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[ "Lynda Carter" ]

[ { "title": "Wonder Woman (TV series)", "text": "\"The New Adventures of Wonder Woman\", and a complete change of cast other than Carter and Waggoner. Waggoner's character was changed to Steve Trevor Jr., the son of his original character. \"Wonder Woman\" refers to both a 1974 television film and a 1975-79 television series based on the DC Comics character of the same name. The 1974 television film called \"Wonder Woman\" directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby, was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as \"respectable but not exactly wondrous,\" and ABC did not pick up the pilot.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4455417", "score": "1.1274045", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman 1984", "text": "with director Patty Jenkins confirming her casting the next month. By March 28, Pedro Pascal, who played Ed Indelicato in the pilot of the canceled 2011 \"Wonder Woman\" television adaptation, was cast in an undisclosed key role. On June 13, director Patty Jenkins confirmed the addition of Chris Pine as Steve Trevor through Twitter. On July 24, 2018, Natasha Rothwell was announced to be cast in an undisclosed role. A few days later, on July 27, Ravi Patel and Gabriella Wilde also joined the film, with their being roles kept under wraps as well. By late August, Connie Nielsen and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20229876", "score": "1.0942272", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman (1974 film)", "text": "Wonder Woman (1974 film) Wonder Woman is a 1974 American made-for-television superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name, directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby. The film was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as \"respectable but not exactly wondrous,\" and ABC did not pick up the pilot. Instead, Warner Brothers and ABC developed a different Wonder Woman television concept that fit the more traditional presentation of the character as created by William Moulton Marston, turning away from the 1968–72 era that had influenced the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16968127", "score": "1.0938742", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot)", "text": "Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot) Wonder Woman is an unaired television pilot produced by Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment for NBC, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. David E. Kelley wrote the pilot, which was directed by Jeffrey Reiner. Adrianne Palicki starred as the main character. The \"Wonder Woman\" pilot was expected to debut in 2011, but NBC opted not to buy the series. In an inner city home a teenager tells his family that he has been accepted to college moments before he begins convulsing and bleeding from the eyes and ears. Meanwhile, Wonder", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15921844", "score": "1.0822521", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman (TV series)", "text": "\"Justice League Unlimited.\" (Prior to the series in which Carter starred, the transformation was depicted in the comics by way of Diana spinning her magic lasso around her body, with the lasso changing her clothes, or by simply changing at super-human speed.) The iconic explosion overlay most associated with the TV show was introduced after the third episode to mask the cut point between the Diana and Wonder Woman clips, meaning they no longer needed to be perfectly aligned. This allowed them to be shot without a locked off camera at more convenient points in the production schedule, when Carter", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4455432", "score": "1.0822089", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot)", "text": "Flickering Myth in 2017, Neil Calloway said \"it has its moments ... but it was probably dated in 2011 ... We didn’t really lose anything by it not being commissioned into a series.\" Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot) Wonder Woman is an unaired television pilot produced by Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment for NBC, based on the DC Comics character of the same name. David E. Kelley wrote the pilot, which was directed by Jeffrey Reiner. Adrianne Palicki starred as the main character. The \"Wonder Woman\" pilot was expected to debut in 2011, but NBC opted not to buy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15921857", "score": "1.079441", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman (1974 film)", "text": "1980s. On December 11, 2012, Warner Brothers made the Cathy Lee Crosby pilot available as a Video On Demand purchase through their online store. Warner Home Video released the TV film to DVD in 2012 through Amazon.com and their Warner Archive collection. Wonder Woman (1974 film) Wonder Woman is a 1974 American made-for-television superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name, directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby. The film was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as \"respectable but not exactly wondrous,\" and ABC did", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16968131", "score": "1.0754558", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot)", "text": "Thoms were cast as villain Veronica Cale and Diana's personal assistant Etta Candy, respectively. Pedro Pascal was cast as Ed Indelicato, Wonder Woman's liaison to the police department and Cary Elwes as Henry Detmer, who runs the day-to-day operations of Diana's company. Actor Justin Bruening was cast to play Steve Trevor. The plot is described as \"a reinvention of the iconic DC Comic in which Wonder Womanaka Diana Themyscirais a vigilante crime fighter in L.A., but also a successful corporate executive and a modern woman, trying to balance all of the elements of her extraordinary life.\" No clear reference is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15921855", "score": "1.0713788", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman (TV series)", "text": "lead role. For the role of Steve Trevor, the producers chose Lyle Waggoner, despite his dark brown, almost-black, hair not matching the comic's blond Trevor, who at the time was better known as a comedic actor after several years co-starring in \"The Carol Burnett Show.\" He was also known to Ross as having been one of the leading candidates to play Batman a decade earlier, but instead Adam West was signed. Waggoner was also considered a sex symblol, having done a semi-nude pictorial in the first issue of \"Playgirl.\" Although the pilot followed the original comic book closely, in particular", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4455420", "score": "1.0676646", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman (TV series)", "text": "Wonder Woman, known from seasons 2 and 3 as The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, is an American television series based on the DC Comics comic book superhero of the same name. The show stars Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman/Diana Prince and Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor Sr. & Jr. It originally aired for three seasons from 1975 to 1979. The show's first season aired on ABC and is set in the 1940s during World War II. The second and third seasons aired on CBS and are set in the 1970s, with the title changed to The New Adventures of", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Lynda Carter", "text": "Marston and artist Harry G. Peter in 1941 for DC Comics. Conceived in the wake of popularity of Superman, Marston designed his creation as counter-programming to the \"Man of Steel\". The Diana Prince/Wonder Woman character is also referred to by such names as the Amazing Amazon, the Spirit of Truth, Themyscira's Champion, and the Goddess of Love and War. Wonder Woman was an instant hit with readers, and for the last 76 years, the character has been the world's most prominent DC comic book female superhero. Carter's acting career took off when she landed the starring role on \"Wonder Woman\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3190650", "score": "1.0599072", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Diana Prince", "text": "based on a comedic conceit that the homely Diana Prince saw herself as a gorgeous Amazon whenever she becomes Wonder Woman—although no one else sees such a change in her looks. The first TV pilot movie, starring Cathy Lee Crosby, was modeled primarily on the mod Diana Prince era and featured Crosby as Diana Prince, secretary to Office of Strategic Services (O.S.S) Major Steve Trevor, but secretly operating on her own as an agent known to some as \"Wonder Woman\". The \"Super Friends\" animated series included at least one episode featuring Diana Prince spinning to become Wonder Woman. The most", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3367002", "score": "1.059889", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman (TV series)", "text": "actress Beatrice Colen joined the cast as Corporal Etta Candy WAAC, General Blankenship's secretary, thereby providing YN1 Prince with a subordinate. Three episodes featured Debra Winger as Diana's younger sister, Drusilla, a.k.a. Wonder Girl, in one of her earliest acting roles. One of the most memorable aspects of the show that was developed during the first season was the transformation sequence that changed Diana Prince into her superheroine alter ego. The sequence in the original specials employed a slow fade between two synchronized shots, both filmed with an overcranked camera to create a slow motion effect. A twirling Diana Prince's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4455430", "score": "1.0571963", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Lynda Carter", "text": "as the title character and her secret identity, Diana Prince. The savings she had set aside from her days of touring on the road with her band to pursue acting in Los Angeles were almost exhausted, and she was close to returning to Arizona when Carter's manager informed her that Joanna Cassidy had lost the part to her. Carter's earnest performance greatly endeared her to both fans and critics and as a result, she continues to be closely identified with Wonder Woman. The \"Wonder Woman\" series lasted for three seasons, which aired on ABC and later on CBS from 1975", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3190651", "score": "1.0519215", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Shannon Farnon", "text": "Super Friends\" and the revival of \"Super Friends\". Farnon did voice several incidental characters, such as Lois Lane and Hawkgirl on some of the series and also played Kim Butler in \"Valley of the Dinosaurs\" in 1974, but mainly she did the voice of Wonder Woman. However, in 1984, her prominent character was recast in \"\", when the role was given to Constance Caufield and later to B.J. Ward. This case has often been given as an example of injustice in the television and animation industry. Mary McDonald-Lewis voiced Wonder Woman in an episode of \"Superman\". She voiced Wonder Woman", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14893318", "score": "1.0516223", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman (TV series)", "text": "a way to show how Diana Prince became Wonder Woman, when Carter suggested that she do a spin. Unlike the earlier pilot, the comic-book origins of the character were emphasized by the retention of the character's traditional uniform (the design of which was interpreted and executed by Donald Lee Feld, credited as \"Donfeld\") with the original setting and through the use of comic book elements. The series's title sequence was animated in the form of a series of comic book panels featuring Wonder Woman performing a variety of heroic feats. Within the show, location and exposition were handled through comic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4455422", "score": "1.0514292", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Bridget Regan", "text": "former lawyer, later criminal mastermind, who is involved in a complicated same-sex love affair. Also in 2014, she had a small role in \"John Wick\", as Addy. Regan is popular with the comic book community, and, from 2009 to 2013, was commonly selected among comic book fans and critics as their ideal choice to portray Wonder Woman. In 2009, Rick Marshall of MTV stated, \"In one of the most voted-on, yet lop-sided weekly polls we've ever conducted here on Splash Page, \"Legend of the Seeker\" actress Bridget Regan was voted fans' favored lady to bring DC's iconic Amazon warrior, Wonder", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12390315", "score": "1.0508405", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "DC Extended Universe", "text": "Amazon warrior who also is the demigoddess daughter of the god Zeus, uses her talents and abilities in order to help humanity during World War I. Israeli actress and model Gal Gadot was cast as Diana Prince/Wonder Woman in December 2013 and signed a three-picture deal which included a solo film. In October 2014, \"Wonder Woman\" was announced by Warner Bros. In November, Michelle MacLaren was confirmed to direct the film from a screenplay by Jason Fuchs. In April 2015, MacLaren left the project due to creative differences. Later that month, Patty Jenkins was announced as the new director of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18795417", "score": "1.0463675", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman in other media", "text": "film. Wonder Woman reappeared briefly as a non-speaking character in follow-up \"The Lego Batman Movie\" (2017). Rica Matsumoto provides the voice for Wonder Woman in \"DC Super Heroes vs. Eagle Talon\". Halsey provides the voice for Wonder Woman in \"Teen Titans Go! To the Movies\". Wonder Woman's first appearance on television was as a guest in an episode of \"The Brady Kids\" cartoon series in 1972, entitled \"It's All Greek to Me\" (voiced by Jane Webb). The Brady kids meet Diana Prince/Wonder Woman and together they find themselves accidentally transported back to the time of the Ancient Olympic Games. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15997909", "score": "1.0417229", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Keri Russell", "text": "on \"The View\" on December 15, 2008, Russell said she got the part because Adam Sandler's wife Jackie had seen her in \"Waitress\" and suggested her for the movie. Russell voiced Wonder Woman in a direct-to-video animated feature released March 3, 2009. Russell starred alongside Brendan Fraser and Harrison Ford in the Tom Vaughan-helmed \"Extraordinary Measures\" for CBS Films. The drama, which started filming on April 6, 2009 and was released on January 22, 2010, was the first film to go into production for the new company. Russell played Aileen Crowley, a mother who tries to build a normal home", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2487414", "score": "1.0367187", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "José Delbo", "text": "\"Wonder Woman\" television series (initially set during World War II), Delbo and writer Martin Pasko transposed the comic book series to this era. A few months after the TV series changed its setting to the 1970s, Delbo and Jack C. Harris returned the comic book to the contemporary timeline. Soon after, Wonder Woman's longtime love interest Steve Trevor was killed but writer Gerry Conway and Delbo brought the character back to life again in issue #271 (Sept. 1980). The Lumberjack, a character created by Delbo and Conway in \"Wonder Woman\" #268 (June 1980) appeared on the \"Supergirl\" television series in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18389708", "score": "1.0351245", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman (2011 TV pilot)", "text": "all of her super-powered henchmen and confronts Cale face-to-face. Cale threatens legal action and to release security footage of Wonder Woman killing the henchmen, but Wonder Woman responds by pulling Cale down with her lasso and throwing her against the wall. Later Cale is put in jail and a Justice Department representative comes to meet Diana. This turns out to be Steve Trevor who says that he will be working with Diana in her capacity as Wonder Woman but also reveals that he has married another woman. Nancy Grace and Phil McGraw make cameo appearances as themselves. In the pilot's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15921848", "score": "1.0291305", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Wilma Deering", "text": "once described by Clive James as Wonder Woman with brains. Revisions to the program in its second season changed Wilma from the central role of a Colonel directing Earth's space defense, to more of a co-pilot role on the spaceship \"Searcher\". This change was never entirely explained, but along with Buck and Twiki, hers was the only character viewed central enough to migrate to the revamped show. After the release of the film in 1979, Erin Gray initially opted not to reprise the role for the weekly television series and actress Juanin Clay was cast in the part. However, Gray", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4241707", "score": "1.028529", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman (TV series)", "text": "writing by both Andreyko and Jeff Parker. This portrayal of the character strongly influenced the \"Wonder Woman\" comics. Most notably, the ballerina-style spinning transformation was incorporated into the comics. The spin has also been used in the animated television programs \"Super Friends\" and \"Justice League Unlimited\". Reruns of \"Wonder Woman\" aired in syndication during the 1980s. It also aired on FX and Sci-Fi Channel in the '90s and early 2000s. Beginning December 28, 2013, the show airs Saturday evenings on the \"classic TV\" network MeTV. In the UK, the series has been syndicated on several channels. In 2006, Living broadcast", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4455456", "score": "1.0264232", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman (2017 film)", "text": "was in development, along with films based on DC Comics superheroes the Flash and Aquaman. Both Wonder Woman and Aquaman were still under consideration for solo film subjects as of June 2013. DC Entertainment president Diane Nelson said Wonder Woman \"has been, since I started, one of the top three priorities for DC and for Warner Bros. We are still trying right now, but she's tricky.\" On October 5, 2013, WB chairman and CEO Kevin Tsujihara said he wanted to get Wonder Woman in a film or on TV. Shortly afterward, Paul Feig said he had pitched the studio an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19155882", "score": "1.0182961", "original_retrieval_index": 44 }, { "title": "Beatrice Colen", "text": "She was the first actress to portray Etta Candy in the live action adaptation of the DC comic book series \"Wonder Woman\". After the pilot, she only appeared during the series' first season (1976–77), which were set during World War II. When the series was retooled and reset in modern times, the character was dropped. Colen acted in such television film as \"Schoolboy Father\" (1980), \"Brave New World\", and in feature films such as \"Lifeguard\", \"High Anxiety\", \"American Pop\", and \"Who's that Girl?\". She also guest starred on a number of TV shows such as \"The Odd Couple\", \"All in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18178939", "score": "1.0144391", "original_retrieval_index": 47 }, { "title": "Eileen Chesis", "text": "in the live-action super-hero series \"The Secrets of Isis\". It was rumored she was selected to take the place of Debra Winger in portraying Wonder Girl (aka Drusilla, the younger sister of Wonder Woman), in the 1976 and 1977 seasons of the \"Wonder Woman television series\" (and, possibly, in a \"Wonder Girl\" spinoff) after Debra left the show in 1975 — however, no such role or show materialized, and this rumor cannot be verified. She appeared, uncredited, in the 1960 film \"Tall Story\". Eileen Chesis was born in Newark, New Jersey in 1953. She married lawyer Richard Devirian on March", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14435946", "score": "1.0142189", "original_retrieval_index": 48 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman in other media", "text": "encountered \"a wondrous woman who's gonna throw you for a loop\". A vision in \"Hourglass\" shows a brief glimpse of Wonder Woman's tiara. Her bracelets can also be seen on a skeleton (presumably Wonder Woman's). Diana Prince is mentioned in The Flash episode \"Welcome to Earth-2\". Cobie Smulders provides the voice for Wonder Woman in \"The Lego Movie\", a 2014 3D computer-animated adventure comedy film written for the screen and directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a story by them and Dan and Kevin Hageman. While the film features a few live-action scenes, it is primarily an animated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15997908", "score": "1.0138578", "original_retrieval_index": 49 }, { "title": "Wonder Woman", "text": "rescued, and reluctantly places Diana in a mental hospital so she can get help. While there she comes to grasp the reality she thought she knew was false, eventually coming out of her stupor and able to rejoin the others in tracking down Veronica Cale, who is trying to find Themyscira. Since her comic book debut in December 1941, Wonder Woman has appeared in a number of adaptations. These formats include television shows, video games, and films. Wonder Woman has made multiple appearances in television, including the 1974 made-for-television film Wonder Woman, and most notably Hanna-Barbera's long-running animated series \"Super", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1052662", "score": "1.0137392", "original_retrieval_index": 50 }, { "title": "Bridget Regan", "text": "Woman, to the big screen.\" Regan netted over 62 percent of the total vote, well ahead of well-known and lesser-known actresses. In 2013, Screen Rant's Andrew Dyce commented, \"Casting Wonder Woman may sound like a tall order, but if you ask the online fan communities, Bridget Regan may be the name you hear more than any other.\" In 2014, Regan was cast in the recurring role of Dottie for 2015 in the comic book-based television series \"Agent Carter\". In 2016, Regan was added to the cast of the TNT drama series \"The Last Ship\" for the show's third season, playing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12390316", "score": "1.013725", "original_retrieval_index": 51 } ]

