, as the phrase is used in common speech, most commonly signifies a man's regard to his confined private self, or love to himself with respect to his private interest. By private interest I mean that which most immediately consists in those pleasures, or pains, that are personal. For there is a comfort, and a grief, that some have in others' pleasures or pains ; which are in others originally, but are derived to them, or in some measure become theirs, by virtue of a benevolent union of heart with others. And there are other pleasures and pains that are originally our own, and not what we have by such a participation with others. Which consist in perceptions agreeable or contrary to certain personal inclinations implanted in our nature; such as the sensitive appetites and aversions. Such also is the disposition or the determination of the mind to be pleased with external beauty, and with all inferior, secondary beauty, consisting in uniformity, proportion, &c. whether in things external or internal, and to dislike the contrary deformity. Such also is the natural disposition in men to be pleased in a perception of their being the objects of the honour and love of others, and displeased with others' hatred and contempt. For pleasures and uneasiness of this kind are doubtless as much owing to an immediate determination of the mind by a fixed law of our nature, as any of the pleasures or pains of external sense. And these pleasures are properly of the private and personal kind; being not by any participation of the happiness or sorrow of others, through benevolence. It is evidently mere self-love that appears in this disposition. It is easy to see that a man's love to himself will make him love love to himself, and hate hatred to himself. And as God has constituted our nature, self-love is exercised in no one disposition more than in this, Men probably are capable of much more pleasure and pain through this determination of the mind, than by any other personal inclination or aversion whatsoever. Though perhaps we do not so very often see instances of extreme suffering by this means as by some others, yet we often see evidences of men's drtading the contempt of others more than death; and by such instances may conceive something what men would suffer if universally hated and despised; and may reasonably infer something of the greatness of the misery that would arise under a sense of universal abhorrence, in a great view of intelligent being in general, or in a clear view of the Diety, as incomprehensibly and immensely great, so that all other beings are as nothing and vanity-together with a sense of his immediate continual presence, and an infinite concern with him and dependence upon him-and living constantly in the midst of most clear and strong evidences and manifestations of his hatred and contempt. These things may be sufficient to explain what I mean by private interest ; in regard to which self-love, most properly so called, is immediately exercised. And here I would observe, that if we take self-love in this sense, so love to some others may truly be the effect of self-love; i. e, according to the common method and order which is maintained in the laws of nature. For no created thing has power to produce an effect any otherwise than by virtue of the laws of nature. Thus that a man should love those who are of his party, and who are warmly engaged on his side, and promote his interest, is the natural consequence of a private self-love. Indeed there is no metaphysical neces

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This listening comprehension activity involves crossword puzzles between two students, where Student A has the target language clues for student B, and vice versa. This will require making two different crossword puzzles and cutting/pasting the clues onto the other puzzle. There are many crossword puzzle makers online. - Student A will ask Student B for a particular clue, e.g. “5 down” - Student B will read the clue in target language to Student A - Student A will fill in the target language answer on his/her crossword puzzle - Student B will ask Student A for a particular clue. The above pattern will continue until both crossword puzzles are completed. Like I stated earlier, I have not used this activity in quite awhile and never in a CI classroom setting. I was a bit hesitant about posting this activity, because I can see both benefits and drawbacks. As a result, I will discuss both here: - This is a great language lab activity, where partner pairs are scattered. Since partners are not seated directly next to each other, they must solely rely on listening. - This is another post-reading activity to review a passage/story. You can take actual sentences from the reading or ask questions about the reading for students to answer. - In using known sentences from a passage/story, students are continuing to receive understandable messages in the target language. - It is a novel way to get students to interact with both the language and each other. - Because students are working with crossword puzzles, it relies on them knowing the correct spelling of the words. As most students are at the novice/intermediate levels of language proficiency, their target language spelling skills are still developing. In doing a crossword puzzle, correct spelling is absolute key. In my opinion, adding a word bank does not really solve the problem and actually works against the concept of a crossword puzzle. - If one is using this to review a story, students need to know the story well by the time you introduce this. So CI teachers out there, try out this activity, and let me know how it goes, any changes which you made to it to make it more comprehensible, etc.

