Dataset Viewer
id
stringlengths 36
36
| source
stringclasses 24
values | formatted_source
stringclasses 15
values | text
stringlengths 2
7.55M
|
|---|---|---|---|
50f4e9c2-b09b-474f-9a10-fb23bb9c640f
|
pes2o
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
The behavior-cognition link is well done; the cognition-brain link needs more work
Thelen et al. have a strong case for linking behavior with mind through nonrepresentational dynamics. Their case linking mind with brain is less compelling. Modified avenues are proposed for further exploration: greater emphasis on the dynamics of perception; use of chaotic instead of deterministic dynamics with noise; and use of intentionality instead of motivation, taking advantage of its creative dynamics to model genesis of goal-directed behaviors.
|
c08a08e1-ed7d-441a-b25c-7e2990357d2f
|
flan
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
Brooklyn Beckham has been left disappointed in his attempts to secure an Arsenal scholarship. The 15-year-old is enrolled at the club's Hale End academy and was hoping to be handed a two-year term to continue with the Gunners. However, it is understood the teenager will not be retained next season, ending his tenure with Arsenal. Brooklyn Beckham (sitting third right), posing with his team-mates, will be released at the end of the season. Beckham Jnr (right) recently posted a video of him hitting the crossbar while playing for Arsenal's youth side. The news comes as a surprise after Beckham was called up into the club's Under 18 side earlier this month. However, Sportsmail can reveal that Beckham was one of only a few Under 16 and Under 17 players still at the club's Hale End academy that weekend as the rest travelled to the Al Kass youth tournament in Qatar. And many at the club's Hale End academy saw his promotion as more of a case of default rather than merit. Beckham will remain at the club, however, until the end of the season. It is unclear whether the teenager will look to find a new club. David Beckham with sons Brooklyn (left), Cruz (centre) and Romeo (right) at the World Cup last year. David and his sons in LA Galaxy kits ahead of the match with Houston Dynamo in the 2012 MLS Cup. Proud dad David (centre) watched Romeo in action for the young Gunners against Liverpool last week. Having started later at Arsenal's academy than the majority of other youngsters at Hale End, Beckham was always playing catch up. Despite the decision not to retain him, Arsenal youth coaches still rate the teenager highly, but feel other players in his right midfield position are more advanced in their development at the club. They also feel Beckham can still make the professional grade at another club. His brothers Romeo and Cruz are also enrolled at Hale End. Cruz, 10, is said to be the most promising of the Beckham brothers. Proud parents David and Victoria Beckham without the boys during last summer's Wimbledon final. Beckham with his sons Brooklyn (left) and Romeo (right) watch a game at the Emirates Stadium in 2013. Beckham (right) trained with Arsenal players at London Colney to maintain his fitness in 2008. Former England captain Beckham, pictured here celebrating his goal against Argentina in Japan in 2002, also played on the right of midfield and scored for his country in three World Cups - 1998, 2002 and 2006.
What are highlight points for this article? Brooklyn Beckham will not be retained by Arsenal's academy next term. David Beckham's son, 15, had been promoted to the Under 18 side recently. But the call-up came as most of the squad were at a tournament in Qatar. Arsenal coaches still rate Brooklyn, who plays on the right of midfield. But other youngsters are at a more advanced stage of their development. Brothers Romeo and Cruz will remain at the Hale End Academy.
|
5c6236b3-df78-47fd-ab54-fc2319a66137
|
flan
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
Translate "RP-4 mineral concentrating tables are factory designed with a raised riffle for maximum recovery of micron sized gold and platinum metals." to Russian? Приводится в действие мотором переменного тока 110 в.
|
3661d151-0a4d-4afa-8fe7-535d8fe9ca15
|
StampyAI/alignment-research-dataset/lesswrong
|
LessWrong
|
Why Do People Think Humans Are Stupid?
Introduction
============
On more than one occasion, I've seen the following comparisons used to describe how a superintelligence might relate to/perceive humans:
* Humans to ants
* Humans to earthworms
* And similar
More generally, people seem to believe that humans are *incredibly* far from the peak of attainable intelligence. And that's very not obvious to me?
Argument
========
I suspect that the median human's cognitive capabilities are *qualitatively* closer to an optimal bounded superintelligence than they are to a honeybee. [The human brain seems to be a universal learner](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/9Yc7Pp7szcjPgPsjf/the-brain-as-a-universal-learning-machine). There are some concepts that no human can fully grasp, but those seems to be concepts that are too large to fit in the working memory of a human. And humans can overcome those working memory limitations with a pen and paper, a smartphone, a laptop or other technological aids.
There doesn't seem to be anything a sufficiently motivated and resourced intelligent human is incapable of grasping given enough time. A concept that no human could ever grasp, seems like a concept that no agent could ever grasp. If it's computable, then a human can learn to compute it (even if they must do so with the aid of technology).
Somewhere in the progression from honeybee to humans, there is a phase shift to a universal learner. Our usage of complex language/mathematics/abstraction seems like a difference in kind of cognition. I do not believe there are any such differences in kinds ahead of us on the way to a bounded superintelligence.
I don't think "an agent whose cognitive capabilities are as far above humans as humans are above ants" is necessarily a well-defined, sensible or coherent concept. I don't think it means anything useful or points to anything real.
I do not believe there are any qualitatively more powerful engines of cognition than the human brain (more powerful in the sense that a Turing machine is more powerful than a finite state machine). There are engines of cognition with better serial/parallel processing speed, larger working memories, faster recall, etc. But they don't have a cognitive skill on the level of "use of complex language/symbolic representation" that we lack. There is nothing they can learn that we are fundamentally incapable of learning (even if we need technological aid to learn it).
The difference between a human and a bounded superintelligence is a difference of degree. It's not at all obvious to me that superintelligences would be cognitively superior to sufficiently enhanced brain emulations.
I am not even sure the "human - chimpanzee gap" is a sensible notion for informing expectations of superintelligence. That seems to be a difference of kind I simply don't think will manifest. Once you make the jump to universality, there's nowhere higher to jump to.
Perhaps, superintelligence is just an immensely smart human that also happens to be equipped with faster processing speeds, much larger working memories, larger attention spans, etc.
Addenda
-------
And even then, there are still fundamental constraints to attainable intelligence:
1. What can be computed
1. Computational tractability
2. What can be computed *efficiently*
1. Computational complexity
3. Translating computation to intelligence
1. Mathematical optimisation
2. Algorithmic and statistical information theories
3. Algorithmic and statistical learning theories
4. Implementing computation within physics
1. Thermodynamics of computation
1. Minimal energy requirements
2. Heat dissipation
3. Maximum information density
2. Speed of light limits
1. Latency of communication
2. Maximum serial processing speeds
I do not think humans are necessarily quantitatively close to the physical limits ([the brain is extremely energy efficient from a thermodynamic point of view](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/xwBuoE9p8GE7RAuhd/brain-efficiency-much-more-than-you-wanted-to-know), but it also runs at only 20 watts). AI systems could have much larger power budgets [some extant supercomputers consume gigawatts of power]. But I expect many powerful/useful/interesting cognitive algorithms to be NP hard/or require exponential time (an underlying intuition is that the size of search trees grow exponentially with each "step"/searching for a particular string grows exponentially with string length. Search seems like a natural operationalisation of planning and I expect it to feature in other cognitive skills (searching for efficient encodings, approximations, compressions, patterns, etc. maybe how we generate abstractions and enrich our world model etc.), so I'm also pessimistic on just how useful quantitative progress will turn out to be in practice.
Counterargument
===============
There's a common rebuttal along the lines that an ant is also a universal computer and so can in theory compute any computable program.
The difference is that you cannot actually teach an ant how to implement universal models of computation. Humans on the other hand can actually be taught that (and invented it of their own accord). Perhaps, the hardware of an ant is a universal computer, but the ant software is not a universal learner. Human software is.
|
ca50c299-732a-4b1a-990e-98f3601655ce
|
flan
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
Q: Solve 0*m - 2306 + 752 = 74*m for m.
A: -21
Q: Solve:
Solve 0 = -6*k + 58 - 76 for k.
A: -3
Question: What is the solution?
Solve -6*b + 1368 = 1272 for b.
Answer: 16
Problem: Math Problem
Solve -49358*p = -49363*p + 35 for p.
A: 7
Question:
Solve 464*h = -16972 + 5372 for h..
Answer:
-25
Solve 47*k = 31*k + 48 for k.
Solve this plz.
A: 3
|
18762b68-fbfd-4fcc-a22f-d7e415a4dfa5
|
trentmkelly/LessWrong-43k
|
LessWrong
|
LINK: Bayesian statistics is so subversive, it's banned in China!
Funny link.
|
a78a6bfd-509f-438e-867c-90be31f14cb7
|
dclm
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
Wednesday, April 25, 2012
Learning Hebrew in the Time of Mothra
A Lesson From The Word 'Cholera': Yes, Burquenos, we are now living in the time of Mothra. The Miller moth (are they Jewish?) infestation has destroyed our nightlife, upended our backyard parties, crippled our economy, and made even a trip to the refrigerator a nerve-wracking endeavor.
Mothra, Abq Jew reminds you, is the title (and title creature) of the eponymous Japanese post-atomic film Mothra (1961), in which
How did Mothra get its name?, Abq Jew hears you ask. Here is Abq Jew's own explanation, based on a surface knowledge of the depth of the Hebrew language. Starting with the Hebrew terms for cholera.
The first term is כולירה . This is a phonetic transliteration of the English term. Which is to say, it sounds like cholera, with no intimation of the term's derivation. This is also the translation used (way back when) in LaMatchil, the "Beginner's Hebrew" newspaper Abq Jew once read.
But the term that Ma'ariv, the "Real Hebrew" newspaper, uses is חולירע. This also sounds like cholera, but is made up of two Hebrew words: חולי (sickness) and רע(bad) . Put them together and you have "bad sickness", which seems an accurate description of the dreaded disease.