{ "title": "Wonder Woman (TV series)", "long_answer": "Wonder Woman, known from seasons 2 and 3 as The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, is an American television series based on the DC Comics comic book superhero of the same name. The show stars Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman/Diana Prince and Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor Sr. & Jr. It originally aired for three seasons from 1975 to 1979. The show's first season aired on ABC and is set in the 1940s during World War II. The second and third seasons aired on CBS and are set in the 1970s, with the title changed to The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, and a complete change of cast other than Carter and Waggoner. Waggoner's character was changed to Steve Trevor Jr., the son of his original character.", "chunked_long_answer": "Wonder Woman, known from seasons 2 and 3 as The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, is an American television series based on the DC Comics comic book superhero of the same name. The show stars Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman/Diana Prince and Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor Sr. & Jr. It originally aired for three seasons from 1975 to 1979. The show's first season aired on ABC and is set in the 1940s during World War II. The second and third seasons aired on CBS and are set in the 1970s, with the title changed to The New Adventures of", "short_answers": [ "Lynda Carter" ] }

[ "Paris" ]

[ { "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "text": "had authorized Livingston only to purchase New Orleans. However, Livingston was certain that the United States would accept the offer. The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time, preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans, so they agreed and signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on April 30, 1803. On July 4, 1803, the treaty was announced, but the documents did not arrive in Washington, D.C. until July 14. The Louisiana Territory was vast, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert's Land in the north, and from the Mississippi River in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "232437", "score": "1.0803021", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "History of Missouri", "text": "United States in the Louisiana Purchase. Official news of the transfer had reached the region in August 1803 in a letter from the governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison. Although the transfer of all of Louisiana was formalized in a ceremony in New Orleans in December 1803, a separate ceremony took place in St. Louis in March 1804 to commemorate the transfer of Upper Louisiana from French to United States colonial status. At the time of the transfer, the purchase was initially divided into two parts: land north of the thirty-third parallel (including present-day Missouri) became the District", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1501570", "score": "1.0684854", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "St. Francois County, Missouri", "text": "along the banks during the day. When the party arrived at Ste. Genevieve, the inhabitants gave them a rousing welcome. About the same year, Michael Hart and his son Charles settled in the same vicinity. At the time of this settlement the area was under Spanish rule. On October 7, 1800, Spain ceded the whole of upper and lower Louisiana to France. It was not until our own Louisiana Purchase on April 30, 1803 that this area became a part of the United States. Settlers came in large numbers after the Murphy Settlement was established, and at the close of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "933639", "score": "1.0672319", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "History of Oklahoma", "text": "of Louisiana in the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. But, strained by obligations in Europe, Napoleon Bonaparte decided to sell the territory to the United States. With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired France's 828,000 square mile claim to the watersheds of the Mississippi River (west of the river) and Missouri River. The purchase encompassed all or part of 15 current U.S. states] (including all of Oklahoma) and parts of two Canadian provinces. Out of the Louisiana Purchase, Louisiana Territory and Orleans Territory were organized. Orleans Territory became the state of Louisiana in 1812, and Louisiana", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8936249", "score": "1.062229", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "History of South Dakota", "text": "In 1801, a post known as Fort aux Cedres was constructed by Registre Loisel of St. Louis, on Cedar Island on the Missouri about southeast of the present location of Pierre. This trading post was the major regional post until its destruction by fire in 1810. In 1800, Spain gave Louisiana back to France in the Treaty of San Ildefonso. In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon for $11,000,000. The territory included most of the western half of the Mississippi watershed and covered nearly all of present-day South Dakota, except for a small portion in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11390425", "score": "1.0601227", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Louisiana State Capitol", "text": "and the remaining territory east of the Mississippi was turned over to Great Britain. The French reclaimed Louisiana from the Spanish in 1803 after the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800; the territory was then sold as the Louisiana Purchase to the United States. The ceremonial transfers of Louisiana from Spain to France took place in front of the colonial seat of government, the Cabildo, in November 1803, with the transfer from France to the U.S. occurring there, as well, less than a month later. New Orleans continued to be the location of the capital of the Territory of Orleans,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6064243", "score": "1.0514569", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana", "text": "then in Spanish during their brief rule in the late 18th century, with a return to French after France reacquired the area under Napoleon Bonaparte in the early 19th century. He sold the large Louisiana Purchase territory to the United States under President Thomas Jefferson in 1803. As the US expanded its rule, local documents began to be recorded in the English of the new government. After Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States, its government arranged for expeditions to survey the Louisiana Territory. It hired local French soldiers, surveyors and doctors, many of whom eventually settled in the area.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "955094", "score": "1.0511112", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Louisiana (New France)", "text": "France regained sovereignty of the western territory in the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1800. But strained by obligations in Europe, Napoleon Bonaparte sold the territory to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, ending France's presence in Louisiana. The United States ceded part of the Louisiana Purchase to the United Kingdom in the Treaty of 1818. This section lies above the 49th parallel north in a part of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. In the 18th century, Louisiana included most of the Mississippi River basin (see drawing alongside) from what is now the Midwestern United States", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5248555", "score": "1.0482274", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Louisiana Territory", "text": "the Louisiana Purchase, in which colonial Louisiana was purchased from France. The Eighth Congress of the United States on March 26, 1804, passed legislation entitled \"An act erecting Louisiana into two territories, and providing for the temporary government thereof,\" which established the Territory of Orleans and the civil District of Louisiana. This act, which went into effect on October 1, 1804, expanded the authority of the governor and judges of the Indiana Territory to provide temporary jurisdiction over the District of Louisiana. On March 3, 1805, Congress enacted legislation organizing the District of Louisiana into the Louisiana Territory, effective July", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1592860", "score": "1.044698", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "text": "The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barbé Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, \"We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank.\"", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Louisiana Territory", "text": "4, 1805. The Territory was governed similarly to Indiana Territory. The Louisiana Territory included everything in the Louisiana Purchase north of the 33rd parallel (the southern boundary of the present state of Arkansas). The southern and western boundaries with Spanish Texas and New Mexico were not fully defined until the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. The Louisiana Territory had five subdivisions: St. Louis District, St. Charles District, Ste. Genevieve District, Cape Girardeau District, and New Madrid District. In 1806, the territorial legislature created the District of Arkansas from lands ceded by the Osage Nation. The remainder was known as the Upper", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1592861", "score": "1.0427996", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Missouri", "text": "increased river trade. Napoleon Bonaparte had gained Louisiana for French ownership from Spain in 1800 under the Treaty of San Ildefonso, after it had been a Spanish colony since 1762. But the treaty was kept secret. Louisiana remained nominally under Spanish control until a transfer of power to France on November 30, 1803, just three weeks before the cession to the United States. Part of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase by the United States, Missouri earned the nickname \"Gateway to the West\" because it served as a major departure point for expeditions and settlers heading to the West during the 19th", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "262047", "score": "1.0422014", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Caddo Lake State Park", "text": "short while later. In early 1803, diplomat James Monroe was sent to France to negotiate purchasing Louisiana from France. Louisiana was bought from France later that year. This was known as the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the size of the United States. The northeastern part of Texas was thought to be included in the purchase. There was no official border between Louisiana and Texas, which caused disputes between Spain and the United States. In 1806, United States General James Wilkinson and Spanish Lieutenant Colonel Simón de Herrera attempted to negotiate establishing a border between the two nations. On November 5,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14494031", "score": "1.0419723", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Neutral Ground (Louisiana)", "text": "worship in Catholic churches. Many Americans took advantage of these grants that would eventually became known as Rio Hondo claims. By the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso of October 1, 1800, Louisiana was formally transferred back to France, although the Spanish continued to administer it. The terms of the treaty did not specify the boundaries of the territory being returned. Rumors of the treaty reached U.S. President Thomas Jefferson, who sought to purchase land at the mouth of the Mississippi to ensure American access to the Gulf of Mexico. Jefferson discovered that Napoleon was willing to sell the entire", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3771024", "score": "1.0389944", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "History of Missouri", "text": "of Louisiana, which was added to the jurisdiction of the Indiana Territory under Harrison. However, most Missourians disliked the arrangement, arguing that their territorial capital at Vincennes, Indiana was too far, and that slavery was unprotected by law. In 1805, Congress reorganized the territory and created the Louisiana Territory with its government seat in St. Louis. This new arrangement initially gave its inhabitants no voice in government, although the territorial governor and three judges worked in St. Louis. The land south of the thirty-third parallel, then-known as the Territory of Orleans, became the state of Louisiana in 1812, and the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1501571", "score": "1.0382414", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "United States territorial acquisitions", "text": "Webster–Ashburton Treaty in 1842. Beginning in the late 18th century, the new nation organized areas west of the Original thirteen states into several United States territories, setting a template for future expansion. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803, was negotiated with Napoleon during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson; the territory was acquired from France for $15 million (equivalent to $ in present-day terms). A small portion of this land was ceded to Britain in 1818 in exchange for the Red River Basin. More of this land was ceded to Spain in 1819 with the Florida Purchase, but was later reacquired through", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2255141", "score": "1.0379117", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "text": "1801, Spanish Governor Don Juan Manuel de Salcedo took over from the Marquess of Casa Calvo, and restored the American right to deposit goods. However, in 1800 Spain had ceded the Louisiana territory back to France as part of Napoleon's secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. The territory nominally remained under Spanish control, until a transfer of power to France on November 30, 1803, just three weeks before the formal cession of the territory to the United States on December 20, 1803. A further ceremony was held in St. Louis, Upper Louisiana regarding the New Orleans formalities. The March 9–10,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "232424", "score": "1.0368867", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Louisiana (New France)", "text": "of San Ildefonso, signed in secrecy on October 1, 1800, envisaged the transfer of Western Louisiana as well as New Orleans to France in exchange for the Duchy of Parma. However, Napoleon Bonaparte soon decided not to keep the immense territory. The army he sent to take possession of the colony was first required to put down a revolution in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti); its failure to do so, and the rupture of the Treaty of Amiens with the United Kingdom, prompted him to decide to sell Louisiana to the young United States. This was done on April 30, 1803 for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5248612", "score": "1.03479", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Spanish Texas", "text": "1799 Spain gave Louisiana back to France, and in 1803 Napoléon Bonaparte (First Consul of the French Republic) sold the territory to the United States of America as part of the Louisiana Purchase, U.S. President Thomas Jefferson (in office: 1801-1809) insisted that the purchase included all land to the east of the Rocky Mountains and to the north of the Rio Grande, although its large southwestern expanse lay within New Spain. The territorial ambiguity remained unresolved until the Adams–Onís Treaty compromise in 1819, when Spain ceded Spanish Florida to the United States in return for recognition of the Sabine River", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5321866", "score": "1.0339159", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "text": "Effective October 1, 1804, the purchased territory was organized into the Territory of Orleans (most of which would become the state of Louisiana) and the District of Louisiana, which was temporarily under control of the governor and judicial system of the Indiana Territory. The following year, the District of Louisiana was renamed the Territory of Louisiana, aka Louisiana Territory (1805–1812). New Orleans was the administrative capital of the Orleans Territory, and St. Louis was the capital of the Louisiana Territory. A dispute soon arose between Spain and the United States regarding the extent of Louisiana. The territory's boundaries had not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "232451", "score": "1.0325341", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Engineer Cantonment", "text": "expedition, and its location was forgotten. In 2003, it was rediscovered, and investigated during the 2003–05 archaeological seasons. In 2015, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The 1803 purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France gave the United States a claim to the watershed of the Missouri River. The Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804–06 discovered abundant fur-trapping resources in the region. President Thomas Jefferson was eager to see these resources exploited, believing that fur trappers and traders with the local indigenous peoples would serve as the vanguard of American expansion into the new territory. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19258277", "score": "1.0294251", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Louisiana Purchase Historic State Park", "text": "River, while that of Brown traveled west from the mouth of the St. Francis River. On October 27, 1815, Robbins' party crossed the east-west line laid down by Brown's party at this point, formally establishing the Fifth Principal Meridian. The of land Robbins traversed is even today some of the most difficult terrain in the state to negotiate. Brown's party traversed of land alternately described as \"good for farming\" and containing \"briers and thickets in abundance\". Brown's party eventually surveyed as far west as present-day Little Rock, while Robbins continued north to the Missouri River. Two trees near the site", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10948840", "score": "1.0292482", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Missouri River", "text": "faced with a debt crisis, Napoleon offered to sell the entirety of Louisiana, including the Missouri River, for $15 million – amounting to less than 3¢ per acre. The deal was signed in 1803, doubling the size of the United States with the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory. In 1803, Jefferson instructed Meriwether Lewis to explore the Missouri and search for a water route to the Pacific Ocean. By then, it had been discovered that the Columbia River system, which drains into the Pacific, had a similar latitude as the headwaters of the Missouri River, and it was widely believed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "262507", "score": "1.028023", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Louisiana", "text": "treaty. Despite Federalist objections, the U.S. Senate ratified the Louisiana treaty on October 20, 1803. By statute enacted on October 31, 1803, President Thomas Jefferson was authorized to take possession of the territories ceded by France and provide for initial governance. A transfer ceremony was held in New Orleans on November 29, 1803. Since the Louisiana territory had never officially been turned over to the French, the Spanish took down their flag, and the French raised theirs. The following day, General James Wilkinson accepted possession of New Orleans for the United States. A similar ceremony was held in St. Louis", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "249353", "score": "1.0276151", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Houma people", "text": "further south. Having lost Saint-Domingue with the success of the slave revolt establishing Haiti, Napoleon ended his North American ambitions and agreed to sell the Louisiana colony to the United States. This doubled the land area of the new republic. On April 30, 1803, the two nations signed a treaty confirming the Louisiana Purchase. With respect to native inhabitants, article six of the Louisiana Purchase Treaty states The United States promise to execute such treaties and articles as may have been agreed between Spain and the tribes and nations of Indians, until, by mutual consent of the United States and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5483689", "score": "1.0265373", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Missouri River", "text": "United States and Spain signed Pinckney's Treaty, which recognized American rights to navigate the Mississippi River and store goods for export in New Orleans. Three years later, Spain revoked the treaty and in 1800 secretly returned Louisiana to Napoleonic France in the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. This transfer was so secret that the Spanish continued to administer the territory. In 1801, Spain restored rights to use the Mississippi and New Orleans to the United States. Fearing that the cutoffs could occur again, President Thomas Jefferson proposed to buy the port of New Orleans from France for $10 million. Instead,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "262506", "score": "1.0261372", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Perdido River", "text": "1800, as part of the Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain returned the Louisiana colony to France, retaining control of the lands east of the Mississippi River (except New Orleans). In 1803, France sold Louisiana (New France) to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. A boundary dispute erupted between the U.S. and Spain, with the U.S. claiming the land west of the Perdido River as part of the original Louisiana (New France) colony, whereas the Spanish claimed that only the portion of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River had been returned to France. The Gulf coast south of 31 degrees", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3327677", "score": "1.02589", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Louisiana Purchase Historic State Park", "text": "Purchase Survey Marker is in height and is about wide at the base. It typically stands in about of swamp water. The inscription reads: \"\"This stone marks the base established November 10, 1815, from which the lands of the Louisiana Purchase were surveyed by United States engineers. The first survey from this point was made to satisfy the claims of the soldiers of the War of 1812 with land bounties\"\". On April 30, 1803, negotiators for the United States and the First French Empire, signed the Louisiana Purchase agreement, by which the United States acquired of land west of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10948838", "score": "1.0232613", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Spanish Fort (Colorado)", "text": "French Republic with the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. Napoléon then sold La Louisiane to the United States with the Louisiana Purchase Treaty of 1803. The United States maintained the claim of France to the entire Mississippi basin, while Spain asserted its claim to the southwestern portion of the basin. In 1806, a U.S. Army reconnaissance expedition led by Captain Zebulon Pike explored the upper Arkansas River. In January 1807, the expedition left the upper Arkansas Valley and crossed the treacherous snow-covered Sangre de Cristo Range into the San Luis Valley, the undisputed territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16891575", "score": "1.0192559", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "French colonization of Texas", "text": "Fontainebleau, following its defeat by Great Britain in the Seven Years' War. It ceded New France to Britain. In 1803, three years after Spain had returned Louisiana to France, Napoleon sold the territory to the United States. The original agreement between Spain and France had not explicitly specified the borders of Louisiana, and the descriptions in the documents were ambiguous and contradictory. The United States insisted that its purchase included all of the territory France had claimed, including all of Texas. The dispute was not resolved until the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, in which Spain ceded Florida to the United", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9336102", "score": "1.0172927", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Louisiana Purchase", "long_answer": "The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barbé Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, \"We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank.\"", "chunked_long_answer": "The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barbé Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, \"We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank.\"", "short_answers": [ "Paris" ] }

