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OOPSLA Summary OOPSLA OOPSLA has been instrumental in helping object-oriented programming develop into a mainstream programming paradigm. It has also helped incubate a number of related topics, including design patterns, refactoring, aspect-oriented programming, model-driven engineering, agile software development, and domain specific languages. The first OOPSLA conference was held in Portland, Oregon in 1986. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Colon polyp Summary Colon_polyp A colorectal polyp is a polyp (fleshy growth) occurring on the lining of the colon or rectum. Untreated colorectal polyps can develop into colorectal cancer.Colorectal polyps are often classified by their behaviour (i.e. benign vs. malignant) or cause (e.g. as a consequence of inflammatory bowel disease). They may be benign (e.g. hyperplastic polyp), pre-malignant (e.g. tubular adenoma) or malignant (e.g. colorectal adenocarcinoma). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gene regulatory circuit Summary Gene_regulatory_circuit Depending on the type of circuit, they respond constantly to outside signals, such as sugars and hormone levels, that determine how the circuit will return to its fixed point or periodic equilibrium state. Genetic regulatory circuits also have an ability to be evolutionarily rewired without the loss of the original transcriptional output level. This rewiring is defined by the change in regulatory-target gene interactions, while there is still conservation of regulatory factors and target genes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ancestral reconstruction Bayesian inference Ancestral_reconstruction > Methods and algorithms > Bayesian inference P ( D | S , θ ) {\displaystyle P(D|S,\theta )} is the likelihood of the observed data which can be computed by Felsenstein's pruning algorithm as given above. P ( S | θ ) {\displaystyle P(S|\theta )} is the prior probability of the ancestral states for a given model and tree. Finally, P ( D | θ ) {\displaystyle P(D|\theta )} is the probability of the data for a given model and tree, integrated over all possible ancestral states. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Perceptual control theory Example Perceptual_control_theory > Example A simple negative feedback control system is a cruise control system for a car. A cruise control system has a sensor which "perceives" speed as the rate of spin of the drive shaft directly connected to the wheels. It also has a driver-adjustable 'goal' specifying a particular speed. The sensed speed is continuously compared against the specified speed by a device (called a "comparator") which subtracts the currently sensed input value from the stored goal value. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
History of molecular biology The encounter between biochemistry and genetics History_of_molecular_biology > The encounter between biochemistry and genetics The geographic panorama of the developments of the new biology was conditioned above all by preceding work. The US, where genetics had developed the most rapidly, and the UK, where there was a coexistence of both genetics and biochemical research of highly advanced levels, were in the avant-garde. Germany, the cradle of the revolutions in physics, with the best minds and the most advanced laboratories of genetics in the world, should have had a primary role in the development of molecular biology. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Health survival paradox Physiological factors Health_survival_paradox > Influential factors > Biological factors > Physiological factors For instance, although lower levels of LDL may prevent atherosclerotic buildup which can lead to chronic heart disease, estrogen may overall elevate chronic heart disease in older women with advanced plaque buildup by causing thrombosis.Women can store excess high-density lipoproteins, which most likely slows the progression of plaque growth. Interestingly, calcium metabolism may contribute to the female mortality advantage. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Wave–particle duality relation Summary Wave–particle_duality_relation A year later Englert, in 1996, derived a related relation dealing with experimentally acquiring knowledge of the two paths using an apparatus, as opposed to predicting the path based on initial preparation. This relation is D 2 + V 2 ≤ 1 {\displaystyle D^{2}+V^{2}\leq 1\,} . Here D {\displaystyle D} is called the distinguishability. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Malkus waterwheel Summary Malkus_waterwheel As a pedagogic tool, the Malkus waterwheel became a paradigmatic realization of a chaotic system, and is widely used in the teaching of chaos theory.In addition to its pedagogic use, the Malkus waterwheel has been actively studied by researchers in dynamical systems and chaos.In the Malkus waterwheel, a constant flow of water pours in at the top bucket of a simple circular symmetrical waterwheel and the base of each bucket is perforated to allow the outflow of water. At low rates of inflow, the wheel rolls permanently in the same direction. At higher rates of inflow, the waterwheel enters a chaotic regime where it reverses its directionality, accelerates and decelerates in an apparently unpredictable way. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Linked list Circular linked list Linked_lists > Basic concepts and nomenclature > Circular linked list In the last node of a linked list, the link field often contains a null reference, a special value is used to indicate the lack of further nodes. A less common convention is to make it point to the first node of the list; in that case, the list is said to be 'circular' or 'circularly linked'; otherwise, it is said to be 'open' or 'linear'. It is a list where the last node pointer points to the first node (i.e., the "next link" pointer of the last node has the memory address of the first node). In the case of a circular doubly linked list, the first node also points to the last node of the list. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Rheumatoid arthritis Summary Rheumatic_arthritis Often, symptoms come on gradually over weeks to months.While the cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not clear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves the body's immune system attacking the joints. This results in inflammation and thickening of the joint capsule. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Loop gravity Background independence Loop_gravity > Background independence For example, some derivations require a fixed choice of the topology, while any consistent quantum theory of gravity should include topology change as a dynamical process.Space-time as a "container" over which physics takes place has no objective physical meaning and instead the gravitational interaction is represented as just one of the fields forming the world. This is known as the relationalist interpretation of space-time. In LQG this aspect of general relativity is taken seriously and this symmetry is preserved by requiring that the physical states remain invariant under the generators of diffeomorphisms. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Neurodegenerative disorders Animal models in research Neurodegenerative_Diseases > Management > Animal models in research In March 2010, the results of a clinical trial phase III were released; the investigational Alzheimer's disease drug Dimebon failed in the pivotal CONNECTION trial of patients with mild-to-moderate disease. With CONCERT, the remaining Pfizer and Medivation Phase III trial for Dimebon (latrepirdine) in Alzheimer's disease failed in 2012, effectively ending the development in this indication.In another experiment using a rat model of Alzheimer's disease, it was demonstrated that systemic administration of hypothalamic proline-rich peptide (PRP)-1 offers neuroprotective effects and can prevent neurodegeneration in hippocampus amyloid-beta 25–35. This suggests that there could be therapeutic value to PRP-1. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor Alzheimer's disease Low-affinity_nerve_growth_factor_receptor > Role in disease > Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. AD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of cognitive functioning - thinking, remembering and reasoning- and behavioral abilities to such an extent that it interferes with a person's daily life and activities. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD include amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which lead to neuronal death. Studies in animal models of AD have shown that p75NTR contributes to amyloid β-induced neuronal damage. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tree measurement Tree databases Tree_measurement > Tree databases The Native Tree Society has its own database Trees Database with the requirement that the trees entered meet their height measurement standards. There also are databases maintained by Australia’s National Register of Big Trees, The New Zealand Tree Register, Monumental Trees (primarily focused on Europe but including trees from elsewhere in the world), and The Tree Register - A unique record of Notable and Ancient Trees in Britain and Ireland.There are many other sites maintained by groups and individuals that include tabulations of big trees of a specific area, of a particular species, or simply the largest individuals. Some of these include Landmark Trees, Native Tree Society, Old Trees in The Netherlands and Western Europe, the big eucalypts of Tasmania and Victoria, and the Old Growth Forest Network.In all cases, the data collected needs to be organized into a useful searchable format that can be used. The Native Tree Society provides a free downloadable excel spreadsheet that can be used for organizing tree datasets Tree Measurement Data Spreadsheet. The spreadsheet can be modified for the needs of the user. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mechanical filter Magnetostrictive Mechanical_filter > Transducers > Magnetostrictive current superimposed on the signal, but this approach would detract from the generality of the filter design.The usual magnetostrictive materials used for the transducer are either ferrite or compressed powdered iron. Mechanical filter designs often have the resonators coupled with steel or nickel-iron wires, but on some designs, especially older ones, nickel wire may be used for the input and output rods. This is because it is possible to wind the transducer coil directly on to a nickel coupling wire since nickel is slightly magnetostrictive. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Body force Qualitative Body_forces > Definition > Qualitative Common inertial forces are, Centrifugal force, Coriolis force, Euler force (or transverse force), which occurs in a rotating reference frame when the rate of rotation of the frame is changingHowever, fictitious forces are not actually forces. Rather they are corrections to Newton's second law when it is formulated in an accelerating reference frame. (Gravity can also be considered a fictitious force in the context of General Relativity.) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quantal neurotransmitter release Quantal neurotransmitter release mechanism Quantal_neurotransmitter_release > Quantal neurotransmitter release mechanism Neurotransmitter receptors will either signal postsynaptic channels to "open" or "close" which will affect the rates that ions are able to cross the synaptic membrane. The relative change in ion flow will polarize the membrane based on the properties of the affected ion channel. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Suprarenal gland Corticosteroids Adrenal_gland > Function > Corticosteroids Corticosteroids are a group of steroid hormones produced from the cortex of the adrenal gland, from which they are named. Mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone regulate salt ("mineral") balance and blood pressure Glucocorticoids such as cortisol influence metabolism rates of proteins, fats and sugars ("glucose"). Androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone.MineralocorticoidsThe adrenal gland produces aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, which is important in the regulation of salt ("mineral") balance and blood volume. In the kidneys, aldosterone acts on the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts by increasing the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of both potassium and hydrogen ions. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Austempering Advantages Austempering > Advantages Near-net-shape casting also further reduces the machining cost, which is already reduced by machining soft ductile iron instead of hardened steel. A lighter finished part reduces freight charges and the streamlined production flow often reduces lead time. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cellular waste product Aerobic respiration Cellular_waste_product > Aerobic respiration This strategy results in the waste products H2O and CO2 being formed in different amounts at different phases of respiration. CO2 is formed in Pyruvate decarboxylation, H2O is formed in oxidative phosphorylation, and both are formed in the citric acid cycle. The simple nature of the final products also indicates the efficiency of this method of respiration. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fields of mathematics Artistic expression Fields_of_mathematics > Cultural impact > Artistic expression The harmonic frequencies, which are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.Humans, as well as some other animals, find symmetric patterns to be more beautiful. Mathematically, the symmetries of an object form a group known as the symmetry group.For example, the group underlying mirror symmetry is the cyclic group of two elements, Z / 2 Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /2\mathbb {Z} } . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hemodynamic response Pulmonary arterial hypertension Hemodynamic_response > Complications > Pulmonary arterial hypertension Moreover, high-dose calcium-channel blockers among patients who have a response to this treatment can prolong survival and improve pulmonary haemodynamics. Calcium channel blocking drugs results in regression of right ventricular hypertrophy. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Control (management) Information flow Control_(management) > Problems > Information flow This phenomenon is illustrated in Figure 1. “Oscillation and Feedback”. If, at Point A, the trend below standard is recognized and new inputs are added, but not until Point B, the system will overreact and go beyond the allowable limits. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Artificial lifeform Categories of synthetic biology Synthetic_Biology > Categories of synthetic biology Bioengineering, synthetic genomics, protocell synthetic biology, unconventional molecular biology, and in silico techniques are the five categories of synthetic biology.It is necessary to review the distinctions and analogies between the categories of synthetic biology for its social and ethical assessment, to distinguish between issues affecting the whole field and particular to a specific one. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of genetics (0–L) C Glossary_of_gene_expression_terms > C cisgenesis cistron classical genetics The branch of genetics based solely on observation of the visible results of reproductive acts, as opposed to that made possible by the modern techniques and methodologies of molecular biology. Contrast molecular genetics. cloning The process of producing, either naturally or artificially, individual organisms or cells which are genetically identical to each other. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