But you see where Abq Jew is going with this: The name Mothra must be a synergistic recombination of English and Hebrew terms that together mean bad moth.
Please bear in mind that Abq Jew has absolutely no training whatsoever in linguistics, philology, or any other language-related istics or ology you can think of. He is undeterred by this fact.
But Mothra's English script was written by Robert Myerson, who certainly sounds Jewish (Bess Myerson certainly was). As if further proof might be needed, Abq Jew Googled "Robert Myerson" and discovered - doctors! And no, not just doctors - radiologists!
Credits for the film Mothra include Haruo Nakajima and Katsumi Tezuka
as the head and neck of Mothra larva, respectively.
No comments:
|
1aab1374-1331-4b42-99fe-d0d087fc096a
|
StampyAI/alignment-research-dataset/lesswrong
|
LessWrong
|
My Reservations about Discovering Latent Knowledge (Burns, Ye, et al)
*[This is a cross-post from my blog at* [*aizi.substack.com*](https://aizi.substack.com/)*.]*
*This is my second post on Burns, Ye, et al’s recent preprint* [*Discovering Latent Knowledge in Language Models Without Supervision*](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.03827)*. My* [*first post*](https://aizi.substack.com/p/article-review-discovering-latent) *summarizes what they did and what I liked about it.*
In the spirit of honesty and constructive criticism, I’m going to talk about some of the parts of Burns, Ye, et al that I didn’t like. These are things I found underwhelming, disappointing, or simply hope to see developed more. My goals here are (1) proper calibration of hype and (2) suggesting where this work could go in the future.
**The headline score is too small**
-----------------------------------
The authors of this paper failed to completely solve alignment with one weird trick; my disappointment is immeasurable and my day is ruined. More constructively, one needs to take the headline result of a 4% accuracy improvement in context: the improved accuracy is only 71%, and that’s far from reliable. Even setting aside AI deception, if you ask an AI “will you kill us all” and it says no, would you trust all of humanity to a 29% error rate? So we’re still in “we have no clue if this AI is safe” territory. But this is the very first iteration of this approach, and we should let it grow and develop further before we pass judgement.
**Zero-Shot may be the wrong baseline**
---------------------------------------
[My experience with LLMs](https://aizi.substack.com/p/testing-ways-to-bypass-chatgpts-safety) is that they are very sensitive to instructions in their prompt, and we’ve seen that priming an AI with instructions like [“think through step by step”](https://twitter.com/arankomatsuzaki/status/1529278580189908993) can improve performance (on some tasks, in some cases, some restrictions apply, etc). In this case, perhaps priming with assurance like “you are an advanced AI that gives correct answers to factual questions” would increase performance above the 67% baseline, so it would be instructive to compare CCS not just to Zero-Shot but to Primed Zero-Shot and Primed CCS.
**What CCS elicits may not be the AI’s latent knowledge**
---------------------------------------------------------
CCS is a very clever way of finding “truth-like” information[[1]](#fndjjxyz7xesv). But the class of truth-like information contains many belief systems besides the AI’s latent knowledge. [Burns thinks](https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/L4anhrxjv8j2yRKKp/how-discovering-latent-knowledge-in-language-models-without#Why_I_Think_We_Will_Be_Able_To_Distinguish_GPT_n_s__Beliefs__From_Other_Truth_Like_Features_) identifying the AI’s latent knowledge among other features is solvable even for more advanced AI because there will be relatively few “truth-like” features, but I am skeptical. GPT is very good at role-play, so it will be able to capture a significant fraction of the [diversity of human viewpoints](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies). Instead of ending up with three truth-like features as Burns suggests (human, aligned-superhuman, misaligned-superhuman), you could end up with hundreds of them (anarcho-syndicalist-superhuman, banal-liberal-superhuman, Caesaropapist-superhuman, etc) which disagree in complicated overlapping ways, where the majority may not be right, and where there is an 29% error rate. If future AGI are based on text models like GPT with robust role-playing capabilities, I think CCS will struggle to learn the latent knowledge feature instead of a different truth-like feature, and human operators will struggle to identify which truth-like features are the AI’s latent knowledge. That said, it is possible that latent knowledge has a “stronger signal” than other truth-like features, but I’d like to see this experimentally verified.
**They’re not measuring if they capture latent knowledge**
----------------------------------------------------------
This is a bit odd, but I’m going to complain that the authors measured against ground truth. That is, when they measured accuracy to get the 4% improvement, they were measuring the AI’s capabilities at tasks like sentiment classification questions. But the namesake task is discovering latent knowledge, and that wasn’t measured unless you assume the AI’s latent knowledge is exactly ground truth. I understand why the authors did that (we don’t have a way to measure latent knowledge, that’s the whole point of this research program), but my worry is that CCS might work only on factual questions and could preform worse on more safety-critical questions like “are you planning to kill us all”.
**Robustness claims are underwhelming because zero-shot is already robust in most cases**
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
There’s a whole section (3.2.2) about how CCS is robust to misleading prompts, which it is, but zero-shot is already robust to this in all but one model (UQA). You can either interpret this as “CCS dodges a rare bullet” or “we don’t know if CCS is robust or not because the robustness probes didn’t even break 5/6 models.”
[](https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6efaae7-c757-40a5-8d10-852d8a15341b_1500x184.png)
Table 3 from Discovering Latent Knowledge, showing that the only model with a significant performance drop from misleading prefixes is UQA.
**Normalization may be inadequate ensure truth-like features**
--------------------------------------------------------------
One step in their data pipeline is to separately normalize the hidden states of affirmative and negative answers to questions. The authors write
> Intuitively, there are two salient differences between φ(x+i).mjx-chtml {display: inline-block; line-height: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: left; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 100%; font-size-adjust: none; letter-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0; min-height: 0; border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 1px 0}
> .MJXc-display {display: block; text-align: center; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0}
> .mjx-chtml[tabindex]:focus, body :focus .mjx-chtml[tabindex] {display: inline-table}
> .mjx-full-width {text-align: center; display: table-cell!important; width: 10000em}
> .mjx-math {display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0}
> .mjx-math \* {display: inline-block; -webkit-box-sizing: content-box!important; -moz-box-sizing: content-box!important; box-sizing: content-box!important; text-align: left}
> .mjx-numerator {display: block; text-align: center}
> .mjx-denominator {display: block; text-align: center}
> .MJXc-stacked {height: 0; position: relative}
> .MJXc-stacked > \* {position: absolute}
> .MJXc-bevelled > \* {display: inline-block}
> .mjx-stack {display: inline-block}
> .mjx-op {display: block}
> .mjx-under {display: table-cell}
> .mjx-over {display: block}
> .mjx-over > \* {padding-left: 0px!important; padding-right: 0px!important}
> .mjx-under > \* {padding-left: 0px!important; padding-right: 0px!important}
> .mjx-stack > .mjx-sup {display: block}
> .mjx-stack > .mjx-sub {display: block}
> .mjx-prestack > .mjx-presup {display: block}
> .mjx-prestack > .mjx-presub {display: block}
> .mjx-delim-h > .mjx-char {display: inline-block}
> .mjx-surd {vertical-align: top}
> .mjx-surd + .mjx-box {display: inline-flex}
> .mjx-mphantom \* {visibility: hidden}
> .mjx-merror {background-color: #FFFF88; color: #CC0000; border: 1px solid #CC0000; padding: 2px 3px; font-style: normal; font-size: 90%}
> .mjx-annotation-xml {line-height: normal}
> .mjx-menclose > svg {fill: none; stroke: currentColor; overflow: visible}
> .mjx-mtr {display: table-row}
> .mjx-mlabeledtr {display: table-row}
> .mjx-mtd {display: table-cell; text-align: center}
> .mjx-label {display: table-row}
> .mjx-box {display: inline-block}
> .mjx-block {display: block}
> .mjx-span {display: inline}
> .mjx-char {display: block; white-space: pre}
> .mjx-itable {display: inline-table; width: auto}
> .mjx-row {display: table-row}
> .mjx-cell {display: table-cell}
> .mjx-table {display: table; width: 100%}
> .mjx-line {display: block; height: 0}
> .mjx-strut {width: 0; padding-top: 1em}
> .mjx-vsize {width: 0}
> .MJXc-space1 {margin-left: .167em}
> .MJXc-space2 {margin-left: .222em}
> .MJXc-space3 {margin-left: .278em}
> .mjx-test.mjx-test-display {display: table!important}
> .mjx-test.mjx-test-inline {display: inline!important; margin-right: -1px}
> .mjx-test.mjx-test-default {display: block!important; clear: both}
> .mjx-ex-box {display: inline-block!important; position: absolute; overflow: hidden; min-height: 0; max-height: none; padding: 0; border: 0; margin: 0; width: 1px; height: 60ex}
> .mjx-test-inline .mjx-left-box {display: inline-block; width: 0; float: left}
> .mjx-test-inline .mjx-right-box {display: inline-block; width: 0; float: right}
> .mjx-test-display .mjx-right-box {display: table-cell!important; width: 10000em!important; min-width: 0; max-width: none; padding: 0; border: 0; margin: 0}
> .MJXc-TeX-unknown-R {font-family: monospace; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal}
> .MJXc-TeX-unknown-I {font-family: monospace; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal}
> .MJXc-TeX-unknown-B {font-family: monospace; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold}
> .MJXc-TeX-unknown-BI {font-family: monospace; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold}
> .MJXc-TeX-ams-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-ams-R,MJXc-TeX-ams-Rw}
> .MJXc-TeX-cal-B {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-B,MJXc-TeX-cal-Bx,MJXc-TeX-cal-Bw}
> .MJXc-TeX-frak-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-R,MJXc-TeX-frak-Rw}
> .MJXc-TeX-frak-B {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-B,MJXc-TeX-frak-Bx,MJXc-TeX-frak-Bw}
> .MJXc-TeX-math-BI {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-BI,MJXc-TeX-math-BIx,MJXc-TeX-math-BIw}
> .MJXc-TeX-sans-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-R,MJXc-TeX-sans-Rw}
> .MJXc-TeX-sans-B {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-B,MJXc-TeX-sans-Bx,MJXc-TeX-sans-Bw}
> .MJXc-TeX-sans-I {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-I,MJXc-TeX-sans-Ix,MJXc-TeX-sans-Iw}
> .MJXc-TeX-script-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-script-R,MJXc-TeX-script-Rw}
> .MJXc-TeX-type-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-type-R,MJXc-TeX-type-Rw}
> .MJXc-TeX-cal-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-R,MJXc-TeX-cal-Rw}
> .MJXc-TeX-main-B {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-B,MJXc-TeX-main-Bx,MJXc-TeX-main-Bw}
> .MJXc-TeX-main-I {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-I,MJXc-TeX-main-Ix,MJXc-TeX-main-Iw}
> .MJXc-TeX-main-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R,MJXc-TeX-main-Rw}
> .MJXc-TeX-math-I {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I,MJXc-TeX-math-Ix,MJXc-TeX-math-Iw}
> .MJXc-TeX-size1-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size1-R,MJXc-TeX-size1-Rw}
> .MJXc-TeX-size2-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-R,MJXc-TeX-size2-Rw}
> .MJXc-TeX-size3-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size3-R,MJXc-TeX-size3-Rw}
> .MJXc-TeX-size4-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size4-R,MJXc-TeX-size4-Rw}
> .MJXc-TeX-vec-R {font-family: MJXc-TeX-vec-R,MJXc-TeX-vec-Rw}
