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DisastIR

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corpus_0	In 2005, Pellant et al. discussed the interpretation of the rangeland health indicators described in Pyke et al. (2002), but with the addition fo some improvements. Three ecosystem attributes are assessed in this protocol by rating 17 indicators tied to the attributes as they are listed in Pellant et al. (2002). The ecological processes and site integrity3 are well evaluated using biological and physical components as indicators (Pallent et al., 2005). However, according to Pellant et al. (2005) ecological process indicators are difficult to observe in the field due to the complexity of most rangeland ecosystem. Therefore Pellant et al. (2005) describe a protocol to educate the public and agency personnel on using observable indicators in order to interpret and assess rangeland health. The assessment protocol is said not intended to be used to identify the causes of resource problems and determine trend but for selecting monitoring sites in the development of monitoring programmes and providing early warning of potential problems and opportunities by helping land managers identify areas that are potentially at risk of degradation (Pellant et al., 2005). According to Pellant et al.
corpus_1	The DEC HABs Program uses a combination of visual surveillance, chlorophyll concentration (specifically, the portion of total chlorophyll that can be fluoroscopically attributed to cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green chlorophyll) and total microcystins concentration (a toxin produced by cyanobacteria) to determine bloom status (No Bloom, Confirmed Bloom, or Confirmed with High Toxins Bloom). The bloom status system provides a uniform way to rapidly communicate interpreted information about HABs throughout the state. DEC receives HABs reports from state agency staff, the public, and several collaborating partners. DEC staff work to support structured monitoring on waterbodies prone to HABs through existing monitoring programs and site-specific partnerships. Rapid and effective outreach is a critical component of the DEC HABs Program. Communication of information about HABs serves to inform the public’s recreational choices. DEC maintains the New York HAB System (NYHABS) which features an interactive map of current and archived bloom locations and a shared inter-agency database for rapid communication of bloom occurrences and sampling results. The DEC HABs Program publishes annual and cumulative summaries of bloom reports.
corpus_2	The program also provides assistance in training national epidemiologists and advises on the set- ting up of surveillance programs in the least-developed countries. In the event of a disease emergency, the EMPRES also can intervene at the request of an FAO Member Country to assist in combating diseases by means of FAO Technical Cooperation Programs. Although efforts are made to build capacities in cer- tain least-advanced countries, what has been achieved so far is well below the real needs of many countries for assistance in strengthening their national surveillance and monitoring systems and improving their contingency plans to an acceptable level. Furthermore, the available resources to tackle emergency situations and avoid the spread of transboundary diseases to other countries are far from sufficient. World Health Organization The WHO global alert and response team system- atically gathers official reports and rumors of suspected outbreaks from a wide range of formal and informal sources. With the advent of modern communication tech- nologies, many initial outbreak reports now originate in the electronic media and electronic discussion groups.
corpus_3	After giving first aid, call the poison center at 1-800-222-1222. Have the pesticide label at hand when you call. u If emergency treatment is needed in a doctor’s office or emergency room, carry the container in your trunk or flatbed away from the passengers in your vehicle. The doctor needs to know what active ingredient is in the pesticide before prescribing treatment. This information is on the label, which sometimes also includes a telephone number to call for additional treatment information. Another good resource in a pesticide emergency is NPIC, the National Pesticide Information Center, a toll-free telephone service that operates seven days a week, from 6:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m. Pacific Time (9:30 a.m.–7:30 p.m. Eastern Time). NPIC provides information on pesticides and how to recognize and respond to pesticide poisonings. If necessary, staff at NPIC can transfer your call directly to a local poison center. Call NPIC toll free at NPIC staff answer questions about animal poisonings, too. To keep your pets from being poisoned, follow label directions on flea and tick products carefully.
corpus_4	Sampson and Alix Winter, “The Racial Ecology of Lead Poisoning: Toxic Inequality in Chicago Neighborhoods, 1995-2013,” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 13, no. 2 (2016): 261–83, http://dx.doi. org/10.1017/S1742058X16000151; Bruce Lanphear et al., “Environmental Lead Exposure During Early Childhood,” Journal of Pediatrics 140, no. 1 (2002): 40–47, https://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2002.120513. Real Estate in Today’s Geography of Health Equity and Opportunity in Cuyahoga County” (February 2015), http:// Group, 2006): 217–18; Russ P. Lopez, “Public Health, the APHA, and Urban Renewal,” American Journal of Public Health 99, no. 9 (2009): 1605, http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.150136.
corpus_5	Household air pollution arising from the use lung cancer and possibly of cancers at other sites. Drawing on data from 19 studies in an unpub lished review (unpublished review prepared for Monographs on air pollution and cancer, IARC, 2004), Tian and Smith investigated the risk of lung cancer associated with exclusive coal or mixed coal and biomass use for cooking and/ or heating, from which they derived pooled, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.86 (95% confi dence interval [CI], 1.48–2.35) for studies of men and women combined, 1.51 (95% CI, 0.97–2.46) for men only, and 1.94 (95% CI, 1.09–3.47) for women only.
corpus_6	Flood Protection Section D. Before the Flood – Protecting Your Property Dry Floodproofing Wet Floodproofing Sanitary Sewer Backup Protection Working with Contractors Section E. During a Flood Turning Off the Utilities Section F. After a Flood Step 1. Take Care of Yourself First Step 3. Start Cleaning Step 4. File Your Flood Insurance Claim Flood Safety Originally developed by the IAFSM. A Citizen’s Guide: Flood Protection Measures Section A. Flooding in Mississippi Mississippi can flood in any season. Floods are generally caused by localized storms and rain over several days on saturated ground or by storm surge. Over the last decades, a significant flood has occurred somewhere in the state each year, often associated with a hurricane. Many of these events received a state or federal disaster declaration. Overbank flooding: The most common and most damaging floods occur along the state’s rivers and streams. This is referred to as overbank flooding. Most floods are caused by too much precipitation in the watershed. Large rivers respond more slowly to rain and runoff than do the small streams.
corpus_7	In addition, Japan uses performance-based buil- ding codes, so buildings and structu- res must satisfy performance criteria (e.g., remain operational) with regards to materials, equipment, and structural methods (Japan External Trade Orga- nization 2005). For example, hazar- dous industrial establishments will be subject to strict building design codes that would permit withstanding the 1 in 800–1500 year event, depending on particular fault characteristics, distan- relatively low damage to buildings and industry due to the 9.0 magnitu- de Great East Japan earthquake pays tribute to the effectiveness of Japan’s earthquake mitigation efforts [23]. Risk management for Natechs still poses many challenges including lack of data on past accidents and lessons learned; limited availability of indus- trial equipment vulnerability relation- ships for natural hazards—only some data exists for earthquakes and limited X trial personnel and engineers, and go- practices designed for day-to-day che- mical accident prevention, which they X X against natural events.
corpus_8	Snow melt combined with heavy rains can cause frozen rivers to swell, breaks into large chunks, which float downstream, piling up in narrow passages and near other obstructions such as bridges and dams. All forms of flooding can damage infrastructure.524 For more 523 “Standard Operating Guide”. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s All Hazard Mitigation Planning. October 18, 2013.
corpus_9	If it consists of fragments of rock and dust = Debris Avalanche. repeatedly in that create chutes that contain no mature trees. Types of Mass Movement Wet avalanches behave like a viscous slurry, hugging the slope and entraining little air. As a result, they move relatively slowly (usually <30 km per hour). Dry avalanches move cold, powdery snow. They move above pressurized air. They move rapidly Types of Mass Movement Rockfall – rock free-falls due to undercutting ! [e.g., cliff (natural) or road cutting (man-made)]. Debris Fall: free fall of regolith-dominated material. the other side. Types of Mass Movement Case Study: Oso, WA, 2014 Types of Mass Movement Colluvium: sediment deposited by mass wasting. Poorly sorted, poorly stratified or unstratified. Talus: apron of debris sloping outward from cliffs. Types of Mass Movement Submarine Mass Movements. Three Types Submarine Slumps - semi-coherent blocks (olistostromes) slip downslope on weak mud detachments.
corpus_10	The California Division of Occupational Safety and Health, or Cal/OSHA, is the division within the Department of Industrial Relations (DIR) that helps protect California’s workers from health and safety hazards on the job in almost every workplace. Employees with work-related questions or complaints may contact DIR’s Call Center in English or Spanish at 844-LABOR-DIR (844-522-6734). Complaints can also be filed confidentially with Cal/OSHA district offices. Members of the press may contact Lucas Brown or Peter Melton at (510) 286-1161, and departmental updates.
corpus_11	A suspected point can be immediately checked. Quantifying measure- ment errors can also help improve the accuracy of other offline simulation tools. Any process variable that is used as a specification in a process simulator needs to be accurate. Detecting a bias can significantly improve the accuracy of the simulation results. In addition to highlighting possible measurement errors, an understand- ing of the behavior of unmeasured variables such as intermediate tempera- tures or efficiencies can have a positive impact on operations. Data reconciliation results have highlighted differences in efficiencies between parallel compressor trains and furnaces. 18.4.5.5 Offline Usage The offline system consists of a web-based interface, a SQL data repository for storing cases, and rigorously validated models from the online system. The interface is designed to facilitate queued simulation and optimization runs of the most common plant configurations using various combinations of flows from the 30þ fields that feed the plant. Planning personnel have the option to run the model either through the standard web-based simulation Real-Time Optimization of Gas Processing Plants interface or through the more detailed model builder interface. The latter is used to explore special situations that are not supported by the web-based interface.
corpus_12	Revista de Ingeniería ISSN: 0121-4993 Universidad de Los Andes Cruz, Ana Maria Challenges in Natech Risk Reduction Revista de Ingeniería, núm. 37, julio-diciembre, 2012, pp. 79-86 Universidad de Los Andes Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=121026469005 Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Scientific Information System Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Challenges in Natech Risk Reduction Desafíos en la reducción de riesgos Natech (1) Ph.D., Adjunct Professor, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, and IUT, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