X-inactivation Silencing X-inactivation > Mechanism > Silencing The inactive X chromosome does not express the majority of its genes, unlike the active X chromosome. This is due to the silencing of the Xi by repressive heterochromatin, which compacts the Xi DNA and prevents the expression of most genes. Compared to the Xa, the Xi has high levels of DNA methylation, low levels of histone acetylation, low levels of histone H3 lysine-4 methylation, and high levels of histone H3 lysine-9 methylation and H3 lysine-27 methylation mark which is placed by the PRC2 complex recruited by Xist, all of which are associated with gene silencing. PRC2 regulates chromatin compaction and chromatin remodeling in several processes including the DNA damage response. Additionally, a histone variant called macroH2A (H2AFY) is exclusively found on nucleosomes along the Xi. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Compact subspace Metric spaces Compact_spaces > Definitions > Characterization > Metric spaces For any metric space (X, d), the following are equivalent (assuming countable choice): (X, d) is compact. (X, d) is complete and totally bounded (this is also equivalent to compactness for uniform spaces). (X, d) is sequentially compact; that is, every sequence in X has a convergent subsequence whose limit is in X (this is also equivalent to compactness for first-countable uniform spaces). (X, d) is limit point compact (also called weakly countably compact); that is, every infinite subset of X has at least one limit point in X. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Nuclear fission products Yield Fission_products > Yield For instance, the curve of yield against mass for 239Pu has a more shallow valley than that observed for 235U when the neutrons are thermal neutrons. The curves for the fission of the later actinides tend to make even more shallow valleys. In extreme cases such as 259Fm, only one peak is seen; this is a consequence of symmetric fission becoming dominant due to shell effects.The adjacent figure shows a typical fission product distribution from the fission of uranium. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Backtracking line search Summary Backtracking_line_search In (unconstrained) mathematical optimization, a backtracking line search is a line search method to determine the amount to move along a given search direction. Its use requires that the objective function is differentiable and that its gradient is known. The method involves starting with a relatively large estimate of the step size for movement along the line search direction, and iteratively shrinking the step size (i.e., "backtracking") until a decrease of the objective function is observed that adequately corresponds to the amount of decrease that is expected, based on the step size and the local gradient of the objective function. A common stopping criterion is the Armijo–Goldstein condition. Backtracking line search is typically used for gradient descent (GD), but it can also be used in other contexts. For example, it can be used with Newton's method if the Hessian matrix is positive definite. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Plate fin heat exchanger Summary Plate-fin_heat_exchanger A plate-fin heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger design that uses plates and finned chambers to transfer heat between fluids, most commonly gases. It is often categorized as a compact heat exchanger to emphasize its relatively high heat transfer surface area to volume ratio. The plate-fin heat exchanger is widely used in many industries, including the aerospace industry for its compact size and lightweight properties, as well as in cryogenics where its ability to facilitate heat transfer with small temperature differences is utilized.Aluminum alloy plate fin heat exchangers, often referred to as Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchangers, have been used in the aircraft industry for more than 60 years and adopted into the cryogenic air separation industry around the time of the second world war and shortly afterwards into cryogenic processes in chemical plants such as Natural Gas Processing. They are also used in railway engines and motor cars. Stainless steel plate fins have been used in aircraft for 30 years and are now becoming established in chemical plants. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cauchy-continuous function Examples and non-examples Cauchy_continuous > Examples and non-examples (This example works equally well on R . {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} .} ) A Cauchy sequence ( y 1 , y 2 , … ) {\displaystyle \left(y_{1},y_{2},\ldots \right)} in Y {\displaystyle Y} can be identified with a Cauchy-continuous function from { 1 , 1 / 2 , 1 / 3 , … } {\displaystyle \left\{1,1/2,1/3,\ldots \right\}} to Y , {\displaystyle Y,} defined by f ( 1 / n ) = y n . {\displaystyle f\left(1/n\right)=y_{n}.} If Y {\displaystyle Y} is complete, then this can be extended to { 1 , 1 / 2 , 1 / 3 , … } ; {\displaystyle \left\{1,1/2,1/3,\ldots \right\};} f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} will be the limit of the Cauchy sequence. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mathematical system theory System dynamics Dynamical_systems_and_chaos_theory > Related fields > System dynamics System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behaviour of systems over time. It deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behaviour and state of the entire system. What makes using system dynamics different from other approaches to studying systems is the language used to describe feedback loops with stocks and flows. These elements help describe how even seemingly simple systems display baffling nonlinearity. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pulmonary diseases Neonatal diseases Pulmonary_disease > Neonatal diseases It is marked by an elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and vasoconstriction causing a right-to-left shunt of the blood through the foramen ovale or ductus arteriosus. There are three main causes of PPHN are parenchymal diseases such as meconium aspiration syndrome, idiopathic, and hypoplastic vasculature like in a diaphragmatic hernia. It will eventually resolve in most infants. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Reproducibility crisis Background Replicability_crisis > Background Results are considered significant whenever the relative frequency of the observed pattern falls below an arbitrarily chosen value (i.e. the significance level) when assuming the null hypothesis is true. This generally answers the question of how unlikely results would be if no difference existed at the level of the statistical population. If the probability associated with the test statistic exceeds the chosen critical value, the results are considered statistically significant. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Strain rate Strain rate testing Strain_rate > Strain rate testing Materials can be tested using the so-called epsilon dot ( ε ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {\varepsilon }}} ) method which can be used to derive viscoelastic parameters through lumped parameter analysis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Stress–strain analysis Factor of safety Stress–strain_analysis > Factor of safety An aircraft wing might be designed with a factor of safety of 1.25 on the yield strength of the wing and a factor of safety of 1.5 on its ultimate strength. The test fixtures that apply those loads to the wing during the test might be designed with a factor of safety of 3.0 on ultimate strength, while the structure that shelters the test fixture might have an ultimate factor of safety of ten. These values reflect the degree of confidence the responsible authorities have in their understanding of the load environment, their certainty of the material strengths, the accuracy of the analytical techniques used in the analysis, the value of the structures, the value of the lives of those flying, those near the test fixtures, and those within the building. The factor of safety is used to calculate a maximum allowable stress: | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