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QUERETARO, Mexico, June 3 (UPI) -- What does maquiladora mean? The word is related to "maquillaje" in Spanish, or "maquillage," in French, both of which mean "makeup," the sort women put on their face. But it was a different type of making up that the maquiladoras on the Mexican side of the U.S. border were, and to a large extent, still are, about: assembly, the putting together by cheap Mexican workers of parts usually manufactured elsewhere and imported duty-free. Now the makeup is in a mess. The number of jobs in Mexico's maquiladoras has dropped by 278,000, a fifth of the total, since October 2000. But should we be concerned? Was the business ever pretty? The maquiladora industry: How should we see it? Something ugly disguised as progress? Or as something genuinely attractive for Mexico? Some economists have argued that maquila's value added is relatively small because it often uses inputs from abroad and does not provide "linkages" to the domestic economy by creating a web of domestic suppliers. There are also accusations that it is exploitative to use cheap Mexican labor to do what American workers would do more expensively. In San Antonio, Texas, an organization called Coalition for Justice in the Maquiladoras campaigns against abuses it perceives in the maquila industry. And no doubt abuses exist. But there is also evidence that the maquiladoras have benefited Mexico, the border area and their workers. How so? Look at the industry. It goes back to the mid-1960s and has moved ahead fast in the past 30 to 40 years, especially since the devaluation of the Mexican peso at the end of 1994, says John Castany, the former president of the Reynosa Asociación de Maquiladoras and now a board member. Figures from the Mexican government's statistical body, INEGI, show that the number of maquiladoras more than doubled in the 1990s, from 1,703 companies in 1990 to 3,590 in 2000. Their production quadrupled between 1990 and 1999. Mexico's manufactured exports rose ten-fold between 1990 and 2000, from just $14.9 billion to $146 billion; the maquiladoras have been responsible for much of this increase. Meanwhile the number of people employed by maquiladoras has come close to tripling: from 446,000 in 1990 to 1,285,000 in 2000. No other segment of the Mexican economy has been as dynamic or as able to create jobs. How good are those jobs? They do pay much less than similar employment would in the United States. The maquiladoras are in Mexico because Mexican workers can be hired for about $50 per week: about what would be paid to equivalent low-skilled U.S. workers in a day. But the treatment and benefits workers receive are good, executives in the industry say. Keith Patridge, executive vice president of the McAllen Economic Development Corporation, which has worked hard and successfully to bring companies from all over the world to McAllen, Texas, to Reynosa, just over the border, and to other towns in Mexico, says that all the maquiladoras offer training to their workers, and not just on-the-job training, but schooling. Teachers are provided in the evenings and at weekends. Workers can complete the secondary education that many of them will have abandoned at a young age. Some have gone on to take a college degree and even a Ph.D. Don King, the burly President of Am-Mex Products in McAllen corroborates this. "We have paid students to go to school to take degrees," he says; "some leave, but the loyalty you get from workers is worth much more than the cost." King is positive on Mexican workers. He has worked in Asia, the Middle East and Europe and says "I would put the Mexican worker up against any in the world. The work ethic is there. It's instilled in them at birth." Because workers have become more skilled in the border area in the past thirty to forty years Patridge says that the maquiladoras are taking on more sophisticated tasks than just assembly. Mexican workers are moving to more skilled tasks and the "whiskers of the company" are now coming to Reynosa and performing research and development. King, however, is less optimistic. "The problem," he says, "is still the skill sets." Jobs, a wage, training, education: these are benefits brought by the maquilas. But what has gone wrong? Why are jobs being lost? Of course the slowdown of the U.S. and global economy is a factor. But there are others. The business is more complex than the simple comparison of wage costs might make it appear. According to Mike Allen, President of the McAllen EDC, "everything except labor costs more in Mexico." And now the maquila industry has hit what Castany calls "some worrying bumps in the road." Both the MEDC's Allen and Castany are concerned about the costs, other than labor, that tend to be higher in Mexico than in the United States. Regular readers of Inside Mexico will be familiar with some of them. First, though, there is something specific to the maquiladora industry. The Mexican government has sought, not unreasonably in Castany's view, to increase the tax take from the maquilas. But the solution it has found seeks to tax maquila companies on earnings in both Mexico and the United States. "Nowhere in the world will you find this sort of double taxation," Allen says. And efforts to tackle the problem have proceeded frustratingly slowly. "I think President (Vicente) Fox is an excellent man," Allen says, "but cooperation from officials in the ministries has been poor." Castany says that the cost of obtaining additional electricity supply from Mexico's state run Corporación Federal de Electricidad for plants in Reynosa is "outrageous." Castany says that plants complain, too, about the cost of services from Telmex, the formerly state-run, now privately-owned company that is close to enjoying a monopoly of telecoms in Mexico. And Castany points out the extent of traffic congestion in Reynosa. Money needs to be invested in infrastructure. Allen says that money was designated for investment in infrastructure in Reynosa. The former mayor of the town, Gerardo Higareda of the Partido Revolucionario Institutional, which lost the presidency to Fox in 2000, was removed from office, allegedly for theft. He has made counter-accusations against the governor of Tamaulipas state, Tomás Yarrington. Reynosa's investments have not been made. Another layer of increased cost is provided by a phenomenon examined previously by Inside Mexico: the appreciation of the peso. Its real value has risen by over a fifth against the U.S. dollar -- which itself has been strong against other currencies until recent weeks. The pursuit by Mexico's central bank of still lower inflation has helped to drive the peso up. Policy, as argued previously, might have been different and ought to be changed now. Let us come back to our earlier question: how should we see the maquiladoras? The conditions of employment offered by maquiladoras need to be monitored. But there can be little doubt that in Mexico they pay the going rate in a country where jobs are scarce and workers are untrained. In providing education to their workers maquiladoras make up for perhaps the biggest and most destructive weakness of Mexican society: the poor state education system. Maquiladoras, like other foreign investment in Mexico, are the basis of capitalist development of the country. Their investments create jobs, raise productivity and skills and will eventually raise the wage rate and Mexico's standard of living. They should not be seen as a mask for exploitation. The problems they tackle -- lack of skills, poor roads, high costs for essential services, negligence and corruption on the part of public officials--are those that have dogged Mexicans for decades. Inside Mexico is a weekly column in which our international economics correspondent reflects on the country in which he lives. Comments to [email protected].

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Rituals and Worship Generally speaking, "sacred time" is not a category of thought in the Baptist tradition, and the tradition has no formally articulated view of it. As is the case with sacred time, generally speaking "sacred space" is not a category of thought in the Baptist tradition, and the tradition has no formally articulated view of it. Rites and Ceremonies The two primary rites and ceremonies of the Baptist tradition are baptism and communion, or the Lord's Supper. Worship and Devotion in Daily Life In the Baptist tradition, both worship and devotion in daily life reflect the characteristic Baptist emphases on the centrality of the Bible and the importance of the individual Christian's direct, immediate relationship with God. Though symbolism per se is not a predominant category in Baptist thought and worship, there is important symbolism within the tradition, most notably representations of the cross of Jesus Christ, the rites of baptism and the Lord's Supper, and copies of the Bible.

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If you look at the faint star below the galaxies which is marked in the first photo and note its location in the second one 21½ months later it becomes immediately obvious that the object has moved significantly, especially relative to the brighter star either just above or below it. What's going on here? At this scale, this much motion in this short a time would be phenomenal for a star. The rate is ~7½ arc-seconds per year (±10%). Barnard's Star, the highest known proper motion (and the fourth closest star), is only a little higher, at 10.3 arc-seconds per year. Barnard's Star is already about as faint (intrinsically) as a star can be, and my object is maybe 3½-4 magnitudes fainter (apparent), so it would have to be further away, 5-6x further, if it was the same kind of star, and more than that if it was intrinsically brighter. It would thus have to have a very high space velocity (relative to the Sun), since Barnard's Star is already up there, at 142½ km/sec. In fact, it's velocity would have to be larger, by a few times at least, than the local escape velocity from the galaxy! This seems unlikely. So let's say it's a member of the solar system. At the current rate it would take some ~175,000 years to go around the sky once, which translates into a distance from the Sun of ~3100 AU (using Kepler's 3rd Law). This is 75-80x further than Pluto, even though its apparent magnitude is roughly equal to what Pluto was at when it was discovered. The object would thus have to be huge to be so bright. Did I find Planet X?!? Well, no... As it turns out, these are two different stars. They must both be variable, and I caught them "out-of-phase", such that one was bright (or bright enough) and the other was dim (or dim enough) when I took the first photo, and then the situation was reversed at the time the second photo was taken. I thought I'd go into this just to point out that no matter what one is looking for -- whether SNe, asteroids, or whatever -- things like this will be found in the fishing net from time to time. [ Back to Main VISNS Page ]