[ "1945" ]

[ { "title": "Harvard University", "text": "Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with about 6,700 undergraduate students and about 15,250 post graduate students. Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, clergyman John Harvard, Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning, and its history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the world's most prestigious universities. The Harvard Corporation is its first chartered corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12213515", "score": "1.0429393", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Ivy League", "text": "\"a philosophical enclave\" and not a statement about class. Columnist Russell Baker opined that \"Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets.\" Still, the last five presidents have all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education— George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad), Bill Clinton (Yale Law School), George W. Bush (Yale undergrad, Harvard Business", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "198528", "score": "1.0352726", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Big Three (colleges)", "text": "process. From the 1930s on, Big Three admissions became progressively more meritocratic, but still included non-academic factors such as “lineage.” Ivy League schools including Harvard, Yale and Princeton have in the past been regarded as the goals for many children in WASP circles. Some educators have attempted to discourage this fixation. Jay Mathews, author of \"Harvard Schmarvard\", addresses seniors obsessed with Ivy League schools with the analysis: “It does not matter where you go to school, it matters what you do when you get there and what you do after you graduate.” The \"Big Three\" schools: Princeton, Harvard and Yale", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15337419", "score": "1.034085", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "William Deresiewicz", "text": "Facebook. Many readers had mixed reactions to the article, with plenty of criticism coming directly from the Ivy League, its peer institutions, and many others who accused him of cherry picking. The IvyGate blog published a facetious rebuttal, \"Isn't Harvard Just the Worst?\", telling the Class of 2012 to \"enjoy these last few months of innocence, because soon you'll join the ranks of an organization whose sole purpose is to destroy the world.\" The article became the groundwork for Deresiewicz' book \"Excellent Sheep: The Miseducation of the American Elite and the Way to a Meaningful Life\" (2014). This work had", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10593086", "score": "1.0300641", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Ivy League", "text": "up living. Students of the Ivy League, both graduate and undergraduate, come primarily from upper middle and upper class families. In recent years, however, the universities have looked towards increasing socioeconomic and class diversity, by providing greater financial aid packages to applicants from lower, working, and middle class American families. In 2013, 46% of Harvard undergraduate students came from families in the top 3.8% of all American households (i.e., over $200,000 annual income). In 2012, the bottom 25% of the American income distribution accounted for only 3–4% of students at Brown, a figure that had remained unchanged since 1992. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "198531", "score": "1.0248928", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Ivy League", "text": "president to graduate from college, graduating from Harvard in 1755. Students of the Ivy League largely hail from the Northeast, largely from the New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia areas. As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast, it is no surprise that most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation. An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42% hailed from the Northeast and 55% overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast. Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "198530", "score": "1.0242666", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "History of Harvard University", "text": "into Eliot's term, Richard Theodore Greener became the first African-American to graduate from Harvard College. Seven years later, Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish justice on the Supreme Court, graduated from Harvard Law School. Nevertheless, Harvard became the bastion of a distinctly Protestant élite – the so-called Boston Brahmin class – and continued to be so well into the 20th century. The annual undergraduate tuition was $300 in the 1930s and $400 in the 1940s, doubling to $800 in 1953. It reached $2,600 in 1970 and $22,700 in 2000. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7428844", "score": "1.011347", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "History of Harvard University", "text": "Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. In the 1920s Edward Harkness (1874–1940), a Yale man with oil wealth, was ignored by his alma mater and so gave $12,000,000 to Harvard to establish a house system like that of Oxford University. Yale later took his money and set up a similar system. In addition to the usual department, specialized research centers proliferated, especially to enable interdisciplinary research projects that could not be handled at the department level. However, the departments kept jealous control", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7428856", "score": "1.004317", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "History of Harvard University", "text": "own among American colleges. Ronald Story notes that in 1850, Harvard's total assets were \"five times that of Amherst and Williams combined, and three times that of Yale\". Story also notes that \"all the evidence… points to the four decades from 1815 to 1855 as the era when parents, in Henry Adams's words, began 'sending their children to Harvard College for the sake of its social advantages'\". Under President Eliot's tenure, Harvard earned a reputation for being more liberal and democratic than either Princeton or Yale in regard to bigotry against Jews and other ethnic minorities. In 1870, one year", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7428843", "score": "1.0024823", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Ivy League", "text": "In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "History of Harvard University", "text": "\"official philosophy\" of the more empirical and more deistic Scottish school. Between 1830 and 1870, Harvard became \"privatized\". While the Federalists controlled state government, Harvard had prospered and the 1824 defeat of the Federalist Party in Massachusetts allowed the renascent Democratic-Republicans to block state funding of private universities. By 1870, the politicians and ministers that heretofore had made up the university's board of overseers had been replaced by Harvard alumni drawn from Boston's upper-class business and professional community and funded by private endowment. During this period, Harvard experienced unparalleled growth that securely placed it financially in a league of its", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7428842", "score": "0.9972223", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Ivy League", "text": "was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story. However, it is clear that Harvard, Princeton, Yale and Columbia met on November 23, 1876 at the so-called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football, which rapidly spread. Seven out of the eight Ivy League schools were founded before the American Revolution; Cornell was founded just after the American Civil War. These seven were the primary colleges in the Northern and Middle Colonies, and their early faculties and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "198503", "score": "0.9892671", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "American Jews", "text": "the Harvard English department in 1943, but the Economics department decided not to hire Paul Samuelson in 1948. Harvard hired its first Jewish biochemists in 1954. Today, American Jews no longer face the discrimination in higher education that they did in the past, particularly in the Ivy League. For example, by 1986, a third of the presidents of the elite undergraduate final clubs at Harvard were Jewish. Rick Levin has been president of Yale University since 1993, Judith Rodin was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1994 to 2004 (and is currently president of the Rockefeller Foundation), Paul Samuelson's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4021787", "score": "0.98279434", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Ivy League", "text": "of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the 1988 presidential election, when George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis (graduate of Harvard Law School) for having \"foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique.\" \"New York Times\" columnist Maureen Dowd asked \"Wasn't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite?\" Bush explained, however, that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was \"so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it. ... Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism\" and said \"Harvard\" in his remark was intended to represent", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "198527", "score": "0.9785849", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "History of Harvard University", "text": "History of Harvard University Harvard College, around which Harvard University eventually grew, was founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. For centuries, its graduates dominated Massachusetts' clerical and civil ranks and beginning in the 19th century its stature became national, then international, as a dozen graduate and professional schools were formed alongside the nucleus undergraduate College. Historically influential in national roles are the schools of medicine (1782), law (1817) and business (1908) as well as the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1890). Since the late 19th century", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7428831", "score": "0.9744657", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Harvard University", "text": "in 2011. Regarding rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both \"University Ranking by Academic Performance 20152016\" and (2011), which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies. According to the 2016 poll done by \"The Princeton Review\", Harvard is the second most commonly named \"dream college\" in the United States, both for students and parents. \"College ROI Report: Best Value Colleges\" by PayScale puts Harvard 22nd nationwide in the most recent 2016 edition. In the last six years, Harvard's student population ranged from 19,000 to 21,000, across all programs. Harvard enrolled 6,655 students in undergraduate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12213550", "score": "0.9740752", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Ivy League", "text": "the NCAA tournament bid, then rebounded to win outright championships in 2012, 2013, and 2014. Harvard also won the 2013 Great Alaska Shootout, defeating TCU to become the only Ivy League school to win the now-defunct tournament. Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including Cornell and Harvard in hockey, Harvard and Princeton in swimming, and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have won 28 Ivy League Football Championships since 1982, Penn-16; Harvard-12). During that time Penn has had 8 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships and Harvard has had 6 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "198544", "score": "0.96845675", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Black Ivy League", "text": "1999 to 2007, Ivy League colleges launched initiatives to make higher education more affordable, to the point that students from low income families can graduate debt-free. The University of Pennsylvania has expanded its financial aid program to the point that all students qualifying for financial aid can graduate debt-free. The \"Journal of Blacks in Higher Education\" notes that the significant increase in financial aid by Harvard and other Ivy League schools will make it difficult for other schools to compete for top African-American students. A study of the average wages of alumni conducted by Roland G. Fryer Jr. and Michael", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13373220", "score": "0.9676901", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Harvard College", "text": "will be barred from campus leadership positions such as team captaincies, and from receiving recommendation letters from Harvard requisite for certain scholarships and fellowships. Harvard College Harvard College is the undergraduate liberal arts college of Harvard University. Founded in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and one of the most prestigious in the world. The school came into existence in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court (colonial legislature, second oldest in British America) of the Massachusetts Bay Colony—though without a single building, instructor, or student. In 1638,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1896447", "score": "0.9647794", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Ivy League", "text": "of a typical private liberal arts college and smaller than a typical public state university. Total enrollments, including graduate students, range from approximately 6,400 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, and Penn. Ivy League financial endowments range from Brown's $3.5 billion to Harvard's $34.5 billion, the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world. The Ivy League has drawn many comparisons to other elite grouping of universities in other nations such as Oxbridge and the Golden Triangle in the United Kingdom, C9 League in China, Group of Eight in Australia, and Imperial Universities in Japan.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "198498", "score": "0.96365273", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "History of Harvard University", "text": "final merger in 1999 made Radcliffe a part of Harvard, at the same time creating the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. In 2006, Lawrence Summers resigned his presidency after suggesting that women's underrepresentation in top science positions could be due to differences in \"intrinsic aptitude\". In 1984, Harvard severed ties with undergraduate \"final clubs\" because of their refusal to admit women. As of 2016, Harvard bars members of single-sex organizations (such as final clubs, fraternities and sororities) from campus leadership positions such as team captaincies and from receiving recommendation letters from Harvard requisite for scholarships and fellowships such as the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7428863", "score": "0.96314615", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Harvard University", "text": "at Harvard, more than at any other NCAA Division I college in the country. As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships. Older than \"The Game\" by 23 years, the Harvard–Yale Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two schools. It is held annually in June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing. Today, Harvard fields top teams in several other sports, such as the Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team (with a strong", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12213556", "score": "0.9631415", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Occupy Harvard", "text": "\"continue to prioritize money above social justice\". Opponents called the demonstrators over-privileged and under-informed attention seekers. Harvard University is one of the most exclusive universities in the world, with an admission rate of 5.9%. Harvard is famous for its wealthy graduates but also for its generous financial aid programs. Its financial endowment of over $30 billion, on which it does not pay taxes, is the largest in the world. It is one of the world's richest non-profits, competing only with the Catholic Church (and perhaps the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation). Many Harvard graduates work in the financial sector based", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16838974", "score": "0.9624202", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Black Ivy League", "text": "distinct disadvantage. Today, many of these institutions are struggling to keep pace with white institutions in terms of course offerings, facilities, athletics, and student services.\" Yet, Black Ivy League schools enroll more black National Merit Scholars than elite traditional schools, such as Harvard, Yale, and Stanford, perhaps because these students have financial aid independent of the school they attend. As reported by the \"Washington Post\", \"Top-tier schools—including Howard, Hampton University, and Spelman and Morehouse colleges—vie with Harvard and Princeton for top black students and faculty.\" Since the 1960s, the Ivy League has actively recruited blacks who now play prominent roles", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13373216", "score": "0.9623266", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "History of Harvard University", "text": "Marshall Scholarship and Rhodes Scholarship. Though Harvard ended required chapel in the mid-1880s, the school remained culturally Protestant and fears of dilution grew as enrollment of immigrants, Catholics and Jews surged at the turn of the 20th century. By 1908, Catholics made up nine percent of the freshman class and between 1906 and 1922 Jewish enrollment at Harvard increased from six to 25%. President A. Lawrence Lowell tried to impose a 12% quota on Jews, but the faculty rejected it even though he managed to cut the numbers in half anyway. By the end of World War II, the quotas", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7428864", "score": "0.9592185", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Harvard University", "text": "programs, and over 14,000 students in graduate and professional programs. The undergraduate population is 51% female, while the graduate population is 48% female. The Harvard Undergraduate Council and Harvard Graduate Council are the chief organs of student government. The Harvard Crimson competes in 42 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League. Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University culminating in \"The Game\", although the Harvard–Yale Regatta predates the football game. This rivalry is put aside every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12213551", "score": "0.9581639", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Harvard University", "text": "impact in both academy and popular culture. Furthermore, the perception of Harvard as a center of either elite achievement, or elitist privilege, has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. \"In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness,\" film critic Paul Sherman has said. Harvard's policy since 1970 has been to permit filming on its property only rarely, so most scenes set at Harvard (especially indoor shots, but excepting aerial footage and shots of public areas such as Harvard Square) are in fact shot elsewhere. Harvard University Harvard University", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12213561", "score": "0.9580802", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Big Three (colleges)", "text": "the order Harvard, Yale, and Princeton or Harvard, Princeton and Yale . The Harvard, Yale, and Princeton order is the one in which they were founded — 1636, 1701, and 1746, respectively. Over the past half-century, the 'Big Three', and the rest of the Ivy League, have increasingly stressed both diversity and academic merit in their admissions process, and have dissociated themselves from some of their WASP roots. Notwithstanding, a certain lack in economic diversity persists at the three colleges. As Jerome Karabel, a Harvard graduate and the author of \"The Chosen\" detailing the history of the admissions process at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15337422", "score": "0.9570432", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Harvard College", "text": "and board. Harvard's founders may have envisioned it as the first in a series of sibling colleges on the English model which would eventually constitute a university—though no further colleges materialized in colonial times. The Indian College was active from 1640 to no later than 1693, but it was a minor addition not operated in federation with Harvard according to the English model. Harvard began granting higher degrees in the late eighteenth century, and it was increasingly styled Harvard \"University\", even as Harvard \"College\" was increasingly thought of as the university's undergraduate division in particular. Today Harvard College is responsible", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1896433", "score": "0.9557855", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Tim Fleiszer", "text": "the team, he was an All-Ivy selection in 1996 and 1997 and helped lead the Harvard Crimsons to a 9-1 record in 1997. This included a 7-0 conference record. This was the first team in Harvard history to go undefeated in the Ivy League. Off the field, Tim graduated Cum Laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1998. Fleiszer was the first overall pick of the 1998 CFL Draft. He was selected by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Tim played two seasons with the Tiger-Cats, reaching the Grey Cup game in both years and winning in 1999. He then played for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12396600", "score": "0.9543572", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Ivy League", "long_answer": "In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:", "chunked_long_answer": "In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton Presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:", "short_answers": [ "1945" ] }