corpus_13	In its Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion, the ICJ found, by seven votes to seven, with the president’s casting vote, that: ‘in view of the current state of international law, and of the elements of fact at its disposal, the Court cannot conclude definitively unlawful in an extreme circumstance of self-defence, This has sometimes been understood to conflate the question of whether the legitimacy of an ad bellum cause may justify the use of nuclear weapons in violation of jus in bello. The question of whether the separation principle between the two bodies of international law remains valid is central to this assessment. Although debate on the validity of the separation principle is largely doctrinal, it also has important practical implications, particularly in relation to the use of nuclear weapons. Although state practice in some cases has disregarded the separation principle, this can be considered a departure from treaty and customary international law, as confirmed by international criminal courts and tribunals and the 2001 Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts.
corpus_14	Explain how effective communications can be established and maintained across all disciplines, agencies and organizations. Use the space below to sketch your organization chart. Be prepared to explain the primary responsibilities and the position titles included at each level. High Hazard Flammable Trains Chapter 2: Incident Management Principles Incident Management Teams (IMTs) Federal, State, and Regional Incident Management Teams (IMT) provide planning, logistics, and incident management support to the IC/UC. Regional and State IMTs have resources and capabilities to assist. USCG and EPA Teams, local responders, and railroad will integrate into an IMT as an incident progresses: USEPA and USCG may issue Administrative Orders for major incidents requiring significant Federal On-Scene Coordinators (FOSCs) bring trained and experienced IMTs with them when they respond to manage events such as these. FOSCs are also empowered by the NCP to enlist and mobilize other special teams as they determine need. This includes USCG Strike Teams, EPA’s Environmental Response Team, and FEMA’s All Hazards Incident Management Teams All-Hazards Incident Management Team (AHIMT) The U.S.
corpus_15	Increases in the probability of SCMD and decreases in soil RZAWHC increase the regional vulnerability of crop and livestock producers. In southwestern Neb- raska, for example, rainfed cropland is assigned to the ‘high’ vulnerability class because of the combination of soils, climatology, and cropping patterns. However, most of the farmers adjust to such conditions using various soil conservation tech- niques, tillage practices, and crop rotations. Data on geographic distribution of such practices are not available on a statewide basis, hence they were not included in this study. However, in the future, research incorporating such data in vulnerability assessment can provide more accurate representation of regional vulnerabilities. As for rangeland, the areas of ‘high’ vulnerability, for example, are shown near the western Platte River valley. High and very high probability of SCMD in combina- tion with sandy soils with low RZAWHC may signiﬁcantly affect hay production and forage for livestock.
corpus_16	Conditions and measures related to external recovery of waste Fraction of used amount transferred to external waste treatment: Suitable recovery operations: Treatment effectiveness External recovery and recycling of waste should comply with applicable local and/or national regulations. SAFETY DATA SHEET Ammonia, anhydrous Issue Date: Last revised date: Version: 2.0 SDS No.: 000010021772 SDS_AT - 000010021772 Additional good practice advice beyond the REACH Chemical Safety Report Ensure operatives are trained to minimise releases 2.2. Contributing exposure scenario controlling worker exposure for: Refilling of refrigeration equipment Process Categories: PROC8a: Transfer of substance or mixture (charging and discharging) at non-dedicated facilities Product characteristics Concentration of the substance in a mixture: Covers percentage substance in the product up to 100 %. Physical form of the product: Vapour pressure: Process temperature: not relevant Amounts used Daily amount per site The actual tonnage handled per shift is not considered to influence the exposure as such for this scenario.
corpus_17	Cumulative mortality depends on the virulence of the isolate, and can cases. However, viruses can sometimes take days to weeks to spread through a herd, and initial herd mortality rates may be low even when the case fatality rate is high. Less virulent isolates are more likely to kill pigs with concurrent diseases, pregnant or nursing sows, and young animals. Morbidity and mortality rates also tend to be higher when ASFV is introduced into new regions, with an increased incidence of subacute and subclinical cases once it becomes endemic. Chronic African swine fever was first described during outbreaks on the Iberian Peninsula, and some authors speculated that the viruses that cause this form might have originated from live attenuated vaccine strains tested at the time. However, chronic disease has since been reported in pigs that were experimentally infected with recent European strains, and it has also been seen in Angola. Some populations of pigs in Africa are reported to be more resistant to African swine fever than others, but the basis for this resistance is not known.
corpus_18	In the following, we provide a brief description of SEED, its limitations, and the extensions that we made. Utilizing and Extending SEED for Network Misconfiguration Studies SEED Emulator, with its comprehensive Python classes, mirrors key components of the Internet to emulate (autonomous systems) or ASes, networks, hosts, and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routers, along with services like Web servers, Manuscript submitted to ACM Negar Mohammadi Koushki, Ibrahim El-Shekeil, and Krishna Kant DNS, and various cybersecurity scenarios (e.g., Botnets, Darknets), enables the construction of a mini-Internet for realistic emulation. These emulations, encapsulated within Docker containers, facilitate diverse cybersecurity and networking experiments. The extensibility of SEED is a notable feature, allowing for the development of new classes to simulate complex configurations, such as an Ethereum blockchain. However, its emulation capabilities do encounter certain limitations, especially when replicating specific aspects of enterprise networking, such as Layer 2 (L2) switching and high availability for gateways.
corpus_19	Local campaigns adopted variations of their own surveillance-containment strategy to control outbreaks. The combined use of both strategies, mass vaccination and ring vaccination, resulted in the elimination of Because of new techniques and improvements of existing procedures, by the 1970s the incidence of smallpox in endemic areas was reduced. Each national program developed its own operating procedures. In this 1971 map of the smallpox virus distribution, the reduced number of endemic countries is evident. As a result of improved compliance by all countries in the world; the rules and standards regarding detection, containment, and vaccination; and creative, problem-solving experimentation in the field, smallpox outbreaks could no longer spread. This 1977 map shows Somalia, the last country in which smallpox was found. The last naturally occurring cases in Bangladesh in 1975 and Somalia in 1977 marked the successful completion of the WHO-sponsored eradication campaign. Subsequently, in 1980, the WHO's Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication formally certified that the world was smallpox-free and recommended that all countries cease vaccination.
corpus_20	elevation when there are multiple pumps in use. Suction Line Suitable shutoff valves shall be placed on the suction line of dry pit Discharge Line Suitable shutoff and check valves shall be placed on the discharge The check valve shall be located between the shutoff valve and the Valves shall be capable of withstanding normal pressure and water Location of Valves All shutoff and check valves shall be operable from the floor level and accessible for maintenance. Outside levers are recommended on swing check valves. Valves, except for valves associated with pump stations with a separate valve pit adjacent to the wet well. The valve pit shall: contain a valve connection to allow the use of a portable pump for the pump station; and be designed to remove or drain accumulated water from the well through a drain line with a gas and watertight valve or be dewatered using a sump pump that discharges the water to the wet well. The design shall include an effective method of preventing wastewater from entering the pit during surcharged wet well conditions. Valves associated with a pump station with a single pump shall be accessible without needing to enter the station.
corpus_21	COVID-19: U.S. Impact on Antimicrobial Resistance, Special Report 2022 Antifungal-resistant Candida Candida species, which are types of fungi, cause infections and many are resistant to the antifungals used to treat them Increases in cases of antifungal-resistant Candida in 2020 were potentially because of overcrowding patients, increased number of sicker patients, and staff shortages, which negatively impacted infection control and antifungal use. Candida species are a common cause of life-threatening bloodstream infections in hospitals and can also cause infections in the mouth, skin, and vagina. Only three classes of antifungals are available to treat severe Candida infections. Many clinical laboratories cannot test Candida for drug resistance, limiting the ability to guide treatment and track resistance. CDC’s AR Lab Network helps U.S. clinical labs identify and test Candida species for resistance. This helps lab professionals and healthcare providers rapidly and correctly identify resistance and treat appropriately. CDC supports healthcare training programs like Project Firstline to help stop the spread of pathogens.
corpus_22	The results of haematological tests (e.g. prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen degradation products) should be studied in all patients with shock to monitor the onset and severity of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Results of these tests will determine the prognosis. Essential laboratory tests In addition to serial haematocrit and platelet determinations, the following tests are recommended to evaluate the patient’s status: studies of the serum electrolytes and blood gases; platelet count, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time; and liver function tests - [(previously known as serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, (SGOT)], serum alanine aminotransferase [(previously known as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)], and serum proteins. Monitoring and anti-shock therapy Frequent recording of vital signs and haematocrit determinations are important in evaluating treatment results.
corpus_23	In such cases, the liquid treating unit can often be operated using a slipstream of amine from the main sweetening unit (Nielsen et al., 1997). Amine treating is often used upstream of caustic treaters to minimize caustic consumption caused by irreversible reactions with CO2. In this process, H2S and CO2 from the sour liquid feed are absorbed by liquid-liquid contacting the sour liquid with lean amine solvent. The design options for the absorber include the selection of an amine and the method of contact. Any of the commonly used ethanolamines (including DGA and DIPA, and the MDEA-based specialty solvents) will usually perform satisfactorily. The liquid-liquid contacting devices include packed towers, Natural Gas Liquids Recovery trayed towers, jet eductor-mixers, and static mixers. Amine treating is usually and Seagraves, 2003). In this process, liquid hydrocarbon enters the bottom of a packed absorber, and lean amine enters the top of the absorber. Sweet liquid leaves the absorber from the top, and rich amine leaves the absorber from the bottom.
corpus_24	Abbreviation List after-action report alternate care facility Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response Biological Incident Annex Collection Analysis Plan CARES Act Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act Customs and Border Protection community-based testing site Crisis Counseling Program Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Chief Financial Officer Continuous Improvement Advisor Lead Continuous Improvement Program Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency course of action concept of operations Continuity of Operations common operating procedure Community Services National Integrated Policy and Implementation Cell departments and agencies Data Analytics Task Force Disaster Emergency Communications Department of Homeland Security Department of Commerce Department of Defense Department of Transportation Defense Production Act Disaster Recovery Center Disaster Relief Fund Disaster Recovery Reform Act Deployment Tracking System Employee Assistance Program Emergency Management Institute Emergency Relocation Group Emergency Support Function Executive Steering Group Emergency Support Function Leadership Group Federal Coordinating Officer FEMA COVID-19 INITIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT Abbreviation List Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Insurance and Management Administration Federal Interagency Operational Plan FEMA Integration Team Field Operations Directorate FEMA Qualification System Government Accountability Office General Services Administration U.S.