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The wheelchair basketball matches here at the Paralympics have given a glimpse of how disability sport could one day cross into the mainstream. Yesterday's game between Great Britain and the USA was the perfect example; fast, combative and thrilling, it had a passion and excitement that would have appealed to any sports fan -- even one who has no interest in the Paralympics. But the needs of the athletes in sports like wheelchair basketball are also driving huge advances in the technology used to assist disabled people. Wheelchairs must be fast and light -- yet strong enough to withstand the rigours of the sport. Over at the Paralympic Village, technicians from Otto Bock have a large tent which they've transformed into a repair shop, fixing hundreds of mangled wheelchairs and cracked prosthetic limbs. The head of the repair service, Kevin Harney, says it's the athletes that are pushing forward the developments in wheelchair technology, taking products already available and customizing them for the needs of their sport. The same is true with prosthetics. Athlete Brian Frasure, for example, is himself a prosthetist. He's helping to design the artificial limbs that are enabling Paralympics to set new world records. The down side is that not everyone can benefit from these technological developments. Sports wheelchairs and state-of-the-art prosthetic limbs cost thousands of pounds -- putting them beyond the reach of many Paralympians from developing countries.

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Church of Japan |Orthodox Church in Japan| |Founder(s)||St. Nicholas of Japan| |Autocephaly/Autonomy recognized||1970 by Russia| |Current primate||Archbishop Daniel| |Musical tradition||Russian Chant| |Official website||Church of Japan| St. Nicholas of Japan (baptized as Ivan Dimitrievich Kasatkin) brought Orthodoxy to Japan in the 19th Century. In 1861 he was sent by the Church of Russia to Hakodate, Hokkaido, as a priest to a chapel of the Russian consulate. Though the contemporary Shogun's government prohibited the Japanese conversion to Christianity, soon some neighbors who frequently visited the chapel converted—Nicholas's first three converts in Japan. While they were his first converts in Japan, they were not the first Japanese to do so—some Japanese who had settled in Russia had converted to Orthodoxy. |This article forms part of the series| Orthodoxy in Japan |Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan| Church of Japan |Nicholas of Japan | Andronik of Perm |Sergius (Tikhomirov) | Nikon (de Greve) Seraphim (Sigrist) of Sendai Daniel (Nushiro) of Japan Seraphim (Tsujie) of Sendai |Fr Paul Sawabe | Fr Simeon Michiro Mii Fr Anatoly Tikhai |Holy Resurrection Cathedral| |Edit this box| Apart from brief trips, Nicholas stayed in Japan, even during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), and spread Orthodoxy nationwide, being appointed as the first bishop of Church of Japan. Nicholas founded the Cathedral of Tokyo in Kanda district and spent over fifty years of his life there; hence Holy Resurrection Cathedral (Tokyo, Japan) was nicknamed Nikolai-do by Kanda citizens. The early mission to establish the Japanese Orthodox Church depended on the Russian Orthodox Church, especially in financial matters. The war between Russia and Japan created a politically difficult situation for the church. After the Bolshevik Revolution, the Japanese government had new suspicions about the Japanese Orthodox Church, in particular, that it was used as a cover for communist Russian espionage. The second bishop of Japan, Metropolitan Sergius (Tikhomirov), suffered severely from such governmental suspicion, and he was forced to resign his episcopacy and died under strange circumstances on August 10, 1945, five days before the end of the war. The Russian Church similarly suffered from Stalinist policy and had no ability to help the young church in Japan. During the Fifteen Years War (1930-1945), which from 1939 to 1945 was part of World War II, Christianity in Japan suffered under severe conditions, the Orthodox Church especially. After the Japanese surrender, the Allied occupation had a generous attitude to Christianity, given its predominantly American composition. As the majority of the Slavic- and Greek-Americans would attend local Orthodox parishes, Orthodoxy in Japan took a step forward. During the war, the Japanese Orthodox Church had almost no foreign contact. After the war, instead of the Russian Church, the precursors of the Orthodox Church in America (OCA) helped re-establish the Japanese Orthodox Church, and several youth who studied at the OCA's St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in New York are now the leaders of Japanese Orthodox Church. Later, as the situation of the Russian Orthodox Church improved, the Japanese Orthodox Church came under the leadership of the Church of Russia again. In 1970 Nikolai Kasatkin was glorified by the Patriarch of Moscow and is recognized as St. Nikolai, Apostle to Japan. His commemoration day is February 16. In 2000 the Russian Orthodox Church glorified Bishop Andronic (Nikolsky) as a saint and martyr. He was appointed the first bishop of Kyoto and later martyred as the archbishop of Perm during the Russian Revolution. - Daniel (Nushiro), Archbishop of Tokyo, Metropolitan of All Japan - Nicholas (Saiama), Bishop of Kyoto and Western Japan - Seraphim (Tsudzie), Bishop of Sendai and Eastern Japan Retired and former bishops - Seraphim (Sigrist), Bishop of Sendai and Eastern Japan |Autocephalous and Autonomous Churches of Orthodoxy| | Four Ancient Patriarchates: Constantinople | Alexandria | Antioch | Jerusalem | Russia | Serbia | Romania | Bulgaria | Georgia | Cyprus | Greece | Poland | Albania | Czech Lands and Slovakia | OCA* |Sinai | Finland | Estonia* | Japan* | China* | Ukraine*| |The * designates a church whose autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized.| - Japanese Orthodox Church Official Site (Japanese/English) - Parish address list - Eastern Christian Churches: Orthodox Church of Japan by Ronald Roberson, a Roman Catholic priest and scholar

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Muhammad Mansur Ali (1919-November 3, 1975) was a Bangladeshi politician who was a close confidant of Sheik Mujibur Rahman, the founding leader of Bangladesh. A senior leader of the Awami League, Mansur also served as the prime minister of Bangladesh in 1975. Rising to public prominence, Mansur was widely known as “Capt. Mansur.” He left the Muslim League to join the newly-formed Awami Muslim League of A.K. Fazlul Huq and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. He would soon be elected member of the party’s central executive committee and president of its Pabna District unit. Mansur was arrested by police in 1952 for helping to organize protests against the declaration of Urdu as the sole official language, in what became known as the Language Movement. Mansur and his party demanded that Bengali also receive recognition and the provinces are granted autonomy. After his release, Mansur was elected a member of the East Pakistan Legislative Assembly in 1954 as a candidate of the United Front alliance of various political parties. In the cabinet headed by Ataur Rahman Khan, Mansur served in different periods as the province’s minister of law, parliamentary affairs, food, agriculture, commerce, and industry. Mansur was re-arrested in the aftermath of the coup d’etat led by Ayub Khan, who became president of Pakistan and imposed martial law. He would remain incarcerated from 1958 to 1959.