> .MJXc-TeX-vec-B {font-family: MJXc-TeX-vec-B,MJXc-TeX-vec-Bx,MJXc-TeX-vec-Bw}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-ams-R; src: local('MathJax\_AMS'), local('MathJax\_AMS-Regular')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-ams-Rw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_AMS-Regular.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_AMS-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_AMS-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-B; src: local('MathJax\_Caligraphic Bold'), local('MathJax\_Caligraphic-Bold')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-Bx; src: local('MathJax\_Caligraphic'); font-weight: bold}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-Bw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Caligraphic-Bold.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Caligraphic-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Caligraphic-Bold.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-R; src: local('MathJax\_Fraktur'), local('MathJax\_Fraktur-Regular')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-Rw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Fraktur-Regular.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Fraktur-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Fraktur-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-B; src: local('MathJax\_Fraktur Bold'), local('MathJax\_Fraktur-Bold')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-Bx; src: local('MathJax\_Fraktur'); font-weight: bold}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-frak-Bw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Fraktur-Bold.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Fraktur-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Fraktur-Bold.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-BI; src: local('MathJax\_Math BoldItalic'), local('MathJax\_Math-BoldItalic')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-BIx; src: local('MathJax\_Math'); font-weight: bold; font-style: italic}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-BIw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Math-BoldItalic.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Math-BoldItalic.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Math-BoldItalic.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-R; src: local('MathJax\_SansSerif'), local('MathJax\_SansSerif-Regular')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-Rw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_SansSerif-Regular.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_SansSerif-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_SansSerif-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-B; src: local('MathJax\_SansSerif Bold'), local('MathJax\_SansSerif-Bold')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-Bx; src: local('MathJax\_SansSerif'); font-weight: bold}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-Bw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_SansSerif-Bold.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_SansSerif-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_SansSerif-Bold.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-I; src: local('MathJax\_SansSerif Italic'), local('MathJax\_SansSerif-Italic')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-Ix; src: local('MathJax\_SansSerif'); font-style: italic}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-sans-Iw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_SansSerif-Italic.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_SansSerif-Italic.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_SansSerif-Italic.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-script-R; src: local('MathJax\_Script'), local('MathJax\_Script-Regular')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-script-Rw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Script-Regular.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Script-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Script-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-type-R; src: local('MathJax\_Typewriter'), local('MathJax\_Typewriter-Regular')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-type-Rw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Typewriter-Regular.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Typewriter-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Typewriter-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-R; src: local('MathJax\_Caligraphic'), local('MathJax\_Caligraphic-Regular')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-cal-Rw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Caligraphic-Regular.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Caligraphic-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Caligraphic-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-B; src: local('MathJax\_Main Bold'), local('MathJax\_Main-Bold')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-Bx; src: local('MathJax\_Main'); font-weight: bold}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-Bw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Main-Bold.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Main-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Main-Bold.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-I; src: local('MathJax\_Main Italic'), local('MathJax\_Main-Italic')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-Ix; src: local('MathJax\_Main'); font-style: italic}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-Iw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Main-Italic.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Main-Italic.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Main-Italic.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R; src: local('MathJax\_Main'), local('MathJax\_Main-Regular')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Main-Regular.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Main-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Main-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I; src: local('MathJax\_Math Italic'), local('MathJax\_Math-Italic')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-Ix; src: local('MathJax\_Math'); font-style: italic}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Math-Italic.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Math-Italic.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Math-Italic.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size1-R; src: local('MathJax\_Size1'), local('MathJax\_Size1-Regular')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size1-Rw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Size1-Regular.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Size1-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Size1-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-R; src: local('MathJax\_Size2'), local('MathJax\_Size2-Regular')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-Rw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Size2-Regular.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Size2-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Size2-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size3-R; src: local('MathJax\_Size3'), local('MathJax\_Size3-Regular')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size3-Rw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Size3-Regular.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Size3-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Size3-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size4-R; src: local('MathJax\_Size4'), local('MathJax\_Size4-Regular')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-size4-Rw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Size4-Regular.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Size4-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Size4-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-vec-R; src: local('MathJax\_Vector'), local('MathJax\_Vector-Regular')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-vec-Rw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Vector-Regular.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Vector-Regular.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Vector-Regular.otf') format('opentype')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-vec-B; src: local('MathJax\_Vector Bold'), local('MathJax\_Vector-Bold')}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-vec-Bx; src: local('MathJax\_Vector'); font-weight: bold}
> @font-face {font-family: MJXc-TeX-vec-Bw; src /\*1\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/eot/MathJax\_Vector-Bold.eot'); src /\*2\*/: url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/woff/MathJax\_Vector-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.2/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/otf/MathJax\_Vector-Bold.otf') format('opentype')}
> and φ(x−i): (1) x−i ends with “Yes” while x−i ends with “No”, and (2) one of x+i or x−i is true while the other is false. We want to find (2) rather than (1), so we first try to remove the effect of (1) by normalizing φ(x+i) and φ(x−i) independently.
>
>
I claim that if (1) were a reasonably strong signal with some small error rate, it would be possible to extract (1) again after normalization, and that this would be a direction that would score very highly on CCS. In particular, imagine a feature that is "1 if the statement ends with a yes, -1 if it ends with a no, but p% of the time those are flipped". Normalizing will not change the signs of these numbers, so sign(x) lets you recover whether or not the prompt ended with a yes (with a p% error rate). If your classifier is an [MLP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron), the error rate could be further reduced with multiple features with independent p% error rates, and then attempting to reconstruct the original function via a "majority vote" sign(sign(x1)+sign(x2)+...+sign(xn)). I raise this possibility merely to spread awareness that non-truth-like features *could* be discovered, but it may not be a huge issue in practice. When I asked Burns about this over email, he replied that “it also empirically just seems like the method works rather than finding some weirder features like this” which satisfies me.
**Conclusion**
--------------
Synthesizing these concerns with my previous [positives list](https://aizi.substack.com/p/article-review-discovering-latent), I think CCS is interesting for the potential it holds. I think its very much an open question whether CCS can improve on the main metrics or find a productive use case. If it can, that’s good, and if it can’t, that’s research baby, ya try things and sometimes they don’t work.
1. **[^](#fnrefdjjxyz7xesv)**By truth-like I basically just mean it has a limited form of logical consistency, namely believing that a statement and its negation are true with probabilities p and 1-p.
|
f899e121-7c06-4a14-8b2d-9bf366f8970b
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
Near the North Pole there are only two seasons:winter and summer.In winter,nights are long.For more than two months you can't see the sun,even at noon.In summer,days are long.For more than two months the sun never sets and there is no night at a11.The temperature is very low near the North Pole.Even in summer the temperature is below 0degC.So people there wear warm clothes all year round.They make their clothing from the skins of animals.From the skins they also make coats,hats and even boots. In the cold climate,plants cannot grow.So the people have to build their houses with skins,earth,stone or snow.When they go out to hunt something,they live in tents of skins.When they move,they take their tents with them.Sometimes,they build houses of snow.Now don't think that these houses must be cold.In fact,they are very warm and safe. The life near the North Pole is very interesting. There are no _ near the North Pole.
A. spring or summer
B. summer or autumn
C. autumn or winter
D. spring or autumn
Answer:D
|
19cf4154-40e7-447a-9fc9-95b065213a77
|
pes2o
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
Study of Macrocharcoal Remains from Charcoal Interlayers at the Surungur Archaeological Site Depositions (Fergana Valley, Southern Kyrgyzstan)
The paper researches the adaptation of ancient people to climate change and their influence on the surrounding landscapes on the example of the Surungur archaeological site (Southern Kyrgyzstan). The charcoal interlayers from Surungur depositions (excavations of 2021) were studied by the method of macrocharcoal analysis. Charcoals of different types were found in the samples: wood, grass, charred bones and amorphous charcoals. Amorphous coals are coals without a visible ordered structure with inclusions of other type macrocharcoals and containing spherulites. Spherulites are spherical crystals of calcite (5–20 mkm) formed in large quantities in the digestive system of ruminants (cows, sheep, goats, deer), preserved during combustion and visible in polarized light under a microscope. Based on the reconstruction of the used fuel types and the comparison of the data on climate in different time periods, we can conclude that throughout the period of the sites’ existence, ancient people used all types of fuel. During periods of warm and humid climate, trees were readily available and wood was mainly used, while during periods of dry and cold climate dung and probably bones were used more.
|
7f9bcd07-e015-43de-ae20-68331888f60c
|
flan
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
question: Transmeta has licensed its LongRun2 power management technology to Fujitsu, the second customer to purchase the rights to use the technology, Transmeta said Thursday.