corpus_25	As with many large-scale industries, it is likely that power stations, substations and switchyards could encompass other HAIL activities. Such activities should be recorded as specifically as possible, where they can be identified. For example, the presence of asbestos, engineering workshops, storage of fuels, chemicals and wastes in tanks or drums, chemical analytical laboratories, storage tanks and drums of hazardous substances may have been present as part of power stations, substations and switchyards. Where possible, before assigning a site to HAIL activity B4, check whether parts of the site can be assigned to another HAIL activity that more closely matches the actual use for that The generation component of hydro-electric and wind-power stations on the basis that the electricity is generated without fossil fuel combustion, and they are unlikely to store or use significant quantities of hazardous substances as fuel. Construction and operation of power stations typically created waste that may have been disposed of within or close to the site. Any on-site waste disposal should be treated as a landfill. Activity factors – Aspects or characteristics of a HAIL activity that relate to the potential of the activity to cause contamination and/or affect the extent, severity or nature of the contamination.
corpus_26	Professor Fred Moses Case Western Reserve University Working Group - Operation and Maintenance analysis to the operation and maintenance gas facilities. Professor Adam T. Louisiana State University Working Group and Support in the exchange of material, between the shore and offshore Bruce Hutchison Glosten Associates Each working group prepared a summary report addressing the following topics: of Practice in application) Problem Areas Data Acquisition and Research Needs and Application The working group summaries are presented in Section summary of the theme presentations and other written contributions. of participants. REPORTS OF WORKING GROUPS INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS TO THE WORKING GROUPS Engineering Department Worcester Polytechnic Worcester, Massachusetts When we were picking a title for this workshop, of course wanted one that would convey, the purpose and content of the meeting. After listening to the three lectures this morning, used the subtitle "And how to reduce the probability that the BEST LAID There can no disagreement everyone concerned with offshore operations wants better ways to anticipate and cope with their hazards.
corpus_27	Agriculture Handbook No. 60, Washington: USDA. [A ratio for soil extracts and irrigation water used to express the relative activity of sodium ions in exchange reactions with soil.] U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954b). Sampling, soil extracts, and salinity appraisal. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Agriculture Handbook No.
corpus_28	Instead ONC includes a provision in §170.550(m)(1) that allows ONC-ACBs to issue certificates for this criterion only until January 1, 2022, after which time the criterion will no longer be required for the Medicaid PI Patient-Specific Education Resources (§170.315(a)(13)). ONC states a belief that the ability to identify appropriate patient education materials is now widespread among health IT developers and their customers (e.g., health care providers). Commenters were concerned that criterion removal would impact their ability to meet certain Medicaid PI Program requirements. ONC 4 The Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine -- Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT®) is a comprehensive medical terminology for representing clinical content in EHRs, created by the College of American Pathologists, now owned by and maintained by a non-profit entity, the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO®). The National Library of Medicine is a member of IHTSDO and is responsible for distributing the U.S. Edition.
corpus_29	The scope of our investigation included a document review, field exploration, soil stratigraphic analyses, reports for the previously discussed Parsons fault study, the Leighton fault study at Beverly Hills High School, and the Kenney GeoScience regional geologic study. A complete list of the documents reviewed as part of this study is presented in the List of References section of this report. Our field exploration included excavation of one continuous exploratory trench across the postulated traces of the two north-south trending faults proposed at the Project Site by Parsons. After excavation, the trench was cleaned of smeared soil and logged. Upon completion of logging, geologists from the City of Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety and the California Geological Survey visited the Project Site to observe the sediments exposed in the trench and confirm our results. A description of our exploration program is presented in Section 7.0 of this report. Logging of the trench was performed by geologists from Feffer and Geocon in conjunction with Mr. Gary Butler of Rincon Geoscience. Soil stratigraphic analyses and relative age determinations were performed by Mr. John Helms, of High Desert Consulting, Inc.
corpus_30	Depending on the locale, reported elevations of aspartate aminotrans- ferase, alanine transferase, or both, in the range of 2- to 3-fold higher than the upper limit of normal, are observed in 50% to 75% of patients, while el- evation of the alkaline phosphatase is observed in 10% to 15% of patients. The total bilirubin can be expected to be elevated in 10% to 15% of patients with acute Q fever. The white blood cell count is usually normal; the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is elevated in one third of patients.65 Mild anemia or thrombocytopenia may also be observed. Complications recorded in a recent outbreak in- volving 147 symptomatic cases of Q fever included reactive polyarthropathy.65 Persistent nonspecific symptoms, such as fatigue and malaise, were re- ported in 32% of the patients in this series, while weight loss (defined as > 7 kg) was identified in 71%, although none developed serologic evidence suggestive of chronic Q fever.
corpus_31	influ ence declined. The Peace Corps volunteers were withdrawn from the program in 1975. WHO increased its support, reaching a peak of twenty-five foreign epidemiologists and advisors in 1976. But in comparison with its role in many other countries, CDC’s involvement in Ethiopia was relatively small. Dr. Donald Hopkins helped conduct some training activities at the outset of the Ethiopia campaign alongside Dr. Isao Arita of WHO headquarters and Dr. Ciro de Quadras, the Brazilian epidemiologist assigned to the program by WHO. Harry Godfrey and David C. Bassett were among those carrying out surveillance in rural areas, in addition, when it became evident that helicopters were essential to eradication operations in the many roadless, nearly inaccessible areas of the country, Dr. Sencer made some CDC funds available to help keep them flying. Considering the obstacles to be overcome, eradication was achieved quickly in Ethiopia. By the beginning of 1976, outbreaks were confined to two areas— rugged country near the gorge of the Blue Nile in the north and the Ogaden Desert in the south, where warfare was continuing.
corpus_32	On volcanoes that have produced numerous tephra falls, detailed investigations of the deposits combined with information on their age (obtained the thickness and frequency of tephra falls. In assessing older deposits the effects of erosion and compaction should be born in mind, but even then the magnitude of a past eruption may be underestimated by failure to recognise the true extent of a deposit. This latter point is illustrated by numerical modelling of the distribution of tephra fall from the 1982 eruption of El Chichon, Mexico (Carey and Sigurdsson, 1986), which indicated that the observed volume of tephra fall only represented about half of the volume that was actually erupted, leading to the conclusion that up to one half of the erupted mass was deposited elsewhere as highly dispersed tephra. Hazard assessments based upon the distribution and thickness of older tephra deposits combined with data on wind direction and wind strength are exemplified by hazard zoning schemes for Mount St Helens (Crandell and Mullineaux, 1978) and for Rabaul in New Britain (McKee et al., 1985).
corpus_33	The remaining 79% of the assets, or 992 Registered Entities, are low impact and are not applicable to the supply chain requirements. Figure 4-1 1262 Registered Entities have BCS subject to CIP‐013 Subject to CIP‐013 Only low impact BCS Understanding the Risk Basis of the CIP Standards The CIP Standards employ an asset-centric, risk-based approach to securing the BES. This approach requires systems or facilities that have the highest impact to the grid receive the highest level of protections.
corpus_34	HOW TO UTILIZE THE FORECAST TOOL The information presented in the previous sections can provide an indication of the likely performance of rock slopes – like those used in this study – in future earthquakes and their post- earthquake rockfall rates, and how long such rates may stay elevated – above pre-earthquake rates – after a large earthquake. Implementation of this tool could be done by following a series of steps: Step 1: Estimate the range in possible rockfall rates that could be triggered at a given slope by a given level of earthquake shaking. This could be done using the multi-linear regression statistics for Model 1 (Figure 8.2) or Model 2 (Figure 8.3), by using the input variables for each site of interest of: slope height (m); angle (°); area (m2); and PGA horizontal (PGA_H), (m/s2) as inputs quickly and systematically measured from the point clouds derived from mobile lidar scans along rockslopes on each highway. A conservative approach would be to utilize the maximum of Model 1 and Model 2.
corpus_35	The Work Group’s confidence in the quality of the evidence was very low. The body of evidence had some limitations, including imprecision and inconsistency in study results, heterogeneity in the interventions that were tested and the populations that were studied, and risk for bias in study designs.(172, 181, 183-188). Patient values and preferences varied somewhat because some patients prefer additional treatment options but do not want the tools to substitute for direct contact with providers. Thus, the Work Group made the following recommendation: There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the use of standalone or adjunctive technology-based tools (e.g., mobile and web apps, automated telephone-based) to reduce the risk of suicide attempts or suicide. g. Community-Based Interventions 20. We suggest multi-component community interventions to reduce the risk of suicide. Common components include, but are not limited to: training on mental/behavioral health topics and/or suicide risk factors; local networking and/or community facilitation; and providing mental/behavioral health and/or suicide prevention materials.
corpus_36	Considering the borderless nature of these disasters, multi-country coordinated policy actions are imperative. Such policies are already making positive impacts in some countries. In China, an ecological restoration programme from 2001 to 2013 reduced the risk of sand and dust storms by up to 15 per cent in the North China Plain. In Mongolia, customized drought monitoring tools developed through cooperation under ESCAP’s drought monitoring mechanism have increased timely risk-mitigating actions. The report underlines the need to address sand and dust storms through a multi-hazard risk assessment and alert system for slow-onset disasters. In accordance with the guidance received from the Governing Council of ESCAP’s Asia-Pacific Centre for Development of Disaster Information Management, this system will be developed and supported by a network of experts, with an initial focus on the sand and dust storm belts of South-West and Central Asia before gradually expanding farther afield. The ultimate aim is to achieve regional cooperation and partnerships that observe, predict, mitigate and cope with the increasingly costly impacts on societal well-being from sand and dust storms.