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Get free worksheets plus activities, articles, and science projects. This double-whammy of an activity will have kids eager to add! This twisty-turny maze may look like a challenge, but once your kid solves some simple addition problems, he'll have found his way to the end in no time. Not an Education.com member yet? Create an Account Already a member? Sign In Members receive Education.com emails. You can change email preferences in account settings. We'll send you a verification code to reset your password Go back to sign in page The email is on its way. Please allow a few minutes for it to arrive. Didn't receive the email? Go back and try again

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: Lesson 0 The Esperanto word for it is ĝi.|1 This letter Ĝ is one of a few special letters in Esperanto. It represent the sound g in gist (or Jack). When people write in Esperanto, they usually informally write gx instead of ĝ if they don’t have ĝ on their keyboard. This is called the x-sistemo. You will be asked to write things down in this lesson, and you will be able to write them either in Esperanto letters or using the x-sistemo. The Esperanto word for is is estas.|2 How would you write: Well done, that was your first Esperanto sentence. Let's go on. The Esperanto word for what is kio.|4 The word order is not very important in Esperanto, so you can just keep it the same as in English in most cases. How would you say: The Esperanto word for a language is lingvo.|6 This comes from the same root the word linguistics comes from. How would you say: The Esperanto word for that (in the phrase that is good) is tio.|8 Do you see the resemblance between the words kio and tio? This is because tio is that and kio is a kuestion word. It makes that into what (just like in English, except you have th instead of t and wh instead of k). The Esperanto word for and is kaj.|9 This word is pretty cool because it comes from Ancient Greek. How would you say: If you talk about Esperanto, you want to describe it as well. Let’s look at a few possibilities. The Esperanto word for easy is facila.|11 You have the same root in the word facilitate except the c in facila is pronounced like ts in tsunami. Knowing that, how would you say: As you’ll start seeing in this course, this is very true - Esperanto is easy. Let’s learn one more word: The Esperanto word for good is bona.|14 You have this Latin root bon which means good in a number of words that come from French (such as bon appétit). How would you say: Now, imagine that you wanted to negate all that. The opposite of easy is difficult. If you want to get the opposite of some word in Esperanto, you add mal to the front of that word.|16 So, if facila is easy, can you guess what difficult would be? Esperanto for difficult is malfacila.|17 Let's try using that, and also applying it to another word you learned: The Esperanto word for not is ne.|20 It works just like in English except you always put it in front of the word that you are negating. So, if you want to say is not you say not is or ne estas. This way it is a lot more consistent than in English. You in English, you say: not me, not today, not blue but does not (should be not does, shouldn’t it?). In Esperanto it’s always ne (something). How would you say: Good going so far! The Esperanto word for I is mi.|24 It is just like me in English so you shouldn’t have any problems remembering this word. If you want to say I am, you still say mi estas (or I is) because the word estas in Esperanto never changes in the way that it changes to I am, you are, and he is in English. Think of estas as the word can: you always say I can, you can, he can, we can, etc. and the word can never changes: in Esperanto, all words work in that way. The Esperanto word for a human is homo.|25 It is the same as in Latin, therefore the similarity to English. How would you say: You can add things to words in Esperanto to have them have different meanings in a similar in which you can make act into actor, teach into teacher or lingua into linguist. But, unlike in English, where you have or, er, ist and others suffixes, in Esperanto you always use ist for professions or hobbies. The Esperanto ending which shows a profession or a hobby is ist.|27 So, if a language was lingvo, how do you think you would say a linguist? Great! It goes the other way too. For example, the Esperanto word for a dentist is the same as in English, except it has o in the end (like all nouns in Esperanto do). First, guess how you would say a dentist, and then try to work out how you would reach the word for a teeth from there. As I said, ist could mean a profession or a hobby. If you speak Esperanto, your hobby is Esperanto, so you can add this ist to say an Esperanto speaker or a person who has Esperanto as their hobby, or, as a direct English loanword from Esperanto states, an Esperantist. How would you say: Let's learn some more Esperanto: Esperanto for work is laboro (think labour).|32 How would you say: There is another ending that is very similar to ist: The Esperanto ending an denotes an inhabitant or a member of a group.|34 This one is used to tell where you are from. For example: Esperanto for America is Ameriko.|35 How would you say by adding an (also keep in mind that the word American will be spelled all lowercase in Esperanto): Another example is Nederlando which means the Netherlands (in Esperanto you simply say Netherlands and not The Netherlands like you do in English). Say: You don’t need to use this an if you don’t want to because you can get around it. The Esperanto word for from is de.|39 So, you could say: Some other relevant country names: The Esperanto word for The United States of America is Usono.|41 France is Francujo.|42 Esperanto for you is vi.|45 Do you notice how all these words are so simple: mi (I), vi (you), ĝi (it). As an added bonus, the word vi is used both formally and informally, just like you in English. Do you remember the words for good (bona) and easy (facila)? These two words end in an a because they describe things (they are called adjectives). All adjectives in Esperanto end in an a (just like all nouns end in an o, as we previously saw). But let's consider these words that end in an a. Another way to put it, is you could say think that a means related to or pertaining to. Thus bona means relating to goodness, pertaining to a group of good things], or simply put, good. And facila means relating to facility, pertaining to the group of easy things, or simply put - easy. Thus our a seems to indicate possession or pertinence. Now, you have these words for vi, mi etc. What would happen if you added a to them? For example, you take vi (which means you) and you add a and you get via which would mean related to you, pertaining to you or simply: your! If you want to make words like mi, vi, ĝi, etc. possessive, you add a to them, to make them into mia, via, ĝia.|49 Guess how you would say: The Esperanto word for a land is lando.|53 It also means country, of course. How would you say: Do you still remember the word for what - kio? It was our kuestion word. Esperanto for name is nomo.|57 If you don’t find nomo similar Enough to name already, simply think of nom de plume or nomenclature So, how would you ask and answer: Alright, you know that kio means what and it’s a kuestion word. You also know that tio means that. There is another kuestion word: The Esperanto word for where is kie.|60 It’s easy to remember, if you think that, pronunciation-wise, you could write what as whot - which is kio, and you can write where - which is kie. I bet you can use the kio - tio analogy to kie - ? and guess the word there. Try to guess and to apply it. In theory, there is absolutely no difference in what word order you use but, in practice, regarding the way Esperanto is spoken, you are more likely to hear say kie vi estas instead of kie estas vi. Either version is fine, though. You can also ask and answer the question where are you from. It would logically be from where are you, or, as you usually (although not obligatorily) say it, from where you are?: Good progress so far! Esperanto for she is ŝi.|66 This ŝ is another letter peculiar to Esperanto, although it makes the word ŝi sound very similar to the word she. Esperanto for wants is volas.