Lichess/chess-puzzles

Dataset Card for Lichess Puzzles

Dataset Description

5,311,149 chess puzzles, rated and tagged. See them in action on Lichess.

This dataset is updated monthly, and was last updated on September 4th, 2025.

Dataset Creation

Generating the initial dataset chess puzzles took more than 50 years of CPU time. We went through 300,000,000 analyzed games from the Lichess database, and re-analyzed interesting positions with Stockfish 12/13/14/15 NNUE at 40 meganodes. The resulting puzzles were then automatically tagged. To determine the rating, each attempt to solve is considered as a Glicko-2 rated game between the player and the puzzle. Finally, player votes refine the tags and define popularity.

Dataset Usage

Using the datasets library:

from datasets import load_dataset
dset = load_dataset("Lichess/chess-puzzles", split="train")

Dataset Details

Dataset Sample

One row of the dataset looks like this:

{'PuzzleId': '000rZ',
 'FEN': '2kr1b1r/p1p2pp1/2pqb3/7p/3N2n1/2NPB3/PPP2PPP/R2Q1RK1 w - - 2 13',
 'Moves': 'd4e6 d6h2',
 'Rating': 923,
 'RatingDeviation': 78,
 'Popularity': 100,
 'NbPlays': 246,
 'Themes': ['kingsideAttack', 'mate', 'mateIn1', 'oneMove', 'opening'],
 'OpeningTags': ['Scandinavian_Defense', 'Scandinavian_Defense_Modern_Variation'],
 'PuzzleUrl': 'https://lichess.org/training/000rZ',
 'GameUrl': 'https://lichess.org/seIMDWkD#25'}

Dataset Fields

Every row of the dataset contains the following fields:

• PuzzleId: string, the puzzle's unique identifier. The puzzle would be live at https://lichess.org/training/{PuzzleID}.
• FEN: string, the FEN string of the position before the opponent makes their move.
• Moves: string, the solution to the puzzle. All player moves of the solution are "only moves", i.e. playing any other move would considerably worsen the player position. An exception is made for mates in one: there can be several. Any move that checkmates should win the puzzle.
• Rating: int, the Glicko-2 rating of the puzzle.
• RatingDeviation: int, the Glicko-2 rating deviation of the puzzle.
• Popularity: int, a number between 100 (best) and -100 (worst), calculated as 100 * (upvotes - downvotes)/(upvotes + downvotes). Votes are weighted by various factors such as whether the puzzle was solved successfully or the solver's puzzle rating in comparison to the puzzle's.
• NbPlays: int, the number of times a puzzle was played.
• Themes: list, a list of puzzle themes.
• OpeningTags: list, a list of openings. This is only set for puzzles starting before move 20.
• PuzzleUrl: string, the link to where the puzzle can be played.
• GameUrl: string, the link to the specific game and move the puzzle was extracted from.

Additional Information

• For a list of all possible puzzle themes and their description: puzzleTheme.xml
• To better understand puzzle themes, check out this study: https://lichess.org/study/viiWlKjv
• GitHub Repo: https://github.com/lichess-org/database
• Official Website: https://database.lichess.org/#puzzles
• For a list of all possible openings: https://github.com/lichess-org/chess-openings
• For the blog post introducing puzzles from 2020: blog/new-puzzles-are-here
• For the blog post analyzing Lichess puzzle usage from 2021: blog/some-puzzling-analysis