[ "1890s", "the 1890s" ]

[ { "title": "Call of the Wild (TV series)", "text": "Call of the Wild (TV series) Call of the Wild is a 2000 adventure television series based on Jack London's eponymous 1903 novel. It was originally broadcast on Animal Planet, and the 13 episodes were released on DVD as a 120-minute, full-length movie. The series received a Leo Award nomination for Best Cinematography in a Dramatic Series (Stephen McNutt), and for Best Production Designer (Brian Davies) in the episode \"The Attack\". The series was also a 2000 LEO nominee for Best Overall Sound/Drama (Miguel Nunes) and received a nomination for a 2000 Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11211142", "score": "1.035703", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Call of the Wild (1935 film)", "text": "Call of the Wild (1935 film) Call of the Wild is a 1935 American adventure film based on Jack London's novel of \"The Call of the Wild\", directed by William A. Wellman, and stars Clark Gable, Loretta Young, and Jack Oakie. The film omits all but one of the book's story lines. In Skagway in 1900, Jack Thornton announces to a crowded bar that he is going home after striking it rich in the gold fields. However, he loses most of his money gambling first. Then he runs into an old pal, \"Shorty\" Hoolihan, just released from jail after serving", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12222417", "score": "1.0304492", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (1923 film)", "text": "The Call of the Wild (1923 film) The Call of the Wild is an American silent film based on the popular book by Jack London. The film was written and directed by Fred Jackman and produced by Hal Roach. The feature was released on September 23, 1923 and distributed by Pathé Exchange. Prints of the movie are archived at the Museum of Modern Art. The story opens with Buck as a puppy, being ushered into a happy family as a Christmas present for a little girl. He grows up a faithful and loving friend of the children until one day", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16914788", "score": "1.0041324", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Call of the Wild (2019 film)", "text": "were added to the cast. In October, Bradley Whitford joined the cast, with Cara Gee joining in November. Principal photography on the film began in late-September 2018 in Los Angeles. \"Call of the Wild\" is scheduled to be released on December 25, 2019 by 20th Century Fox. Call of the Wild (2019 film) Call of the Wild is an upcoming American live-action CGI-animated adventure film based on the Jack London's 1903 novel of the same name. The film is directed by Chris Sanders, written by Michael Green, and stars Harrison Ford, Dan Stevens, Karen Gillan, Bradley Whitford and Omar Sy.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20812929", "score": "1.002929", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (1976 film)", "text": "The Call of the Wild (1976 film) The Call of the Wild is a 1976 American television film based on Jack London's 1903 novel \"The Call of the Wild\". The film, starring John Beck, was directed by Jerry Jameson from a script by the poet and novelist James Dickey. One of several adaptations of London's novel, this version was produced following the success of the 1972 film \"Deliverance\", an adaptation of Dickey's novel of the same title. The author's son, Christopher Dickey, wrote in his 1998 memoir, \"Summer of Deliverance\", that \"[t]he Hollywood concept [for the 1976 film] was James", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16835657", "score": "1.0023506", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Call of the Wild (1935 film)", "text": "Jack and Claire. Buck finds John Blake, still alive, though in bad shape. They nurse him back to health. Jack wants to keep Claire anyway, but she will not go along. Jack then recommends that John leave to get proper medical attention before the weather makes it impossible. John and Claire leave. Jack also During the filming of \"Call of the Wild\", Clark Gable impregnated Loretta Young, which resulted in Young's hushed-up pregnancy and the birth of their daughter Judy Lewis (1935-2011). The pregnancy was widely assumed to be the result of an affair; however, in 2015, Linda Lewis, Young's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12222422", "score": "0.99596465", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Call of the Wild (2019 film)", "text": "Call of the Wild (2019 film) Call of the Wild is an upcoming American live-action CGI-animated adventure film based on the Jack London's 1903 novel of the same name. The film is directed by Chris Sanders, written by Michael Green, and stars Harrison Ford, Dan Stevens, Karen Gillan, Bradley Whitford and Omar Sy. It will be released on December 25, 2019 by 20th Century Fox. A domesticated St. Bernard/Scotch Collie dog named Buck is stolen from his Santa Clara, California home and sold to freight haulers in the Yukon. In October 2017, it was announced that 20th Century Fox was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20812927", "score": "0.99531025", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (1976 film)", "text": "Dickey meets Jack London; sort of \"Deliverance\" in the Klondike.\" The Call of the Wild (1976 film) The Call of the Wild is a 1976 American television film based on Jack London's 1903 novel \"The Call of the Wild\". The film, starring John Beck, was directed by Jerry Jameson from a script by the poet and novelist James Dickey. One of several adaptations of London's novel, this version was produced following the success of the 1972 film \"Deliverance\", an adaptation of Dickey's novel of the same title. The author's son, Christopher Dickey, wrote in his 1998 memoir, \"Summer of Deliverance\",", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16835658", "score": "0.992082", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (1923 film)", "text": "1923 feature was the only silent film produced based on the book. A Charlie Brown special with a plot similar to the novel aired on TV in 1978, Rick Schroder starred in a 1993 TV adaption, a 1997 Canadian TV film featured Richard Dreyfuss and Rutger Hauer and the Animal Planet produced a 13 episode series based on the novel in 2000. During its two-week run at the Cameo Theater in New York, reviews in the local newspapers were unanimous in praising the film. \"The Evening Sun\" called the film \"a very effective picture version\" of London's novel and noted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16914793", "score": "0.978664", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild", "text": "The Call of the Wild is a short adventure novel by Jack London published in 1903 and set in Yukon, Canada during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush, when strong sled dogs were in high demand. The central character of the novel is a dog named Buck. The story opens at a ranch in Santa Clara Valley, California, when Buck is stolen from his home and sold into service as a sled dog in Alaska. He becomes progressively feral in the harsh environment, where he is forced to fight to survive and dominate other dogs. By the end, he sheds the", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (1923 film)", "text": "which animals play the leading roles...the dog who plays the hero is a very good dog indeed. Several times, as a matter of fact, he was rewarded with applause, and I have no doubt that many of the audience felt that for his performance he should have been tendered a whole stack of bones\". The Call of the Wild (1923 film) The Call of the Wild is an American silent film based on the popular book by Jack London. The film was written and directed by Fred Jackman and produced by Hal Roach. The feature was released on September 23,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16914797", "score": "0.9745746", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (2007 film)", "text": "The Call of the Wild (2007 film) The Call of the Wild is a 2007 documentary film by the independent filmmaker Ron Lamothe. The premise details the odyssey of Christopher McCandless as Lamothe takes a road trip across North America to the places McCandless visited. Within the film, Lamothe reaches conclusions about McCandless' death which contradict both Sean Penn's film \"Into the Wild\" (2007) and Jon Krakauer's book \"Into the Wild\" (1997), on which Penn's film was based. In 2006, Ron Lamothe, decided to make a road trip documentary on Christopher McCandless. Lamothe was inspired by McCandless' story even before", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12908937", "score": "0.9717887", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Call of the Wild (1935 film)", "text": "leaves to file a claim. Jack and Claire wait and eventually acknowledge their love for each other. Buck, in the meantime, feels a strong urge to join a pack of wolves; he frequently leaves to spend time with a female wolf. When Blake and Smith reach the site, Smith has Blake strangled, then holds Jack and Claire at gunpoint. The intruders take the gold they have already gathered and destroy anything that would enable the couple to leave. The villains then leave in their canoe, but it overturns and they drown, weighed down by the stolen gold, within sight of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12222421", "score": "0.96696216", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (1908 film)", "text": "The Call of the Wild (1908 film) The Call of the Wild is a 1908 American short adventure film directed by D.W. Griffith. It starred Charles Inslee, Harry Solter and Florence Lawrence. The film was made by the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company when it and many other early film studios in America's first motion picture industry were based in Fort Lee, New Jersey at the beginning of the 20th century. This film is preserved in the paper print collection of the Library of Congress. Despite its similarity in title it is unrelated to the Jack London story. A white", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12450545", "score": "0.9634302", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (1972 film)", "text": "film was shot on location in Finland. Charlton Heston in his autobiography \"In the Arena: An Autobiography\" made it very clear how unhappy he was with this film and asked people to not watch it. Although it was poorly received upon release, and wasn't released in the United States until 1975, today the film is seen in a better light. \"Contemporary British and Irish Film Directors: A Wallflower Critical Guide\" described it as a \"swinging back to action-adventure\", starring \"Charlton Heston at his best\", another in the \"long line of Annakin's panoramic films featuring a myriad of beautiful locations\". The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12450499", "score": "0.9623435", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild", "text": "omitted, and John Thorton's killers are now white criminals, who as before, are also killed by Buck. French Canadian film director Christian Duguay has announced financing and distribution for a version of \"The Call of the Wild\" to be released in 2018. Meanwhile, Chris Sanders is directing another film adaptation Call of the Wild[sic], this time hybrid with live action combined with computer animation, scheduled to release on December 25, 2019 by 20th Century Fox. Harrison Ford will star as the lead role and Terry Notary will start as Buck. The Call of the Wild The Call of the Wild", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2271187", "score": "0.962238", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (1972 film)", "text": "The Call of the Wild (1972 film) The Call of the Wild is a 1972 family adventure film directed by Ken Annakin and starring Charlton Heston, Michèle Mercier, Raimund Harmstorf, George Eastman, and Maria Rohm. Based on Jack London's novel \"The Call of the Wild\", the film follows the adventures of a dog that is brought north to Canada to be used as a sled dog. John Thornton (Charlton Heston) a prospector in the 1897 Klondike Gold Rush is trying to eke out a living in the harsh conditions of the bitterly cold Yukon region of Canada, with Buck the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12450497", "score": "0.9579055", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (2007 film)", "text": "the San Francisco Documentary Film Festival, and the University of Alaska hosted the Fairbanks premiere of the film December 10, 2007. The Denver Film Society offered that the film mounted \"a thoughtful challenge to Jon Krakauer's \"Into the Wild\" (and actor-director Sean Penn's screen adaptation thereof), \"The Call of the Wild\" presents an alternative to the popular account of Chris McCandless, the self-styled 'aesthetic voyager' who died alone in the Alaskan wilderness in 1992 at age 24.\" They further noted Lamothe's, while filming, having several \"run-ins\" with Penn who was, in the same time-frame and locations, himself involved in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12908945", "score": "0.9552866", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Clark Gable", "text": "Gable (born September 20, 1988). Kayley is an actress, while Clark James is currently host of the nationally syndicated reality show \"Cheaters\". During the filming of \"The Call of the Wild\" in early 1935, the film's lead actress, Loretta Young, became pregnant with Gable's child. Their daughter, Judy, was born on November 6, 1935 in Venice, California. Young's pregnancy was hidden in an elaborate scheme. Gable was in New York City when he received an unsigned telegram that said, \"The baby was born, she is beautiful, and has blonde hair.\" Young and her mother both denied sending the telegram; Loretta", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "523870", "score": "0.9524369", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (2007 film)", "text": "in Alaska-and along I-80 through Nebraska to Council Bluffs, Iowa with a group of young adults who enjoy collecting mushrooms alongside the road. After days of hitchhiking, Lamothe finally makes it to Carthage but learns that no one in the town will take interviews for his documentary, since they are under contract by Paramount Vantage for Penn's film. However, Lamothe does get to interview the truck driver who gave McCandless a ride from Carthage to Enderlin, North Dakota, as his life story was not owned by Paramount. After departing Carthage, Lamothe travels through Canada but this time as the driver.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12908941", "score": "0.95126176", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Call of the Wild (2009 film)", "text": "Call of the Wild (2009 film) Call of the Wild (also known as \"Call of the Wild 3D\", titled \"Buck\" in Australia and New Zealand) is an American film starring Christopher Lloyd, Timothy Bottoms, Veronica Cartwright, Christopher Dempsey, Joyce DeWitt, Ariel Gade, Devon Graye, Devon Iott, Kameron Knox, Russell Snyder, and Wes Studi; and directed by Richard Gabai. A modern-day retelling of Jack London's classic novel. A recently widowed man, \"Grandpa\" Bill Hale, in Montana takes his granddaughter Ryann in for several weeks while her parents are out of the country. When a wild wolf-dog hybrid shows up injured on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13897467", "score": "0.95042104", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild", "text": "for almost a year, living temporarily in the frontier town of Dawson City, before moving to a nearby winter camp, where he spent the winter in a temporary shelter reading books he had brought: Charles Darwin's \"On the Origin of Species\" and John Milton's \"Paradise Lost\". In the winter of 1898, Dawson City was a city comprising about 30,000 miners,a saloon, an opera house, and a street of brothels. In the spring, as the annual gold stampeders began to stream in, London left. He had contracted scurvy, common in the Arctic winters where fresh produce was unavailable. When his gums", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2271164", "score": "0.9482032", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (1923 film)", "text": "Buck is described as a St. Bernard-Scotch Collie mix. London's classic novel has been the inspiration for several feature-film adaptions and TV movies since the book was first published. Notable actors who have appeared in these various feature-films include: Clark Gable and Loretta Young in 1935, Charlton Heston in a British production in 1972, John Beck in 1976, and Christopher Lloyd, Timothy Bottoms and Veronica Cartwright in 2009. A 1908 silent film, titled \"The Call of the Wild\" was produced for the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, but despite the similar title, it was unrelated to the London story. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16914792", "score": "0.94529593", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Call of the Wildman", "text": "(USDA) regarding the allegations. In 2017, a USDA investigation concluded that the show exhibited a coyote, porcupines, raccoons, bats, armadillos and deer without a valid license in violation of the Animal Welfare Act. An unnamed producer for the show was fined $1,800 for the violations. The show went off the air in 2014, but Brown and James continue to post animal rescue videos to YouTube and Facebook. Re-runs of episodes are enhanced with facts and trivia with behind-the-scenes information, and even additional scenes. These are called \"More Live Action\" episodes. Call of the Wildman Call of the Wildman was an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16104194", "score": "0.94217134", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild", "text": "the end, he sheds the veneer of civilization, and relies on primordial instinct and learned experience to emerge as a leader in the wild. London spent almost a year in the Yukon, and his observations form much of the material for the book. The story was serialized in the \"Saturday Evening Post\" in the summer of 1903 and was published a month later in book form. The book's great popularity and success made a reputation for London. As early as 1923, the story was adapted to film, and it has since seen several more cinematic adaptations. The story opens with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2271154", "score": "0.9420229", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (1923 film)", "text": "story goes that several years before production began on the 1923 movie, the producer wanted to film an adaption of London's novel himself, but he knew of no dog that could play the hero Buck. Then one day he inadvertently ran across a full-blooded St. Bernard puppy, and realized that in a few years, this dog would grow up to be his Buck. So he purchased the dog and gave him the name and turned him over to a trainer. It was not reported why Lesser did not end up making the feature himself, instead of Roach. In London's book,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16914791", "score": "0.930895", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Call of the Wild (2009 film)", "text": "the back porch one night, Ryann decides to take the wolf, whom she names Buck, back to Boston with her as a pet, but Grandpa knows Buck will eventually have to return to the wild. Call of the Wild (2009 film) Call of the Wild (also known as \"Call of the Wild 3D\", titled \"Buck\" in Australia and New Zealand) is an American film starring Christopher Lloyd, Timothy Bottoms, Veronica Cartwright, Christopher Dempsey, Joyce DeWitt, Ariel Gade, Devon Graye, Devon Iott, Kameron Knox, Russell Snyder, and Wes Studi; and directed by Richard Gabai. A modern-day retelling of Jack London's classic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13897468", "score": "0.92739606", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild (1923 film)", "text": "he is stolen and sold as a sled dog in the Klondike. Here, under cruel treatment, he learns many lessons and develops a keen dislike to the man who stole him and clubbed him into submission. One experience follows another for Buck until he finds a real friend in his last master to whom he proves his faithfulness in the climax. The cinematographer for the film was Floyd Jackman, brother of director Fred Jackman, who was president of the American Society of Cinematographers at the time. Floyd and Fred filmed some of the scenes on location in Truckee, California and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16914789", "score": "0.92414725", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "The Call of the Wild", "text": "to a pair of French-Canadian dispatchers from the Canadian government, François and Perrault, who take him with them to the Klondike region of Canada. There, they train him as a sled dog. From his teammates, he quickly learns to survive cold winter nights and the pack society. A rivalry develops between Buck and the vicious, quarrelsome lead dog, Spitz. Buck eventually beats Spitz in a fight. Spitz is killed by the pack after his defeat by Buck, and Buck eventually becomes the leader of the team. When Francois and Perrault reach Dawson with their dispatches, and are given new orders", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2271156", "score": "0.9151045", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Call of the Wild (1935 film)", "text": "daughter-in-law, stated publicly that Young had confided to her before her death that Gable had raped her, and that though the two had flirted on-set, there had been no affair. This was the last film released under the Twentieth Century Pictures' banner before it merged with Fox Film Corporation to create 20th Century Fox. Call of the Wild (1935 film) Call of the Wild is a 1935 American adventure film based on Jack London's novel of \"The Call of the Wild\", directed by William A. Wellman, and stars Clark Gable, Loretta Young, and Jack Oakie. The film omits all but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12222423", "score": "0.9151007", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "The Call of the Wild", "long_answer": "The Call of the Wild is a short adventure novel by Jack London published in 1903 and set in Yukon, Canada during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush, when strong sled dogs were in high demand. The central character of the novel is a dog named Buck. The story opens at a ranch in Santa Clara Valley, California, when Buck is stolen from his home and sold into service as a sled dog in Alaska. He becomes progressively feral in the harsh environment, where he is forced to fight to survive and dominate other dogs. By the end, he sheds the veneer of civilization, and relies on primordial instinct and learned experience to emerge as a leader in the wild.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Call of the Wild is a short adventure novel by Jack London published in 1903 and set in Yukon, Canada during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush, when strong sled dogs were in high demand. The central character of the novel is a dog named Buck. The story opens at a ranch in Santa Clara Valley, California, when Buck is stolen from his home and sold into service as a sled dog in Alaska. He becomes progressively feral in the harsh environment, where he is forced to fight to survive and dominate other dogs. By the end, he sheds the", "short_answers": [ "1890s", "the 1890s" ] }