corpus_37	PHL does not charge the submitter for testing services. For more information on submitting specimens to PHL, refer to the PHL testing Discuss Prevention Measures with Patients: Physicians should discuss prevention at home and during travel with patients as part of routine care. Educate returning travelers suspected to have mosquito-borne illness of the need to protect themselves from mosquitoes at home during the first week of illness to prevent transmission in LAC. Prevention measures and educational materials that can be shared with patients can be found in the following resources: ACDC West Nile Virus Health Education Materials CDC About Mosquitoes CDC Prevent Mosquito Bites CDC Malaria and Travelers Report to Public Health for Surveillance and Response: Health care providers are mandated to report these and other vector-borne infections to LAC DPH. Reporting cases guides public health, vector control districts, and other partner agencies to target vector abatement services, surveillance activities, outbreak response and health education.
corpus_38	This will require taking 3 pills every 12 hours, for most adults. Therefore, it is important for the adult to tolerate consistent intake of meals twice a day. Reported adverse effects include headache (12%), nausea (5%), abdominal pain (2%), and vomiting (2%).
corpus_39	The specific function to be provided by the geosynthetic in transportation applications is a commonly arise as a function of the soil strength. Chapter 6 - Geotechnical Section 6H-1 - Foundation Improvement and Stabilization Su (kPa)1 Filtration, some separation Filtration, separation, some Filtration, separation, reinforcement The range of functions potentially served by the geosynthetic thus increases as the subgrade Table 6H-1.04 indicates that geosynthetics are most appropriate under the conditions Related Measures Poor soils AASHTO: A-5, A-6, A-7, or A7-6 soils Low strength High water table Within zone of influence of surface soils High sensitivity High undisturbed strength compared to remolded strength design by specification, and design by function, to design geosynthetics for engineering E.
corpus_40	Can a health plan be considered the enrollee’s personal representative for the purpose of payer-to-payer data exchange? Response. The requirement(s) for payer-to-payer exchange apply only to certain entities, and QHP issuers on the FFEs.
corpus_41	10 AC-130 SPECTRE with 105 mm howitzer (USA) Over 100 old Soviet surface-to-air missiles were found abandoned in Baghdad in 2003. Sitting on trailers and measuring nearly 11 metres, the missile trailers had been subject to looting by locals, and children were found playing at the different sites. The extremely corrosive propellant burned one child. Two missiles were also reported to ignite after being continuously tampered with, and one nearly destroyed three houses people. Adding to the destruction, the missile was fully fuelled, leading to an explosion nearly five times greater than with the warhead alone. Report on SA-2 Missiles Iraq, Hess. R., Programme Manager WFP/ FSD Mine Action Response Teams, Baghdad, Iraq, 2003 Unexploded ordnance Artillery and Tank rounds, like very large bullets, are aerodynamically shaped with a tapered nose, cylindrical body and flat base. Most projectile and/or a straight, protruding fuse at the nose.
corpus_42	406. Cross-border passenger rail service. Sec. 407. Historic preservation of railroads. TITLE V—HIGH-SPEED RAIL Sec. 501. High-speed rail corridor program. Passenger Rail Investment and VerDate Aug 31 2005 Jkt 079139 Frm 00061 Sfmt 6582 PsN: PUBL432 dkrause on GSDDPC44 with PUBLIC LAWS 122 STAT. 4908 PUBLIC LAW 110–432—OCT. 16, 2008 Sec. 502. Additional high-speed rail projects. TITLE VI—CAPITAL AND PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROJECTS FOR WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA TRANSIT AUTHORITY Sec. 601. Authorization for capital and preventive maintenance projects for Wash- ington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. SEC.
corpus_43	Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2020 Regional trends in the cover of live hard coral and algae The average cover of live hard coral on coral reefs in the ETP region has declined progressively from 34.6% in 1998 to 22.4% in 2016 (Fig. 10.4A). The only deviations from this downward trajectory during that time occurred in 2000 and 2010, when small increases in coral cover were recorded. Since 2016, the cover of hard coral has been maintained around 22.8%, although data from few surveys conducted in 2018 and 2019 were made available (Fig. 10.3B). In contrast, the average cover of algae has increased across the region from 40.9% in 1998 to 49.1% in 2019 (Fig. 10.4B). The trend in the average cover of algae was characterised by a progressive increase between 2001 and 2007, followed by a slower decline until 2015.
corpus_44	The threshold of application of the law of neutrality seems to be higher than that for IHL. Compare BOTHE supra note 78, at 578 (stating that for the law of neutrality to apply, an international armed conflict must be of sufficient duration and intensity), with GENEVA CONVENTION I COMMENTARY supra note 11, at 32 (noting that under IHL an IAC is simply “any difference arising between two States and leading to the intervention of armed forces”). The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia has likewise concluded that for the purposes of applying IHL “an armed conflict exists whenever there is a resort to armed force between States.” Prosecutor v. Tadic, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, Case No. IT-94-1-A, para. 70 (Int’l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia Oct. 2, BOTHE, supra note 78. at 579. However, the fact that no declaration is required may lead to uncertainty and debate about the status of a given State. See CASTRÉN, supra note 79, at 439.
corpus_45	I am confident that with committed leadership, adequate funding from government and partners, and full participation of all sectors in accordance with this MCEP, cholera will certainly be eliminated from Zambia. I therefore urge all stakeholders to work hand-in-hand with the Government of Zambia in committing to investing in our health and mobilising all required resources to guarantee the full implementation of the Zambia Multisectoral Cholera Elimination Plan 2019–2015, thereby achieving Zambia’s cholera-elimination goal by 2025. Her Honour Mrs Inonge Mutukwa Wina Vice-President of The Republic of Zambia From left to right, Minister of Local Government Hon. Vincent Mwale MP, Minister Office of the Vice President, Hon. Sylvia Bambala Chalikosa MP, Minister of Water Development Sanitation and Environmental Protection Hon. Dr Dennis Musuku Wanchinga MP and Minister of Health Hon. Dr Chitalu Chilufya MP, MCC pledge to support the implementation of Zambia’s Multisectoral Cholera Elimination Plan 2019-2025.
corpus_46	SOIL PROFILE QUALITIES Physical soil fertility: the net moisture storage capacity in rootable zone. Physical soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of water logging in rootable zone. Chemical soil fertility: the availability of plant nutrients. Chemical soil toxicity: salinity or salinization hazard; excess of exchangeable Biological soil fertility: the N-fixation capacity of the soil biomass; and its capacity for soil organic matter turnover. Biological soil toxicity: the presence or hazard of soil-borne pests and diseases. U. SUBSTRATUM OR UNDERGROUND QUALITIES Groundwater level and quality in relation to (irrigated) land use. Substratum potential for water storage (local use) and conductance (downstream Presence of unconfined freshwater acquires. Substratum (and soil profile) suitable for foundation works (buildings, roads, canals, etc.) Substratum (and soil profile) as source of construction materials. Substratum (and soil profile) as source of minerals. CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL DEGRADATION Among the land used for agriculture and forestry, soil is an important component.
corpus_47	Publication No. 14, 870-181-500-6-87-CR. Stratified Waters. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, R.M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Technical Report 219. Americanus. In: Proceedings of the Marine Technology Society, 8th Annual Conference, p. 395-402. Commonwealth of Massachusetts and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1973. Impact Statement, 72 pp. Element Modeling of Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Circulations. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, R.M.
corpus_48	Columbia Falls, Kalispell, The City of Kalispell has the greatest estimated direct losses and greatest population Towns of Drummond and Philipsburg City of Boulder, Town of City of Polson has the greatest estimated direct losses and greatest population Lewis and Clark East Helena The City of Helena has a significantly greater population than East Helena, but they are very close in proximity and will experience similar types of impacts Troy, Town of Eureka Town of Eureka has greater estimated direct Sheridan, Town Virginia Town of Ennis has greater estimated direct losses City of White Sulphur City of Livingston, Town City of Livingston has greatest estimated direct City of Hamilton, Town City of Hamilton and Town of Stevensville have greater estimated direct losses than the Town of City of Thompson Fall, Hot Springs Sweet Grass Montana Western Region Hazard Mitigation Plan Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment Page 4-103 4.2.8 Flooding Hazard/Problem Description Riverine flooding is defined as when a watercourse exceeds its “bank-full” capacity and is usually the most common type of flood event.
corpus_49	Table 4. Chemical Disinfectant Selection and Use (ethyl or Concentration of active ingredient Contact time Vegetative bacteria Bacterial spores Lipo viruses Hydrophilic viruses Tubercle bacilli Contaminated liquid Environmental Health and Safety Office Biological Safety Manual (ethyl or Equipment total + denotes very positive response +/- denotes a less positive response Blank denotes a negative response or not applicable Inactivation of Biologically-derived Toxins Although biologically-derived toxins are often considered hazardous chemicals, they will be addressed in this manual because of their frequent use in biomedical research. Equipment and apparatus contaminated with toxins and waste generated from procedures involving toxins must undergo decontamination to inactivate the toxins. Table 5 lists effective methods for inactivating or denaturing toxins.
corpus_50	Cawthron Report No. 2575. Xiaofeng Wang, Preeda Parkpian, Naoshi Fujimoto, Khunying Mathuros Ruchirawat, R. D. DeLaune & A. Jugsujinda.
corpus_51	professional) and level of containment/automation (as reflected in the PROCs and technical conditions) is the main determinant of the process-intrinsic emission Frequency and duration of use Use duration: Frequency of use: Hours per shift No data available. Human factors not influenced by risk management This information is not available. Other given operational conditions affecting workers exposure Room size: Ventilation rate Chemical production where opportunity for exposure arises No data available.
corpus_52	Objectives 2. Background 3. Scenarios of Concern 4. Reflections on Various Case Studies 6. Recommendations Gather insight from international experience with post-incident water provisioning to determine what lessons can be extrapolated to U.S. domestic planning efforts to develop an effective catastrophic disaster assistance approach. This includes policy, institutional, and logistical issues in providing an emergency water supply (e.g., procurement, transportation, ancillary equipment, security) along with lessons learned on rate-limiting steps in implementation. Issues for Consideration Several key findings were articulated by the participants for improving response to catastrophic disasters: 1. Streamlining and improving quality of information management – Experience has underscored the challenge to develop accurate situational awareness for good decision making. Much data gathering occurs after a disaster, but the gathering is often uncoordinated and the data is of situation. There is a significant need for improving coordination of data collection; systematic and robust analysis of pooled data; review of findings; and concise summaries of the information portraying the situation to decision makers, the press, and other stakeholders. 2.
corpus_53	The 4-month study, conducted in a fashion similar to the clinical trials used to evaluate med- ical interventions, involved 50 subjects whose laptops were instrumented to monitor possible infections and gather data on user behavior. Although the population size was limited, this initial study produced some intriguing, non-intuitive insights into the eﬃcacy of current defenses, particularly with regards to the technical sophistication of end users. We assert that this work shows the feasibility and utility of testing security software through long-term ﬁeld studies with greater ecological validity than can be achieved through other means. Categories and Subject Descriptors K.6.5 [Management of computing and information systems]: Security and Protection—Invasive software; K.4.2 [Computers and Society]: Social Issues—Abuse and crime involving computers Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for proﬁt or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full cita- tion on the ﬁrst page.