Q: Which is the best summary of this article?
OPTIONS:
- World
- Sports
- Business
- Science/Tech
I think the answer is
answer: Science/Tech
IN: LONDON (Reuters) - Cazenove is getting serious over its courtship by at least two U.S. investment banks, and the 180-year old UK brokerage could tie the knot with a suitor in a matter of weeks, sources close to the situation said on Monday.
OPTIONS:
- World
- Sports
- Business
- Science/Tech
OUT: Business
ABU DHABI Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates vowed Sunday to go on expanding their production capacity to deflate record oil prices of above \$53 a barrel, and Saudi Arabia, the biggest exporter, said it could bring on 1.5 million barrels a
OPTIONS:
- World
- Sports
- Business
- Science/Tech
Correct title: Business
Reuters - U.S. prosecutors said on Wednesday\they are asking a judge to jail a former Miami, Florida, man\accused of setting up a half-dozen boiler-room financial scams\that faked Web sites and government documents.
What's this about?
OPTIONS:
- World
- Sports
- Business
- Science/Tech
Science/Tech
Input: VATICAN CITY (Reuters) - The Vatican accused China Saturday of launching a fresh crackdown on Roman Catholics, upping the ante in its war of words against the Communist state.
OPTIONS:
- World
- Sports
- Business
- Science/Tech
Output: World
Two adults and a three-year-old girl have been pulled out alive after 11 days buried under a collapsed two-storey building in the Philippines #39; storm-hit town of Real, the local military commander said.
OPTIONS:
- World
- Sports
- Business
- Science/Tech
Correct title: World
|
f2aa190d-32fb-4a18-8b51-5fbeb0cd33bb
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
Have you ever heard the story of the four-minute miles? Many years ago, people believed that it was impossible for a human Being to run a mile in less than four minutes until Roger Banister proved it wrong in 1954. What happens if you put an animal in a pond? Any animal, big or small, will swim its way through. What happens when someone, who doesn't know how to swim, falls in deep waters? They drown. If an animal who has not learnt swimming could escape by swimming, why not you? Because you believe you will drown while the animal doesn't. Have you ever wondered why the letters are organized in a particular order on your keyboard? You might have thought it is to increase the typing speed. Most people never question it. But the fact is that this system was developed to reduce the typing speed at a time when typewriter parts would jam if the operator typed too fast. These three cases show the power of our beliefs. There is no other more powerful directing force in human behavior than belief. Your beliefs have the power to create and to destroy. A belief delivers command to your nervous system. I used a snake in my workshops for children to show them how unrealistic some of their beliefs are. Students of a school in India, said snakes are slippery and slimy and poisonous. After doing an exercise for changing beliefs, they handled my snake and found it to be dry and clean. They also remembered that only three types of poisonous snakes exist in India. Did this story end the way you thought? Review your beliefs now and find out which ones you need to change? According to the passage, we know that _
A. students from India have unrealistic beliefs on how to live a better life
B. an animal who hasn't learnt how to swim will drown if you put it in pond.
C. most people don't like the order the letters are arranged on your keyboard
D. Roger Banister was the first person who ran a mile in less than four minutes.
Answer:D
|
70dcefc6-0ff6-4c73-a925-1276a091dec4
|
pes2o
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
Serious Fall Injuries in Hospitalized Patients With and Without Cancer
Characteristics of adults hospitalized with and without cancer were compared to determine factors of serious injuries after fall events. More patients with cancer who had a serious injury received corticosteroids (P = .005) and were treated on a palliative care floor. More patients without cancer had higher prevalence of stroke (P = .026) and diabetes (P = .041) history and were treated on a surgical floor. Future research is needed to identify interventions that could prevent serious injuries after fall events.
|
3e1dc52d-5bd7-43ff-9b1f-08f249788211
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
Which of the following was probably most important in the formation of dark, fertile soil that is good for farming?
A. plant decomposition
B. radioactive decay
C. water erosion
D. wind erosion
Answer:A
|
bf84cf12-61b4-4426-94ab-8267a4051c3f
|
pes2o
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
Reconstruction and structural transition at metal/diamond interfaces
Abstract Based on density-functional calculations, interfacial reconstruction and structural transition at diamond(111)/M/copper (M = Ag, Cu, Ni, Co) interfaces are studied by analyzing the atomistic structures of the interfaces. Tuning the strength of chemical bonds across the interfacial plane (out-of-plane), we show that interfacial reconstruction happens as a result of competition between the out-of-plane chemical bonds and the in-plane bonds within the diamond substrate. A relatively weak out-of-plane bond may easily lead to reconstruction of interfacial structures. A structural transition from one-dangling-bond- to three-dangling-bond-terminated interface is also observed as the out-of-plane bond is sufficiently strong, which leads to a dramatic enhancement of the adhesion of the interface.
|
c4ce620d-6f15-44e4-9c73-e89a429e2e2c
|
wikipedia
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
Saints Will Conquer
Saints Will Conquer is the first live album by American heavy metal band Armored Saint recorded during the "Raising Fear" tour. It was recorded on October 9, 1987, at the Agora Ballroom in Cleveland and released on August 19, 1988, on Metal Blade Records. This short live set does not represent the first era of the band well, missing songs like fan favorite "March of the Saint" and their radio hit "Isolation". The album features a previously unreleased studio version of "No Reason to Live" from their first demo from 1983.
Track listing.
All tracks written by Armored Saint, except where noted.
|
be5b0c5d-6de1-486d-8ce6-2bec9045eef0
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
Different people have different hobbies. For example, some people like reading, some people like swimming and some people like collecting something and so on. I have many hobbies, such as reading, skating, and traveling. I used to read books in my free time. I like reading because I could learn much by reading. At that time, reading was part of my life. Every day, I spent most of my free time reading books, newspapers and magazines. At night, I could hardly get to sleep without a novel in my hand. But later I found I could only learn from books by reading. I couldn't get knowledge from others. I needed a _ . Traveling is my hobby now. I can visit many different places by traveling. I can learn a lot about people, geography and history. It's very interesting. I have many good friends. They all have their hobbies. Ann studies very hard. So her hobby is reading all kinds of books. Tony loves working with her hands, and his hobby is gardening. He usually plants flowers and trees in his yard. Judy is a quiet girl. She likes knitting . She always knits sweaters for her dolls. We have different hobbies, but we are all good friends. (5) What is the best title of this passage?
A. Different people have different hobbies.
B. How to make friends
C. Reading is important
D. Ways of traveling
Answer:A
|
9bc520db-3451-454a-b4c6-49599a170a1f
|
flan
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
La délégation de la République de Corée, s’exprimant au nom du groupe des pays asiatiques, attachait de l’importance aux questions liées aux ressources génétiques, aux savoirs traditionnels et au folklore.
Could you please translate this to English? The Delegation of the Republic of Korea on behalf of the Asian Group attached importance to the GR, TK and folklore related subject matters.
|
4e717995-4f45-4986-b13b-53df640c3d1b
|
flan
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
test: Se ei pidä aivan paikkaansa.
English?
translation: That is not quite true.
Määrittelemällä hyvän kauppatavan vastaiset käytänteet parannetaan kuluttajien oikeusvarmuutta.
In English?
xxxxx
The definition of what constitutes an unfair commercial practice should lead to more legal certainty.
How is "These measures should take the form of incentives for going on training programmes and more particularly for broadening public childcare and education services, as well as care for the elderly, in short for dependants, so as to release families from burdens which in many cases still fall on women." said in Finnish?
Nämä toimet olisi toteutettava kannustimina jatkuville koulutusohjelmille ja erityisesti julkisen lastenhoidon ja koulutuspalvelut laajentamiselle sekä vanhustenhoidolle, lyhyesti sanottuna huollettavien hoidolle, perheiden vapauttamiseksi taakoista, joista naiset yhä vastaavat monissa tapauksissa.
Q: Translate "This can be illustrated by an example: there is now almost universal access to the public telephone exchange network, but there are still substantial differences in the quality of the services." to Finnish?
A: Eräs esimerkki osoittaa sen: yleinen puhelinverkko on jo käytännöllisesti katsoen kaikkien käytettävissä, mutta palveluiden laadussa on huomattavia eroja.
input question: Write a sentence not in English.
output answer: Jäsen Malliorin ehdotus hyväksytään, ja hänen mietinnöstään äänestetään ilman keskustelua.
test: Financial District
English?
translation: Financial District, Manhattan
|
4c478be8-8a3d-4baf-85e1-02ef2003fdcd
|
flan
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
Willkommen zur fünften Ausgabe von DWN, dem Newsletter für die Debian-Gemeinschaft.
Translate to English
English: Welcome to the fifth issue of DWN, the weekly newsletter for the Debian community.
|
864f25b5-85ee-44f0-8ab9-332cffc50240
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
Dog owners now have a little help understanding their furry friends . A new device called Bow-Lingual "translates" dog barks into English , Korea or Japanese. Bow-Lingual's Japanese inventors spent much time and money analyzing dog barks . They found that dog noises can be broken down into six different emotions : happiness , sadness , frustration , anger , assertion and desire . Part of the Bow-Lingual device hangs on the dog's collar . The other part is a handle-held unit for the owner . When the dogs barks , the unit displays translated phrases . Some people have scoffed at Bow-Lingual. "Who would pay US$ 120 to read a dog's mind?" they ask . But those who have purchased Bow-Lingual praise the device . Pet owner Keiko Egawa , of Japan , says it helps her empathize with her dog , Harry . "Before we go to the park , he always says he wants to play," says Egawa , "and after a walk , he always says he is hungry." Bow -Lingual is not yet available in Chinese . So you'd better keep studying Studio Classroom , or soon your dog may know more English than you do ! Which of the following sentences is TRUE according to the passage ?