SSL Certificate Email certificate Digital_certificates > Types of certificate > Email certificate In accordance with the S/MIME protocol, email certificates can both establish the message integrity and encrypt messages. To establish encrypted email communication, the communicating parties must have their digital certificates in advance. Each must send the other one digitally signed email and opt to import the sender's certificate. Some publicly trusted certificate authorities provide email certificates, but more commonly S/MIME is used when communicating within a given organization, and that organization runs its own CA, which is trusted by participants in that email system. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mucosal immunity Basic immune response in the gut Mucosal_immunity > Basic immune response in the gut In the gut, lymphoid tissue is dispersed in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). A large number of immune system cells in the intestines are found in dome-like structures called Peyer’s patches and in small mucosal lymphoid aggregates called cryptopatches. Above the Peyer’s patches is a layer of epithelial cells, which together with the mucus form a barrier against microbial invasion into the underlying tissue. Antigen sampling is a key function of Peyer’s patches. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Leukocyte count Proliferative disorders Leukocyte_count > Disorders > Proliferative disorders An increase in the number of white blood cells in circulation is called leukocytosis. This increase is most commonly caused by inflammation. There are four major causes: increase of production in bone marrow, increased release from storage in bone marrow, decreased attachment to veins and arteries, decreased uptake by tissues. Leukocytosis may affect one or more cell lines and can be neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic, monocytosis, or lymphocytosis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Global Climate Regime Issues Global_Climate_Regime > Issues Over the last century increasing concentrations of gasses such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have formed a blanket in the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect. The warming has brought about a number of significant issues. The Arctic ice is melting, which is causing an increase in the amount of heat retained at the Earth's poles. Deforestation, whether intentional or by wildfire, is affecting the natural filtration of the air. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pellet grill PID controllers (adjustable duty cycle) Pellet_grill > Function > PID controllers (adjustable duty cycle) Similar to other controllers, when the desired temperature is set into a PID controller, the pellet grill ignites the pellets and begins an initial warm-up to a predetermined temperature. Once that has been reached, the pellet grill begins climbing toward the programmed temperature. As it does, the PID controller undergoes a process of trial and error, fine tuning the rate at which pellets are fed by learning how long and how much fuel it takes to raise the pellet grill's temperature under the current conditions. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Homogeneous differential equation Summary Homogeneous_differential_equation A differential equation can be homogeneous in either of two respects. A first order differential equation is said to be homogeneous if it may be written f ( x , y ) d y = g ( x , y ) d x , {\displaystyle f(x,y)\,dy=g(x,y)\,dx,} where f and g are homogeneous functions of the same degree of x and y. In this case, the change of variable y = ux leads to an equation of the form d x x = h ( u ) d u , {\displaystyle {\frac {dx}{x}}=h(u)\,du,} which is easy to solve by integration of the two members. Otherwise, a differential equation is homogeneous if it is a homogeneous function of the unknown function and its derivatives. In the case of linear differential equations, this means that there are no constant terms. The solutions of any linear ordinary differential equation of any order may be deduced by integration from the solution of the homogeneous equation obtained by removing the constant term. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Open Knowledge Initiative Description Open_Knowledge_Initiative > Description The Open Knowledge Initiative was initially sponsored by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The goal of an SOA is to provide a separation between the interface of a service and its underlying implementation such that consumers (applications) can interoperate across the widest set of service providers (implementations) and providers can easily be swapped on-the-fly without modification to application code. Using this architectural style preserves the software development investment as underlying technologies and mechanisms evolve and allows enterprises to incorporate externally developed application software without the cost of a porting effort to achieve interoperability with an existing computing infrastructure. OKI has designed and published a suite of software interfaces known as Open Service Interface Definitions (OSIDs), each of which describes a logical computing service. In contrast to other interface definitions that encapsulate a specific technology, an OSID more easily permits a variety of technologies to interoperate through its interfaces for a given service. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Categorical distribution Related distributions Categorical_distribution > See also > Related distributions Dirichlet distribution Multinomial distribution Bernoulli distribution Dirichlet-multinomial distribution | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Electric system Electric potential Electricity > Concepts > Electric potential The electric field was formally defined as the force exerted per unit charge, but the concept of potential allows for a more useful and equivalent definition: the electric field is the local gradient of the electric potential. Usually expressed in volts per metre, the vector direction of the field is the line of greatest slope of potential, and where the equipotentials lie closest together. : 60 | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Backtracking line search Motivation Backtracking_line_search > Motivation The goal, then, is just to identify a value of α {\displaystyle \alpha } that provides a reasonable amount of improvement in the objective function, rather than to find the actual minimizing value of α {\displaystyle \alpha } . The backtracking line search starts with a large estimate of α {\displaystyle \alpha } and iteratively shrinks it. The shrinking continues until a value is found that is small enough to provide a decrease in the objective function that adequately matches the decrease that is expected to be achieved, based on the local function gradient ∇ f ( x ) . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Parental abuse of children Physical Parental_abuse_of_children > Effects > Physical The increased rate of telomere length reduction correlates to a reduction in lifespan of 7 to 15 years. Data from a recent study supports previous findings that specific neurobiochemical changes are linked to exposure to violence and abuse, several biological pathways can possibly lead to the development of illness, and certain physiological mechanisms can moderate how severe illnesses become in patients with past experience with violence or abuse. Recent studies give evidence of a link between stress occurring early in life and epigenetic modifications that last into adulthood. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Congestion collapse TCP/IP congestion avoidance Congestion_collapse > Mitigation > TCP/IP congestion avoidance The TCP congestion avoidance algorithm is the primary basis for congestion control on the Internet.Problems occur when concurrent TCP flows experience tail-drops, especially when bufferbloat is present. This delayed packet loss interferes with TCP's automatic congestion avoidance. All flows that experience this packet loss begin a TCP retrain at the same moment – this is called TCP global synchronization. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Diffeomorphism Examples Diffeomorphism > Examples Since any manifold can be locally parametrised, we can consider some explicit maps from R 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}} into R 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}} . Let f ( x , y ) = ( x 2 + y 3 , x 2 − y 3 ) . {\displaystyle f(x,y)=\left(x^{2}+y^{3},x^{2}-y^{3}\right).} We can calculate the Jacobian matrix: J f = ( 2 x 3 y 2 2 x − 3 y 2 ) . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Root mean square AC voltage Power AC_Mains > Mathematics of AC voltages > Power The relationship between voltage and the power delivered is: p ( t ) = v 2 ( t ) R {\displaystyle p(t)={\frac {v^{2}(t)}{R}}} ,where R {\displaystyle R} represents a load resistance. Rather than using instantaneous power, p ( t ) {\displaystyle p(t)} , it is more practical to use a time-averaged power (where the averaging is performed over any integer number of cycles). Therefore, AC voltage is often expressed as a root mean square (RMS) value, written as V rms {\displaystyle V_{\text{rms}}} , because P time averaged = V rms 2 R . {\displaystyle P_{\text{time averaged}}={\frac {{V_{\text{rms}}}^{2}}{R}}.} Power oscillation v ( t ) = V peak sin ( ω t ) i ( t ) = v ( t ) R = V peak R sin ( ω t ) P ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) = ( V peak ) 2 R sin 2 ( ω t ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}v(t)&=V_{\text{peak}}\sin(\omega t)\\i(t)&={\frac {v(t)}{R}}={\frac {V_{\text{peak}}}{R}}\sin(\omega t)\\P(t)&=v(t)i(t)={\frac {(V_{\text{peak}})^{2}}{R}}\sin ^{2}(\omega t)\end{aligned}}} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Insulin Diseases and syndromes Insulin > Diseases and syndromes Causality has been demonstrated in multiple model organisms including mice and monkeys; importantly, non-obese people do get Type 2 diabetes due to diet, sedentary lifestyle and unknown risk factors, though it is important to note that this may not be a causal relationship. it is likely that there is genetic susceptibility to develop Type 2 diabetes under certain environmental conditions Other types of impaired glucose tolerance (see Diabetes) Insulinoma – a tumor of beta cells producing excess insulin or reactive hypoglycemia. Metabolic syndrome – a poorly understood condition first called syndrome X by Gerald Reaven. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Biological pacemaker History Biological_pacemaker > History Michael Rosen's group demonstrated that transplantation of HCN2-transfected human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) leads to expression of functional HCN2 channels in vitro and in vivo, mimicking overexpression of HCN2 genes in cardiac myocytes. In 2010, Ruhparwar's group again demonstrated a type of biological pacemaker, this time showing that by injection of the "Adenylate Cyclase" gene into the heart muscle a biological cardiac pacemaker can be created.In 2014, a gene called TBX18 has been non-invasively applied to speed up heart rates caused by heart block. More recent studies in 2015, has been experimented optogenetic approach in the rats heart, where a light sensitive transgene (Channelrhodopsin-2) injected to several sites of rat's ventricular, which, furthermore, can simultaneously stimulate the injection sites by a blue light irradiation. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ambigram Fractal ambigrams Ambigram > Types > Fractal ambigrams In mathematics, a fractal is a geometrical shape that exhibits invariance under scaling. A piece of the whole, if enlarged, has the same geometrical features as the entire object itself. A fractal ambigram is a sort of space-filling ambigrams where the tiled word branches from itself and then shrinks in a self-similar manner, forming a fractal. In general, only a few letters are constrainted in a fractal ambigram. The other letters don't need to look like any other, and thus can be shaped freely. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Prion disease Replication Prion_disease > Replication Manfred Eigen showed that the heterodimer model requires PrPSc to be an extraordinarily effective catalyst, increasing the rate of the conversion reaction by a factor of around 1015. This problem does not arise if PrPSc exists only in aggregated forms such as amyloid, where cooperativity may act as a barrier to spontaneous conversion. What is more, despite considerable effort, infectious monomeric PrPSc has never been isolated.An alternative model assumes that PrPSc exists only as fibrils, and that fibril ends bind PrPC and convert it into PrPSc. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sedimentary layer Key marine depositional environments Sedimentary_layer > Shores and shallow seas > Key marine depositional environments The major areas for deposition of sediments in the marine environment include: Littoral sands (e.g. beach sands, runoff river sands, coastal bars and spits, largely clastic with little faunal content) The continental shelf (silty clays, increasing marine faunal content). The shelf margin (low terrigenous supply, mostly calcareous faunal skeletons) The shelf slope (much more fine-grained silts and clays) Beds of estuaries with the resultant deposits called "bay mud".One other depositional environment which is a mixture of fluvial and marine is the turbidite system, which is a major source of sediment to the deep sedimentary and abyssal basins as well as the deep oceanic trenches. Any depression in a marine environment where sediments accumulate over time is known as a sediment trap. The null point theory explains how sediment deposition undergoes a hydrodynamic sorting process within the marine environment leading to a seaward fining of sediment grain size. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Nonogram Nonograms in computing Nonogram > Nonograms in computing Solving nonogram puzzles is an NP-complete problem. This means that there is no polynomial time algorithm that solves all nonogram puzzles unless P = NP. However, certain classes of puzzles, such as those in which each row or column has only one block of cells and all cells are connected, may be solved in polynomial time by transforming the problem into an instance of 2-satisfiability. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Concurrent Clean Compiling Concurrent_Clean > Compiling Compilation of Clean to machine code is performed as follows: Source files (.icl) and definition files (.dcl) are translated into Core Clean, a basic variant of Clean, by the compiler frontend written in Clean. Core clean is converted into Clean's platform-independent intermediate language (.abc), by the compiler backend written in Clean and C. Intermediate ABC code is converted to object code (.o) by the code generator written in C. Object code is linked with other files in the module and the runtime system and converted into a normal executable using the system linker (when available) or a dedicated linker written in Clean on Windows.Earlier versions of the Clean compiler were written completely in C, thus avoiding bootstrapping issues. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gummosis Summary Gummosis Gummosis is the formation of patches of a gummy substance on the surface of certain plants, particularly fruit trees. This occurs when sap oozes from wounds or cankers as a reaction to outside stimuli such as adverse weather conditions, infections, insect problems, or mechanical damage. It is understood as a plant physiological disease. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Osmotic potential Applications Osmotic_potential > Applications Turgor pressure allows herbaceous plants to stand upright. It is also the determining factor for how plants regulate the aperture of their stomata. In animal cells excessive osmotic pressure can result in cytolysis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Management of ulcerative colitis Corticosteroids Management_of_ulcerative_colitis > Medications > Corticosteroids In prescribing these drugs it might be well to inquire as to any family history of bipolar disorder. Corticosteroids should not be confused with anabolic steroids, the controversial performance-building "steroids" that are banned in certain sports. The following corticosteroids are used as immune system suppressants in treatment of ulcerative colitis: Cortisone Prednisone Hydrocortisone Methylprednisolone Budesonide, also known as Entocort, available for oral use or as an enema. Budesonide is metabolized faster than traditional steroids and appears to produce fewer systemic side effects. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Orbital launch Stability Orbital_flight > Stability An object in orbit at an altitude of less than roughly 200 km is considered unstable due to atmospheric drag. For a satellite to be in a stable orbit (i.e. sustainable for more than a few months), 350 km is a more standard altitude for low Earth orbit. For example, on 1 February 1958 the Explorer 1 satellite was launched into an orbit with a perigee of 358 kilometers (222 mi). It remained in orbit for more than 12 years before its atmospheric reentry over the Pacific Ocean on 31 March 1970. However, the exact behaviour of objects in orbit depends on altitude, their ballistic coefficient, and details of space weather which can affect the height of the upper atmosphere. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Damped vibration Eigenvalue problem Damped_vibration > Analysis > Eigenvalue problem When these eigenvalues are substituted back into the original set of equations, the values of { X } {\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}X\end{Bmatrix}}} that correspond to each eigenvalue are called the eigenvectors. These eigenvectors represent the mode shapes of the system. The solution of an eigenvalue problem can be quite cumbersome (especially for problems with many degrees of freedom), but fortunately most math analysis programs have eigenvalue routines. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Combination Example of counting combinations Combination > Number of k-combinations > Example of counting combinations As a specific example, one can compute the number of five-card hands possible from a standard fifty-two card deck as: Alternatively one may use the formula in terms of factorials and cancel the factors in the numerator against parts of the factors in the denominator, after which only multiplication of the remaining factors is required: Another alternative computation, equivalent to the first, is based on writing which gives When evaluated in the following order, 52 ÷ 1 × 51 ÷ 2 × 50 ÷ 3 × 49 ÷ 4 × 48 ÷ 5, this can be computed using only integer arithmetic. The reason is that when each division occurs, the intermediate result that is produced is itself a binomial coefficient, so no remainders ever occur. Using the symmetric formula in terms of factorials without performing simplifications gives a rather extensive calculation: | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Computer modeling In practical contexts Computational_modeling > In practical contexts Furthermore, simulation results are often aggregated into static images using various ways of scientific visualization. In debugging, simulating a program execution under test (rather than executing natively) can detect far more errors than the hardware itself can detect and, at the same time, log useful debugging information such as instruction trace, memory alterations and instruction counts. This technique can also detect buffer overflow and similar "hard to detect" errors as well as produce performance information and tuning data. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Reaction rates Formal definition Rate_of_reactions > Formal definition When so defined, for an elementary and irreversible reaction, v is the rate of successful chemical reaction events leading to the product. The above definition is only valid for a single reaction, in a closed system of constant volume. If water is added to a pot containing salty water, the concentration of salt decreases, although there is no chemical reaction. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Causal relationship Physics Causal_relationships > Fields > Science > Physics For example, a temporally transient process might be characterized by a definite change of force at a definite time. Such a process can be regarded as a cause. Causality is not inherently implied in equations of motion, but postulated as an additional constraint that needs to be satisfied (i.e. a cause always precedes its effect). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cancer biomarkers Diagnosis Cancer_biomarkers > Role of biomarkers in cancer research and medicine > Uses of biomarkers in cancer medicine > Diagnosis Cancer biomarkers can also be useful in establishing a specific diagnosis. This is particularly the case when there is a need to determine whether tumors are of primary or metastatic origin. To make this distinction, researchers can screen the chromosomal alterations found on cells located in the primary tumor site against those found in the secondary site. If the alterations match, the secondary tumor can be identified as metastatic; whereas if the alterations differ, the secondary tumor can be identified as a distinct primary tumor. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lm sensors Summary Lm_sensors lm_sensors (Linux-monitoring sensors) is a free open-source software-tool for Linux that provides tools and drivers for monitoring temperatures, voltage, humidity, and fans. It can also detect chassis intrusions. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
UV radiation Solar ultraviolet UV_protection > Solar ultraviolet Very hot objects emit UV radiation (see black-body radiation). The Sun emits ultraviolet radiation at all wavelengths, including the extreme ultraviolet where it crosses into X-rays at 10 nm. Extremely hot stars (such as O- and B-type) emit proportionally more UV radiation than the Sun. Sunlight in space at the top of Earth's atmosphere (see solar constant) is composed of about 50% infrared light, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet light, for a total intensity of about 1400 W/m2 in vacuum.The atmosphere blocks about 77% of the Sun's UV, when the Sun is highest in the sky (at zenith), with absorption increasing at shorter UV wavelengths. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Irritable bowel syndrome Discontinuation of proton pump inhibitors Irritable_bowel_syndrome > Management > Medication > Discontinuation of proton pump inhibitors Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) used to suppress stomach acid production may cause small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) leading to IBS symptoms. Discontinuation of PPIs in selected individuals has been recommended as it may lead to an improvement or resolution of IBS symptoms. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fission product yield Mass vs. yield curve Fission_product_yield > Mass vs. yield curve Because of the stability of nuclei with even numbers of protons and/or neutrons the curve of yield against element is not a smooth curve. It tends to alternate. In general, the higher the energy of the state that undergoes nuclear fission, the more likely a symmetric fission is, hence as the neutron energy increases and/or the energy of the fissile atom increases, the valley between the two peaks becomes more shallow; for instance, the curve of yield against mass for Pu-239 has a more shallow valley than that observed for U-235, when the neutrons are thermal neutrons. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Recursive neural network Recursive cascade correlation (RecCC) Recursive_neural_network > Architectures > Recursive cascade correlation (RecCC) RecCC is a constructive neural network approach to deal with tree domains with pioneering applications to chemistry and extension to directed acyclic graphs. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