corpus_54	Fish and Wildlife Service. 10 Represents the annual costs to Guam’s economy over a seven-year period due to electrical power outages caused by the brown treesnake. This estimate does not include repair costs, damage to electrical equipment, or lost revenues. 11 Represents the estimated potential annual damage from medical damages, power-outage costs, and the cost of a decrease in tourism in Hawaii if least eight brown treesnakes have been found on Oahu, transported on aircraft from Guam. 2019, per the Brown Treesnake Technical Working Group 2019 meeting and personal communication with M.J.
corpus_55	The Chittagong cyclone of 29 April 1991 was first detected as a depression (wind speed not exceeding 62 km/h) on 23 April 1991 from satellite imagery (NOAA-11). Background Information on the Storm Surge Modelling The depression was located at 10.0oN latitude and 89.0oE longitude at 0900 BST (Bangladesh Standard Time) in the morning of 25 April. It intensified into a deep depression in the evening and very quickly turned into a cyclonic storm at midnight on 25 April. The maximum sustained wind was 65-87 km/h, having a central pressure of 996 Mb. It retained this intensity till 1500 BST of 27 April when it was found to have developed into a severe cyclonic storm. The maximum wind velocity was 90-115 km/h, having 990 Mb as the central pressure. On the same day (27 April) at midnight, it turned into a storm with a hurricane core that had wind speeds of more than 130 km/h.
corpus_56	Concept of The audience for the Basic Plan needs to picture the sequence and scope of the jurisdiction's overall approach to an emergency situation, i.e., what should State, Federal, and any intermediate interjurisdictional responsibilities; activation of the EOP; "action levels" and their implications (if formalized in the jurisdiction); general sequence of actions before, during, and after the emergency situation; who requests aid and under what conditions (the necessary forms being contained in tabs); and, for States, who appoints a State Coordinating Officer (SCO) and how the SCO and the State response organization will coordinate and work with Federal response personnel in touch on direction and control, alert and warning, or continuity of operations matters that may be dealt with more fully in annexes.
corpus_57	Although scholars disagree about whether U.N. officials in Haiti enjoy only functional (that is, limited to actions stemming from official functions) immunity, it is still extremely difficult of law.209 Under the SOFA, civil suits can only proceed if the commander of the mission approves “nearly impossible” to litigate within the Haitian legal system.210 an internal claims review board or enter into settlement negotiations with the Government of Haiti, it is unlikely that either of these avenues will vindicate the victims’ right to a forum where they can have their grievances meaningfully redressed. As discussed above, these internal mechanisms are far inferior to a claims commission, both because they are set up after the injury—as opposed to “standing” throughout the course of a peacekeeping mission—and because they are not impartial. the requirement of a claims commission Ultimately, a claims commission is the only meaningful forum in which victims may press their claims. Furthermore, it is the very process that the U.N.
corpus_58	Chemical recycling of plastic back to plastic, the proposed solution to plastic pollution of major petrochemical companies, has very high energy demands, particularly for pyrolysis and gasification which require high operating temperatures and rely on external fuel sources to maintain process heat. Most market analysis of petrochemical outputs from these processes suggest they will be directed to fuel rather than polymer pro- duction. This is due to the high price differential between virgin plastic Plastic Waste Management Hazards manufactured with very low-priced petrochemicals and the high cost of chemical recycling. If burned as liquid fuel made from chemical recycling, the entire CO2 content of the plastic is emitted making the plastic to fuel process a very high emitter of CO2 emissions. The carbon footprint includes energy used in collection and sorting the plastic waste, energy for heating the pyrolysis or gasification process and then burning the petrochemical output as fuel.
corpus_59	The term "primary fragment" denotes a fragment from a casing or container of an explosive source or a fragment from an object in contact with an explosive. If the source is a true high explosive, the container or casing usually ruptures into a large number of small primary fragments which can be projected at velocities up to several thousand feet per second by the explosion. For bomb and shell casings, typical weights of damaging fragments recovered in field tests are about 0.032 oz. These primary fragments, though irregular, are usually of "chunky" geometry, i.e., all linear dimensions are of the same Containers or casings which fragment or burst during explosions are not the only sources of fragments and missiles. Other potentially damaging objects, known as "secondary missiles" or "secondary fragments" can also be produced due to the blast wave interaction with objects or structures located near the explosive source. These objects can be torn loose from their moorings, if they are attached, and accelerated to velocities high enough to cause impact damage.
corpus_60	NRCS, 2003. Global Desertiﬁcation Vulnerability Map. [Online] Available at: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/ [Accessed 27 December 2014]. Obalum, S.
corpus_61	Additionally, because more data on antibiotic use in animals—such as the total quantity used, by class; the species in which they are used; the purpose of the use, such as disease treatment or growth promotion; and the method used to administer—are needed to further address the risk of antibiotic resistance, we also recommend that the Secretaries of Agriculture and of Health and Human Services jointly develop and implement a plan for collecting data on antibiotic use in animals that will adequately (1) support research on the relationship between this use and emerging antibiotic-resistant bacteria, (2) help assess the human health risk related to antibiotic use in animals, and (3) help the agencies develop strategies to mitigate antibiotic resistance. GAO-04-490 Antibiotic Use in Animals Agency Comments and Our Response comment. We also provided segments of the draft related to trade matters to the Department of State and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. In their written comments, USDA and HHS generally agreed with the report and provided comments on certain aspects of our findings.
corpus_62	The annual mean daily UV radiation was 0.37 ± 0.17 MJ m−2 d−1, and the highest and lowest daily UV radiation levels were 1.03 and 0.01 MJ m−2 d−1, respectively. The highest daily values of UV radiation occurred in May, and the lowest values were measured in December. The monthly mean daily UV/Rs value gradually increased from 2.7% in November to 3.7% in August, after which it gradually decreased. The annual mean daily UV/Rs value was 3.1%. Tellus 62B (2010), 2 VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION The all-weather empirical model was established using mea- surements at Beijing and validated with data from two other stations with different climate conditions. The validation results indicated that this model could quickly and accurately estimate UV radiation from Rs. The interannual variations and long-term patterns of UV radiation derived from reconstructed daily UV values are compatible with changes in measured input data.
corpus_63	Poor/Not functioning of high level coordinating bodies: High level commissions under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister such as EPC and NCSD have been commissioned to coordinate national level activities, but they are not functioning well. The National Planning Commission is another body responsible to monitor, evaluate, integrate and coordinate all the development activities, but it also is not effective enough to do so. Less autonomy among research institutions: Research institutions under of the take often take long time to get approval to their own research proposal and develop and carryout collaborative research with other NGOs/INGOs/donars agencies/academic institutions and also to get clearance of research results for dissemination. So, they should have full autonomy.
corpus_64	Miconia (Miconia calvescens), a tree reaching a height of 50 feet at maturity, is native to Central America. In Tahiti, miconia is known as the “green cancer,” because it spread from three small garden plantings in 1937 to an invasion that now covers 70 percent of the island’s forests. Producing leaves up to 3 feet long and thousands of tiny seeds, miconia is public enemy number one in the State of Hawaii. Miconia was introduced as an ornamental to the island of Hawaii in the 1960s and the island of Maui about 1970. Miconia plants have now been found on the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, and Kauai. Only Molokai and Lanai remain uninfested. Miconia grows aggressively, forming dense thickets that block the sunlight, which prevents most other plants beneath it from surviving. As miconia grows, it destroys natural habitat, depriv- ing native plants of sunlight and nutrients from the soil, and depriving native animal species of the plants they need to sur- vive.
corpus_65	The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has developed the following checklist for large organizations and businesses. It identifies important, specific activities organizations and businesses can do now to prepare. Further information can be found at www.pandemicflu.gov. This checklist is applicable to all organiza tions and businesses, public or private. Plan for the impact of a pandemic on your business or organization 1.1. Identify a pandemic coordinator and/or team with defined roles and responsibilities for preparedness and response planning. The planning process should include input from labor 1.2. Identify essential employees and other critical inputs (e.g., raw materials, suppliers, sub contractor services/products, logistics) required to maintain business operations by location and function during a pandemic. 1.3. Train and prepare ancillary workforce (e.g., contractors, employees in other job titles/descriptions, retirees). 182 Implementation Plan for the National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Appendix A 1.4.
corpus_66	Similarly to OPCs, the PM sensing module is based on laser scattering, with a particle counting effectiveness of 50 % at 0.3 µm, rapidly reaching 98 % above 0.5 µm. It can measure particle concentration between 1 and 1000 µg m-3 with a maximum measurement deviation of ± 2 %. The module has an on-chip proprietary humidity correction algorithm, enabling better data The detection method of the wide-range CO2 sensing module is based on non-dispersive infrared (NDIR), as commonly encountered for CO2 sensors (e.g., Rüdiger et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2020; Pering et al., 2024). It can measure CO2 concentration between 0.01 % (100 ppm) and 5 vol% with a maximum measurement deviation of ± 2 %.
corpus_67	public health services and health human resources (HHR)? Measures of transmissibility and Surveillance and clinical PT feedback HEALTH CARE potential impact? community health care services and HHR? Measures of transmissibility and Surveillance and clinical Information on antiviral PT feedback Media monitoring ACUTE CARE SERVICES potential impact? acute care services and What bacterial complications are Are the treatment strategies effective? Measures of transmissibility and Surveillance and clinical Information on antiviral and antibiotic resistance Clinical studies PT monitoring and Media monitoring LONG-TERM CARE AND OTHER COMMUNITY RESIDENTIAL CARE Will long-term care or other residential facilities for the elderly or disadvantaged be at significant risk of these facilities, their services and HHR? Information on pre- existing immunity Surveillance and outbreak investigations PT feedback Media monitoring CANADIAN PANDEMIC INFLUENZA PREPAREDNESS: Planning Guidance for the Health Sector WHAT INFORMATION IS NEEDED?