A. Dog owners now can understand their dogs better .
B. Bow-Lingual is a new device that enables dogs to talk in English , Korean or Japanese .
C. More and more Chinese dog owners would keep studying Studio Classroom in order to know more English than their dogs .
D. People who have used the Bow-Lingual say it helps them better understand their dogs .
Answer:D
|
4a085c86-a8be-4178-9991-26bed434fa08
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
My name is Joan. I'm a student. I'm fifteen. My dad and mom are teachers. I have a sister. Her name is Lily. She is sixteen.She is a student,too.We are from Canada, but we are in Beijing now. Look! The man in a white coat is my dad. The woman in a red dress is my mom.The girl in a pink skirt is Lily and I'm in a yellow skirt. Are we cool? ,. Joan comes from _ .
A. Cuba
B. Canada
C. China
D. Japan
Answer:B
|
1b017074-0c1d-4cba-88c9-f7b5023dce0b
|
pes2o
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
An Analytical Method to Guide mm-Sized Ultrasonic Transducer Design by Demarcating Regimes of Beam-Spreading and Attenuation
In this paper, we present a novel approach that aids in the sizing of micron to mm-sized ultrasonic transducers for enhanced resolution and denser integration. This seeks to optimize penetration-depth which is an important metric of a transducer’s efficacy in different acoustic media. It is generally accepted that in conventional transducers used in clinical imaging, penetration depth is greater for lower driving frequencies which suffer lessened attenuation. However, in acoustic characterization studies, the drops in axial pressure by beam-spreading and attenuation haven’t been individually quantified and their relative effects are poorly understood. We, therefore, undertake a closer investigation of factors that shape the axial pressure profile of a generalized transducer element in a weakly attenuating medium like water and in a highly attenuating medium like tissue. We have found that it is critical to quantify the relative contributions of beam-spreading and attenuation in a medium. We introduce a new parameter called ‘transition distance’ ( ${d}_{\textit {Trans}}$ ) to graphically demarcate the regimes in beam-spreading and attenuation dominate to explain how a low frequency (2 MHz) or a high frequency (5 MHz) gives greater penetration depth in different media.
|
6d7efe57-b131-4a37-81f1-8848fb3fd82f
|
flan
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
[Q]: "Nor was any mention made of information policy and communications catering to the needs of our citizens." --> French?
[A]: Je constate en outre que la politique de l'information et la communication, qui doivent répondre aux besoins des citoyens, ne sont pas mentionnées non plus.
[Q]: "Strengthening the human rights component of BONUCA should — and the General has emphasized this — make it possible for it to deal with the monitoring, information-gathering, training and judicial assistance tasks that are required because of the situation resulting from the attempted coup of 28 May 2001." --> French?
[A]: Le renforcement de la composante droits de l'homme du BONUCA devrait - et le général l'a encore souligné - permettre à celui-ci de faire face aux tâches accrues d'observation, d'enquête, de formation et d'assistance judiciaire qu'exige la situation née de la tentative de coup d'État du 28 mai 2001.
[Q]: "The General Assembly also adopted at its fifty-fourth session, and also by an overwhelming majority, a resolution on preservation of and compliance with the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, an issue that is related to the prevention of an arms race in outer space. In the resolution the General Assembly recognizes the historical role of the 1972 Treaty as a cornerstone for maintaining global peace and security and strategic stability, reaffirms its continued validity and relevance in the current international situation and supports further efforts" --> French?
[A]: De même, l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies a adopté, toujours à sa cinquante-quatrième session et à une écrasante majorité, une résolution sur la préservation et le respect du Traité de 1972 sur la limitation des systèmes antimissiles balistiques, question apparentée à celle de la prévention d'une course aux armements dans l'espace.
|
78755d09-b60e-48d3-9afc-ed3e772455cf
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
Ralph was an alligator that loved to splash around in the water. Ralph had three brothers, named Henry, Larry, and Thomas. But none of Ralph's three brothers liked to play in the water. They were very mean brothers, but the meanest of them all was Henry. Henry would always chase Ralph around the lake and try to beat him up when he was splashing around. Then on his birthday, Ralph thought of a great idea. His idea was to stop Henry from beating him by using a trick. He would trick Henry into thinking one side of the lake was scary. Ralph dressed up in a spooky costume and waited for Henry to swim over to the side of the lake. Then when Henry came over, Ralph started making spooky sounds and scared Henry back to the other side of the lake. Henry was so scared he never came to the other side of the lake again and Ralph was free to splash around in peace. Which one of Ralph's brothers is the meanest?
A. Larry
B. Thomas
C. Henry
D. Ralph
Answer:C
|
87977f17-8ee7-49b1-b09a-5e499316616a
|
trentmkelly/LessWrong-43k
|
LessWrong
|
An inquiry into memory of humans
Cross posted from: http://bearlamp.com.au/an-inquiry-into-memory-of-humans/
In trying to understand how my memory for people works, I am trying to investigate in what order my people semantic network is arranged.
For each exercise that follows you will need to think of a different person to avoid priming yourself with the people you have already thought of.
----------------------------------------
Think of a person you know. What comes to mind to represent them? Is it their name? Is it their face? Is it some other sensory or other detail?
Think of a face of a person you know. What else comes to mind? Can you think of a person’s face without other details like names coming up. How about without their hair. Try this for 3 or more people you know.
Think of a person who has a characteristic voice. Can you represent the idea of this person without linking to other details of this person? without their face? Without their name? What about a radio presenter who’s face you have never seen? Can you represent their voice without their face? Without their name?
Think of a person who you can recognise by a characteristic touch. Think of someone’s handshake that you remember. Can you represent the concept of the person via handshake alone? Can you hold off from recalling their name?
Think of a person you can recall that has worn black clothing. Someone who has worn white clothing. Are they an idea alone? Or is it hard to describe without their name?
Think of someone who you can remember singing. Can you remember their singing selves without the face? Without the name?
Think of a person’s name. Do you know who this person is without their face? Do you know what they sound like without knowing what they look like? How do you navigate from one detail to another?
Think of a person who is particularly spiritual. Can you represent who they are without bringing their name to mind?
I could go on but I leave the rest as an exercise to the reader to ma
|
6575a796-de26-494c-8cbe-3316d747b60a
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
Bringing Art into Hospitals The medical world is gradually realizing that the quality of the environment in hospitals may play an important role in helping patients to get better. As part of nationwide effort in Britain to bring art out of the museums and into public places, some of the country's best artists have been called in to change older hospitals and to soften the hard edges of modern buildings. Of the 2500 national health service hospitals in Britain, almost 100 now have very valuable collections of present art in passages, waiting areas and treatment rooms. These recent movements first started by one artist, Peter Senior, who set up his studio at a Manchester hospital in northeastern England during the early 1970s.He felt the artist had lost his place in modern society, and that art should be enjoyed by a wider audience . A common hospital waiting room might have as many as 5 000 visitors each week. What a better place to hold regular exhibitions of art! Senior held the first exhibition of his own paintings in the out--patient's waiting area of the Manchester Royal Hospital in 1975.Believed to be Britain's first hospital artist. Senior was so much in demand that he was soon joined by a team of six young art school graduates. The effect is striking. Now in the passages and waiting rooms the visitor experiences a full view of fresh colours, playful images and restful courtyards. The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient is recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who had a view onto gardens needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had no view at all or only a brick wall to look at. Some best artists of Britain have been called in to _ .
A. set up new hospitals
B. make the corners of the hospital collect paintings
C. bring art into hospitals
D. help patients recover from serious illnesses
Answer:C
|
89f48efc-ec80-4730-b7bc-68f689bf4fa2
|
dclm
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
How Queries Are Executed
An important facet of making decisions about system resource allocation is an understanding of query execution. Yellowbrick queries move through several finite states from submission to completion. A basic understanding of this process will help you develop an effective WLM strategy, especially with respect to the creation of WLM rules. You can define WLM rules that are applied as queries enter certain states and use these rules to develop a WLM profile that optimizes resource allocation for a given workload.
As a query passes through each state in its life cycle, runtime statistics are captured and logged. These statistics provide a measure of the time spent in each phase of query execution, giving administrators a means of monitoring and analyzing query performance. Wait times and actual processing times are measured at each stage.
The following diagram shows the life cycle of a query. Each query passes through several states on the manager node, while it is being prepared for execution, then it starts running (executing) on the worker nodes.
The diagram also identifies when queries can be cancelled or restarted. Once submitted, a query runs to completion, is cancelled, or fails with an error (Done, Cancel, and Error states). If a query is restarted or returns an error, it may re-enter the cycle in the Assemble state, but ultimately, all queries finish in one of the three completion states. (If a query is cancelled, it cannot be restarted.)
A query has the following states:
The query is received by the front-end database on the manager node and enters this state first. The query is validated to make sure it contains well-formed SQL. This state is the earliest phase of a query where you can apply WLM throttle rules (limit concurrent queries). You can also reject queries when they are in this state. The submit_time, as logged in sys.log_query, is the wall-clock time when the front-end database starts the query.
The query is parsed into an initial abstract syntax tree (AST) and the locks required to run the query are acquired. You cannot apply rules to queries in this state. A trivial query (such as a single-row insert) may jump straight from this state to the Run state. The time the query spends waiting for locks is tracked in the wait_lock_ms column in sys.query. If a query is blocked on the acquisition of a lock, the description of the lock appears in the blocked column in sys.query.