|67 You also know the word for work which is laboro. However, if you want to make work into to work, you have to take off its noun ending o and add an in infinitive ending i, since: All to-words (they're called infinitives) end with i in Esperanto.|68 So, how would you say: So, you know that all infinitives end with i. Volas means wants, so it’s not an infinitive yet. Rather, it's a present tense verb. But it can be made into an infinitive by making it end with i. You just get rid of the present tense marker which is as and then put that i at the end. How do you say: Doing the opposite, you could now say other things (remember the words labori, estas, which you will be changing the endings of): If she wants to be a dentist, it’s probably her best interest to study to be a dentist: Esperanto for to study is studi.|74 How would you say: I hope you are getting the gist of it, and starting to play around with those endings. After all, that's the point of Esperanto. Esperanto for to learn is lerni!|77 I’m not kidding you. It really is this, almost the same as in English. Try asking literally where you learn: Alright. We have words for to work (labori), to study (studi), to learn (lerni), to be (esti). That's quite a few words already, and all of them are in one way or another related to words in English. Let's talk about HOW we do things, and in the next lesson we will talk about WHAT we do exactly. Esperanto for how is kiel.|79 Another kuestion word now, isn’t it? You can remember that kiel means how by imagining that, when you are asking how, you are asking how well or ki-well]- kiel (okay, maybe that's a bit of a stretch...). You could ask literally how she works: Imagine that you want to say that she works easily. You will remember the word for easy (as it is also related to facilitate) in Esperanto? If you want to make easy into easily in English, you add ly. In Esperanto, you do something similar: To make words into ly words ([adverbs) in Esperanto, you make them end with the adverb ending: e.|82 Here you see that e from kiel again. Guess how you would say: Bona was good. Use the same manner to make it into well, and use it as well: Here are two words that come respectively from French and Latin: Esperanto for very is tre.|86 Esperanto for but is sed.|87 We can apply them immediately: Great! If you knew how to make that sentence, that means you must have known quite a bit of Esperanto already. Finally, it’s useful to know this word: Esperanto for to be doing or to be feeling is farti.|89 You could associate that word with farewell which could mean fartu well or do well i.e. good luck. Use that how word and say literally how you are doing, plus answer that question (plus, remember, that fartas means to be doing already, thus you will not need the word for to be in that sentence): The sentence kiel vi fartas is used in almost every Esperanto conversation, and now you know how to use it too. You also know how to tell how you do things. Let’s learn to tell what exactly you do now. Look at any sentence. For example, cat eats Bob. Eats is the action. What comes before "eats" is a subject (an agent) and what comes after "eats" is the object. How do you know? Well, if you switch them you get Bob eats a cat - totally opposite meaning. There is a huge difference between the cat eating Bob and Bob eating the cat. There is a difference to Bob, anyway. (Note: this course does not endorse any form of violence against pets or people or any combination thereof). So, again, who does the action is the subject and who the action is being done to is the object. If I hold the book, I am the holder so I am the subject, and the book is the thing that is being held so it is the object. In English, you don’t mark the difference except with words like he and him. For example, you say He sees the dog and then you say The dog sees him. He is the subject form of the word he and him is the object form (otherwise called the accusative form) of the word he. If you stop using him and start using Tim, you get The dog sees Tim and Tim sees the dog, and there is again no difference (you don’t say timm or something to mark objectivity). Well, in Esperanto you always mark objectivity: You add the accusative ending n to the word if it is an object of a sentence in Esperanto! This is probably the most controversial concept in Esperanto among the Esperanto community. On the one hand, such marking does not exist in some big languages of the world, so beginner learners of Esperanto sometimes find the concept a bit difficult to grasp. On the other hand, having it frees up your hands in terms of word order, because you can say both homo manĝas pomon (a person is eating an apple) and pomon manĝas homo and the meaning is exactly the same, because the n marks the object. Esperanto for to have is havi.|93 Again, I am not kidding. Almost the same as in English. The word for it was ĝi. If you want to say I have it, have is the action. So you have I and it, and there is a difference between me having it and it having me. Thus it must be the object. You mark the object by adding n to it, so, how would you say: As we said, just because you have this n marker, you can have a relatively free word order in Esperanto. You could say ĝin mi havas or mi ĝin havas or even havas ĝin mi and it’s clear what the object is and who is doing the action. Do you still remember the word for that: tio? Tio is the word when it’s not an object. If it is an object, it must get that n marker. How would you say: If you wanted to ask somebody what she does, you would use the word for what, which is kio, but you would need to mark objectivity on the word kio as well. How would you say: Esperanto for to speak is paroli.|98 This word has the same root as the English words parol or parole. How would you say: If you wanted to say what you speak (which is, for example, Esperanto), you mark the word Esperanto because it is the object. Do it: Let’s get back to studying, though. Imagine you study Physics: Physics is fiziko in Esperanto.|102 How would you say: Remember that ist? Say (and be very careful about whether you mark objectivity or not in the next phrase): You might have one question: why is there no objectivity marking in the last phrase I am a physicist? Well, just look at it: you remove am because it is the action, and you are left with I and a physicist. You could say I am a physicist or a physicist am I, and, apart from the second phrase sounding weird, the meaning of the phrase does not change. That means that the sentence has no object, but two subjects instead. Thus, effectively, Esperanto does not mark objectivity with the word estas. Yet, while phrases with estas have no object, most other verbs do, so don't forget to think about who the object is in a sentence. Try out a few phrases: You can already say what you study (or work, want, have or learn). The word for to say is diri.|108 The word for a greeting is saluto.|109 Think of a salute to remember it. If you wanted to greet somebody, you could say I say a greeting to you] (to you - but we will skip the to you part). Say that: Esperanto uses exactly this construction for greetings! But if you said that phrase every time you were greeting somebody, you would quickly get bored and look for ways to shorten in. One of the easiest ways to shorten that sentence is to get rid of everything except the main point: a greeting (although the object marker remains). So: The Esperanto word for hi is saluton.|111 The same works for all the other greetings. Look at good day. Day is tago in Esperanto.|112 It comes from the German Tag, which also means day, and is related to the English word day. How would you say: You also cut the number of words there down. Guess how would you greet somebody: Gratulon! (That's another greeting, coming from congratulations, and also meaning the same thing in Esperanto). You're doing well. Let's learn a final one: The word for thanks (as in gratitude) is danko.|116 So what is the word for thank you in Esperanto? Once again: gratulon! We have already learned so many words, greetings, and grammar structures, including the accusative (which is probably the hardest Esperanto gets). Let’s finally have a short conversation in Esperanto to consolidate our knowledge:

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Team Number: 105 School Name: Tularosa High School Area of Science: Environmental Science Project Title: Predicting Fire Spread In Wildland Fuels Forest managers and others who research fires in forests, brush fields, and grasslands need a consistent method for predicting the spread rate and intensity of fires burning these fuels. We plan to incorporate a mathematical model using fuel and weather perameters measurable in the field as inputs into a computer program to help predict rate of spread and intensity of fires in wildland fuels. In order to incorporate the variables which can effect fire spread into a computer program, a mathematical model was needed. Other information about fires, fuel types, wind, and other possible factors in spread rate and fire intensity also had to be researched. Once the mathematical model is found and research is complete, these will be incorporated into a program written in the C++ computer language. We are still gathering information on fires, fuel types, and other inputs, but the mathematical model for our program is complete. Some inputs necessary include fuel depth, fuel surface area to volume ratio, fuel moisture content, fuel mineral content, wind velocity at mid-flame height, and slope of the terrain (vertical rise over horizontal distance). Using a variety of formulas the eventual result will be the rate of spread in ft./min. and reaction intensity in B.t.u./ft.² min. Our eventual goal is to have a program which can decrease the time needed to perform these calculations to a matter of seconds, requiring only the time necessary to input the variables. This program could be of great aid to anyone who needs to predict the behavior of a wildfire.

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The Potala Palace is the highest ancient palace in the world. Once an imperial palace, seat of government, and monastery, it's now a must visit place for Tibet tourists. Find out more interesting facts below. - Chinese: 布达拉宫 Bùdálā Gōng /boo-daa-laa gong/ 'Potala Palace' - Location: Lhasa, Tibet 1. No building is allowed to be higher than the Potala Palace. The Potala Palace is built 117 meters (384 feet) up a mountain, with impressive zig-zagging steps up to it. When you wander around Lhasa city's buildings, you will find that nothing - no new apartment block, branded hotel, ancient old house, temple, or monastery - is higher than the top of the Potala Palace. This is as a mark of respect for the holy site. 2. The Palace was built as a present to the king's bride-to-be. The palace was originally not as large as it is today. The original palace was built as a present from King Songtsan Gampo to his bride-to-be in 637 AD. The original palace was destroyed during the ninth century, and the current one was built by the fifth Dalai Lama. 3. The palace was once deserted for more than 800 years. But early in the ninth century, after the Tubo kingdom's demise, the palace, and the whole city, was deserted. Other Tibetan regimes didn't have their capitals at Lhasa. 4. The Potala was the residence of 10 Dalai Lamas over 317 years. In 1642 , after the fifth Dalai Lama rebuilt the Potala Palace and finished the White Palace part, he moved his government to the palace. From then on, the Potala Palace became the Dalai Lamas' residence, government offices, and an important place for religious activities. However, after the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India in 1959, the palace has been more like a museum. - 11-Day Tibet Tour with Everest Base Camp Trek - 8-Days Lhasa to Everest Base Camp Tour:Enjoy the once-in-a-lifetime experience of surveying Mount Everest from Everest Base Camp. 5. The Potala Palace has 2 parts: the White Palace and the Red Palace. The red and white palaces had different functions. The White Palace was built earlier and functioned as offices of the Tibetan government, assembly halls, and the Dalai Lama's residence. The Red Palace was used as a house of prayer by the Dalai Lama. It was dedicated to the study of Buddhism and the advancement of the religion. 6. The Potala Palace houses 8 Dalai Lama's mummies. Some Tibetan monasteries' stupas store whole monks' bodies. The stupas in the Potala Palace are actually Dalai Lamas' tombs. There are eight holy stupas in the Potala Palace with bodies in: the 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, and 13th Dalai Lamas' bodies. The stupas in the palace are extremely luxuriously decorated with gold, silver, pearls, agate, coral, diamond, and other treasures. 7. The 5th Dalai Lama's stupa is coated with more than 3,700 kg of gold! The 5th Dalai Lama's stupa is the most luxurious, and most treasured one. The stupa is 14.85 meters (48'8”) high and overlaid with 3,721 kg (4.102 US tons) of gold. There are more than 18,000 jewels decorating the stupa, including pearls, coral, amber, and agate. 8. Only 2,300 Potala Palace visitors are allowed per day. To protect the palace, and make sure visitors can have a reasonably uncrowded tour of the palace, the Potala Palace management authority controls visitor numbers to 2,300 a day. So book well in advance! 9. The palace's wall is painted with milk! Every year, just before the 22nd day of the 9th month of the Tibetan calendar, people will paint the palace's walls. The “paint” for the walls is made of milk, sugar, honey, and some herbs, mixed with white lime. Centuries ago, it took more than a month to finish the painting. Nowadays, it's done within 10 days. 10. The Potala's walls are up to 5 meters thick. The thickest part of the palace walls is at the base: 5 meters (16 ft). The higher it goes, the thinner the walls are. The roof's parapet wall is up to 1 meter thick. Find Out More Potala Facts in Person There are many more interesting details and anecdotes about Tibet's holiest palace for you to discover. We choose from the best Lhasa guides so you get the most from your tour. If you are interested in touring Tibet, we recommend our popular Tibet itineraries for inspiration:

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Lesson 20 – Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Maximilian Kolbe Scope: Although the age of martyrdom ended in the 4th century, there have always been Christians who have died because of their fidelity to their Christian belief and vocation. Dietrich Bonhoeffer was a Lutheran minister who was placed in a concentration camp by the Nazis and died there shortly before the camp’s liberation in 1945. Documents that he wrote in captivity, had smuggled out, and were later published as Letters and Papers from Prison form a moving collection of thoughts about what it means to be a Christian and live in a world with so much evil. Maximilian Kolbe, a Polish Franciscan priest, sacrificed his life at Auschwitz to save that of a man who was the father of young children. He has been formally canonized by the Catholic Church. The stories of Bonhoeffer and Kolbe give us glimpses of modern people willing to sacrifice everything for the truth as they understand it. Although the so-called age of martyrdom ended for Christians in the 4th century with the triumph of Christianity in the Roman Empire, there have been martyrs all over the world and in every age. Over the centuries, many men and a few women who tried to bring Christianity to areas where it was not established have been martyred. - We find such people in central Europe and Scandinavia as Christianity expanded beyond the frontiers of the Roman Empire. Especially beginning in the 16th century, there have been martyrs in the New World, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. - The Catholic Church has canonized groups of martyrs in Japan, China, Korea, Vietnam, and Uganda. - A good example in what is now the United States is the Jesuit Isaac Jogues, martyred in upstate New York in 1646. There have also been martyrs in Christian areas. - During the Protestant Reformation, both Protestant and Catholics died at the hands of hostile Christians. - There were numerous deaths of clergy and laity in repressive regimes, such as the Soviet Union and other countries of the Warsaw Pact, some of which we are just beginning to learn about. - This lesson focuses on two men who were martyrs during the Third Reich in Germany, one Protestant and one Catholic. - Over the centuries, many men and a few women who tried to bring Christianity to areas where it was not established have been martyred. Dietrich Bonhoeffer was an important Christian figure and writer in Germany before and during World War II. - Bonhoeffer was a Lutheran minister. - He studied theology in Germany and at the Union Theological Seminary in the United States, traveled to Italy, and served as a pastor to congregations in Spain and England, as well as Germany. - His pastoral work made him somewhat suspect of even the most authoritative modern theologians, for example, Karl Barth. - After Hitler took power, Bonhoeffer was active in what was called the Confessing Church, which rejected the Nazi-dominated state church. - He was a leader of an underground seminary. - Two of his influential books were The Cost of Discipleship and Ethics. - Bonhoeffer was involved in a conspiracy to assassinate Hitler, and he was arrested by the Gestapo in the spring of 1943. Bonhoeffer remained in prison until he was hanged by the Nazis in April 1945. - Most of his time in prison was in Berlin, and he was thus occasionally able to see his parents, friends, and fiancée. - He wrote many letters and poems, and quite a few of them were smuggled out of the prison by a sympathetic guard. These documents, as well as letters written to Bonhoeffer, were collected after the war and published, in several iterations, as Letters and Papers from Prison. - Many of these letters dealt with matters of the moment, such as requesting certain foods or telling friends and family about his health. - In general, they were upbeat, suggesting that his arrest was a misunderstanding that would be cleared up. - A few months before his arrest, Bonhoeffer had written that the man who stands fast in difficult times is the one whose standard is not reason or conscience or freedom but who is willing to make any sacrifice in exclusive allegiance to God. - His arrest taught him the necessity to live a life of trust (faith). - Bonhoeffer became increasingly wary of what he called “religiosity,” recalling that the Hebrews did not utter God’s name. - He found himself reading the Old Testament more than the New and pondered why behavior that is praised in Hebrew scripture is ignored or condemned in the New Testament. Bonhoeffer, in his later letters, introduces an idea that seems oxymoronic to many – religionless Christianity. - The world has “come of age” and is a secular world. - What do God and Christianity mean in a secular world, a world without the religious premise? - Bonhoeffer draws a comparison of circumcision as a requirement for salvation for the Jews and religion as necessary for salvation in modern times. - He feared that God was viewed as a God of the gaps, and as the gaps narrow, so God is squeezed out of modern life. - Are most modern people concerned about the concept of the salvation of the individual? - It is wrong and un-Christian to attack modernity; the question is: Who is Christ in this world come of age? - For many Christians, redemption has come to mean freedom from cares and fears because of the promise of a better world beyond the grave. - The biblical God is a weak and suffering God. - Maximilian Kolbe, another martyr of the Third Reich, was a Polish Franciscan who was starved at Auschwitz in 1941; in 1982, he became St. Maximilian Kolbe when Pope John Paul II canonized him. - Kolbe joined the Franciscan Order (Conventuals) as a young man and received a doctorate in Rome. - He had a deep Marian devotion and founded an organization called Knights of the Immaculate (Mary). Kolbe realized the importance of media and founded a newspaper for Catholics in Poland. - It later reached a circulation of hundreds of thousands. - Eventually, the newspaper was published in other countries. - Kolbe decided to found a new Franciscan monastery near Warsaw known (in English) as Marytown, and it soon became the largest Franciscan house in the world. - Kolbe set out to establish a mission in Japan and to print a newspaper there, eventually settling on the outskirts of Nagasaki. - He returned to Poland and, continuing to believe in the value of new media in the spread of Catholic piety, he established a radio station. - By this time, the Nazis were in control of neighboring Germany, and in his newspaper columns, Kolbe criticized the Third Reich for its persecution of Jews and establishment of concentration camps; he also criticized Stalin for the horrors that were occurring beyond Poland’s eastern border. - In 1939, Kolbe was arrested but set free. In 1941, he was arrested and transported to Auschwitz. - Kolbe, like other detainees, was known by his number 16670. - Despite prohibitions of prayer, he heard confessions, prayed with inmates, and even held masses. One day, one of the men in Kolbe’s barracks escaped, which meant that 10 men would be selected to be starved to death in a hellish dungeon. - One man chosen to die was Francis Gajowniczek, who cried out that he had a wife and two children. - Kolbe asked to take this man’s place and was allowed to do so. - With the other nine, Kolbe was left to starve to death; he was the last to die, killed by a lethal injection, comforting the others and praying to the end. - Francis Gajowniczek survived past the end of the war and spent many years telling Kolbe’s story. Maximilian Kolbe was canonized by his fellow Pope John Paul II in 1982, and Francis Gajowniczek was present for that ceremony. - The martyrs of the Third Reich discussed here are only two of many who were killed for their beliefs. They show us the truth of Tertullian’s belief that the blood of martyrs is the seed of the church in modern times as well as in the early Christian centuries. - Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Letters and Papers from Prison. - Diana Dewar, The Saint of Auschwitz. Question to consider: 1. Should all Christians be conscious of the possibility that they will be called to sacrifice their lives in order to remain faithful to God? Next Lesson: From Slavery to Martin Luther King.

