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Kelvin–Planck statement Introduction Second_law_of_thermodynamics > Introduction If an isolated system containing distinct subsystems is held initially in internal thermodynamic equilibrium by internal partitioning by impermeable walls between the subsystems, and then some operation makes the walls more permeable, then the system spontaneously evolves to reach a final new internal thermodynamic equilibrium, and its total entropy, S {\displaystyle S} , increases. In a reversible or quasi-static, idealized process of transfer of energy as heat to a closed thermodynamic system of interest, (which allows the entry or exit of energy – but not transfer of matter), from an auxiliary thermodynamic system, an infinitesimal increment ( d S {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} S} ) in the entropy of the system of interest is defined to result from an infinitesimal transfer of heat ( δ Q {\displaystyle \delta Q} ) to the system of interest, divided by the common thermodynamic temperature ( T ) {\displaystyle (T)} of the system of interest and the auxiliary thermodynamic system: d S = δ Q T (closed system; idealized, reversible process) . {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} S={\frac {\delta Q}{T}}\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{\text{(closed system; idealized, reversible process)}}.} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Carbon dioxide partial pressure Structure, bonding and molecular vibrations CO2 > Chemical and physical properties > Structure, bonding and molecular vibrations The symmetry of a carbon dioxide molecule is linear and centrosymmetric at its equilibrium geometry. The length of the carbon-oxygen bond in carbon dioxide is 116.3 pm, noticeably shorter than the roughly 140-pm length of a typical single C–O bond, and shorter than most other C–O multiply bonded functional groups such as carbonyls. Since it is centrosymmetric, the molecule has no electric dipole moment. As a linear triatomic molecule, CO2 has four vibrational modes as shown in the diagram. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Widespread fatigue damage Rule to predict the occurrence of WFD Widespread_fatigue_damage > Rule to predict the occurrence of WFD First, a parameter called Limits Of Validity (LOV) is defined. LOV is defined as “the period of time (in flight cycles, hours or both) up to which WFD will not occur in aeroplane structure.” The steps followed are: Evaluation of structural configurations and determination of LOV based on fatigue test evidence. Provide warnings to preclude the development of WFD up to LOV. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Myc Animal models Myc_gene > Animal models In Drosophila Myc is encoded by the diminutive locus, (which was known to geneticists prior to 1935). Classical diminutive alleles resulted in a viable animal with small body size. Drosophila has subsequently been used to implicate Myc in cell competition, endoreplication, and cell growth.During the discovery of Myc gene, it was realized that chromosomes that reciprocally translocate to chromosome 8 contained immunoglobulin genes at the break-point. To study the mechanism of tumorigenesis in Burkitt lymphoma by mimicking expression pattern of Myc in these cancer cells, transgenic mouse models were developed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Theory X Summary Theory_X Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human work motivation and management. They were created by Douglas McGregor while he was working at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. McGregor's work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of Abraham Maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Coherent cohomology Sheaf cohomology Coherent_cohomology > Sheaf cohomology For a sheaf F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} of abelian groups on a topological space X {\displaystyle X} , the sheaf cohomology groups H i ( X , F ) {\displaystyle H^{i}(X,{\mathcal {F}})} for integers i {\displaystyle i} are defined as the right derived functors of the functor of global sections, F ↦ F ( X ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}\mapsto {\mathcal {F}}(X)} . As a result, H i ( X , F ) {\displaystyle H^{i}(X,{\mathcal {F}})} is zero for i < 0 {\displaystyle i<0} , and H 0 ( X , F ) {\displaystyle H^{0}(X,{\mathcal {F}})} can be identified with F ( X ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}(X)} . For any short exact sequence of sheaves 0 → A → B → C → 0 {\displaystyle 0\to {\mathcal {A}}\to {\mathcal {B}}\to {\mathcal {C}}\to 0} , there is a long exact sequence of cohomology groups: 0 → H 0 ( X , A ) → H 0 ( X , B ) → H 0 ( X , C ) → H 1 ( X , A ) → ⋯ . {\displaystyle 0\to H^{0}(X,{\mathcal {A}})\to H^{0}(X,{\mathcal {B}})\to H^{0}(X,{\mathcal {C}})\to H^{1}(X,{\mathcal {A}})\to \cdots .} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Werner syndrome Effects on cell structure and function Werner's_syndrome > Causes > Effects on cell structure and function However, patients with Werner syndrome often exhibit accelerated telomere shortening, indicating that there may be a connection between the loss of the WRN helicase activity and telomere and cell instability. While evidence shows that telomere dysfunction is consistent with the premature aging in WS, it has yet to be determined if it is the actual cause of the genomic instability observed in cells and the high rate of cancer in WS patients.Without the WRN protein, the interwoven pathways of DNA repair and telomere maintenance fail to suppress cancer and the aging symptoms seen in patients with WS. Events such as rapid telomere shortening cause Werner syndrome cells to exhibit low responses to overall cellular stress. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Transorma Manual sorting Transorma > History > Manual sorting At larger sorting stations there were many potential routes, and a single sorter could not be expected to remember them all. For instance, all the out-of-state mail routed to New York state might be sent to a single state-wide sorting station, as stations in other states could not be expected to know how to route to various cities within New York. Sorters at the station would sort the mail by general geographical area, perhaps "Buffalo area" or "Albany". | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assembly code Macros Conditional_assembly_language > Language design > Macros In assembly language, the term "macro" represents a more comprehensive concept than it does in some other contexts, such as the pre-processor in the C programming language, where its #define directive typically is used to create short single line macros. Assembler macro instructions, like macros in PL/I and some other languages, can be lengthy "programs" by themselves, executed by interpretation by the assembler during assembly. Since macros can have 'short' names but expand to several or indeed many lines of code, they can be used to make assembly language programs appear to be far shorter, requiring fewer lines of source code, as with higher level languages. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) Structure Zinc_bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) > Chemistry > Structure Compounds of the type Zn(S2CNR2)2 are dimeric, i.e. their proper formula is 2. Each Zn center is in a distorted pentacoordinate site, with four Zn-S bonds of 2.3 Å length and one Zn---S interaction >2.8 Å in length. Mono-zinc derivatives are obtained by adding strong ligands (L) such as amines, which give adducts Zn(S2CNR2)2L. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency Hormone replacement Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia_due_to_21-hydroxylase_deficiency > Treatment > Long-term management of CAH > Hormone replacement Various clinical results, besides the steroids, require regular monitoring. The negative consequences are primarily the result of non-physiological glucocorticoid replacement. During illness or physical or mental stress, the demand for cortisol can increase, sometimes leading to adrenal crises. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Knowledge graph embedding Capsule neural networks Knowledge_graph_embedding > Models > Deep learning models > Capsule neural networks This family of models uses capsule neural networks to create a more stable representation that is able to recognize a feature in the input without losing spatial information. The network is composed of convolutional layers, but they are organized in capsules, and the overall result of a capsule is sent to a higher-capsule decided by a dynamic process routine. CapsE: CapsE implements a capsule network to model a fact ( h , r , t ) {\displaystyle (h,r,t)} . Like in ConvKB, each triple element is concatenated to built a matrix {\displaystyle {\ce {}}} and is used to feed to a convolutional layer to extract the convolutional features. These features are then redirected to a capsule to produce a continuous vector, more the vector is long, more the fact is true. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Average case analysis Sorting algorithms Average_case_analysis > Examples > Sorting algorithms iterations. Computers have limited memory, so the generated numbers cycle; it might not be possible to reach each permutation. In the worst case this leads to O(∞) time, an infinite loop. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Automatic and controlled processes Controlled processes Automatic_and_controlled_processes > Characteristics > Controlled processes The two-task condition had the same first assignment, but they were required to switch spots with the speaker and take their place after that. Even after being specifically told that they would be given further instructions at the next step, their cognitive load was affected in this study. Participants in the two-task condition performed more poorly than the one-task condition simply because they had the next task on their mind (they had extra cognitive load). Basically, the more tasks someone tries to manage at the same time, the more their performance will suffer. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Use case points Unadjusted Use Case Weight (UUCW) Use_case_points > Method > Unadjusted Use Case Weight (UUCW) Once all use cases have been classified as simple, average or complex, the total weight (UUCW) is determined by summing the corresponding weights for each use case. The following chart shows the different classifications of use cases based on the number of transactions and the weight value assigned for each use case within the classification. UUCW = (Total No. of Simple Use Cases x 5) + (Total No. Average Use Cases x 10) + (Total No. Complex Use Cases x 15) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Antibonding electron Diatomic molecules Antibonding_molecular_orbital > Diatomic molecules A molecular orbital becomes antibonding when there is less electron density between the two nuclei than there would be if there were no bonding interaction at all. When a molecular orbital changes sign (from positive to negative) at a nodal plane between two atoms, it is said to be antibonding with respect to those atoms. Antibonding orbitals are often labelled with an asterisk (*) on molecular orbital diagrams. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Database programming 1970s, relational DBMS Database_language > History > 1970s, relational DBMS But Codd was more interested in the difference in semantics: the use of explicit identifiers made it easier to define update operations with clean mathematical definitions, and it also enabled query operations to be defined in terms of the established discipline of first-order predicate calculus; because these operations have clean mathematical properties, it becomes possible to rewrite queries in provably correct ways, which is the basis of query optimization. There is no loss of expressiveness compared with the hierarchic or network models, though the connections between tables are no longer so explicit. In the hierarchic and network models, records were allowed to have a complex internal structure. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Matrix multiplication Fundamental applications Matrix_multiplication > Fundamental applications Historically, matrix multiplication has been introduced for facilitating and clarifying computations in linear algebra. This strong relationship between matrix multiplication and linear algebra remains fundamental in all mathematics, as well as in physics, chemistry, engineering and computer science. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fourier transforms Units and duality Fourier_transformations > Properties of the Fourier transform > Units and duality In other conventions, the Fourier transform has i in the exponent instead of −i, and vice versa for the inversion formula. This convention is common in modern physics and is the default for Wolfram Alpha, and does not mean that the frequency has become negative, since there is no canonical definition of positivity for frequency of a complex wave. It simply means that f ^ ( ξ ) {\displaystyle {\hat {f}}(\xi )} is the amplitude of the wave e − i 2 π ξ x {\displaystyle e^{-i2\pi \xi x}} instead of the wave e i 2 π ξ x {\displaystyle e^{i2\pi \xi x}} (the former, with its minus sign, is often seen in the time dependence for Sinusoidal plane-wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation, or in the time dependence for quantum wave functions). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Exponential generating series Summary Exponential_generating_function The particular generating function, if any, that is most useful in a given context will depend upon the nature of the sequence and the details of the problem being addressed. Generating functions are often expressed in closed form (rather than as a series), by some expression involving operations defined for formal series. These expressions in terms of the indeterminate x may involve arithmetic operations, differentiation with respect to x and composition with (i.e., substitution into) other generating functions; since these operations are also defined for functions, the result looks like a function of x. Indeed, the closed form expression can often be interpreted as a function that can be evaluated at (sufficiently small) concrete values of x, and which has the formal series as its series expansion; this explains the designation "generating functions". | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Data General microNOVA I/O Instructions Data_General_microNOVA > Technical description > Instruction set > I/O Instructions Channel 63 referred to the CPU itself and was used for various special functions. Each I/O instruction contained a six-bit channel number field, a four-bit to specify which register to read or write, and a two-bit field to specify which signal was to be sent. In assembly language, the signal was specified by adding a letter to the opcode: 'S' for start, 'C' for clear, 'P' for pulse, and nothing for no signal. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Liminality General sources Liminality > General sources S2CID 194094479. St. John, Graham (2014). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Upadacitinib Pharmacokinetics Upadacitinib > Pharmacology > Pharmacokinetics When in the bloodstream, 52% of the substance are bound to plasma proteins. It is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4, and possibly to a minor extent by CYP2D6. The most important pathway consists of oxidation to a carboxylic acid and subsequent glucuronidation, yielding a metabolite called M4. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Linearization Optimization Linearization > Uses of linearization > Optimization In mathematical optimization, cost functions and non-linear components within can be linearized in order to apply a linear solving method such as the Simplex algorithm. The optimized result is reached much more efficiently and is deterministic as a global optimum. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mitotic cell rounding Mechanisms Mitotic_cell_rounding > Mechanisms This in turn yields an increase in intracellular hydrostatic pressure due to the Law of Laplace, which relates surface tension of a fluid interface to the differential pressure sustained across that interface. The increase in hydrostatic pressure is important because it produces the outward force necessary to push and rounds up against external objects or impediments, such as flexible cantilever, soft gel or micropillar (in vitro examples), or surrounding extracellular matrix and neighboring cells (in vivo examples). In HeLa cells in vitro, the force generated by a half-deformed mitotic cell is on the order of 50 to 100 nanonewtons. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Seismic refraction Summary Seismic_refraction The methods depend on the fact that seismic waves have differing velocities in different types of soil or rock. The waves are refracted when they cross the boundary between different types (or conditions) of soil or rock. The methods enable the general soil types and the approximate depth to strata boundaries, or to bedrock, to be determined. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Class C share Debt-to-Equity Ratio (D/E Ratio) Class_C_share > Valuation Metrics of Class B Shares > Debt-to-Equity Ratio (D/E Ratio) The D/E ratio is a leverage ratio which determines how much debt a company uses to finance its assets. It evaluates the company’s financial leverage by dividing total liabilities by shareholder equity. This ratio is used in corporate finance as it measures the degree the company is financing its operations through debt or their own funding. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tropical cyclones Formation Cold_wake > Intensity > Formation This creates a flow of warm, moist, rapidly rising air, which starts to rotate cyclonically as it interacts with the rotation of the earth.Several factors are required for these thunderstorms to develop further, including sea surface temperatures of around 27 °C (81 °F) and low vertical wind shear surrounding the system, atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to develop a low-pressure center, and a pre-existing low-level focus or disturbance. There is a limit on tropical cyclone intensity which is strongly related to the water temperatures along its path. and upper-level divergence. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mitochondria associated membranes Regulation of lipid metabolism Mitochondria_associated_membranes_(MAM) > Role > Regulation of lipid metabolism Transport of phosphatidylserine into mitochondria from the ER for decarboxylation to phosphatidylethanolamine through the ER-mitochondria lipid which transform phosphatidic acid (PA) into phosphatidylserine (PS) by phosphatidylserine synthases 1 and 2 (PSS1, PSS2) in the ER and then transfers PS to mitochondria, where phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PSD) transform into phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). PE which is synthesized at mitochondria goes back to ER where phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase 2 (PEMT2) synthesizes PC (phosphatidylcholine). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Molar heat capacity Dulong–Petit law Molar_heat_capacity > Physical basis > Specific heat of solids > Dulong–Petit law Those conditions imply larger quantum vibrational energy spacing, thus many vibrational modes are "frozen out" at room temperature. Water ice close to the melting point, too, has an anomalously low heat capacity per atom (1.5 R, only 50% of the theoretical value). At the higher end of possible heat capacities, heat capacity may exceed R by modest amounts, due to contributions from anharmonic vibrations in solids, and sometimes a modest contribution from conduction electrons in metals. These are not degrees of freedom treated in the Einstein or Debye theories. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
H-theorem Loschmidt's paradox H-theorem > Criticism and exceptions > Loschmidt's paradox Once the particles are allowed to collide, their velocity directions and positions in fact do become correlated (however, these correlations are encoded in an extremely complex manner). This shows that an (ongoing) assumption of independence is not consistent with the underlying particle model. Boltzmann's reply to Loschmidt was to concede the possibility of these states, but noting that these sorts of states were so rare and unusual as to be impossible in practice. Boltzmann would go on to sharpen this notion of the "rarity" of states, resulting in his famous equation, his entropy formula of 1877 (see Boltzmann's entropy formula). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Strip search Summary Strip_search A strip search is a practice of searching a person for weapons or other contraband suspected of being hidden on their body or inside their clothing, and not found by performing a frisk search, but by requiring the person to remove some or all clothing. The search may involve an official performing an intimate person search and inspecting their personal effects and body cavities (mouth, vagina, rectum, etc.). A strip search is more intrusive than a frisk and requires legal authority. Regulations covering strip searches vary considerably and may be mandatory in some situations or discretionary in others. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gene cassette Genetic engineering Gene_cassette > Genetic engineering In genetic engineering, a gene cassette is a manipulable fragment of DNA carrying, and capable of expressing, one or more genes of interest between one or more sets of restriction sites. It can be transferred from one DNA sequence (usually on a vector) to another by 'cutting' the fragment out using restriction enzymes and 'pasting' it back into the new context. The vectors containing the gene of interest typically also carry an antibiotic resistance gene called a selectable marker to easily identify cells that have successfully integrated the vector into their genome. To introduce a vector into a target cell, a state of competence must be inferred on the cell. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Analysis Music Analysis > Applications > Music Schenkerian analysis Schenkerian analysis is a collection of music analysis that focuses on the production of the graphic representation. This includes both analytical procedure as well as the notational style. Simply put, it analyzes tonal music which includes all chords and tones within a composition. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Complex gain LTI systems Complex_gain > LTI systems It is the time that peak of the output lags behind that of the input. ∙ {\displaystyle \bullet } The complex gain is Q ( i ω ) / P ( i ω ) {\displaystyle Q(i\omega )/P(i\omega )} . This is the factor that the complex input is multiplied by to get the complex output. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Laws of physics History Empirical_laws > History And not Seneca alone. Legal models of scientific judgment turn up all over the place, and for example prove equally integral to Ptolemy's approach to verification, where the mind is assigned the role of magistrate, the senses that of disclosure of evidence, and dialectical reason that of the law itself. The precise formulation of what are now recognized as modern and valid statements of the laws of nature dates from the 17th century in Europe, with the beginning of accurate experimentation and the development of advanced forms of mathematics. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Left recursion Non-technical Introduction Left_recursion > Non-technical Introduction Let's chop down the name in parts: VSB Bank: V = Verenigde (United) S = Spaarbank (Savings Bank) B = Bank Bank.Concluding: VSB Bank = Verenigde Spaarbank Bank Bank. Now you see what a left recursive name abbreviation is all about. The remainder of this article is not using examples, but abstractions in the forms of symbols. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of linear algebra Z Glossary_of_linear_algebra > Z Zero vector The additive identity in a vector space. In a normed vector space, it is the unique vector of norm zero. In a Euclidean vector space, it is the unique vector of length zero. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Valentin Bousch Influences Valentin_Bousch > Influences Bousch had his own experience in panel painting. In Bousch's later work, particularly the windows of Flavigny-sur-Moselle, in addition to using these artists' works as models, Bousch introduced many novelties. Gothic decorations like foliage and damask backgrounds were minimized, replaced by neoclassical architectural frames; Generic glass panels gave way to Bousch's more advanced cutting and leading; Halos, to naturalistic light beams. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Anti-diagonal matrix Formal definition Anti-diagonal_matrix > Formal definition An n-by-n matrix A is an anti-diagonal matrix if the (i, j) element is zero ∀ i , j ∈ { 1 , … , n } ( i + j ≠ n + 1 ) . {\displaystyle \forall i,j\in \left\{1,\ldots ,n\right\}(i+j\neq n+1).} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Global symmetry Mathematics Global_symmetry > Mathematics Another symmetry which is part of some theories of physics and not in others is scale invariance which involve Weyl transformations of the following kind: δ ϕ ( x ) = Ω ( x ) ϕ ( x ) {\displaystyle \delta \phi (x)=\Omega (x)\phi (x)} If the fields have this symmetry then it can be shown that the field theory is almost certainly conformally invariant also. This means that in the absence of gravity h(x) would restricted to the form: h μ ( x ) = M μ ν x ν + P μ + D x μ + K μ | x | 2 − 2 K ν x ν x μ , {\displaystyle h^{\mu }(x)=M^{\mu \nu }x_{\nu }+P^{\mu }+Dx_{\mu }+K^{\mu }|x|^{2}-2K^{\nu }x_{\nu }x_{\mu },} with D generating scale transformations and K generating special conformal transformations. For example, N = 4 super-Yang–Mills theory has this symmetry while general relativity does not although other theories of gravity such as conformal gravity do. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gliese 581 system Planets Gliese_581_system > Planetary system > Planets Analysis of the radial velocity data has produced several models for the orbital arrangement of the system. 3-planet, 4-planet, 5-planet and 6-planet models have been proposed to address the available radial velocity data, with the current consensus being a 3-planet model (e, b, c). Most of these models predict, however, that the inner planets are close in with circular orbits, while outer planets, particularly Gliese 581d, should it exist, are on more elliptical orbits. Models of the habitable zone of Gliese 581 show that it extends from about 0.1 to 0.25 AU. The three confirmed planets orbit closer to the star than the inner edge of the habitable zone, while planets g and d would have orbited within it. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
IBM mainframe utility programs Compilers IBM_mainframe_utility_programs > Miscellaneous supporting programs > Compilers Each programming language used in a computer shop will have one or more associated compilers that translate a source program into a machine-language object module. Then the object module from the compiler must be processed by the linkage editor, IEWL, to create an executable load module. IGYCRCTL is a common example of a compiler; it is the compiler for the current IBM Enterprise COBOL for z/OS product. (There have been several previous IBM COBOL compilers over the years, with different names.) There are many other compilers for various other programming languages. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cytotoxicity Cell physiology Cytotoxicity > Cell physiology Cells that undergo rapid necrosis in vitro do not have sufficient time or energy to activate apoptotic machinery and will not express apoptotic markers. Apoptosis is characterized by well defined cytological and molecular events including a change in the refractive index of the cell, cytoplasmic shrinkage, nuclear condensation and cleavage of DNA into regularly sized fragments. Cells in culture that are undergoing apoptosis eventually undergo secondary necrosis. They will shut down metabolism, lose membrane integrity and lyse. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Insular energy system Classification of systems Insular_energy_system > Classification of systems Category C: Mainland countries with no grid interconnectionThe GDP of the majority of countries found in this category is very low. The political situation in these countries limits the investment in electricity infrastructure, in view of the fact that health and military issues are typically more alarming and urgent to resolve. Conversely, this category also includes mainland nations that do not export or import electricity to their neighbours and are as also major petroleum exporting countries including Qatar, UAE and Saudi Arabia. It is evident that the abundance of fossil fuels found in these countries has not alarmed them to turn to renewable energy resources. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging perfusion Indications Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging_perfusion > Indications There are two main reasons for doing this test: To assess the significance of a stenosis (narrowing) in one or more of the coronary arteries that has been previously identified either by standard coronary angiography or CT coronary angiography. This is often used by cardiologists to determine if a coronary stenosis should be treated either by angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery. To screen patients who have chest pain and risk factors for coronary artery disease, to assess for ischaemia which may be caused by a narrowing in one of the coronary arteries. This could then (if it shows ischaemia) be further investigated with another imaging modality to directly image the coronary arteries such as invasive coronary angiography.In contrast to the nuclear imaging modalities (PET and SPECT), CMR perfusion does not involve the use of ionising radiation and can therefore be used multiple times without the risk to the patient of exposure to radiation.It is a non-invasive test, is generally regarded as a safe (see below) procedure and is well tolerated by patients (apart from people with claustrophobia) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pretty Good Privacy Web of trust OpenPGP > Design > Web of trust Both when encrypting messages and when verifying signatures, it is critical that the public key used to send messages to someone or some entity actually does 'belong' to the intended recipient. Simply downloading a public key from somewhere is not a reliable assurance of that association; deliberate (or accidental) impersonation is possible. From its first version, PGP has always included provisions for distributing user's public keys in an 'identity certification', which is also constructed cryptographically so that any tampering (or accidental garble) is readily detectable. However, merely making a certificate that is impossible to modify without being detected is insufficient; this can prevent corruption only after the certificate has been created, not before. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Complex value Quantum mechanics Complex_square > Applications > In physics > Quantum mechanics The complex number field is intrinsic to the mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics, where complex Hilbert spaces provide the context for one such formulation that is convenient and perhaps most standard. The original foundation formulas of quantum mechanics – the Schrödinger equation and Heisenberg's matrix mechanics – make use of complex numbers. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Anchoring bias Causes Anchoring_bias > Causes Several theories have been put forth to explain what causes anchoring, and although some explanations are more popular than others, there is no consensus as to which is best. In a study on possible causes of anchoring, two authors described anchoring as easy to demonstrate, but hard to explain. At least one group of researchers has argued that multiple causes are at play, and that what is called "anchoring" is actually several different effects. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