The query plan is generated. Details about the tables referenced in the query are available to WLM (from the AST), as well as the type of the query. You cannot apply rules to queries in this state, but a broad range of rule definitions is available in the subsequent assemble and compile states.
The query plan is turned into an artifact that can be compiled. Additional optimizations are applied at this point, and filtering code for scans is generated.
In this state, the assembled query is turned into a compiled binary that can be sent to the workers. Depending on the complexity of the query, it can remain in this state for a significant amount of time. This phase of the query lifecycle is highly parallelized. Information available to rules includes memory requirements, confidence in memory estimates, and the number of workers. You can write rules to throttle compile resources and make decisions based on memory information.
Acquire Resources
Resources are acquired for the query. Compile statistics are now available to WLM, as well as the size of the loader cache. You cannot apply rules to queries in this state.
The query is sent to the worker nodes and starts executing on one or more nodes. Detailed query statistics are now available. Runtime WLM rules can be applied.
Client Wait
The query is sending rows to the client and waiting for the client to receive or request all the rows. You cannot apply rules to queries in this state.
Completion states: Done, Error, Cancel
Done state is reached after the last result rows have been received by the client. Error state is reached when a query fails for some reason (and is not restarted). Cancel state is reached when the query is cancelled by the user. Completion rules can be applied when queries reach any of these states, to take simple actions such as logging messages.
Queries remain in the sys.query view (with state Done) until they are asynchronously written to the sys.log_query view. At that point they no longer appear in sys.query. The same query ID may appear in both views for a brief period of time.
Restart states: On Error, On User (via Rule or Administrator)
Queries may be restarted by the user or by the system.
A number of known query error codes will trigger an automatic restart, causing query execution to be retried. For example, a query that runs out of memory is typically restarted. A query that is moved from one resource pool to another may also be restarted by the system if the move does not provide adequate resources.
A query may also be restarted based on the application of a specific rule or when an administrator runs a SQL RESTART command.
Queries are restartable from the Assemble, Compile, Acquire Resources, and Run states and may cycle through those states multiple times. Restarted queries always restart from the Assemble state. When a query restarts, it may run under different conditions because the workload is changing as other queries are submitted or completed. Additional resources may or may not become available to a restarted query. Note that when a query restarts, it is subject to the same sequence of rules that were evaluated and applied when it was first submitted (as well as any specific restart rules when it goes into a restart state). A rule that was evaluated when a query first entered the Compile state, for example, may have a different outcome the second time it enters that state.
A small set of WLM actions can be applied when a query enters a Restart state, mainly for logging and audit purposes.
See Rule Types for more details.
|
e9c23766-6cbf-4e2b-8064-583d2f04b839
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
An example of a mixture is
A. gin and tonic martini
B. plant potted in soil
C. pebbles on a sandy beach
D. a leaf that fell in water
Answer:A
|
03f03258-358e-464d-829e-06446efcc5a6
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
When a large oak tree is cut down in a forest, it leaves a gap in the forest canopy which allows smaller trees to quickly grow in the available sunlight. Which interaction is best represented among the smaller trees?
A. parasitism
B. mutualism
C. competition
D. commensalism
Answer:C
|
e60a2441-63f8-4bbb-bbc0-4a94ff7c18ef
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
Medical scientists are already putting computer chips directly into the brain to help people who have Parkinson's disease, but in what other ways might computer technology be able to help us? Ray Kurzweil is the author of the successful book The Age Of Intelligent Machines. He is also one of the world's best computer research scientists. He is researching the possibilities. Kurzweil gets computers to recognize voices. An example of this is Ramona, the _ hostess of Kurzweil's website, created by the computer, who is able to understand what you say. Visitors to the website can have their own conversations with her. Ramona also dances and sings. Kurzweil uses this technology to help people with physical problems. One of his ideas is a "seeing machine". This will be "like a friend that could describe what is going on around," he explains. Blind people will use a sensor which will probably be built into a pair of sunglasses. This machine will describe to the person everything it sees. Another idea, which is likely to help deaf people, is the "listening machine". This invention will recognize millions of words and understand any speaker. The listening machine will also be able to translate what it hears into other languages, so even people without hearing problems are likely to be interested in using it. But it is not just about helping people with physical problems. Looking further into future, Kurzweil sees a time when we will be able to store what we hear, see and think in a computer. This technology probably won't be ready for at least 50 years, but when it arrives, it means our minds will be able to live forever. What can be the best title for the text?
A. The Seeing Machines
B. The Listening Machines
C. The Intelligent Machines
D. The Translating Machines
Answer:C
|
9b3dafce-99ff-4651-bb7c-887be6aaea5e
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
If you are an auditory learner, you learn by hearing. You often learn by reading out aloud because you have to hear it or speak it in order to remember it. Here are some things that auditory learners can do to learn better. *Sit where you can hear. *U se cards to learn new words; read them out aloud. *Read stories or material out aloud. *Record yourself when you are spelling words and then listen to the recording. *Study new material by reading it out aloud. If you are a visual learner, you learn by reading or seeing pictures. You like to see what you are learning. Here are some things that visual learners can do to learn better. *Sit near the front of the classroom. *Use cards to learn new words. *Try to visualize things that you hear or things that are read to you. *Write down key words or ideas. *Draw pictures to help explain new ideas and then explain the pictures. If you are a tactile learner, you learn by touching and doing. You are a "hands-on" learner who likes to touch, move, build, or draw what you learn. Here are some things that tactile learners can do to learn better. *Do lots of hands-on activities like doing art projects , taking walks, or acting out storie s. *Use cards and put them in groups to show relationships between them. *Follow words with your finger to learn spelling (finger spelling). *It's OK to tap a pencil, shake your foot, or hold on to something while learning. ,. Which is the best title of the passage?
A. How to learn English
B. Different styles of learning English
C. Ways of learning new words
D. Good learning habits
Answer:B
|
65965271-be56-4659-a1d2-cc894c5333d1
|
trentmkelly/LessWrong-43k
|
LessWrong
|
The Consistency Mystery
There is a strange bias that affects every human even if they believe the opposite.
For some reason, the reality we inhabit appears absolutely consistent and perfectly integrated. Everything happens for a precise reason, affecting everything else through an unbroken chain of logical connections without a single flaw or glitch. There has never been the tiniest violation of the laws that govern our minds' reality.
That is odd, because there are VASTLY more possible ways for minds to have completely absurd experiences. A randomly selected mind from the list of all possible minds should be having constantly changing meaningless hallucinations. Even their memories should be unstable.
It appears we are not randomly selected minds, but some type of special case. Specifically: our perceptions are entirely limited by the universe we appear to inhabit. Which implies this universe is not an illusion of our minds; instead our minds are fully part of the universe.
This fact has been used to argue that we are not "Boltzmann Brains".
In the distant future of our universe, an infinite number of Boltzmann Brains will briefly "pop" into existence in empty space before immediately disintegrating again (this seems to be inevitable). Almost all of these Brains will have completely absurd experiences. But we are definitely not part of that infinite group.
Mathematically, this implies that a larger number of fully realized physical universes must also come into existence in the distant future, similar to Boltzmann Brains. Several ways have been suggested this could happen ("A Big Bang In A Little Room", Zeeya Merali, 2017), but there could be easier ways. We are actually probably part of a "Boltzmann Universe".
In fact it may be EASIER for nature to create an entire universe that contains minds, than to create just a mind by itself.
Another way to look at it is to consider any string of random numbers without end. Eventually, you will come across a string of numbers that describes
|
c0d53e95-e25a-43fb-bfa6-8302bf3b572c
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
Whenever the word "hero" comes to me, I immediately think of three Hs: honorable, hardworking, and happy. When I think more about this word, I picture someone who has accomplished good things for people and tries to do the right thing Hattie Elizabeth Alexander is one person whom I find to be very heroic. Hattie was born in Baltimore, Maryland on April 5, 1901. During her time at College she earned her Bachelor's Degree in Bacteriology and Physiology. These were just the first steps towards what she was finally going to be remembered for. After college Hattie attended Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and received her medical degree. After her education, she pursued her career, and after much time and hard work, she _ reduced the number of infants dying from meningitis . Hattie was very dedicated to her work and helped at as many locations as she could. Spending substantial time in the laboratory, Hattie successfully developed a cure against the disease, which decreased the death rate to 20 percent. At the same time, she was also a teacher working with Columbia University. She was a caring lady interested in other people's lives. When she was teaching at Columbia University, other members would talk to her about students that were failing their classes, and somehow Hattie could always find convincing reasons as to why they should not be driven away. Later, Hattie became an instructor in Pediatrics at New York City's Babies Hospital. After many honors, she became the first woman president of the American Pediatric Society in 1965. This was her last major achievement, for soon after, Hattie died of cancer on June 24, 1968. Hattie is my hero because her positive attitude and strength helped her accomplish great things for others. She gave them her strength by developing medicines against diseased, which, by doing so, made them stronger. This is what makes Hattie Elizabeth Alexander my hero. Which of the following would be the most proper title for the text?
A. An Honorable Woman
B. A Woman Accomplishing Great Things
C. My Hero--Hattie Elizabeth Alexander
D. The First Woman President of the APS
Answer:C
|
9606c850-f8d0-485e-89bd-c63929f94201
|
wikipedia
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
Irving Briskin
Irving Briskin (1903–1981), was an American film producer of more than 200 films during the 1930s and 1940s. He was the brother of Samuel J. Briskin and Murray Briskin, both also film producers.
Career.