[ "the Indo-Greek kings" ]

[ { "title": "Beonna of East Anglia", "text": "for runic lettering. Beonna had three moneyers whose names are known: Werferth, Efe and Wilred. The coins struck by Werferth are considered to be the earliest. His coins and those struck under the authority of Eadberht of Northumbria both contained 70% silver and were similar in type and detail, which suggests the possibility of producing a chronology for Beonna's coins, using the established sequence for the Northumbrian coins of Eadberht. However, as Eadberht's reign began in 738, several years before Beonna became king in East Anglia, the coins cannot be related to each other closely enough to construct a reliable", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9512945", "score": "1.0079072", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Ancient Greek coinage", "text": "by other Greeks as showing hubris (arrogance). But the kings of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria had no such scruples: having already awarded themselves with \"divine\" status, they issued magnificent gold coins adorned with their own portraits, with the symbols of their state on the reverse. The names of the kings were frequently inscribed on the coin as well. This established a pattern for coins which has persisted ever since: a portrait of the king, usually in profile and striking a heroic pose, on the obverse, with his name beside him, and a coat of arms or other symbol of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2349685", "score": "1.0036583", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Pathankot district", "text": "kings issued their coins. These early coins are thin pieces of copper either square or oblong. Their identity is marked by the symbols found on these coins such as Trident, Nandi Bull, Swastic and elephant etc. Some silver coins have also been issued by the Audumbra Kings. They were issued in the name of the community and king. These coins bear the name of the king as well as the state as Audumbrisa . Dharaghosa was probably the most famous and great king of the Audumbra republic. These coins remained in use till the fourth century A.D. Sir A. Cunnigham,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15793431", "score": "1.0035558", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Illyrian coinage", "text": "being known under the name of Patraus. On the reverse of the coins is a horseman riding over an enemy, in allusion to triumphs over the Macedonians and an inscription of the king. The coins of Audoleon have a head wearing a Corinthian helmet on the obverse and on the reverse a horse stepping, very boldly executed and the inscription of the king. The first Dardanian king to have minted silver coins was Monunius in the beginning of the 3rd century BC, around 280 BC. He struck his coins in the Greek colony of Durrës and they differed only in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14869522", "score": "0.99854165", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Cantiaci", "text": "the Thames, sent a message to these four kings to attack the Roman naval camp as a distraction. The attack failed, a chieftain called Lugotorix was captured, and Cassivellaunus was forced to seek terms. In the century between Caesar's expeditions and the conquest under Claudius (starting in 43 CE), kings in Britain began to issue coins stamped with their names. The following kings of the Cantiaci are known: According to Nennius, Gwrangon was King of Kent in the time of Vortigern, until Vortigern took away the kingdom and gave it to Hengist; but Nennius is regarded as an untrustworthy source,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2601841", "score": "0.9961625", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Addedomarus", "text": "Addedomarus Addedomarus (sometimes written Aθθedomarus on coins) was a king of south-eastern Britain in the late 1st century BC. His name is known only from his inscribed coins, the distribution of which seem to indicate that he was the ruler of the Trinovantes. He was the first king to produce inscribed coins north of the Thames, perhaps as early as 35 BC, although some estimates are as late as 15 BC. He seems to have moved the Trinovantian capital from Braughing in Hertfordshire to Camulodunum (Colchester, Essex). For a brief period (ca. 15-10 BC) he seems to have been supplanted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6194398", "score": "0.9921802", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Illyrian coinage", "text": "the Aegean, as well as original symbols such as tongs of a metal smelter. The circulation of Damastion coins included Kosovo, southern Serbia, Macedonia and the Adriatic coast from Shkodër to Split. The presence of silver mines around the city in ancient sources made it possible for the minting of coins in such a great abundance. The only kings to have minted coins bearing their names were Lycceius, Patraus, Audoleon, Monunius, Mytilus, Gentius and Ballaios. The coinage of Patraus is remarkable. They have on the obverse a head of Apollo, which may be in allusion to the king's name, Apollo", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14869521", "score": "0.988844", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Visigothic coinage", "text": "where they were struck. Unlike Frankish or later Anglo-Saxon coins, the name of the moneyer is not given. The first of the royal coinage was issued during the reign of Liuvigild (567-586). For a short period coins imitating Byzantine issues, but with the name of Visigothic king were struck - an example is MEC 210. This tremissis of Liuvigild was minted in Barcelona. The obverse shows a stylised bust of the king facing left, with the legend \"\"; on the reverse, a cross on steps, with the legend \"\", identifying the mint. Another type, MEC 209, shows the king facing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13776495", "score": "0.98572433", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Alchon Huns", "text": "at the time) as donors to a Buddhist reliquary stupa. The rulers of the Alchons practiced skull deformation, as evidenced from their coins, a practice shared with the Huns that migrated into Europe. The names of the first Alchon rulers do not survive. Starting from 430 CE, names of Alchon kings, assuming the title \"Tegin\", survive on coins and religious inscriptions: The earliest Alchon Hun coins were based on Sasanian designs, often with the simple addition of the Alchon \"tamgha\" and a mention of \"Alchon\" or \"Alkhan\". Various coins minted in Bactria and based on a Sasanian designs are known,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20203146", "score": "0.9827299", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Satavahana dynasty", "text": "The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Iceni", "text": "the only coin-producing group to use their tribal name on coins. The earliest personal name to appear on coins is Antedios (about 10 BC), and other abbreviated names like AESU and SAEMU follow. It has been discovered that the name of Antedios’ succeeding ruler Prasutagus appears on the coins as well. H. R. Mossop in his article “An Elusive Icenian Legend” discusses coins that were discovered by D. F. Allen in Joist Fen, Suffolk, and states, “It is the coins Nos. 6 and 7 which give an advance in the obverse reading, confirming Allen’s attractive reading PRASTO, with its implied", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2206781", "score": "0.98239636", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Kadamba dynasty", "text": "the epithets on the coins, \"sri dosharashi\", is known from inscriptions to have been used by the Kadamba king Krishnavarma II (ruled 516–540). Other coins with the legend \"sri manarashi\" were also found, along with anepigraphic coins (that is, coins without any legends) featuring flowers, \"chakras\", and conches. The lotus, \"chakra\" (discus), and conch are all symbols of the god Vishnu. Kadamba inscriptions frequently invoke Vishnu, indicating they must have been devotees of this deity. The identity of the king named \"sri manarashi\" has still not been determined. The coins are perhaps the earliest ones to use Kannada letters, a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4043374", "score": "0.9786446", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Kosala", "text": "to know whether king Muladeva of the coins is identifiable with Muladeva, murderer of the Shunga ruler Vasumitra or not (though a historian, Jagannath has tried to do so). King Dhanadeva of the coins is identified with king Dhanadeva (1st century BCE) of Ayodhya inscription. In this Sanskrit inscription, King Kaushikiputra Dhanadeva mentions about setting a \"ketana\" (flag-staff) in memory of his father, Phalgudeva. In this inscription he claimed himself as the sixth in descent from Pushyamitra Shunga. Dhanadeva issued both cast and die-struck coins and both the types have a bull on obverse. Other local rulers whose coins were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4968202", "score": "0.9778197", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Bithynian coinage", "text": "silver and bronze coinage. Elsewhere, Cappadocians are primarily known for their military issues of coins, and the less monetized Pontic region primarily struck bronze coinage. The purpose of the first royal Bithynian and Cappadocian bronze coinage is still unknown. The first king was Zipoetes I c. 298 BC – c. 279 BC. It is thought that there were no coinage struck during his reign. The first Bithynian king to strike coins was Nicomedes I (c. 280 BC – c. 250 BC). He is primarily known for bringing the Gauls known as Galatians to the Asia Minor in 277 BC to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20569231", "score": "0.97560275", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Visigothic coinage", "text": "find the name of the king in the genitive, rather than the nominative, and preceded by D N, an abbreviation for \"dominus\". Under Chindasuinth, the mint of Toledo introduced the legend INDN, abbreviating \"In nomine Domine\" (in the name of the Lord) , which became common until the reign of Wamba, with various other abbreviations known, such as INDNM, INDIMN. The coinage of Egica also sometimes bear the legend N + P N•M•, an abbreviation of \"In Xristi Nomine\" (in the name of Christ). The names of the kings were written in various ways, for example Suintila is found as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13776504", "score": "0.9755504", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Airdeconut", "text": "relates to coins of the kings Siefredus and Cnut (Sigfroðr and Knútr in Old Norse), who ruled the Viking kingdom of Northumbria jointly between 895 and 905. The coin is also significant since it suggests Airdeconut was a Christian – the reverse inscription () is arranged in a cross. This coin is the only piece of evidence for the existence of a ruler of Northumbria by the name of Harthacnut. According to Dr Gareth Williams, curator of early medieval coins at the British Museum, the discovery of the existence of Airdeconut represents the first new Medieval king in England discovered", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18761543", "score": "0.96544707", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Dynamis (Bosporan queen)", "text": "this occurred by the concurrence of Octavian (the name used by historians for Augustus before he became the emperor) and Mark Antony when they shared the rule of the Roman Empire. Minns reckoned that Asander started issuing coins in his name in 44 BC, the year Caesar, who supported Mithridates of Pergamon, died. Then he started minting with the acquiescence of Octavian, whose head featured on his coins. For the first three years the coins had the inscription ΑΡΧΟΝΤΟΣ ΑΣΑΝ ΔΡΟΥ (Archiontos Asandrou), archon Asander. Here we also have the first occurrence of φιλορώαμιος (philoromaios, friend of Rome) on coinage.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13417886", "score": "0.9644166", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Western Satraps", "text": "and the date of issue, and have helped clarify the early history of India. From the reigns of Jivadaman and Rudrasimha I, the date of minting of each coin, reckoned in the Saka era, is usually written on the obverse behind the king's head in Brahmi numerals, allowing for a quite precise datation of the rule of each king. This is a rather uncommon case in Indian numismatics. Some, such as the numismat R.C Senior considered that these dates might correspond to the much earlier Azes era instead. Also the father of each king is systematically mentioned in the reverse", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6407793", "score": "0.9640139", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Monunius I", "text": "The royal staters, with the legend 'Basileos Monuniou' (of King Monunius), were a copy of the coins of Durrës, the place where they were minted. The coins of Monunius differed only in having the jaw of the boar set over the cow, as a symbol of the royal Illyrian name. The mint also had the abbreviated name ΔΥΡ (for Durrës) to donate the place where they were minted, as well as showing royal sovereignty over the city. These coins have been found in great numbers in the Illyrian city of Gurëzeza, and in the interior of modern-day Albania beyond the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11595358", "score": "0.96384716", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Kingdom of Northumbria", "text": "to bartering) regained popularity in the late 600s, Northumbrian coins featured kings' names, indicating royal control of currency. Royal currency was unique in Britain for a long time. King Aldfrith (685–705) minted Northumbria's earliest silver coins, likely in York. Later royal coinage bears the name of King Eadberht (738–758), as well as his brother, archbishop Ecgbert of York. Later kings and archbishops minted coins until the Danish conquest of York in 866/7. These coins were primarily small silver sceattas, more suitable to small, everyday transactions than larger gold Frankish or Roman coins. They were not a fiat currency, but rather", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "472048", "score": "0.96202683", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Sources of ancient Tamil history", "text": "the Chera kings of Sangam age with a portrait and the legends \"Makkotai\" or \"Kuttuvan Kotai\" have been found near the Amaravathi river bed in Karur and elsewhere in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu state. They depict the royal emblem of the Cheras, the bow and arrow symbol, on the reverse. It was generally believed that the Satavahanas were the first indigenous monarchs to issue silver portrait coins. That has been disproved by the discovery of Makkotai and Kuttuvan Kotai coins belonging to the 1st century AD or a little later. Silver coins issued by Augustus and Tiberius have over", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10690566", "score": "0.96119034", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Commius", "text": "and was issuing coins from Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester). It is possible that Commius and his followers founded this kingdom, although the fact that, when Caesar was unable to bring his cavalry to Britain in 55 BC, Commius was able to provide a small detachment of horsemen from his people, suggests that there were already Atrebates in Britain at this time. Coins marked with his name continued to be issued until about 20 BC, and some have suggested, based on the length of his \"floruit\", that there may have been two kings, father and son, of the same name. However, if", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4412062", "score": "0.96117723", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Panchala", "text": "punch consisting of a row of three symbols and the ruler's name placed in a single line below them. The reverse bears depictions of the deities or sometimes of their attributes, whose names form a component of the issuers' names (for example, coins of Agnimitra bear the depiction of Agni). The names of the rulers found on these coins are Vangapala, Yajnapala, Damagupta, Rudragupta, Jayagupta, Suryamitra, Phalgunimitra, Bhanumitra, Bhumimitra, Dhruvamitra, Agnimitra, Indramitra, Vishnumitra, Jayamitra, Prajapatimitra, Varunamitra, Anamitra, Bhadraghosha and Yugasena (the reverse of the coins of Varunamitra, Yugasena and Anamitra do not exhibit any deity). Shaunakayaniputra Vangapala, ruler of Ahichatra,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5841830", "score": "0.95979625", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Eardwulf of Northumbria", "text": "the written sources for later Northumbria are few and often written down centuries after the events they describe, archaeological evidence from coinage is independent of the surviving annals. Anglo-Saxon coins usually named the king on whose orders they were issued and sometimes named the mint where they were struck—Northumbrian coinage names York as the place of issue—and the moneyer who produced them. Their weight and silver content can be compared with other reigns, providing a hint of the prevailing economic conditions, and the style and size may also throw light on cultural influences when the coins are compared with those", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8328116", "score": "0.95827174", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Catuvellauni", "text": "capital. Tasciovanus was the first king to mint coins at Verlamion, beginning ca 20 BC. He appears to have expanded his power at the expense of the Trinovantes to the east, as some of his coins, ca 15–10 BC, were minted in their capital Camulodunum (modern Colchester). This advance was given up, possibly under pressure from Rome, and a later series of coins were again minted at Verulamium. However, Camulodunum was retaken, either by Tasciovanus or by his son Cunobelinus, who succeeded him ca AD 9 and ruled for about 30 years. Little is known of Cunobelinus's life, but his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2603886", "score": "0.95290923", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Bimaran casket", "text": "(10 BCE–10 CE), a successor to Azes II, who minted many coins in the name of Azes II. The four coins in the Bimaran casket are of the same type: tetradrachms of debased silver in the name of Azes, in near-new condition. On the obverse they show a king on a horse to the right with right hand extended, with a three-pellet dynastic mark and a circular legend in Greek. The legend reads in corrupted Greek WEIΛON WEOΛΛWN IOCAAC (that is, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΑΖΟΥ) \"King of Kings Azes\". On the reverse appears a figure of Tyche standing and holding a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5789547", "score": "0.95088303", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Aristobulus I", "text": "of Judah's coins were found in the regions of Galilee and the Golan, primary, the largest amount of coins were from Gamla. Majority of them come from his actual reign, while a small amount of these coins were minted after. Aristobulus I Judah Aristobulus I ( \"Ioúdās Aristóboulos\", the epithet meaning \"best-advising\"; reigned c. 104 – 103 BC) was the first ruler of the Hasmonean Dynasty to declare himself \"king\". He was the eldest of the five sons of John Hyrcanus, the previous leader. Aristobulus was not only just the first king from the Hasmonean lineage, but the first of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4303210", "score": "0.94951904", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Artemidoros Aniketos", "text": "read \"rajatirajasa moasa putrasa ca artemidorosa\", the \"ca\" (pronounced \"cha\") meaning \"and\", which opens the way to a possible translation being \"King of kings Maues, and the son of Artemidoros\". This would suggest that the son of Artemidoros would have issued coins in the name of his father, recognizing at the same time the suzerainty of Maues. In that case, Artemidoros would have been a regular Indo-Greek king, whose son simply made a transition with the rule of Maues. Bopearachchi has suggested a date of c. 85-80 BCE, but this was before the appearance of the Maues coin. Senior's dating", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4400338", "score": "0.9486567", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Jagadeva", "text": "Paramara king Udayaditya (reigned c. 1060–1086). Four gold coins bearing the name \"Shri-Jagadeva\" have also been discovered. Several scholars, including P. C. Roy, identify the issuer of these coins as the Paramara prince. M. H. Krishna surmised that the Chalukya king Someshvara was known by the title \"Jagaddeva\" (\"Lord of the world\") in the northern part of his kingdom, and it was he who issued these coins. However, all the known Chalukya coins feature Kannada script, while coins of Jagaddeva feature the Nagari script used by the Paramaras. Therefore, Krishna's theory is purely conjectural. V. P. Rode theorizes that Jagadeva", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14711909", "score": "0.9457514", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Sources of ancient Tamil history", "text": "not become available in abundance until later, around 44 BCE, it has been postulated that the Pandyan kings melted silver from the coins brought in by trade with Magadha or some foreign location other than Rome. The names of the Pandyan kings who issued this series of coins is not clear. Another series of coins, all made of copper and found near Madurai, have the fish symbol on the reverse and among other symbols on the obverse, have the legend \"Peruvaluthi\" written in the Tamil-Brahmi script. They have been assigned a date of around 200 BCE and are considered to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10690563", "score": "0.9435756", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Satavahana dynasty", "long_answer": "The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest.", "short_answers": [ "the Indo-Greek kings" ] }

[ "Ricky Nelson" ]