corpus_68	The device should leverage one of the specified man- ners for emitting a Upon initializa- tion, the MUD- capable IoT de- vice broadcasts a DHCP message on the network, including at most https scheme, This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1800-15. This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1800-15. NIST SP 1800-15B: Securing Small-Business and Home Internet of Things Devices Applicable Cybersecurity Frame- work Subcategories and NIST SP 800-53 Controls Test Summary Expected Out- within the DHCP Upon initializa- tion, the MUD- capable IoT de- LLDP extension. In addition to supporting MUD, Build 1 demonstrates capabilities with respect to device discovery, attribute identification, and monitoring, as shown in Table 6-3.
corpus_69	The system transmits information from MS event signals as a voltage to a seismic recorder, which syn- chronizes the data with a GPS component and converts the data to a seismic signal. Processing software assigns a loca- tion and magnitude to each locatable microseismic event. Monitoring trenches/platforms At locations where regular inspections occur to identify signs of potential earth ﬁssure activity, speciﬁcally designed mon- itoring trenches or platforms can be designed to facilitate the observation process. The intent of such a system is to provide Proc.
corpus_70	Algae are a diverse group of species ranging from single-celled organisms to kelp seaweeds that can grow to be over 50 yards long. Algae can be found in symbiotic relationships with other organisms, the most common being corals and lichens. Large species of algae that appear to grow off the lake or sea floor are referred to as macroalgae while smaller, microscopic species are referred to as microalgae. Microalgae can be free floating in the water column as phytoplankton or can rest on the bottom of the water body as periphyton. Because of their incredible diversity and shared characteristics with plants, the taxonomy of algae has been much discussed. Originally classified as plants, algae are now found in the kingdom Protista. Algae are further broken down into groups commonly grouped by pigmentation. Most species of green algae are only found in fresh water while most species of red algae and brown algae are only found in saltwater. Brown algae are among the most complex forms of algae while blue-green algae are one of the simplest forms of algae. Also referred to as cyanobacteria (a bacteria rather than a true algae), blue-green algae are either single celled or colonial.
corpus_71	Second, dredging can remove sediment from the riverbed of the Anacostia and restore the deeper channel. The Navy supports a recommendation to dredge the Anacostia because existing sedimentation prevents larger naval ships from coming up the Anacostia. As a result, the Navy incurs steep docking fees for its ships at a private port in Alexandria when their ships are in town. However, dredging is not a straightforward solution. It is expensive under ideal circumstances and very difficult to complete when a disposal site is needed for any contaminated sediment spoils, which is likely from the river areas surrounding Poplar Point and the Navy Yard. Additionally, ACOE favors dredging projects that are part of a larger ecosystem restoration project so that uncontaminated soils can be used for wetlands creation. Urban Drainage Flooding Urban drainage flooding is typically caused when the sewer system’s capacity is exceeded. While one-third of the District, including the entire downtown business district, has a combined sanitary and stormwater system, most of the area east of the Anacostia has separate sewers.
corpus_72	The United States Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant confirmed the presence of New World screwworm in Key deer from a wildlife refuge in Big Pine Key, Florida, in late September 2016. This was the first local infestation 30 years. According to the USDA, during the past century the presence of New World screwworm cost the average of $20 million annually. The adult screwworm fly is about the size of a common housefly (or slightly larger), with orange eyes, metallic blue or green body, and three dark stripes screwworm refers to the screw- like shape of the larvae that feed on the host animal. (See Screwworm Update, page Screwworm Update (continued) In response to this infestation, Florida Commissioner of Agriculture Adam Putnam emergency in Monroe County, Florida.
corpus_73	1272/2008 [CLP] Classification according to Directive 67/548/EEC [DSD] or 1999/45/EC [DPD] Full text of R-phrases: see section 16 National regulations Propylene Glycol (57-55-6) Listed on KECI (Korean Existing Chemicals Inventory) Listed on the AICS (Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances) Methanol (67-56-1) Listed on the Canadian IDL (Ingredient Disclosure List) 2-Propanol (67-63-0) Listed on the AICS (Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances) Listed on the Japanese ENCS (Existing & New Chemical Substances) inventory Listed on KECI (Korean Existing Chemicals Inventory) Listed on PICCS (Philippines Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Substances) 15.3. US State regulations NEVER FOG WIPES U.S.
corpus_74	Ensure that new government-owned facilities comply with and are subject to the same or more stringent regulations as imposed on privately-owned development. District owned facilities comply with all local, state, and federal building regulations. Prior to acquisition of property to be used as a critical facility, conduct a study to ensure the absence of significant structural hazards and hazards associated with the building site. This is standard design practice for capital projects. GOVT - b - Maintain and Enhance Local Government’s Emergency Recovery Planning Establish a framework and process for pre-event planning for post- event recovery that specifies roles, priorities, and responsibilities of various departments within the local government organization, and that outlines a structure and process for policy-making involving elected officials and appointed advisory The District will participate in the Santa Clara County Op Area Recovery Framework Plan Prepare a basic Recovery Plan that outlines the major issues and tasks that are likely to be the key elements of community recovery, as well as integrate this planning into response planning (such as with continuity of operations plans). The District is working on implementing a Continuity of Operations Program and Plans.
corpus_75	Ruminants, particularly cattle, are the primary reservoir for EHEC; humans are a secondary reservoir (Croxen et al., 2013, Percival and Williams, 2014c). Animals (e.g., cattle, dogs, sheep, rabbits) are also a reservoir for certain EPEC strains (Croxen et al., 2013). Transmission of pathogenic E. coli occurs through the fecal-oral route and the main routes of infection are contaminated food or water, person-person spread and direct contact with animals. Surface runoff and sewage inputs are important mechanisms for fecal contamination of drinking water sources—much the same as those discussed for Campylobacter spp. (see Section B.1.1) (Hrudey and Hrudey, 2004; Moreira and Bondelind, 2017). In the U.S., pathogenic E. coli (largely E.
corpus_76	Jacketed Pressure Tank Cars LPG tank car CBTX 781553, which was the 53rd car in the consist, was most likely breached as its forward motion and the trailing consist forced it into the body bolster frame of the 49th car, tank car ITDX5082. The tank car resting positions further suggested that the derailed cars ahead of CBTX 781553 constrained the car such that it could only have passed over the B end of tank car ITDX5082 to arrive at its final resting position. The left B end shell of tank car ITDX5082 was flattened, and its body bolster structure was bent inboard against the tank by the full weight of CBTX 781553 sliding over it. The body bolster frame is a necessarily robust steel protuberance because it is also designed rectangular bar that protrudes several inches outward from the tank and serves as the upper surface of the lifting point. Welded to the end of the top bolster frame structure is an outside frame piece with a rounded edge that protrudes about one inch beyond the end of the upper bolster frame member.
corpus_77	Some steps may be taken multiple times during the ASSIGNED TO Report Incident Component staff reports a suspected or confirmed incident by phone or email to Component Help Desk or Component Privacy Officer/ System Admin Each Component phone contact. See Appendix A Gather facts using Component or HQ-specific Intake Form. Confirm whether privacy incident has occurred. Privacy Officer/ See Appendix C, suggested sample intake form. Assess and Prioritize Component Privacy Officer/ PPOC or SOC enters incident in the incident database and assigns a priority level within 24 hours after determining a privacy incident has occurred. SOC transmits privacy incident notification to Component Privacy Officer/PPOC. Privacy Officer/ All SPII incidents are moderate or DHS Privacy Policy Directive 047-01-008 31. Pursuant to OMB M-17-12, “[a]gencies shall insure that contract terms necessary for the agency to respond to a breach are included in contracts when a contractor collects or maintains Federal information on behalf of the 32.
corpus_78	(2002). Development of the reasons for living inventory for young adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(4), 339-357. Harrison, D. (1995). Vicious circles: An exploration of women and self-harm in society. London: Good Practices in Mental Health Publications. Harriss, L., & Hawton, K.
corpus_79	USEPA Region 9 Inventory submitted by injectors. USEPA Region 10 Best professional judgement. All USEPA Regions All States Unless otherwise noted, the best professional judgement is that of the state or USEPA Regional staff completing the survey questionnaire. Not available.
corpus_80	2001. Biodiversity: Connecting with the Tapestry of Life. Smithsonian Institution/Monitoring and Assessment of Biodiversity Program and President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology. Washington, D.C.
corpus_81	These premises designations relate to the ASF status of pigs in the premises as well their location within the zones classifications. The management activities at your zoo is dependent on your Premise list of the different premises designations used in an ASF outbreak response and what each designation means. Infected Premises (IP) Premises where a presumptive positive case or confirmed positive case exists based on laboratory results, compatible clinical signs, ASF case definition, and international standards. In Infected Zone only Contact Premises (CP) Premises with swine that have been epidemiologically linked to an IP through exposure to animals, animal products, fomites, or people. CPs would be subject to Network Based Controls. In Infected Zone, Buffer Zone, or Free area Suspect Premises (SP) Premises under investigation due to the presence of swine reported to have clinical signs compatible with ASF. This is intended to be a short-term premises In Infected Zone, Buffer Zone, or Surveillance Zone At-Risk Premises (ARP) Premises with swine, but none of those swine have clinical signs compatible with ASF. ARPs are not IPs, CPs, or SPs.
corpus_82	1% transient or permanent 0.6% transient; 0.6% permanent 0.3% transient; 0.3% permanent Table C1-3 Structural Performance Levels and Damage1, 2, 3—Vertical Elements (continued) Structural Performance Levels Collapse Prevention Life Safety Immediate Occupancy Seismic Rehabilitation Prestandard Chapter 1: Rehabilitation Requirements Reinforced Masonry Crushing; extensive cracking. Damage around openings and at corners.
corpus_83	Recommendations on Natech Risk Reduction The survey asked the participants to indicate their top three recommendations in order to further reduce their country’s or organisation’s susceptibility to Natechs. In 2017, 71% of the surveyed respondents indicated specific Natech risk reduction strategies/recommendations. In 2009, 77% of respondents indicated specific measures. The majority of the 2009 respondents mentioned raising awareness on Natech risk at all authority levels -- as well as in industry -- and improving risk communication as a crucial Natech risk reduction strategies. Considering examples of Natech risk reduction strategies/recommendations, the following seem particularly relevant in 2017: Natural Hazards in Risk Analysis: Four out of 12 respondents mentioned recommendations related to natural hazard risk assessments. One country recommended the consideration of Natechs in the risk assessment of major hazard facilities conducted by the operator of the facility. Another advised the development 6 In 2017, 29% responded neutrally.