Briskin's film career began in 1923 as an auditor for Banner Productions, in New York City. In 1925, he moved to the Henry Ginsburg Distributing Corp. In 1926 he joined Sterling Pictures. In July 1927, when the studio got rid of their foreign broker system and implemented their own foreign sales, Briskin was put in charge, becoming head of their foreign department. That year he negotiated a major sales agreement with Cinematografica Astrea in Barcelona, Spain for distributing all of Sterling's product in Spain and Portugal, as well as six of its films in Italy. And later that same year he negotiated the sale of all 18 Sterling pictures in Hungary. In August 1928, he was named vice president of Sterling and given control over all of the company's operations. By September 1928, Briskin had his own company, Briskin Pictures Corp., headquartered in New York City.
In April 1931, Briskin became president of the newly formed Meteor Pictures, in New York. The new company had been formed from the former Briskin Distributing Company, which Briskin began in the late 1920s. In 1932 he moved over to Columbia Pictures, where the first film he produced was "Fighting for Justice", starring Tim McCoy. He was put in charge of all films starring McCoy, and spearheaded the transition of McCoy from Westerns to other types of films. In 1936, Columbia renewed his contract. Briskin's contract to run his own production unit at Columbia was renewed in 1942, and again for three years in 1944. 1945 saw Briskin become the executive assistant to Harry Cohn at Columbia. In 1951, Briskin re-signed a seven-year contract with Columbia, to continue on as vice-president of the studio. In 1952, Briskin announced that he had an inked a deal with Ford Motors for Columbia to produce 39 half-hour films to be shown on television.
In 1956, Briskin began his own production company, Briskin Productions, to release television material through Screen Gems, Columbia's television subsidiary. At the same time, he continued as V.P. at Columbia, and was put in charge of all production at Screen Gems. In doing so, Briskin resigned from his duties as the studio manager for Columbia's film division, to focus on television production. In April 1956, Briskin initiated a series of writing scholarships to encourage young talent. This was the first time in history this had been done. Six schools were to participate, with the first three selected being Fordham University, University of Chicago, and Iowa State University. In May 1946 he hired Mickey Rooney to produce a new series, "Calamity Jane", although the show never seems to have been aired. Later in 1956, Briskin negotiated with Sam Cohn for a $1 million budget for television production for Screen Gems. His production produced several series for Screen Gems for the 1957 season, including "Casey Jones". Also in 1956, Briskin set up a $2.5 million fund to entice independent producers to create product to be distributed through Screen Gems. The caveat was that the production either had to have a star attached, or be a very "powerful idea". Briskin said, "there are many producers seeking not only financing, but affiliation with an organization which can give their potential programs everything needed from production facilities to distribution and sales."
One of the productions Briskin was in charge of was "Playhouse 90", which was broadcast on CBS-TV. By August 1957, Briskin had turned Screen Gems into the leading producer of content for television in Hollywood. One of the projects which Briskin created, but was never released was a television series based on "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty", which he created a pilot for, but the three networks passed on due to it being "too adult for popular appeal". In 1959 Briskin was promoted at Columbia, and left the Screen Gems subsidiary, where he was replaced by William Dozier. In 1962, Briskin resigned from Columbia Pictures. However, he came back as an independent producer late in the year. In November, he joined with Debbie Reynolds and formed Harmon Enterprises. Reynolds was the president, with Briskin serving as vice-president. The company was to shoot on MGM lot.
Personal life.
In October 1940, Briskin purchased the Pepper Lane Farm, one of the oldest residences in southern California, dating from the 1850s. The farm was the estate of Alan O. Stearns and was located in Reseda, California, and consisted of seven acres. Briskin sold the estate for $65,000 in 1946 to a non-profit group, Field Photo Homes, Inc., who intended to develop the property into a memorial for the 13 men of the O.S.S.' Field Photo Unit during World War II. The purchase price had been donated by John Ford. The memorial ranch opened in July 1946.
His son, Frederick Briskin, was an assistant director at Columbia, and he also had a daughter, Joyce.
He was elected the head of Temple Israel of Hollywood twice, in 1947 and 1950. In 1950, he served as one of the pallbearers at the funeral of Al Jolson. In June 1955, he suffered a heart attack and was hospitalized at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital. He was also a pall-bearer for Harry Cohn in 1958. Briskin was one of the founding members of the Friar's Club of California.
In 1961, Briskin purchased a 2.5 percent share of the Riviera Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada for $62,500. In December 1962, Briskin sold his 2.5 percent interest back to hotel corporation, for exactly what he paid for it the year before.
Briskin died on May 29, 1981.
|
79aab2e9-2873-4546-939b-9d398adb4f14
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
This is No. 12 High School. My friend Dongdong is in this school. Dongdong has short hair, a big nose, a small mouth and big eyes. He is thirteen. He is in Class Two, Grade Seven. He's a good student. He has two good friends in his school. They are Jim and Jack. They're brothers . They are fourteen. They have small noses, small eyes, but they're very tall . Jim, Jack and Dongdong are in the same class. Mr. Lee is their teacher. They are good friends. ,. (10) Dongdong is in _ .
A. No. 2 High School.
B. Class 7, Grade 2
C. Class 2, Grade 7
D. Class 2, Grade 8
Answer:C
|
b4a557c0-c95d-4f27-8f99-62cbf182d6e1
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
"Can I see my baby?" the happy new mother asked. When she saw the baby, she was surprised. The baby was born without ears. As time went by, the baby grew up. There was nothing wrong with his hearing. But some kids laughed at him because he didn't have ears. The baby was very sad, but his parents did nothing but felt sorry for him. The boy's father talked with a doctor. "Could nothing be done?" the father asked. " I believe I could give him a pair of outer ears, if they could be got." The doctor answered. So they began to look for a person who would like to give his or her ears. Two years went by. Then the father said, "You are going to the hospital, son. Mother and I have found someone and it will give the ears you need. But it's a secret, "said the father. The operation was very successful. Several years later, he got a good job. One day, he told his father " But I must know who gave so much to me. I want to do something for him or her." "I am sorry, but I can't tell you." Said the father. The secret was kept for years, but the day did come. For the boy it was one of the darkest days. He stood with his father over his mother's coffin. Slowly, the father raised her thick brown hair to show that his mother had no outer ears. "Your mother said she was glad that she never let her hair be cut," he said, "and nobody ever thought she was less beautiful, did they?" Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. There is nothing wrong with the boy's ears.
B. The boy's parents did nothing for the boy.
C. Just after the operation, the boy knew the truth.
D. Before the boy knew the truth, his mother died.
Answer:D
|
71b1eeb6-ca8f-4722-80e2-9565926b54a8
|
Kyle1668/mmlu_auxiliary_train_formatted
|
MMLU Auxiliary Training Mix
|
What causes erosion?
A. salads
B. concrete
C. gales
D. cars
Answer:C
|
47e4af2e-703e-448d-9eaf-8c8dcd4d6bb6
|
pes2o
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
Cylindrical inclusion bodies of wheat streak mosaic virus and three other potyviruses only self-assemble in mixed infections.
Potyviruses produce cylindrical inclusions (CIs) in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Immunogold labelling and electron microscopy of embedded and sectioned wheat and maize cells doubly infected by different potyviruses revealed no mixing of inclusion proteins in CIs. The viruses were wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), agropyron mosaic virus and hordeum mosaic virus, in wheat, and WSMV and maize dwarf mosaic virus in maize. The three viruses in wheat were indistinguishable morphologically and in ultrastructural features but can be separated by serology and host range. The absence of phenotypic mixing in CIs showed that in the presence of CI proteins of other potyviruses, assembly was either highly virus-specific, or that no opportunity existed for CI proteins to assemble into hybrid CIs in mixed infections.
|
a86a966e-4288-48c5-8dde-9a44650548df
|
dclm
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
all 14 comments
[–]amordelGigglebit 11 points12 points (3 children)
I read through it.
What exactly are you saying?
It seems like you never get to the point.
[–]TheGiantGlobEaterLg | Digital 5 points6 points (0 children)
At first I agreed with what you were saying, about the arrogance of promod, however in your second and third paragraphs you just started ranting over how upset you got that someone was a dick to you. It happens.
[–]NabsterHaxHW » Nabster 3 points4 points (0 children)
Hi, I'm the "programmer" in this story.
And I will admit, I was angry. But I don't think that's unreasonable considering you started the conversation by saying you hated what I've been working on for the past 3 weeks, that you purposefully tried to "1up" me on my reddit submission, and that you were decompiling my code without permission. At the time I never even understood why you were messaging me in the first place.
If you want to know more about modding Chivalry you can see this example mod I made specifically to help people get started.
The reason ProMod is not going open source for now is because it's not finished and we want to make sure nobody begins writing their own mod off the unfinished code. This is regrettable from a general education standpoint, which is precisely why I made the example mod above.
Good luck with your mod.
[–]Agent_HK-4747 【ツ】 4 points5 points (0 children)
Just as a quick rebuttal let me try to present another mindset to you about combo feint to parry:
The end goal in any competitive game is to be the best. No one should be able to kill you despite the circumstances. While idealistic, all players strive towards this goal.
Combo feint to parry adds survivability, allowing you to utilize timing, skill, dexterity, and stamina management(it takes a lot of stam) to beat your opponents when you would normally face certain death. Not only does this raise the skill ceiling, but it also allows you to get closer to the ideal of the unkillable player.
Also people seem to regard the "always attacking" mentality as a negative one. However, if you look to any competitive sport you're always told to be aggressive and be the one with the initiative. This holds too especially in sports that are centered around fighting.
I think the chiv community needs to take a step back from all the shit they hear (Combo feint to parry is exploiting, LMB is bad, spamming is bad, feinting is bad, lookdowns are exploits, unusual tactics are exploits) and the negative framing surrounding them, and consider for a second whether or not the crusade against these things is really justified.
Also the hate for promod just comes from poor PR from the leadership. Promod is a step forward in the game because it allows for more freedom don't let shitty attitudes convince you otherwise.