[ { "title": "Rio Bravo (film)", "text": "by the Nelson Riddle Orchestra, sings a specially composed song, \"Rio Bravo\", written by Tiomkin with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster. Nelson later paid homage to both the film and his character, Colorado, by including the song \"Restless Kid\" on his 1959 LP, \"Ricky Sings Again\". Members of the Western Writers of America chose \"My Rifle, My Pony, and Me\" as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time. A brief clip from \"Rio Bravo\" was among the archive footage later incorporated into the opening sequence of Wayne's last film, \"The Shootist,\" to illustrate the backstory of Wayne's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "853932", "score": "1.0563848", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Laredo Kid", "text": "years before leaving the promotion to work on the Mexican Independent circuit. The wrestler that would later be known as Laredo Kid made his professional wrestling debut in 2003, under the name \"Exterminador\". He would often wrestle against his brother \"Oscuridad\" and would work alongside his uncle and trainer Muerte Subita (also known as \"El Hechicero\"). He worked on the Mexican Independent circuit until early 2005. After signing with Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in 2005 he was repackaged as \"Laredo Kid\", named after his home town of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. Laredo Kid's first notable appearance for AAA was at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13394705", "score": "1.0089755", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Mike Rapada", "text": "Mike Rapada Michael Rapada (born August 28, 1964) best known as \"The Colorado Kid\" Mike Rapada is an American professional wrestler. Mike Rapada started out in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It took three months, but eventually he convinced Jeff Jarrett to hire him. After Jarrett left for the WWF, Rapada sought out training from the likes of Ken Wayne, Buddy Wayne and others. He also made several appearances on \"WCW Monday Nitro\" as a security guard during his career. In 1994, he was named Rookie of the Year in the United States Wrestling Association promotion out of Memphis. He also had", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7331808", "score": "0.9985887", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Chris-Pin Martin", "text": "Angeles. Chris-Pin Martin Chris-Pin Martin (born Ysabel Ponciana Chris-Pin Martin Paiz, November 19, 1893 – June 27, 1953) was an American character actor whose specialty lay in portraying comical Mexicans, particularly sidekicks in \"The Cisco Kid\" film series. He acted in over 100 films between 1925 and 1953, including over 50 westerns. Martin was born in Tucson. His roles were as a rotund, roly-poly bumbling or slow comedic character who spoke in broken English. His most remembered western film role was in nine of the \"Cisco Kid\" films playing the Kid's sidekicks Gordito and in the later films Pancho. He", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7232521", "score": "0.9899965", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Roque Gallart", "text": "Roque Gallart Roque Josė Gallart Ortiz, (born September 21, 1979), also known as Rocky the Kid, is a Puerto Rican actor and radio and television personality. Gallart was host of a Mega-TV television show named \"Descarao' Por La Noche\". Roque José Gallart Ortiz is the son of Roque José Gallart, Sr., himself a well-known radio announcer. Roque, Jr. would visit his dad's radio station and stay there until a school bus picked him up as a little kid. Roque, Jr. became interested in radio work during this era in his life. In 1995, at age 16, he was hired by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19185447", "score": "0.98983735", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Jack Starrett", "text": "Starrett played the Durango Kid in many films. Starrett died from kidney failure in Sherman Oaks, California at the age of 52. At the time of his death he was married to Valerie Starrett. His daughter is Jennifer Starrett, who is also an actress. Jack Starrett Jack Starrett (November 2, 1936 – March 27, 1989) was an American actor and film director. He is credited as Claude Ennis Starrett Jr. in some of his films. Starrett is perhaps best known for his role as \"Gabby Johnson\", a parody of George \"Gabby\" Hayes, in the 1974 film \"Blazing Saddles\" and is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5365866", "score": "0.9890709", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Laredo Kid", "text": "Laredo Kid Laredo Kid (born December 30, 1986) is a Mexican \"luchador enmascarado\", or masked professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in Impact Wrestling and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) from 2005 to 2011. Laredo Kid's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. Laredo Kid originally used the ring name The Exterminador but changed it to \"Laredo Kid\" after a year. He signed with AAA in 2005 and worked for them for several", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13394704", "score": "0.9883475", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Germán Legarreta", "text": "and Somos Unicos under his belt, at the age of 14, German beat out numerous other young stars for the role of \"Freddy\" in the hit theatrical release, \"Roller Kids\". A role on Telemundo's popular TV series, \"Dame Un Break\", soon followed, and German was recognized as a true teen star. While enjoying his newfound fame in Puerto Rico, he continued to hone his craft under the guidance of several prestigious acting coaches. In 2001, German left Puerto Rico to pursue his dreams in Hollywood. Since arriving, he gave memorable performances in a variety of feature films: \"Chasing Papi\" (2003),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11357664", "score": "0.9866072", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Zach Woodlee", "text": "in Mesquite. It should be no surprise that he is now pursuing a career in acting. In the past year, he’s made some impressive progress. Woodlee starred in his first commercial, for Pop Rocks, when he was 12 years old. From there, he worked with the Kim Dawson studio in Dallas and won the UIL state competition for his role of Davey in a school play. He Can be seen appearing in Old Navy television ads. Some of his other commercial appearances include ads for Exxon, Sony and Abracat.com. After graduating from Poteet High School in 1995, his parents encouraged", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14233040", "score": "0.9861188", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Rio Bravo (film)", "text": "Chance's friend Pat Wheeler (Ward Bond) and his wagon train of supplies stop in town, with a young gunslinger, Colorado Ryan (Ricky Nelson), riding guard. Inside the jail, Stumpy (Walter Brennan), Chance's game-legged deputy, keeps watch over the jail and Joe, who knows that Stumpy holds an old grudge against Joe's wealthy and powerful brother. Joe warns his jailers that Nathan Burdette will not like how his brother is being treated.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "South of the Rio Grande", "text": "cantina. Dolores Gonzales (Molleri) is abducted and forced to sing in the cantina. When Cisco and Pancho go undercover at the Sanchez hacienda, Sanchez is eventually killed by Cisco and the town is rid of the corruption. The film was preceded by the April 3 release of \"The Cisco Kid Returns\", which revealed Cisco's name to be Juan Francisco Hernandez, and \"In Old New Mexico\" on May 15, with Cisco's name changed to Juan Carlos Francisco Antonio. South of the Rio Grande South of the Rio Grande is a 1945 American western film. Released on September 15, it was the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19020938", "score": "0.98222685", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Nacho Galindo (actor)", "text": "Nacho Galindo (actor) Nacho Galindo (November 7, 1908 – June 22, 1973) was a Mexican-American film and television actor who lived and worked in the Los Angeles area for most of his life. Between 1941 and 1970 he had small, often unbilled roles in 71 feature films and at least 60 TV episodes. His most prominent film role was that of the Cisco Kid's third-billed sidekick, \"Baby\", in 1946's \"The Gay Cavalier\", the first of poverty row Monogram's entries in the series, which starred Gilbert Roland as The Cisco Kid. Born Ignacio Galindo in Mexico's fourth-largest municipality, Guadalajara, he emigrated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19313324", "score": "0.97206056", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "The Cisco Kid Returns", "text": "the Rio Grande\" on September 15 falling back to Cisco's name being Juan Francisco Hernandez. Martin Garralaga appears in both as Pancho. The Cisco Kid Returns The Cisco Kid Returns is a 1945 American western drama film. Released on April 3, 1945, it was the first of three Cisco Kid films made that year with Duncan Renaldo as Cisco and Martin Garralaga as Pancho. In this release, Cisco's real name is Juan Francisco Hernandez. Cisco must clear himself of murder charges, while preventing his girlfriend Rosita (Callejo) from eloping with his rival John Harris (Pryor). The film was followed by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19025550", "score": "0.9719056", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Kirk Harris", "text": "Kirk Harris Award winning actor-filmmaker, Kirk Harris has been the lead actor in several films that have had arthouse theatrical releases in the U.S. He starred in the 2013 western thriller \"A Sierra Nevada Gunfight\" (originally titled \"The Sorrow\") by director Vernon Mortensen. The film was shot in the mountains of Eastern San Diego county. The film was written by Mortensen and Johnny Harrington. He also starred in \"The Kid: Chamaco\", which was shot in Mexico City by Mexican director/producer Miguel Necoechea. The film was written by Harris, Necoechea and Canadian filmmaker Carl Bessai. A former amateur boxer, Harris played", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10318326", "score": "0.970204", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Jose Pablo Cantillo", "text": "Jose Pablo Cantillo Jose Pablo Cantillo (born March 30, 1979), is an American actor. He is best known for playing Ricky Verona in \"Crank\", Hector Salazar in FX's \"Sons of Anarchy\", and Caesar Martinez in AMC's \"The Walking Dead\". The son of Costa Rican parents, Roberto Cantillo and Rita Bolaños, Jose Pablo Cantillo (known as \"Joey\" in his high school days ) was born in Marshfield, Wisconsin. He grew up in Terre Haute, Indiana and attended Terre Haute South Vigo High School, where he was a tennis standout for all four years, leading the Terre Haute South Braves to a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10148538", "score": "0.96946037", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Diego Gutiérrez Chávez", "text": "a two-year contract for the Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC. Diego Gutiérrez Chávez Diego Gutierrez (born October 24, 1993) is a Mexican born soccer player who plays as a defender and defensive midfielder for Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC in the United Soccer League. Diego was born in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico but moved to the United States at the age of 12. He attended Frisco Centennial High School and played collegiate Division 1 soccer for Houston Baptist