corpus_84	Seeds with burs or hooks can attach to clothing and Examples: garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), common burdock (Arctium minus), European stickseed (Lappula squarrosa) The DNR’s internal Operational Order 113 directs DNR staff to prevent the spread of invasive species, including by making sure they are not spread on staff boots. The DNR launched a branded outreach campaign PlayCleanGo™: Stop Invasive Species in Your Tracks” in 2012 to address the link between human behaviors and the accidental spread of terrestrial invasive species. Focusing initially on trail users but expanding to bikers, cavers, and others, PlayCleanGo™ encourages responsible recreation through cleaning footwear and gear. Some of the concepts of PlayCleanGo™ were modeled off the successful strategies of the Stop Aquatic Hitchhikers!™ campaign. PlayCleanGo™ provides turnkey outreach materials to allow smaller organizations to expand their reach and influence across property lines. The flexible branding also saves organizations time and money by allowing them to customize the messaging to apply to their specific audiences.
corpus_85	A2), resulting in a greater change in vulnerability TechnoGarden + B1 Orchestration + A1B scenario. Bird richness is higher in areas where there is less of an increase in the interaction than compared to mammals. Overall, birds were systematically more impacted by the interaction because the effect of the interaction was larger than for mammals (Mantyka-Pringle et al., 2012). However, this was most apparent under the Order from Strength + A2A scenario and the TechnoGarden + B1 scenario and less apparent under the Orchestration + A1B because of differences in the locations of habitat loss and climate change effects relative to the distribution of mammals and birds. This points to complex spatial interactions between climate change and land-cover change driving differences between birds and mam- mals. Nevertheless, overall trends were maintained across scenar- ios implying that general insights about interactions between climate change and habitat loss are possible for understanding glo- bal change impacts. A prerequisite for conservation planning is to identify areas of high conservation value (i.e.
corpus_86	Weatherill, G, Pagani, M., Garcia, J., 2016. Exploring Earthquake Databases for the Creation of Magnitude-Homogeneous Cata- logues: Tools for Application on a Regional and Global Scale. Geophysical Journal International 206 (3), 165-276. Wieland, M., Pittore, M., Parolai, S. Zschau, J.
corpus_87	Options Group, which compiles compensation figures for investment banks, exam- ined the mortgage-backed securities sales and trading desks at  commercial and in- vestment banks from  to .It found that associates had average annual base salaries of , to , from  through , but received bonuses that could well exceed their salaries. On the next rung, vice presidents averaged base salaries and bonuses from , to ,,.
corpus_88	Detailed assembly instructions are provided. The procedure assumes the use of an FID to measure the build-up of the gas concentration in the box, but there is no reason why a methane-specific logging IR laser instrument with a low detection threshold and good resolution could not be used. As with other flux chamber methods, an effective seal against the ground surface is a key requirement. and sealed, the gas concentration in the box is measured, typically at 30-second to 60-second intervals, for a period of about 30 minutes. The concentrations are plotted against time and the gradient calculated. The flux, Q, is then calculated as: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is the rate of change of gas concentration within the box. Instrument readings in ppmv need to be converted to mg/m3 to calculate mass flux, typically expressed as mg/m2/s. Figure 21 Schematic diagram of a passive flux box Source: UK Environment Agency (2010) The dynamic chamber method involves using an inert sweep gas that is continually introduced into the chamber, with an equivalent amount of gas allowed to escape.
corpus_89	A similar analysis is performed by only considering the thick sand sites group, as shown in Figure 3.10; the trend in the results is improved. The computed median value for each liquefaction index tends to increase as the observed ejecta becomes more severe. The median value of all indices for the None criterion are lower than the median value of cases with observed ejecta manifestation, which is consistent with the findings of other researchers who found LPI, LSN, or LPIISH estimate ejecta occurrence (Yes/No) reliably well at thick, clean sand sites (e.g., Maurer et al. [2014] and van Ballegooy et al.
corpus_90	(2020). Feeding the building plumbing microbiome: The importance of synthetic polymeric materials for biofilm formation and management. Water, 12(64): 1774. NHMRC, NRMMC. (2011). Australian drinking water guidelines 6—national water quality management strategy. National Health and Medical Research Council, National Resource Management Ministerial Council, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. Nichols, G., Ford, T., Bartram, J., Dufour, A. and Portaels, F. (2004). Introduction. In Pathogenic mycobacteria in water—A guide to public health consequences, monitoring and management. Pedley, S. et al., (eds). World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 1–14. Nichols, G., Lake, I. and Heaviside, C. (2018). Climate change and water-related infectious diseases. Atmosphere, 9(10). Nishiuchi, Y., Iwamoto, T. and Maruyama, F.
corpus_91	Model results indicate that restrictions on new development (i.e., hazard zone implementation and the requirement to construct new homes only in the safest site of a parcel) reduce impacts only minimally by the end of the century—primarily due to the low projected growth rate within the county (0.39%–0.78% per year, [59], Figure 5e,f, Policies 5 and 6). Higher levels of deviation from the baseline would be expected if a greater population, and thus more development, was projected for the region in the future. Figure 6 displays the second exposure metric, the number of buildings impacted by erosion. The number of buildings impacted by erosion deviated from the baseline the most under the heightened SLR (Figure 6). The increasing trend under all simulations was a result of buildings impacted by (1) the background shoreline change rate related to sediment budget factors, which is applicable under all climate drivers, (2) the shoreline retreat due to SLR, and/or (3) increased erosion during storm events.
corpus_92	Design Criteria for Deflection Capacity of Conventionally Reinforced Concrete Slabs, an investigation conducted by Construction Technology Laboratories, Structural Analytical Section, 5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, Illinois 60077, for Civil Engineering Laboratory, Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, CA, sponsored by Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Phase I - State-of-the-Art Report, CR 80.026, October 1980, Phase-lI - Design and Construction Requirements, CR 80.027. October 1980, Phase III - Summary of Design Criteria and Design and Construction Details - Design Examples, CR 80.028, October 1980. Design Manual, AEC Test Structures , Volumes II and III, by Holmes and Narver, Inc., under Contract AT (29-2)-20, for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Albuquerque Operations Office, Albuquerque, NM, December 1961. Design of Structures to Resist Nuclear Weapons Effects, ASCE Manual of Engineering Practice No.
corpus_93	LINDSEY-CURTET, HOLST-RONESS & ANDERSON, supra note 28, at 125 (“In deten- tion, it is the shocking reality that women nearly always suffer sexual violence and men often Related Sexual Violence in Ukraine (14 March 2014 to 31 January 2017), ¶¶ 65–77, U.N. Doc.
corpus_94	Such damage caused by free radicals is very difﬁcult for a cell to reverse, particularly in the case of bacteria where the genetic material freely ﬂoats through the cytoplasm, making it especially vulnerable to free radical damage. In the event that free radicals avoid breaking DNA, they can also cause other types of damage to a cell, causing leakage of enzymes from intracellular compartments; reaction with membrane lipids leading to change of membrane diffusion dynamics; proteins altered by free radical reactions can im- Figure 1.3: Example Bragg Curve (source: Wikipedia pair signaling pathways; defective proteins which interact with DNA could lead to alterations in gene The level of damage caused by ionizing radiation depends upon how many free radicals are induced by the energetic particle, which depends on how much energy the particle is depositing in the medium, and upon how heavily charged it is.
corpus_95	Although, the government plans to gradually strengthen its meteorological service by adopting and implementing a meteorological policy and strategy, this is by establishing an upper air observatory and establishing an atlas on the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, temperature and humidity over Figure 7-1 Coping Measures implemented by the residents and local authorities Figure 7.1 (1): Residents of the Mpazi catchment together clearing up the mud and debris following the a flash flood event Source MIDIMAR, 2013. Figure 7.1 (2): The use of sandbags as a protective measure Figure 7.1 (3): Raising the foundations of the houses, as a physical coping mechanism Figure 7.1 (4) Structural measures currently underway FLASH FLOOD HAZARD AND COPING STRATEGIES IN URBAN AREAS: CASE STUDY IN MPAZI CATCHMENT, KIGALI RWANDA 8.
corpus_96	This established practice can result in accumulation in body tissues of exposed workers, nearby residents, consumers of the food, and even future generations. EDC EXPOSURES TO THE INDIVIDUAL AND TO FUTURE GENERATIONS – EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS Exposure to environmental chemicals is life-long and ubiquitous. Animals and humans living in contaminated environments carry personal body burdens – the amount of chemicals contained in an individual’s tissues – from direct exposure accumulated throughout their lives (Figure 4). Some of these EDCs are persistent and bioaccumulate (i.e., build up over time in body tissues). When humans are tested for the presence of EDCs in their blood, fat, urine, and other tissues, the results consistently demonstrate a variety of EDCs in nearly all individuals worldwide (19-21). There are numerous studies documenting human body burdens, with the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database containing 60 years of data on exposures, lifestyle, and health in humans. These measurements reflect contact with EDCs through food, water, skin absorption, the atmosphere, and other sources.
corpus_97	Exposure group: Workers (W) Exposure sub-category – Those who: Maintain the sewer systems Collect and transfer faecal sludge Operate the plant Exposure group: Farmers (F) Exposure sub-category – Those who: Informally use the drains to grow crops Pump the water from drains to irrigate fruit trees Farmers using the treatment plant effluent Exposure group: Local community (L) Exposure sub-category – Those who: Live adjacent to the open drains Live adjacent to farms using treatment plant effluent Live adjacent to treatment plant and use groundwater Village downstream Exposure group: Consumers (C) Exposure sub-category – Those who: Consumer crops grown in wastewater by F1 farmers Consume fruit irrigated with wastewater by F2 farmers Consumer products irrigated with wastewater by F3 farmers >> 100,000 Newtown Table 3.1 Exposure groups WORKED EXAMPLE: SSP in Newtown Module 3.3 Identify and assess existing control measures The table below gives examples of some of the control measures in the Newtown’s sanitation SSP. These illustrate some of the points in Guidance Note 3.4.
corpus_98	A. Aerial view (looking west) of linea ment, showing distinct vegetation line and ponded water on the north side of an ~0.6-m-high (~2-ft-high) scarp. Possible fault extends between red arrows. B. View to northeast of possible warped Holocene fluvial terrace deposit along the east bank of Lake Creek. Ter race tread shown by dashed white line.
corpus_99	Especially when crossing terrain whose (igneous) mineralogy resists electrical current or when terminating near conductive seawater, and especially when the wires happen to align with the induced electrical force, these cables can become geomagnetic lightning rods. Like lightning rods, high-voltage power lines are grounded: for safety, they are connected to the earth at either end. But at each end of most of these power lines, interposed between them and the earth, are transformers, garage-sized or bigger. They put the “high-voltage” in “high-voltage power line.” In preparation for long-distance transmission from a generating source, the transformers step the voltage up—to as high as 765,000 volts in the US. At the receiving end, transformers symmetrically step the voltage back down for distribution to factories, offices, and homes. (Boosting the voltage for long-distance transmission cuts energy losses from the electrical resistance of the power lines.) Transformers exploit the symmetry of electromagnetism: just as a changing magnetic field induces a voltage, so does the movement of electrical charge (electricity) produce a magnetic field.