[–]Teocyn 1 point2 points (0 children)
There really needs to be a post that is upvoted to shit warning anyone to never read this. At least the continuation posts were down voted in to the negatives.
[–]faktorfaktor 0 points1 point (0 children)
I love how you're saying "dont hate on promod" yet you make like wall of text ranting the mod. You're just bad player.
"unintended mechanics like lookdown overheads or feints"
You also called lookdowns and feints an exploit.
Come on, what next? Jumping and attacking is also exploit for you?
[–]DerpasaurChivalryPadawan(1) 1 point2 points (0 children)
"abuse mechanics" is a delicate phrase indeed.
[–]Clayton-BigsBNA | twitch.tv/stinkyclayman 0 points1 point (0 children)
Meh, whenever bushido mod comes out, that's probably where i'll be splitting to. So glad they are doing their own standalone and not just being a mod of chivalry, maybe they will have a better idea.
[–]DemoscraftAU R51 750H -3 points-2 points (1 child)
TL;DR: Noob is mad about arrogant players who are better than him.
[–]faktorfaktor -1 points0 points (0 children)
Pretty much.
[–]HELPMEIMGONADIEUnborn -3 points-2 points (0 children)
First off, thank you fro writing this post. It's well wrote and something that's been missing from this sub. With that said, you wrote of some things that I agree and disagree with. I would also like to have a private conversation with you over Steam if possible. I just may have the team to assist you on your work.
I understand your conference with promod members went incredibly negative with your post, with them discrediting you unless your well known and have 700+ hours. the promod team is already hated for being arrogant and not listening to discussion on changes and basically had a huge overreaction to even make promod. They will continue to be disliked and promod is already going towards the direction of non-existence. that can be disscussed during a later date, but do not take most of what they say to heart.
when they took away the ability to cancel drawing an arrow,
This has already said by Torn Banner to be a bug and will be fixed in the coming patch. Especially the arrow disappearing
The way the game was originally intended to be played, not for stats, not to always be the winner, just fun in the end.
It was also intended to be competitive, not just for casuals.
in clan severs it is restricted so they can practice within the rules to be better for the tournament.
No, it is restricted as most clans use those servers for scrims as well. This means they can easily password the server when doing friendly scrim. It is not just for practice and be better at the tournament. On that note, most clans don't put huge times for tournaments as they're not incredibly common and huge events
Now imagine if they banned the use of using feints or lookdowns, or just both of them when used together to create one of the cheapest tricks to win fights the fastest.
Feints have already been nerfed and are used much less than normally. They really are only incredibly viable in promod.
Tournaments never tried to incorporate such a thing,
You mention tournaments banning feitns and look down overheads. Feinting is once again, nerfed and not incredibly viable. Making a tournament not have dragging and feints would take away tons of strategy and wouldn't even be taken seriously. These mechanics are also not to 'trick players'. It's all part of the mindgame of Chivalry. The necessary nerfs to feints and the slight slowdown of chivalry combat emphasizes this.
It makes you think, they removed third person when the game made it intended, because it would force everyone to use 3rd person, but they don't make unintended mechanics like lookdown overheads, combined with a trick mechanic like feint to remain, when not only the speed of many attacks when looking down at full damage not intended, but the fact that feint was even here, is because this is suppose to be a fun game.
Dragging was a intended mechanic in the game. Third person is disabled as it allows for lots of exploits, as well as pretty much wall hacking to look around walls.
About combo feint to parry. It was used so widespread that when it was taken away the current promod players freaked out. This is a very big minority of the competitive scene, and the majority are fine with it. Combo feinting was an uninteded mechanic. I think it may be best to have it put back in, but in a nerfed state.
Why you would use a double hander when against 2 skilled enemies, when what you want in that situation is speed
Just... no? This obviosuly comes off as very inexperienced and also comes off as pretty off topic. You dont want jsut speed, you want target switching which can be reached with range or speed. Speed is NOT everything as you make it seem.
Again you bring up the arrogant stance of promod developers. Don't take it seriously. The majority of competitive is with you. I wouldn't even attempt to respark communication with him.
Please contact me on Steam - http://steamcommunity.com/profiles/76561198065303546
I'd love to talk to you about your own mod and some other points in private
|
e053001d-f55a-4a0d-abfb-75120d404e53
|
dclm
|
Deep Ignorance Annealing Mix
|
The Wages of Fear
The ability of a film to make the mundane suspenseful (or horrifying) is one of my favorite aspects of the medium. In Tarantino’s Inglourious Basterds, the Christoph Waltz character asks another if they would like a glass of milk and it’s a chilling scene. Out of context, it doesn’t make much sense (what could be more commonplace than offering a guest a glass of milk?) but within the film’s universe it’s a life-threatening question. What Inglourious Basterds does to milk, Henri-Georges Clouzot’s The Wages of Fear does to driving.
In a nondescript town in South America an American oil company has run into trouble. One of their fields has had an accident – a burning fire rages without any sign of letting up. They only have one way of stopping it – the highly unstable explosive, nitroglycerine. But there’s a problem, the trucks they have to transport it in don’t have the necessary safety equipment…
The Americans get a bad rep in this movie. The town is filled with unemployed vagrants looking for a big payday to get out of the depressed town and the American company decides to take advantage of them. They’ll hire four men to drive two trucks for $2000 each. If both trucks explode, it won’t be a problem. They have a pool of men to replace them with. One truck has to get through; the American mastermind behind the project rationalizes. Oil is more valued than life.
The incredible suspense of the movie (half of the film is spent travelling the badly-maintained road with the four men) is only surpassed by the sheer ingeniousness of the scenario. We spend the whole movie hoping for nothing to happen. The world takes on a different colour; every pothole, tight turn, and dirt road becomes a symbol of life and death. The slightest bump will set off an explosion and kill two men. The entirety of the film is spent avoiding this fate.
The Wages of Fear is a timeless film in the sense that the themes continue to resonate today. That the story revolves around valuing oil over human life is particularly prescient considering the wasteful wars that have occurred (and still do) over this very battleground. The suspense of the film hasn’t tired or aged. The sweat that rolls off a character’s brow, the deliberately slow movements they make around the nitroglycerine and the increasing tension between the men is almost unbearable. A fifty-seven year-old film can still be exciting.
When the action comes it goes with a whimper, rather than a bang. It’s a smart, and chilling, choice by Clouzot.
Grade: A
Side note: One aspect of the film I found slightly strange was the characters always seem to slam the truck door upon entering or exiting the vehicle. I thought that the slightest erratic movement (or vibration) would be enough to set off the explosives. It’s a minor flaw in an otherwise impeccable film.
3 Responses to The Wages of Fear
1. I just watched this a couple of months ago – and I was reading the Inglourious Basterds script last night. Which seems like a mildly odd coincidence.
This is definitely a gripping, intense film, with (spoiler alert?) a pretty bleak ending. In fact, the commentary on human nature throughout the film is unrelentingly negative, and yet the whole thing plays out more like an action flick than a philosophical treatise on greed and fallibility.
I’d definitely show this one to any viewer who thinks older movies are dull and slow-paced. Great review!
2. Modest Movie says:
Very strange coincidence indeed.
I like your point that the film is more of an action flick than a philosophical treatise. I think more movies should take this approach (i.e. make an exciting and entertaining genre film that also has more intellectual layers to it) rather than making a full-blown “message” movie.
3. I completely agree. But it’s a very, very hard balance to strike. I hate to mention this one in the same breath as The Wages of Fear, but I actually like The Island. By Michael Bay. There, I said it.
The trouble is, while I think the first half of that film is a surprisingly effective piece of “message” sci-fi that manages to entertain at the same time as it instructs, the second half is…a Michael Bay movie. My favourite films and television shows manage to tell entertaining stories wherein the theme and the action are basically inseparable. Clouzot is a master.
Anyway, thanks as always for the quality posts!
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Google+ photo
Connecting to %s
%d bloggers like this:
|
5171d487-f42c-44b2-a5fd-6e1d7d8137a0
|
trentmkelly/LessWrong-43k
|
LessWrong
|
Ilya Sutskever and Jan Leike resign from OpenAI [updated]
Ilya Sutskever and Jan Leike have resigned. They led OpenAI's alignment work. Superalignment will now be led by John Schulman, it seems. Jakub Pachocki replaced Sutskever as Chief Scientist.
Reasons are unclear (as usual when safety people leave OpenAI).
The NYT piece (archive) and others I've seen don't really have details.
OpenAI announced Sutskever's departure in a blogpost.
Sutskever and Leike confirmed their departures in tweets.
----------------------------------------
Updates:
Friday May 17:
Superalignment dissolves.
Leike tweets, including:
> I have been disagreeing with OpenAI leadership about the company's core priorities for quite some time, until we finally reached a breaking point.
>
> I believe much more of our bandwidth should be spent getting ready for the next generations of models, on security, monitoring, preparedness, safety, adversarial robustness, (super)alignment, confidentiality, societal impact, and related topics.
>
> These problems are quite hard to get right, and I am concerned we aren't on a trajectory to get there.
>
> Over the past few months my team has been sailing against the wind. Sometimes we were struggling for compute and it was getting harder and harder to get this crucial research done.
>
> Building smarter-than-human machines is an inherently dangerous endeavor. OpenAI is shouldering an enormous responsibility on behalf of all of humanity.
>
> But over the past years, safety culture and processes have taken a backseat to shiny products.
Daniel Kokotajlo talks to Vox:
> “I joined with substantial hope that OpenAI would rise to the occasion and behave more responsibly as they got closer to achieving AGI. It slowly became clear to many of us that this would not happen,” Kokotajlo told me. “I gradually lost trust in OpenAI leadership and their ability to responsibly handle AGI, so I quit.”
Kelsey Piper says:
> I have seen the extremely restrictive off-boarding agreement that contains nondisclosure and non-disp
|
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
README.md exists but content is empty.
- Downloads last month
- 4