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Nature Study Notebooking Pages – Basic Bird Study This e-set of 55 notebooking pages includes pages to help record information regarding the basic study of birds. Choice of primary or regular lines and a variety of layouts are included in this set. These notebooking pages would be great for your nature journal or creation notebook. Do you own Handbook of Nature Study by Anna Botsford Comstock? These bird study pages will definitely accommodate her introductory study on birds. You may also want to consider our North American Birds Notebooking Pages to study many of the birds discussed in her book. Themed notebooking pages for this set include: - Parts of a Bird (includes labelled & unlabelled pictures of a bird) - Eyes, Ears, Beaks, & Feet - Homes & Nests - General Pages for Any Topic

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A dramatic phone conversation. - The definition of dramatic is exciting or filled with emotion or energy. An example of dramatic is a teen talking about an exciting event from their school day. - Dramatic is defined as something that is like a play. An example of dramatic is a very emotional and acted-out reading of a poem. - Dramatic means something that is noticeable or sudden. - An example of dramatic is a change in the set up of a room. - An example of dramatic is a surprise win by a sports team. - of or connected with drama - having such characteristics of a drama as conflict or suspense - filled with action, emotion, or exciting qualities; vivid, striking, etc. - great, marked, strong, etc.: a dramatic increase in prices Origin of dramaticLate Latin dramaticus from Classical Greek dramatikos - Of or relating to drama or the theater. - Characterized by or expressive of the action or emotion associated with drama or the theater: a dramatic rescue. - Arresting or forceful in appearance or effect: a dramatic sunset. - Music Having a powerful, expressive singing voice: a dramatic tenor. Origin of dramaticLate Latin drāmaticus from Greek drāmatikos from drāma drāmat- drama ; see drama . (comparative more dramatic, superlative most dramatic) From Ancient Greek δραματικός (dramatikos), from δρᾶμα (drama, “drama, play”), from δράω (draō, “I do, accomplish”).

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In the beginning, the world was created. Whether we believe it was created by an infinite cosmos or by God affects our belief about why man became, but it does not change much my story about what has become of man. Without examining its deeper impact on our relationship with God, let’s briefly examine our place in nature. In the beginnings of primeval life on Earth, organisms learned to destroy other living creatures to survive. Yet, they also learned that survival required living in harmony with other species, including those they destroyed. Into this environment of destruction and harmony, man came to be on our planet. We were born with the same drive to survive as all other creatures. Because of Earth’s unique orbit around our sun and the positioning of our tiny planet among the stars, whether perfectly hung here in space by God or not, Earth’s nature impacts man’s survival. One natural law affecting man’s survival is selfish demise. Early forms of life on Earth that selfishly took more than their share of Earth’s resources died out. Those creatures that adapted to a balance between destruction and harmony lived on and mutated into today’s community of living things. Take man’s nemeses, infectious diseases, for instance. Those virulent, early organisms that quickly killed their human hosts died out along with their humans, not having a chance to mutate. Viruses and bacteria that let man chronically adapt to disease, however, have lived on in the world for millennia. So our earthly community of organisms has been kept in balance by rules of the universe, Godly or not. Destruction has been tolerated to let species survive. The law of selfish demise has let one species in particular, mankind, benefit even as others are completely destroyed. Scientists estimate that between one and twenty species become extinct every day. Yet, while we believe that we are benefiting, this law of selfish demise also applies to man. If man acts too selfishly, like all other forms of extinct life, Earth will become uninhabitable for our species. As it has been for the millions of extinct life forms that once inhabited Earth, the planet will live on, perhaps with higher temperatures or lower oxygen, perhaps with an overgrowth of pathogens that would otherwise be plagues to man, but live on it will. Mankind believes that we are the greatest beneficiary of Earth’s position amongst the stars. We, above all other creatures, have been given the capacity to bend Earth’s resources to our desires. But if thousands of creatures become extinct each year, perhaps the lesson for man is that we must not exceed the law of selfish demise if we are to survive. We have subdued most of the living things that would eat our flesh. Thus far, we still have most of the polar ice that keeps Earth temperate. We still keep many microorganisms in check that continue to mutate to challenge our superiority. Perhaps our greatest immediate threat to mankind remains ourselves. We are a unique species in that we remain intent on killing our own. If the law of selfish demise also applies to man, then our survival requires that we maintain a balance between killing other humans and living in harmony with them. We continue to improve our material lot by destroying other men, even if this destruction ultimately harms mankind. In North America, our Native American reservations and inner cities are remnants of this selfish imbalance. If we can destroy so many of our own species for our selfish advancement and look on as thousands of other species disappear from the Earth, is it conceivable that we might be closer to the tipping point than we think? It might be time for us to lean more toward harmony and less toward destruction of other men. Perhaps, we might even have to lean more toward harmony and care more for other species that do not so clearly meet our needs for survival. At some point, the Earth might even require man to review our current beliefs about how to live in harmony on our planet. There are deeper meanings to the patterns of evolvement and extinction taking shape. We need to evolve our understanding more quickly than the species that are disappearing from their harmonious enjoyment of planet Earth.

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Financial resources should be used as a means toward achieving self-actualization. If you want to evaluate your priorities, take a look at your checkbook. Does your spending align with your values? Conscious spending requires an understanding of what is important to you, controlling cash, and living in a place of self-sufficiency. Developing this conscious understanding and clarity not only helps to remove the emotions from financial decision making, but also prevents mindless spending, which often leads to a negative net worth and bad debt. Teaching our kids to plan their spending from a young age will help them become financially well later in life. Consider that we teach our children math in the classroom, yet they often don't know how to apply the concepts in their daily lives. How many times have your children asked why they need to do their math problems? I realized when Jacob was young that while he learned math skills well, he was not able to apply the skills in real life. Schoolteachers can only do so much. Enter our role as parents in the real world. To help Jacob apply his math skills in daily life, I try to make buying experiences a lesson on budgeting and finance. Tween and teen years are a great time to start these lessons. When Jacob was 11, we took a holiday trip to Mt. Tremblant and Montreal, Canada. As a family, we decided that our financial and personal resources are better spent doing things together instead of buying ...

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