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Dataset Card for DisastIR

Dataset Summary

DisastIR: A Comprehensive Information Retrieval Benchmark for Disaster Management

DisastIR is the first benchmark for information retrieval (IR) model evaluation specified for Disaster Management, consisting of three main components:

query: a collection of user queries.
qrels: labeled query–passage pairs with relevance scores.
corpus: a collection of documents.

This dataset is useful for passage retrieval, ranking, and evaluation of IR models for disaster management areas. For more information, please refer to https://github.com/KaiYin97/Disaster_IR

📰 News

[20/Aug] Our DisastIR has been accepted to EMNLP 2025 Findings 🎉
[15/Sep] DisastIR is now publicly available

Statistics of DisastIR

The following table summarizes the number of labeled query-passage pairs and the average number of pairs per query (shown in parentheses) across six task types and eight disaster categories in the DisastIR benchmark:

	QA (avg)	QAdoc (avg)	Twitter (avg)	FC (avg)	NLI (avg)	STS (avg)
Bio	26651 (133.3)	25335 (126.7)	35182 (175.9)	23987 (119.9)	25896 (129.5)	27065 (135.3)
Chem	26885 (134.4)	26032 (130.2)	34186 (170.9)	24592 (123.0)	27856 (139.3)	26787 (133.9)
Env	26685 (133.4)	25930 (129.7)	33243 (166.2)	25805 (129.0)	25207 (126.0)	27048 (135.2)
Extra	26807 (134.0)	25598 (128.0)	33202 (166.0)	24363 (121.8)	26399 (132.0)	27313 (136.6)
Geo	27140 (135.7)	26573 (132.9)	35503 (177.5)	27864 (139.3)	28210 (141.1)	29816 (149.1)
MH	28422 (142.1)	27256 (136.3)	33924 (169.6)	26670 (133.4)	27052 (135.3)	28702 (143.5)
Soc	27116 (135.6)	23353 (116.8)	33834 (169.2)	27850 (139.3)	26997 (135.0)	27074 (135.4)
Tech	28044 (140.2)	27071 (135.4)	33388 (166.9)	26759 (133.8)	28394 (142.0)	26920 (134.6)

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

Information Retrieval: retrieving relevant passages given a query.
Passage Ranking: ranking candidate passages by relevance.
Evaluation Benchmark: comparing retrieval model performance on disaster-related queries.

Languages

The dataset is primarily in English.

Dataset Structure

Configurations

The dataset provides three configurations:

1. Query

Each item represents a query.

Fields:
- query_id (string): unique identifier, generated from filename and index (e.g., FactCheck_biological_0).
- user_query (string): the query text.

Example:

{
  "query_id": "FactCheck_biological_0",
  "user_query": "Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus effectively carry ZIKV."
}

2. Qrels

Each item represents a query–passage pair with a relevance label.

Fields:
- user_query (string): query text.
- passage (string): candidate passage.
- score (int): relevance score (0 = not relevant, higher = more relevant).

Example:

{
  "user_query": "Malaria prevalence negatively affects productivity levels.",
  "passage": "For all participants who provided DBS, serum antibody levels...",
  "score": 0
}

3. Corpus

Each item represents a document.

Fields:
- corpus_id (string): document identifier (e.g., corpus_0).
- text (string): document text.

Example:

{
  "corpus_id": "corpus_0",
  "text": "xxx"
}

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

# Load query data
ds_query = load_dataset("KaiYinTAMU/DisastIR", "query")
print(ds_query[0])
# {'query_id': 'FactCheck_biological_0', 'user_query': 'Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus effectively carry ZIKV.'}

# Load qrels data
ds_qrels = load_dataset("KaiYinTAMU/DisastIR", "qrels")
print(ds_qrels[0])
# {'user_query': 'Malaria prevalence negatively affects productivity levels.', 'passage': 'For all participants...', 'score': 0}

# Load corpus data
ds_corpus = load_dataset("KaiYinTAMU/DisastIR", "corpus")
print(ds_corpus[0])
# {'corpus_id': 'corpus_0', 'text': 'xxx'}

Applications

Passage retrieval
Query–document matching
Benchmarking retrieval models
Disaster-related information access

Dataset Creation

Source: Collected and organized for IR benchmarking.
Preprocessing: Standardized into three splits (query, qrels, corpus).

Licensing Information

Please specify the correct license (e.g., CC BY 4.0, Apache 2.0, or another license).

Citation

If you find this repository helpful, please kindly consider citing the corresponding paper as shown below. Thanks!

@article{yin2025disastir,
    title={DisastIR: A Comprehensive Information Retrieval Benchmark for Disaster Management},
    author={Yin, Kai and Dong, Xiangjue and Liu, Chengkai and Huang, Lipai and Xiao, Yiming and Liu, Zhewei and Mostafavi, Ali and Caverlee, James},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.15856},
    year={2025}
}

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Number of rows:

3,006,681