DNS domain Summary Domain_name In the Internet, a domain name is a string that identifies a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control. Domain names are often used to identify services provided through the Internet, such as websites, email services and more. As of 2017, 330.6 million domain names had been registered. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and for application-specific naming and addressing purposes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Computer architectures Performance Computer_design > Design goals > Performance Performance is affected by a very wide range of design choices — for example, pipelining a processor usually makes latency worse, but makes throughput better. Computers that control machinery usually need low interrupt latencies. These computers operate in a real-time environment and fail if an operation is not completed in a specified amount of time. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Acid-base reactions Lewis definition Arrhenius_theory > Acid–base definitions > Lewis definition Thus BF3 + F− → BF−4is a typical Lewis acid, Lewis base reaction. All compounds of group 13 elements with a formula AX3 can behave as Lewis acids. Similarly, compounds of group 15 elements with a formula DY3, such as amines, NR3, and phosphines, PR3, can behave as Lewis bases. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mitotic phase Forms of mitosis Mitosis > Variations > Forms of mitosis Finally, a third criterion is the location of the central spindle in case of closed pleuromitosis: "extranuclear" (spindle located in the cytoplasm) or "intranuclear" (in the nucleus). Nuclear division takes place only in cells of organisms of the eukaryotic domain, as bacteria and archaea have no nucleus. Bacteria and archaea undergo a different type of division. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fluid dynamic bearing Hydrodynamic lubrication Hydrodynamic_Lubrication > Operation > Hydrodynamic lubrication These fluids can be liquid or gas, so long as they exhibit viscosity. In computer fan and spinning device, like a hard disk drive, heads are supported by hydrodynamic lubrication in which the fluid film is the atmosphere. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Permutation codes Definition and properties Permutation_codes > Definition and properties A permutation code C {\displaystyle C} is defined as a subset of the Symmetric Group in S n {\displaystyle S_{n}} endowed with the usual Hamming distance between strings of length n {\displaystyle n} . More precisely, if σ , τ {\displaystyle \sigma ,\tau } are permutations in S n {\displaystyle S_{n}} , then d ( τ , σ ) = | { i ∈ { 1 , 2 , . . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
State complexity Summary State_complexity State complexity is an area of theoretical computer science dealing with the size of abstract automata, such as different kinds of finite automata. The classical result in the area is that simulating an n {\displaystyle n} -state nondeterministic finite automaton by a deterministic finite automaton requires exactly 2 n {\displaystyle 2^{n}} states in the worst case. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Molecular orbital diagram Dilithium Molecular_orbital_diagram > Diatomic MO diagrams > Dilithium MO theory correctly predicts that dilithium is a stable molecule with bond order 1 (configuration 1σg21σu22σg2). The 1s MOs are completely filled and do not participate in bonding. Dilithium is a gas-phase molecule with a much lower bond strength than dihydrogen because the 2s electrons are further removed from the nucleus. In a more detailed analysis which considers the environment of each orbital due to all other electrons, both the 1σ orbitals have higher energies than the 1s AO and the occupied 2σ is also higher in energy than the 2s AO (see table 1). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Carbon dioxide partial pressure Structure, bonding and molecular vibrations CO2 > Chemical and physical properties > Structure, bonding and molecular vibrations Some of the vibrational modes are observed in the infrared (IR) spectrum: the antisymmetric stretching mode at wavenumber 2349 cm−1 (wavelength 4.25 μm) and the degenerate pair of bending modes at 667 cm−1 (wavelength 15 μm). The symmetric stretching mode does not create an electric dipole so is not observed in IR spectroscopy, but it is detected in by Raman spectroscopy at 1388 cm−1 (wavelength 7.2 μm).In the gas phase, carbon dioxide molecules undergo significant vibrational motions and do not keep a fixed structure. However, in a Coulomb explosion imaging experiment, an instantaneous image of the molecular structure can be deduced. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Archimedes constant Irrationality and transcendence Circumference-to-diameter_ratio > History > Irrationality and transcendence Not all mathematical advances relating to π were aimed at increasing the accuracy of approximations. When Euler solved the Basel problem in 1735, finding the exact value of the sum of the reciprocal squares, he established a connection between π and the prime numbers that later contributed to the development and study of the Riemann zeta function: Swiss scientist Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1768 proved that π is irrational, meaning it is not equal to the quotient of any two integers. Lambert's proof exploited a continued-fraction representation of the tangent function. French mathematician Adrien-Marie Legendre proved in 1794 that π2 is also irrational. In 1882, German mathematician Ferdinand von Lindemann proved that π is transcendental, confirming a conjecture made by both Legendre and Euler. Hardy and Wright states that "the proofs were afterwards modified and simplified by Hilbert, Hurwitz, and other writers". | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Oil constant SEC reporting rules Oil_constant > Reasons for reserve expansion > SEC reporting rules Oil companies which were listed at US stock exchanges or elsewhere are obliged to report their reserves on the principle of carefulness. This led to the effect that a new discovery was first reported by its lowest estimate (P90 = high confidence). : 2 Later, during production when the reservoir data became more detailed, the most likely estimate (P50) was reported but without backdating this reserve expansion to the year of the discovery. Enhanded oil recovery techniques made it possible to produce the P10 value (10% probability), but again the backdating was forgotten and it seemed as if new discoveries have been made. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Molecular anatomy Summary Molecular_anatomy Molecular anatomy is the subspecialty of microscopic anatomy concerned with the identification and description of molecular structures of cells, tissues, and organs in an organism. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Coast Formation Coastal_seas > Formation Sediment deposited by waves comes from eroded cliff faces and is moved along the coastline by the waves. This forms an abrasion or cliffed coast. Sediment deposited by rivers is the dominant influence on the amount of sediment located in the case of coastlines that have estuaries. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Opcode table Summary Opcode_table An opcode table (also called an opcode matrix) is a visual representation of all opcodes in an instruction set. It is arranged such that each axis of the table represents an upper or lower nibble, which combined form the full byte of the opcode. Additional opcode tables can exist for additional instructions created using an opcode prefix. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Electrical impedance Phasors Complex_Impedance > Complex voltage and current > Phasors A phasor is represented by a constant complex number, usually expressed in exponential form, representing the complex amplitude (magnitude and phase) of a sinusoidal function of time. Phasors are used by electrical engineers to simplify computations involving sinusoids (such as in AC circuits: 53 ), where they can often reduce a differential equation problem to an algebraic one. The impedance of a circuit element can be defined as the ratio of the phasor voltage across the element to the phasor current through the element, as determined by the relative amplitudes and phases of the voltage and current. This is identical to the definition from Ohm's law given above, recognising that the factors of e j ω t {\displaystyle e^{j\omega t}} cancel. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Carbohydrate metabolism Fructose metabolism Glucose_metabolism_disorder > Metabolic pathways > Fructose metabolism Fructose must undergo certain extra steps in order to enter the glycolysis pathway. Enzymes located in certain tissues can add a phosphate group to fructose. This phosphorylation creates fructose-6-phosphate, an intermediate in the glycolysis pathway that can be broken down directly in those tissues. This pathway occurs in the muscles, adipose tissue, and kidney. In the liver, enzymes produce fructose-1-phosphate, which enters the glycolysis pathway and is later cleaved into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of genetics (M–Z) T Glossary_of_genetics_(M–Z) > T One of the four standard nucleosides used in DNA molecules, consisting of a thymine base with its N9 nitrogen bonded to the C1 carbon of a deoxyribose sugar. The prefix deoxy- is commonly omitted, since there are no ribonucleoside analogs of thymidine used in RNA, where it is replaced with uridine instead. thymine (T) Also 5-methyluracil. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Biological network inference Transcriptional regulatory networks Biological_network_inference > Transcriptional regulatory networks Genes are the nodes and the edges are directed. A gene serves as the source of a direct regulatory edge to a target gene by producing an RNA or protein molecule that functions as a transcriptional activator or inhibitor of the target gene. If the gene is an activator, then it is the source of a positive regulatory connection; if an inhibitor, then it is the source of a negative regulatory connection. Computational algorithms take as primary input data measurements of mRNA expression levels of the genes under consideration for inclusion in the network, returning an estimate of the network topology. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Adult-onset diabetes Works cited Type_2_diabetes_mellitus > References > Works cited Kahn CR, Ferris HA, O'Neill BT (2020). "Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus". Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (14 ed.). Elsevier. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
HitPredict Summary HitPredict HitPredict is a database of high confidence protein-protein interactions. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Particle velocity level Summary Particle_velocity_level Particle velocity (denoted v or SVL) is the velocity of a particle (real or imagined) in a medium as it transmits a wave. The SI unit of particle velocity is the metre per second (m/s). In many cases this is a longitudinal wave of pressure as with sound, but it can also be a transverse wave as with the vibration of a taut string. When applied to a sound wave through a medium of a fluid like air, particle velocity would be the physical speed of a parcel of fluid as it moves back and forth in the direction the sound wave is travelling as it passes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gravity gradient Summary Gravitational_gradient From this information it is possible to build a picture of subsurface anomalies which can then be used to more accurately target oil, gas and mineral deposits. It is also used to image water column density, when locating submerged objects, or determining water depth (bathymetry). Physical scientists use gravimeters to determine the exact size and shape of the earth and they contribute to the gravity compensations applied to inertial navigation systems. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Acute respiratory distress syndrome Diagnostic criteria Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome > Diagnosis > Diagnostic criteria Diagnostic criteria for ARDS have changed over time as understanding of the pathophysiology has evolved. The international consensus criteria for ARDS were most recently updated in 2012 and are known as the "Berlin definition". In addition to generally broadening the diagnostic thresholds, other notable changes from the prior 1994 consensus criteria include discouraging the term "acute lung injury," and defining grades of ARDS severity according to degree of decrease in the oxygen content of the blood.According to the 2012 Berlin definition, adult ARDS is characterized by the following: lung injury of acute onset, within 1 week of an apparent clinical insult and with the progression of respiratory symptoms bilateral opacities on chest imaging (chest radiograph or CT) not explained by other lung pathology (e.g. effusion, lobar/lung collapse, or nodules) respiratory failure not explained by heart failure or volume overload decreased PaO2/FiO2 ratio (a decreased PaO2/FiO2 ratio indicates reduced arterial oxygenation from the available inhaled gas): mild ARDS: 201 – 300 mmHg (≤ 39.9 kPa) moderate ARDS: 101 – 200 mmHg (≤ 26.6 kPa) severe ARDS: ≤ 100 mmHg (≤ 13.3 kPa) The Berlin definition requires a minimum positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O for consideration of the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. This degree of PEEP may be delivered noninvasively with CPAP to diagnose mild ARDS.The 2012 "Berlin criteria" are a modification of the prior 1994 consensus conference definitions (see history). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Peltier-Seebeck effect Full thermoelectric equations Thomson_coefficient > Full thermoelectric equations If the material is not in a steady state, a complete description needs to include dynamic effects such as relating to electrical capacitance, inductance and heat capacity. The thermoelectric effects lie beyond the scope of equilibrium thermodynamics. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Oolitic aragonite sand Formation Oolitic_aragonite_sand > Formation Compared to other types of sand formation that involve the weathering and erosion of a larger rock by turbulent waters, oolitic aragonite sand is created by dissolved calcium carbonate joining with the cortex or nucleus of the ooid. The dissolved calcium carbonate in seawater continues to stick to the cortex and is combined with the high velocity water which creates the smooth, granular shape resulting in the aragonite composed ooid. Biomineralization involving microbial organic matter likely also plays an important role in ooid formation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Landslide Flows Landslide > Types > Hungr-Leroueil-Picarelli classification > Flows Slope material that becomes saturated with water may produce a debris flow or mud flow. However, also dry debris can exhibit flow-like movement. Flowing debris or mud may pick up trees, houses and cars, and block bridges and rivers causing flooding along its path. This phenomenon is particularly hazardous in alpine areas, where narrow gorges and steep valleys are conducive of faster flows. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Giant multinucleated cell Pathogenesis Giant_multinucleated_cell > Pathogenesis About 90% of those infected with M. tuberculosis have asymptomatic, latent TB infections (sometimes called LTBI), with only a 10% lifetime chance that the latent infection will progress to overt, active tuberculous disease. In those with HIV, the risk of developing active TB increases to nearly 10% a year. If effective treatment is not given, the death rate for active TB cases is up to 66%. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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