HIV superinfection Immunology HIV_superinfection > Immunology The anti-HIV antibody response broadens and strengthens in individuals post-superinfection. The finding that superinfection occurs within and between HIV subtypes suggests that an immune response to initial HIV infection provide limited protection against infection by a new viral strain. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of engineering: A–L L Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L > L On the basis of the locations of fulcrum, load and effort, the lever is divided into three types. Also, leverage is mechanical advantage gained in a system. It is one of the six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Proportion extend sort Summary Proportion_extend_sort Proportion extend sort (abbreviated as PESort) is an in-place, comparison-based sorting algorithm which attempts to improve on the performance, particularly the worst-case performance, of quicksort. The basic partitioning operation in quicksort has a linear access pattern which is extremely efficient on modern memory hierarchies, but the performance of the algorithm is critically dependent on the choice of a pivot value. A good pivot will divide the data to be sorted into nearly equal halves. A poor choice will result in a grossly lopsided division, leaving one part almost as large as the original problem and causing O(n2) performance. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Generalized Information Retrieval Language System Overview Generalized_Information_Retrieval_Language_System > Overview This feature made secondary key look-ups operate much like keyed inquiries of any other database system: requiring at least two disk reads (a key read then a data-record read). Pick data files are usually two levels. The first level is known as the "dictionary" level. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Position four-vector Four-vectors in a real-valued basis Four-vector > Four-vector algebra > Four-vectors in a real-valued basis A four-vector A is a vector with a "timelike" component and three "spacelike" components, and can be written in various equivalent notations: where Aα is the magnitude component and Eα is the basis vector component; note that both are necessary to make a vector, and that when Aα is seen alone, it refers strictly to the components of the vector. The upper indices indicate contravariant components. Here the standard convention is that Latin indices take values for spatial components, so that i = 1, 2, 3, and Greek indices take values for space and time components, so α = 0, 1, 2, 3, used with the summation convention. The split between the time component and the spatial components is a useful one to make when determining contractions of one four vector with other tensor quantities, such as for calculating Lorentz invariants in inner products (examples are given below), or raising and lowering indices. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
S-duality Overview S-duality > Overview In quantum field theory and string theory, a coupling constant is a number that controls the strength of interactions in the theory. For example, the strength of gravity is described by a number called Newton's constant, which appears in Newton's law of gravity and also in the equations of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. Similarly, the strength of the electromagnetic force is described by a coupling constant, which is related to the charge carried by a single proton. To compute observable quantities in quantum field theory or string theory, physicists typically apply the methods of perturbation theory. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lymphocyte marker Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes Lymphocyte_marker > Lymphocytes and disease > Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes In some cancers, such as melanoma and colorectal cancer, lymphocytes can migrate into and attack the tumor. This can sometimes lead to regression of the primary tumor. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Real number field Generalizations and extensions Field_of_reals > Generalizations and extensions The real numbers can be generalized and extended in several different directions: The complex numbers contain solutions to all polynomial equations and hence are an algebraically closed field unlike the real numbers. However, the complex numbers are not an ordered field. The affinely extended real number system adds two elements +∞ and −∞. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
String theorist Applications to condensed matter physics String_theorist > AdS/CFT correspondence > Applications to condensed matter physics The AdS/CFT correspondence has also been used to study aspects of condensed matter physics. Over the decades, experimental condensed matter physicists have discovered a number of exotic states of matter, including superconductors and superfluids. These states are described using the formalism of quantum field theory, but some phenomena are difficult to explain using standard field theoretic techniques. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Maxillary second molar Summary Maxillary_second_molar The function of this molar is similar to that of all molars in regard to grinding being the principal action during mastication, commonly known as chewing. There are usually four cusps on maxillary molars, two on the buccal (side nearest the cheek) and two palatal (side nearest the palate). There are great differences between the deciduous (baby) maxillary molars and those of the permanent maxillary molars, even though their function are similar. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fracture Mechanics Griffith's criterion Plastic_zone > Linear elastic fracture mechanics > Griffith's criterion Fracture mechanics was developed during World War I by English aeronautical engineer A. A. Griffith – thus the term Griffith crack – to explain the failure of brittle materials. Griffith's work was motivated by two contradictory facts: The stress needed to fracture bulk glass is around 100 MPa (15,000 psi). The theoretical stress needed for breaking atomic bonds of glass is approximately 10,000 MPa (1,500,000 psi).A theory was needed to reconcile these conflicting observations. Also, experiments on glass fibers that Griffith himself conducted suggested that the fracture stress increases as the fiber diameter decreases. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Active cooling Absorption heat pumps Active_cooling > Building usage > Heat pumps > Absorption heat pumps The process for the absorption heat pump works similarly to the compression variant with the main contrast being the usage of an absorber instead of a compressor. The absorber takes in the vapor refrigerant and creates a liquid form which then travels into the liquid pump to be turned into superheated vapor. The absorption heat pump utilizes both electric and heat for its functionality compared to compression heat pumps which only uses electricity. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Carbonyl α-substitution reactions Acidity of alpha-hydrogen atoms: enolate ion formation Carbonyl_Alpha-Substitution_Reactions > Acidity of alpha-hydrogen atoms: enolate ion formation Thus, the negative charge is shared by the electronegative oxygen atom, and the enolate ion is stabilized by resonance. Carbonyl compounds are more acidic than alkanes for the same reason that carboxylic acids are more acidic than alcohols. In both cases, the anions are stabilized by resonance. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Table of Integrals, Series, and Products Russian editions Gradshteyn_and_Ryzhik > Editions > Russian editions LCCN ltf89006085. 400 pages. Рыжик, И. М. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Solvability by radicals Quadratic equation Galois_group_of_a_polynomial > Permutation group approach > Quadratic equation Consider the quadratic equation x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0. {\displaystyle x^{2}-4x+1=0.} By using the quadratic formula, we find that the two roots are A = 2 + 3 , B = 2 − 3 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A&=2+{\sqrt {3}},\\B&=2-{\sqrt {3}}.\end{aligned}}} Examples of algebraic equations satisfied by A and B include A + B = 4 , {\displaystyle A+B=4,} and A B = 1. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Information security policies Confidentiality Information_security_policies > Basic principles > Key concepts > Confidentiality In information security, confidentiality "is the property, that information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized individuals, entities, or processes." While similar to "privacy," the two words are not interchangeable. Rather, confidentiality is a component of privacy that implements to protect our data from unauthorized viewers. Examples of confidentiality of electronic data being compromised include laptop theft, password theft, or sensitive emails being sent to the incorrect individuals. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Büchi-Elgot-Trakhtenbrot theorem Summary Büchi-Elgot-Trakhtenbrot_theorem In formal language theory, the Büchi–Elgot–Trakhtenbrot theorem states that a language is regular if and only if it can be defined in monadic second-order logic (MSO): for every MSO formula, we can find a finite-state automaton defining the same language, and for every finite-state automaton, we can find an MSO formula defining the same language. The theorem is due to Julius Richard Büchi, Calvin Elgot, and Boris Trakhtenbrot. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Collision response Normal force Collision_response > Contact forces > Friction > Normal force It is the support force exerted upon an object which is in contact with another stable object. Normal force is sometimes referred to as the pressing force since its action presses the surface together. Normal force is always directed towards the object and acts perpendicularly with the applied force. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Disk Filing System Directories Disc_Filing_System > File storage > Directories The DFS provides a working space, divided up into the directory and the library. The "directory" is the working directory on the current volume, much like the working directory on any other command line system. The "library" is a second, alternative working directory that functions more like PATH and had the benefit of being able to be on any volume. Requests to open files with unqualified names, will first be searched for in the working directory; failing this, the library directory will also be searched. The directory and library both default to the same directory. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Membrane blebbing Summary Bleb_(cell_biology) In cell biology, a bleb is a bulge of the plasma membrane of a cell, characterized by a spherical, "blister-like", bulky morphology. It is characterized by the decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane, degrading the internal structure of the cell, allowing the flexibility required for the cell to separate into individual bulges or pockets of the intercellular matrix. Most commonly, blebs are seen in apoptosis (programmed cell death) but are also seen in other non-apoptotic functions. Blebbing, or zeiosis, is the formation of blebs. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Balance of angular momentum Summary Balance_of_angular_momentum Thus the balance of angular momentum, the symmetry of the Cauchy stress tensor, and the Boltzmann Axiom in continuum mechanics are related terms. Especially in the theory of the top the balance of angular momentum plays a crucial part. In continuum mechanics it serves to exactly determine the skew-symmetric part of the stress tensor.The balance of angular momentum is, besides the Newtonian laws, a fundamental and independent principle and was introduced as such first by Swiss mathematician and physicist Leonhard Euler in 1775. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Decision boundary In neural networks and support vector models Decision_boundary > In neural networks and support vector models In the case of backpropagation based artificial neural networks or perceptrons, the type of decision boundary that the network can learn is determined by the number of hidden layers the network has. If it has no hidden layers, then it can only learn linear problems. If it has one hidden layer, then it can learn any continuous function on compact subsets of Rn as shown by the universal approximation theorem, thus it can have an arbitrary decision boundary. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Nondeterministic finite automata Example Non-deterministic_finite_automaton > Example The following automaton M {\displaystyle M} , with a binary alphabet, determines if the input ends with a 1. Let M = ( { p , q } , { 0 , 1 } , δ , p , { q } ) {\displaystyle M=(\{p,q\},\{0,1\},\delta ,p,\{q\})} where the transition function δ {\displaystyle \delta } can be defined by this state transition table (cf. upper left picture): Since the set δ ( p , 1 ) {\displaystyle \delta (p,1)} contains more than one state, M {\displaystyle M} is nondeterministic. The language of M {\displaystyle M} can be described by the regular language given by the regular expression (0|1)*1. All possible state sequences for the input string "1011" are shown in the lower picture. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Synth pad Controllers Synthesizer > Components > Controllers Synthesizers are often controlled with electronic or digital keyboards or MIDI controller keyboards, which may be built into the synthesizer unit or attached via connections such as CV/gate, USB, or MIDI. Keyboards may offer expression such as velocity sensitivity and aftertouch, allowing for more control over the sound. Other controllers include ribbon controllers, which track the movement of the finger across a touch-sensitive surface; wind controllers, played similarly to woodwind instruments; motion-sensitive controllers similar to video game motion controllers; electronic drum pads, played similarly to the heads of a drum kit; touchplates, which send signals depending on finger position and force; controllers designed for microtonal tunings; touchscreen devices such as tablets and smartphones; and fingerpads. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Welding rod Metallurgy Welding_rod > Metallurgy Metals and in particular steels have a transitional temperature range where above this range the metal has acceptable notch-ductility while below this range the material becomes brittle. Within the range, the materials behavior is unpredictable. The reduction in fracture toughness is accompanied by a change in the fracture appearance. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Outer product Contrast with Euclidean inner product Outer_product > Definition > Contrast with Euclidean inner product If m = n , {\displaystyle m=n,} then one can take the matrix product the other way, yielding a scalar (or 1 × 1 {\displaystyle 1\times 1} matrix): which is the standard inner product for Euclidean vector spaces, better known as the dot product. The dot product is the trace of the outer product. Unlike the dot product, the outer product is not commutative. Multiplication of a vector w {\displaystyle \mathbf {w} } by the matrix u ⊗ v {\displaystyle \mathbf {u} \otimes \mathbf {v} } can be written in terms of the inner product, using the relation ( u ⊗ v ) w = u ⟨ v , w ⟩ {\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {u} \otimes \mathbf {v} \right)\mathbf {w} =\mathbf {u} \left\langle \mathbf {v} ,\mathbf {w} \right\rangle } . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Transport Phenomena (book) Subjects covered in the book Transport_Phenomena_(book) > Subjects covered in the book The book is divided into three basic sections, named Momentum Transport, Energy Transport and Mass Transport: Momentum Transport Viscosity and the Mechanisms of Momentum Transport Momentum Balances and Velocity Distributions in Laminar Flow The Equations of Change for Isothermal Systems Velocity Distributions in Turbulent Flow Interphase Transport in Isothermal Systems Macroscopic Balances for Isothermal Flow Systems Energy Transport Thermal Conductivity and the Mechanisms of Energy Transport Energy Balances and Temperature Distributions in Solids and Laminar Flow The Equations of Change for Nonisothermal Systems Temperature Distributions in Turbulent Flow Interphase Transport in Nonisothermal Systems Macroscopic Balances for Nonisothermal Systems Mass transport Diffusivity and the Mechanisms of Mass Transport Concentration Distributions in Solids and Laminar Flow Equations of Change for Multicomponent Systems Concentration Distributions in Turbulent Flow Interphase Transport in Nonisothermal Mixtures Macroscopic Balances for Multicomponent Systems Other Mechanisms for Mass Transport | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Toxic vacuolation Clinical significance Toxic_vacuolation > Clinical significance Toxic vacuolation is associated with sepsis, particularly when accompanied by toxic granulation. The finding is also associated with bacterial infection, alcohol toxicity, liver failure, and treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, a cytokine drug used to increase the absolute neutrophil count in patients with neutropenia.The formation of toxic vacuoles represents increased phagocytic activity, which is stimulated by the release of cytokines in response to inflammation or tissue injury. Toxic vacuolation frequently occurs in conjunction with toxic granulation and Döhle bodies in inflammatory states, and these findings are collectively referred to as toxic changes. Neutrophilia and left shift (the presence of immature neutrophil precursors such as band neutrophils and metamyelocytes in the peripheral blood) often accompany toxic changes, as these phenomena also occur in response to inflammation.It has been suggested that neutrophil vacuoles not be labelled "toxic vacuoles" unless they are accompanied by other toxic changes, as vacuolation can occur in other conditions. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
First law of thermodynamics Non-equilibrium transfers First_law_of_thermodynamics > First law of thermodynamics for open systems > Non-equilibrium transfers Usually transfer between a system and its surroundings applies to transfer of a state variable, and obeys a balance law, that the amount lost by the donor system is equal to the amount gained by the receptor system. Heat is not a state variable. For his 1947 definition of "heat transfer" for discrete open systems, the author Prigogine carefully explains at some length that his definition of it does not obey a balance law. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
RadBall The device RadBall > The device The device consists of two constituent parts, a gamma radiation sensitive inner core which fits inside the spherical tungsten outer collimation sheath. The outside diameter of the device is 140 mm (approx 5 ½ inch) which allows deployment in to hard to reach areas whilst providing a 360 degree view of the area. The inner core is made up of material which changes colour when it is exposed to gamma radiation. Therefore, when the device is deployed inside a radioactive environment the collimation device preferentially allows gamma radiation to pass through the collimation holes which deposits tracks within the inner core. These tracks can then be analysed to provide a 3D visualisation of the radioactive environment predicting both source location and intensity. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pointer structure Oberon Data_pointer > Support in various programming languages > Oberon Much as with Modula-2, pointers are available. There are still fewer ways to evade the type system and so Oberon and its variants are still safer with respect to pointers than Modula-2 or its variants. As with Modula-3, garbage collection is a part of the language specification. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Coercive power Overview Legitimate_power > Overview "The French-Raven power forms are introduced with consideration of the level of observability and the extent to which power is dependent or independent of structural conditions. Dependency refers to the degree of internalization that occurs among persons subject to social control. Using these considerations it is possible to link personal processes to structural conditions". | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Renewable-energy economy Summary Renewable_energy_commercialisation Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include solar heating, photovoltaics, wind power, solar thermal power stations, and modern forms of bioenergy. Third-generation technologies require continued R&D efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced biomass gasification, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Diagonalizable matrices Summary Simultaneously_diagonalize Diagonalization is the process of finding the above P {\displaystyle P} and D {\displaystyle D} . Diagonalizable matrices and maps are especially easy for computations, once their eigenvalues and eigenvectors are known. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Conditional probabilities As an axiom of probability Conditional_probabilities > Definition > Conditioning on an event > As an axiom of probability Some authors, such as de Finetti, prefer to introduce conditional probability as an axiom of probability: P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ∣ B ) P ( B ) {\displaystyle P(A\cap B)=P(A\mid B)P(B)} .This equation for a conditional probability, although mathematically equivalent, may be intuitively easier to understand. It can be interpreted as "the probability of B occurring multiplied by the probability of A occurring, provided that B has occurred, is equal to the probability of the A and B occurrences together, although not necessarily occurring at the same time". Additionally, this may be preferred philosophically; under major probability interpretations, such as the subjective theory, conditional probability is considered a primitive entity. Moreover, this "multiplication rule" can be practically useful in computing the probability of A ∩ B {\displaystyle A\cap B} and introduces a symmetry with the summation axiom for Poincaré Formula: P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) {\displaystyle P(A\cup B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A\cap B)} Thus the equations can be combined to find a new representation of the: P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ∣ B ) P ( B ) {\displaystyle P(A\cap B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A\cup B)=P(A\mid B)P(B)} P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∣ B ) P ( B ) {\displaystyle P(A\cup B)={P(A)+P(B)-P(A\mid B){P(B)}}} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Small set (category theory) Summary Small_set_(category_theory) In category theory, a small set is one in a fixed universe of sets (as the word universe is used in mathematics in general). Thus, the category of small sets is the category of all sets one cares to consider. This is used when one does not wish to bother with set-theoretic concerns of what is and what is not considered a set, which concerns would arise if one tried to speak of the category of "all sets". A small set is not to be confused with a small category, which is a category in which the collection of arrows (and therefore also the collection of objects) is a set. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fragmentation (cell biology) DNA Cloning Fragmentation_(cell_biology) > DNA Cloning DNA ligase During normal DNA replication, DNA ligase catalyzes end-to-end joining (ligation) of short fragments of DNA, called Okazaki fragments. For the purposes of DNA cloning, purified DNA ligase is used to covalently join the ends of a restriction fragment and vector DNA that have complementary ends. They are covalently ligated together through the standard 3' to 5' phosphodiester bonds of DNA.DNA ligase can ligate complementary sticky and blunt ends, but blunt-end ligation is inefficient and requires a higher concentration of both DNA and DNA ligase than the ligation of sticky ends does. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Transition state theory Quasi-equilibrium assumption Transition-state_theory > Justification for the Eyring equation > Quasi-equilibrium assumption Quasi-equilibrium is different from classical chemical equilibrium, but can be described using a similar thermodynamic treatment. Consider the reaction below A + B ↽ − − ⇀ ‡ ⟶ P {\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+{B}<=>{^{\ddagger }}->{P}}}} where complete equilibrium is achieved between all the species in the system including activated complexes, ‡ . Using statistical mechanics, concentration of ‡ can be calculated in terms of the concentration of A and B. TST assumes that even when the reactants and products are not in equilibrium with each other, the activated complexes are in quasi-equilibrium with the reactants. As illustrated in Figure 2, at any instant of time, there are a few activated complexes, and some were reactant molecules in the immediate past, which are designated ‡ (since they are moving from left to right). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Autonomous aircraft Sensors Autonomous_aircraft > Control system architecture > Sensors Position and movement sensors give information about the aircraft state. Exteroceptive sensors deal with external information like distance measurements, while exproprioceptive ones correlate internal and external states.Non-cooperative sensors are able to detect targets autonomously so they are used for separation assurance and collision avoidance.Degrees of freedom (DOF) refers to both the amount and quality of sensors on board: 6 DOF implies 3-axis gyroscopes and accelerometers (a typical inertial measurement unit – IMU), 9 DOF refers to an IMU plus a compass, 10 DOF adds a barometer and 11 DOF usually adds a GPS receiver. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Complexometric titration Summary Complexometric_titration Complexometric titration (sometimes chelatometry) is a form of volumetric analysis in which the formation of a colored complex is used to indicate the end point of a titration. Complexometric titrations are particularly useful for the determination of a mixture of different metal ions in solution. An indicator capable of producing an unambiguous color change is usually used to detect the end-point of the titration. Complexometric titration are those reactions where a simple ion is transformed into a complex ion and the equivalence point is determined by using metal indicators or electrometrically. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Familial hypercholesterolemia Pathophysiology Familial_hypercholesterolemia > Pathophysiology In mutations of ApoB, reduced binding of LDL particles to the receptor causes the increased level of LDL cholesterol. It is not known how the mutation causes LDL receptor dysfunction in mutations of PCSK9 and ARH.Although atherosclerosis occurs to a certain degree in all people, people with FH may develop accelerated atherosclerosis due to the excess level of LDL. The degree of atherosclerosis approximately depends on the number of LDL receptors still expressed and the functionality of these receptors. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Vibrational band Summary Vibronic_band Vibronic spectroscopy is a branch of molecular spectroscopy concerned with vibronic transitions: the simultaneous changes in electronic and vibrational energy levels of a molecule due to the absorption or emission of a photon of the appropriate energy. In the gas phase, vibronic transitions are accompanied by changes in rotational energy also. Vibronic spectra of diatomic molecules have been analysed in detail; emission spectra are more complicated than absorption spectra. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hermitian form Informal introduction Hermitian_form > Informal introduction where w ¯ i {\displaystyle {\overline {w}}_{i}} denotes the complex conjugate of w i . {\displaystyle w_{i}~.} This product may be generalized to situations where one is not working with an orthonormal basis for Cn, or even any basis at all. By inserting an extra factor of i {\displaystyle i} into the product, one obtains the skew-Hermitian form, defined more precisely, below. There is no particular reason to restrict the definition to the complex numbers; it can be defined for arbitrary rings carrying an antiautomorphism, informally understood to be a generalized concept of "complex conjugation" for the ring. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fair queuing Generalisation to weighted sharing Fair_scheduling > Principle > Generalisation to weighted sharing The initial idea gives to each flow the same rate. A natural extension consists in letting the user specify the portion of bandwidth allocated to each flow leading to weighted fair queuing and generalized processor sharing. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Source attribution Demographic and transmission models Source_attribution > Comparative methods > Phylodynamic methods > Demographic and transmission models Due to limited migration of pathogen lineages between demes, two pathogen lineages sampled at random are more likely to share a recent common ancestor if they belong to the same deme. Birth-death models describe the proliferation of infections forward in time, where a "birth" event represents the transmission of an infection to an uninfected susceptible host, and a "death" event can represent either the diagnosis and treatment of an infection, or its spontaneous clearance by the host. This class of models was originally formulated to describe the proliferation of species through speciation and extinction. Similarly, branching processes model the growth of an epidemic forward in time where the number of transmissions from each infected host ("offspring") is described by a discrete probability distribution over non-negative integers, such as the negative binomial distribution. Branching process models tend to use the simplifying assumption that this offspring distribution remains constant over time, making this class of models more appropriate for the initial stage of an epidemic where most of the population is uninfected. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Low Earth orbit Use Low_Earth_orbit > Use A low Earth orbit requires the lowest amount of energy for satellite placement. It provides high bandwidth and low communication latency. Satellites and space stations in LEO are more accessible for crew and servicing. Since it requires less energy to place a satellite into a LEO, and a satellite there needs less powerful amplifiers for successful transmission, LEO is used for many communication applications, such as the Iridium phone system. Some communication satellites use much higher geostationary orbits and move at the same angular velocity as the Earth as to appear stationary above one location on the planet. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Circular slide rule Circular slide rules Slide_Rule > Physical design > Circular slide rules Circular slide rules come in two basic types, one with two cursors, and another with a free dish and one cursor. The dual cursor versions perform multiplication and division by holding a constant angle between the cursors as they are rotated around the dial. The onefold cursor version operates more like the standard slide rule through the appropriate alignment of the scales. The basic advantage of a circular slide rule is that the widest dimension of the tool was reduced by a factor of about 3 (i.e. by π). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Analytical function Summary Analytic_function In mathematics, an analytic function is a function that is locally given by a convergent power series. There exist both real analytic functions and complex analytic functions. Functions of each type are infinitely differentiable, but complex analytic functions exhibit properties that do not generally hold for real analytic functions. A function is analytic if and only if its Taylor series about x 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}} converges to the function in some neighborhood for every x 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}} in its domain. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Atomic numbers Summary Number_of_protons The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word Zahl 'number', which, before the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order was then approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights. Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word Atomzahl (and its English equivalent atomic number) come into common use in this context. The rules above do not always apply to exotic atoms which contain short-lived elementary particles other than protons, neutrons and electrons. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
PyTorch Summary PyTorch PyTorch is a machine learning framework based on the Torch library, used for applications such as computer vision and natural language processing, originally developed by Meta AI and now part of the Linux Foundation umbrella. It is free and open-source software released under the modified BSD license. Although the Python interface is more polished and the primary focus of development, PyTorch also has a C++ interface.A number of pieces of deep learning software are built on top of PyTorch, including Tesla Autopilot, Uber's Pyro, Hugging Face's Transformers, PyTorch Lightning, and Catalyst.PyTorch provides two high-level features: Tensor computing (like NumPy) with strong acceleration via graphics processing units (GPU) Deep neural networks built on a tape-based automatic differentiation system | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Embedded derivative Summary Derivative_securities However, Aristotle did not define this arrangement as a derivative but as a monopoly. (see Aristotle's Politics, Book I, Chapter XI). Bucket shops, outlawed in 1936 in the US, are a more recent historical example. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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