University. Gutierrez signed for his hometown club Club León in December 2015. After a 6-month spell, he transferred to Inter Playa del Carmen where he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20321924", "score": "0.96914685", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Laredo Kid", "text": "team tournmanent for the Impact Wrestling world tag team championships. Laredo Kid Laredo Kid (born December 30, 1986) is a Mexican \"luchador enmascarado\", or masked professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in Impact Wrestling and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) from 2005 to 2011. Laredo Kid's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. Laredo Kid originally used the ring name The Exterminador but changed it to \"Laredo Kid\" after a year. He signed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13394715", "score": "0.9670346", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "South of the Rio Grande", "text": "South of the Rio Grande South of the Rio Grande is a 1945 American western film. Released on September 15, it was the third of three Cisco Kid films made that year with Duncan Renaldo as Cisco and Martin Garralaga as Pancho. Unusual as a Cisco Kid film, this one is a quasi-musical and opens with Cisco serenading a girlfriend. The Guadalajara Trio are featured as themselves. In this release, Cisco's real name is Juan Francisco Hernandez. Bandits Cisco and Pancho travel to a Mexican town to battle corrupt official Miguel Sanchez (Lewis) whose girlfriend Pepita (Armida) sings at a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19020937", "score": "0.9654895", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Estelita Rodriguez", "text": "Estelita Rodriguez Estelita Rodriguez (July 2, 1928 – March 12, 1966) was a Cuban actress best known for her roles in many Roy Rogers Republic westerns, and her role in Howard Hawks' western classic \"Rio Bravo\". Rodriguez's career began in 1942 when she won a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer at the age of 14. She continued to go to MGM school in preparation to make a movie. However, MGM dropped her at the last minute, and Rodriguez traveled back to New York until 1945 when she signed a five-picture deal with Republic. The studio that same year cast her in her", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15846466", "score": "0.96522164", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Laredo Kid", "text": "13 competitors in a \"Domo De La Muerte\" (Dome of Death) match to determine the competitors in a tournament to crown the first ever AAA Cruiserweight Champion. Laredo Kid defeated Super Fly in the first round but lost to Alan Stone in the semi-final. On April 7, 2015, Laredo Kid wrestled a tryout match for WWE, which he worked unmasked under the ring name Tony Guevara. Teaming with Sammy Guevara, the two were defeated by Los Matadores. On the March 30, 2017 episode of Impact Wrestling, Laredo Kid made his debut. He teamed up with Garza Jr. in a tag", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13394714", "score": "0.96250594", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Rio Bravo (film)", "text": "Old Tucson Studios outside Tucson, Arizona, in Technicolor. In 2014, \"Rio Bravo\" was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. In the town of Rio Bravo, Texas, sheriff's deputy Dude (Dean Martin), who has acquired the contemptuous nickname \"Borrachón\" (, Spanish for \"big drunk\"), enters a saloon but cannot afford a drink. Joe Burdette (Claude Akins), brother of rancher Nathan Burdette, tosses a silver dollar into a spittoon. Presidio County, Texas, Sheriff John T. Chance (John Wayne) appears and kicks the spittoon away, looking at Dude with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "853917", "score": "0.9618765", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Charles Starrett", "text": "finally accepted his permanent cowboy status. After playing assorted rancher, ranger, and sheriff roles, Starrett was cast as \"The Durango Kid\" in 1940. The character was an upright citizen known and liked by the townsfolk, but he masqueraded as a notorious, black-garbed horseman to terrorize the local criminals and foil their plans. The film was successful but not much different from some of Starrett's earlier good guy-chasing-bad-guy roles. The character was revived five years later in \"The Return of the Durango Kid\", which caught on very quickly. Starrett played an amiable cowpoke named Steve (the last name varied but he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4941789", "score": "0.9613837", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "The Cisco Kid and the Lady", "text": "amusing and goes down easy as a shot of tequila.\" Other films in which Cesar Romero played \"The Cisco Kid\" were: The Cisco Kid and the Lady The Cisco Kid and the Lady is a 1939 American film starring Cesar Romero as the Cisco Kid, replacing Warner Baxter, who'd won the Academy Award for the role, and is the fifth film in The Cisco Kid series. For Cesar Romero, this was the first of six Cisco Kid roles. Kid and his partner, Gordito, and another outlaw named Harbison are each bequeathed a third interest in a gold mine of a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12592907", "score": "0.95982945", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Cesar Romero", "text": "part of the crew and was eventually promoted to the rating of Chief Boatswain's Mate. At 190 cm [6'3\"], Romero routinely played \"Latin lovers\" in films from the 1930s until the 1950s, usually in supporting roles. He starred as the Cisco Kid in six westerns made between 1939 and 1941. Romero danced and performed comedy in the 20th Century Fox films he starred in opposite Carmen Miranda and Betty Grable, such as \"Week-End in Havana\" and \"Springtime in the Rockies\", in the 1940s. He also played a minor role as Sinjin, a piano player in Glenn Miller's band, in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2379570", "score": "0.95603627", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Rio Mangini", "text": "Rio Mangini Rio Mangini (born October 6, 2002) is an American actor, musician, and composer. Mangini is known for his roles as Ace McFumbles in \"Bella and the Bulldogs\" and as McQuaid in \"Everything Sucks!\". Rio Mangini is the son of Academy Award-winning sound editor Mark Mangini. Mangini is a pianist and placed first in the 2011 Cypress College Competition (8-year old division), and honorable mention in the 2011 American Protege International Piano Strings Competition. As a pianist, Mangini was awarded by Young Artist Awards in 2012 with a special award in the category \"Outstanding Instrumentalist.\" In 2012, Mangini starred", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20664125", "score": "0.9543304", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Llano Kid", "text": "The Llano Kid The Llano Kid is a 1939 Western film starring Tito Guízar in the title role of Enrique Ibarra/the Llano Kid. Released on December 8, 1939, it was a remake of Gary Cooper's 1930 \"The Texan\". \"The Llano Kid\" was directed by Edward Venturini. Others in the film include Gale Sondergaard as Lora Travers, Alan Mowbray as John Travers, and Jan Clayton as Lupita Sandoval. The Llano Kid is a romantic highwayman who robs stagecoaches along the Texas-Mexico border. In the film, John and Lora Travers are searching for Enrique Ibarra to inform him that he is the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16196743", "score": "0.95349073", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Rio Bravo (film)", "text": "was successful, taking in over US$5.5 million. The musical score was composed by Dimitri Tiomkin. His score includes the hauntingly ominous \"\"El Degüello\"\" theme, which is heard several times. The Colorado character identifies the tune as \"The Cutthroat Song\". He relates that the song was played on the orders of General Antonio López de Santa Anna to the Texans holed up in the Alamo, to signify that no quarter would be given to them. The tune was used in Wayne's film, \"The Alamo\" (1960). Composer Ennio Morricone recalled that director Sergio Leone asked him to write \"Dimitri Tiomkin music\" for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "853930", "score": "0.95295924", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Kelly Reno", "text": "short when the pick-up truck he was driving was hit by a semi-truck. He had severe injuries and the long recovery time put an end to his acting career. In 1985 he appeared as an Alamo messenger who travels through time in an episode entitled \"Alamo Jobe\" in Steven Spielberg's \"Amazing Stories\". After 20 years as a cattle rancher, he became a semi-truck driver. Kelly Reno Kelly Reno (born June 19, 1966 raised in Pueblo Colorado) is a former child actor who was cast at age 11 in the role of Alec Ramsey (after responding to an open casting call),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8281654", "score": "0.9504711", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Kid Azteca", "text": "Kid Azteca Luis Villanueva Paramo (June 21, 1913 – March 16, 2002) was a Mexican boxer best known as \"Kid Azteca\". Villanueva boxed professionally from 1932 to 1961, making him one of a small number of fighters that fought during four decades. Archie Moore, George Foreman and Roberto Durán are three other fighters in that exclusive group. Luis Villanueva was a native of \"The Tough Neighborhood\" of Tepito, one of the most notorious neighborhoods in Mexico City, famous among other things because several international famous Mexican boxers and wrestlers were born at that place, (hence the reason why it is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6918850", "score": "0.94948435", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "The Cisco Kid (1994 film)", "text": "by Luis Valdez. Filming took place in Sierra de Órganos National Park in the town of Sombrerete, Mexico Just before its initial airing, Todd Everett of Variety praised the casting of Jimmy Smits in the role of The Cisco Kid as \"ideal\", and wrote that Cheech Marin as Pancho had \"never been more appealing\". He predicted that the film would have broad appeal. Empire Magazine noted that the film depicted Mexicans in a less stereotypical fashion than the original television series. The Cisco Kid (1994 film) The Cisco Kid is an American 1994 TV movie, which updated the successful 1950s", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14251277", "score": "0.94863766", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Rio Bravo (film)", "long_answer": "Chance's friend Pat Wheeler (Ward Bond) and his wagon train of supplies stop in town, with a young gunslinger, Colorado Ryan (Ricky Nelson), riding guard. Inside the jail, Stumpy (Walter Brennan), Chance's game-legged deputy, keeps watch over the jail and Joe, who knows that Stumpy holds an old grudge against Joe's wealthy and powerful brother. Joe warns his jailers that Nathan Burdette will not like how his brother is being treated.", "chunked_long_answer": "Chance's friend Pat Wheeler (Ward Bond) and his wagon train of supplies stop in town, with a young gunslinger, Colorado Ryan (Ricky Nelson), riding guard. Inside the jail, Stumpy (Walter Brennan), Chance's game-legged deputy, keeps watch over the jail and Joe, who knows that Stumpy holds an old grudge against Joe's wealthy and powerful brother. Joe warns his jailers that Nathan Burdette will not like how his brother is being treated.", "short_answers": [ "Ricky Nelson" ] }

[ "XXXX", "XXXX,", "Daniel Craig" ]

[ { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "daughter of Edward Temple, a wealthy business contractor and socialite whom Price has known since childhood. She has run away with her new boyfriend, a cokehead by the name of Trevor Atkins, alias Kinky. Price charges the narrator with the task of locating Charlotte as a favour to Jimmy's pal, and promises that if he is successful, Price will allow him to retire without fuss. Price also tells the narrator about a crew of gangsters who have recently acquired two million high quality Ecstasy pills from Amsterdam. Price tasks the narrator with finding a buyer for the pills, and quickly.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365564", "score": "1.1458828", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "Trevor and Shanks, two powerful North England drug dealers. Upon their arrival, Shanks tells the narrator and his colleagues that the Yahoos have in fact stolen the pills from a neo-Nazi outfit in Amsterdam, and they used the narrator and Mortimers' names to gain credibility. Shanks tells the narrator that the Germans have unleashed an assassin named Klaus to recover the pills and eliminate the thieves. Unfortunately for the narrator, Klaus believes that he was the one who initiated the robbery. The meeting ends and Trevor invites the narrator to come to dinner at his house. The narrator has a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365568", "score": "1.094097", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "Heathrow Airport, where Temple is having the pills flown to Tokyo. When they arrive at the airport, Eddie and his private security team take them all hostage and take the pills. Temple takes the pills, telling the narrator that he is owed them as a result of the narrator causing Charlie distress. Temple then delivers a speech to the narrator, explaining the nature of the drugs game, crime and life in general: \"You're born, you take shit. Get out in the world, you take more shit. Climb a little higher, you take less shit. Until one day you're up in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365580", "score": "1.0916225", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "an argument between Mort and an employee, Nobby, who is confused on what to do over a shipment from the Netherlands of low-quality sex gear that they did not order. They decide to send it back. Mort then drives the narrator to a fancy, out-of-the-way restaurant called Pepi's Barn, the haunt of \"don\" Jimmy Price, who has demanded to meet with him. Here the reader is introduced to Jimmy's right-hand man Gene, a loyal gundog to boot. The purpose of the dinner, as it turns out, is the disappearance of a young girl name of Charlotte Temple. Charlotte is the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365563", "score": "1.0844891", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "into their histories, including Jimmy Price; Mister Mortimer (Morty), who served five and a quarter years of an eight-year sentence for being caught while disposing of suicide victim Kilburn Jerry after a party; young Clarkie, whom the narrator expects to take his place when he retires; and Terry, friend to all. The narrator also explains to the readers how he made it to where he is—starting small, growing in rank, keeping quiet and making sure everything is strictly business. Jeremy eventually arrives half an hour late to make the purchase. Narrator is invited to Mortimer's porn shop, Loveland, and interrupts", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365562", "score": "1.0795724", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "During the meeting with the gangsters, collectively known as the \"Yahoos,\" the narrator finds that he cannot reason with them, and he leaves upon promising to find a buyer for the pills, albeit at a much lower price than if the Yahoos would consent to releasing the pills in small instalments. The narrator tells the Yahoos that the pills are worth much less than they believe, which they are not happy to hear. The narrator tasks his old friend Cody, also known as Billy Bogus and his partner Tiptoes with locating Charlie. Cody expects little difficulty and quickly accepts the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365565", "score": "1.0715798", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "plan is complicated by a large shipment of stolen Ecstasy, the German neo-Nazis who want the drugs back and revenge on anyone they hold responsible for the theft, the unpredictable and often outrageous personalities of his friends, and his boss, kingpin Jimmy Price, who charges him with the task of recovering the missing daughter of a wealthy socialite. On April Fool's Day in 1997, the narrator, and his pal Mister Mortimer are waiting impatiently to sell a half-kilo of cocaine to a less-than-punctual pal, Jeremy. Until Jeremy arrives, readers are introduced to various characters and are given a brief look", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365561", "score": "1.0698555", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "transported across London to The City. There he meets Eddie Temple, who explains that Jimmy has double-crossed the narrator. Jimmy had become involved in a scheme with some gangsters from Chechnya to purchase a consignment of non-existent Pakistani heroin. Jimmy had been taken in by the gangsters and had lost nearly 13 million pounds. In his rage, Jimmy believed that his old friend Eddie had arranged for Jimmy to be ensnared, and he therefore tasked the narrator to find Charlie, Eddie's daughter. Jimmy believed that if he could hold Charlie hostage, he could force Eddie to get his money back.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365574", "score": "1.0563315", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "job. While looking for Cody in a London club, the narrator encounters Sydney, a low-ranking member of the Yahoos. The narrator then meets Sydney's girlfriend Tammy, who he is immediately attracted to. Before leaving the club, Tammy gives him her number and surreptitiously asks him to call her. While speaking with Sydney, the narrator hears a story about the leader of Sydney's crew, a man named Darren who prefers to be known as The Duke. The Duke and his girlfriend, Slasher, are a pair of dedicated coke addicts who live just outside London. The pair of them have become steadily", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365566", "score": "1.052729", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (film)", "text": "Layer Cake (also occasionally stylised as L4YER CAKƐ) is a 2004 British crime thriller film directed by Matthew Vaughn, in his directorial debut. The screenplay was adapted by J. J. Connolly from his novel of the same name. The film's plot revolves around a London-based criminal known as XXXX, played by Daniel Craig, working in the trade of cocaine who wishes to leave the drug business. The film also features Tom Hardy, Colm Meaney, and Sienna Miller.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "Netherlands are changed to Serbian war criminals (albeit confusingly speaking Romanian to each other). Layer Cake (novel) Layer Cake is the debut novel of British author J. J. Connolly, first published in 2000 by Duckworth Press. It was made into a motion picture in 2004 (also called \"Layer Cake\"), directed by Matthew Vaughn and written for the screen by Connolly himself. The book takes place in London in the 1990s and is narrated by an unnamed, 29-year-old drug dealer (\"If you knew my name, you'd be as clever as me\") who plans on leaving the life of crime behind at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365584", "score": "1.0522937", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "years. The narrator is now living on the northern coast of Venezuela where he runs a bar. It turns out that about six weeks after Temple took the pills, the narrator and Tammy were eating in a restaurant in London when Sydney, Tammy's jilted ex-boyfriend, found them. Sydney shot the narrator multiple times, including in the head. The narrator spent six weeks in a coma and awoke with a steel plate in his head. He is visited in hospital by a mysterious government official, who may work for the police or MI5. The man tells the narrator to abandon the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365582", "score": "1.0478163", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "Layer Cake (novel) Layer Cake is the debut novel of British author J. J. Connolly, first published in 2000 by Duckworth Press. It was made into a motion picture in 2004 (also called \"Layer Cake\"), directed by Matthew Vaughn and written for the screen by Connolly himself. The book takes place in London in the 1990s and is narrated by an unnamed, 29-year-old drug dealer (\"If you knew my name, you'd be as clever as me\") who plans on leaving the life of crime behind at the age of thirty to live life as \"a gentleman of leisure.\" His retirement", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365560", "score": "1.0467396", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "nightmare involving Jimmy Price and awakes to a television news story about the brutal torture and murder of a boatman named Van Tuck. At Trevor's house, Trevor and the narrator are discussing the state of the drugs game when the narrator offhandedly mentions Van Tuck's murder. Trevor flies into a panic and takes the narrator to see Duncan, a local reporter who is friendly with many police officers and feeds Trevor information. On the way, Trevor explains that Van Tuck was a smuggler and he was currently moving several million pounds worth of marijuana into the country for Trevor. Trevor's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365569", "score": "1.0358565", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "Eddie goes on to explain that Jimmy has been moonlighting as a police informer for a number of years. Eddie plays the narrator a recording in which Jimmy speaks with Albie Carter, a member of the Southeast Regional Crime Squad. Jimmy tells Albie that he wants the narrator to be arrested for possession of drugs, which would result in a 12-year sentence. Jimmy had sent the narrator to a dodgy accountant, and after the narrator is imprisoned, Jimmy was planning to take control of his assets to recover his lost wealth. Eddie drops the narrator off back at the Churchill", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365575", "score": "1.0159284", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "heroin overdose, and one of the crackheads who was living with Kinky believes that Kinky was murdered. The narrator is intrigued to learn that Kinky had turned up at the flat shortly before his death with Charlie and two grand in cash. The crackheads tell them that Charlie has gone to Brighton and the narrator sends Cody after her. The narrator and Morty retire to a café, where they run into Freddy Hurst, a fat and slovenly ex-gangster who is down on his luck. Freddy subtly ridicules Morty and asks for some money. Morty complies, but when Freddy makes another", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365571", "score": "1.0091516", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "hope is that Van Tuck had not yet picked up the shipment, but there is a strong possibility that the police will have confiscated the drugs during their investigation of Van Tuck's murder. Through Duncan, Trevor discovers that the cannabis has been seized by the police and after destroying many of Duncan's possessions in a rage, the action moves back to London. The narrator and Morty receive a call from Cody, telling them that he has located Kinky, Charlie's boyfriend, in a flat in King's Cross. Upon arriving at the flat, the men find that Kinky is dead of a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365570", "score": "0.99919295", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "the rarified atmosphere and you've forgotten what shit even looks like. Welcome to the layer cake, son.\" Seemingly defeated, the narrator and his colleagues then discover that they have delivered the wrong boxes to Temple. The boxes were actually filled with sex toys and pornography that Morty had been able to sell at Loveland, the sex shop that he owned. The real pills had been shipped back to Amsterdam and to an unknown fate. Clarkie then tells Morty that had Freddie Hurst has died of his injuries, which could cause serious problems for Morty. The story then fast-forwards about three", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365581", "score": "0.989696", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "hideout to steal back the pills. Cody and his team assault the hideout, posing as armed police. They allow the Yahoos to escape and they \"confiscate\" the pills. Gene and the narrator find the Yahoos in a run-down bar and convince them that the police who raided them were crooked and have taken the pills for themselves. The narrator had previously worked out a deal with Eddie Ryder to give Ryder the pills in return for 2.5 million pounds. Thinking that his job is finally complete, the narrator and his colleagues take the pills to Eddie Temple's bonded warehouse at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365579", "score": "0.98778117", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "same gun that Gene used to kill Crazy Larry Flynn, a homosexual London gangster who had been friends with both Gene and Morty. Upon producing the recording, the narrator manages to convince Gene and Morty that Jimmy was an informer, and they trust one another again. The narrator now decides to eliminate both of his remaining problems. One, he has to stop Klaus the murderous Nazi and, two, he has to find a way to steal the pills back from the Yahoos. The narrator and Morty contact Shanks in Liverpool and get him to send an assassin down on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365577", "score": "0.9843347", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "train. The narrator lures Klaus to Primrose Park and lies in wait with the sniper. The narrator spots a tall blonde man in the park and, believing this man to be Klaus, orders the sniper to kill him, which he does. The narrator then realises that they have killed the wrong man and see Klaus run away from the scene. Gene flies into a rage when he hears what has happened, and dispatches some of his own men to find and kill Klaus, which they do. The narrator then contracts Cody to organise a false police raid on the Yahoos'", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365578", "score": "0.9581727", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "with the recording. The narrator decides to take matters into his own hands and proceeds to Jimmy's mansion in Totteridge. There, he sneaks into the grounds of Price's house and kills him with a gun he borrowed from Gene. The narrator heads back into London, where his colleagues are frantically trying to find out who killed Jimmy. The narrator is convinced that he got away cleanly and is unconcerned. He is summoned with Morty to see Gene, who promptly beats the narrator viciously and breaks his wrist. It transpires that Gene has discovered that the narrator killed Jimmy with the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365576", "score": "0.94475037", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "J. J. Connolly", "text": "J. J. Connolly J.J. Connolly is the author of two crime novels, \"Layer Cake\", and its sequel, \"Viva La Madness\". He also wrote the screenplay of the film based on his novel. His first novel, \"Layer Cake\", was first published in 2000 by Duckworth Press. The book takes place in nineties London and is narrated by an unnamed, 29-year-old drug dealer (\"If you knew my name, you'd be as clever as me\") who plans on leaving the crime game behind at the age of thirty to live life as \"a gentleman of leisure.\" His retirement plan, however, is made complicated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7935417", "score": "0.9402404", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Layer cake", "text": "Layer cake A layer cake (US English) or sandwich cake (UK English), also called a sandwich in UK English, is a cake consisting of multiple stacked sheets of cake, held together by frosting or another type of filling, such as jam or other preserves. Most cake recipes can be made into layer cakes; butter cakes and sponge cakes are common choices. Frequently, the cake is covered with icing, but sometimes, the sides are left undecorated, so that the filling and the number of layers are visible. Popular flavor combinations include the German chocolate cake, red velvet cake, Black Forest cake,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4891025", "score": "0.92918646", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Layer cake", "text": "cake pans, typically serves about 16 people. Unlike the Vietnamese Bánh da lợn or Swiss rolls, layer cake is assembled from several separate pieces of cake. A sheet cake can become a layer cake if it is cut into pieces and reassembled with frosting or other filling to form layers. Layer cake A layer cake (US English) or sandwich cake (UK English), also called a sandwich in UK English, is a cake consisting of multiple stacked sheets of cake, held together by frosting or another type of filling, such as jam or other preserves. Most cake recipes can be made", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4891028", "score": "0.91933525", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Amandine (dessert)", "text": "the layers is a combination of chocolate buttercream mixed with fondant. The setting of the cake is layer, cream, layer, cream, layer, glaze. The glaze is specific to this cake, and it is a combination of fondant with chocolate and rum or rum essence, poured over the cake while still slightly liquid. These cakes have also a traditional decoration on top with a little bit of the cream and a diamond-shaped piece of thin chocolate. Amandine (dessert) Amandine is a Romanian chocolate layered cake filled with chocolate with caramel and fondant cream. Almond cream is sometimes used. As most Romanian", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16223674", "score": "0.91487163", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "1970s in London, and that Gene and Morty were members of his crew. After Kilburn Jerry killed himself and Morty was caught disposing of the body, Freddy was about to go away for about 12 years to serve concurrent sentences. Freddy could have gotten Morty off the hook but chose not to, leading to Morty doing 5 years in prison unnecessarily. The narrator gets very drunk with Gene, and the next day decides to arrange a meeting with Tammy at the Churchill Hotel. While showering at the hotel before Tammy arrives, the narrator is kidnapped by two unidentified men and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365573", "score": "0.9130975", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "comment, Morty flies into a rage and beats Freddy almost to death in the middle of the crowded café. Morty and the narrator flee, with the narrator deeply troubled by what he has just witnessed. That night, the narrator visits Gene at his flat. Gene goes over the beating in great detail and informs the narrator that if Freddy dies, the narrator is left with two options. He can either testify against Morty or he will go to prison as an accomplice to murder. Gene then goes on to explain that Freddy Hurst was an influential gangster in the late", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365572", "score": "0.90447605", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Layer cake", "text": "layers, about a centimeter thick in the finished stack. These layers are then covered with a thin layer of cream and/or jam and stacked 7 or 8 layers high. This stack, which is the same height as the typical Western layer cake, is then frosted so that the structure is not visible. At first glance, these cakes look much like a German konditorei style cake such as the Black Forest cake. Layer cakes typically serve multiple people, so they are larger than cupcakes, petit fours, or other individual pastries. A common layer cake size, which is baked in nine-inch round", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4891027", "score": "0.89719963", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Layer Cake (novel)", "text": "more paranoid due to their cocaine use, and this paranoia leads Slasher to attack a member of the local council with pepper spray when he visits their home. Slasher also manages to kill one of the Duke's prized Dobermans, Mike Tyson, by shooting it. Sydney thinks the story is hilarious, but the narrator panics upon realising that the Duke probably had his number along with Mr. Mortimer's, and the police could very well have information on them now. The narrator sets about finding a buyer for the ecstasy pills, and he, Mortimer and Clarkie go to Liverpool to meet with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8365567", "score": "0.8948301", "original_retrieval_index": 34 } ]

{ "title": "Layer Cake (film)", "long_answer": "Layer Cake (also occasionally stylised as L4YER CAKƐ) is a 2004 British crime thriller film directed by Matthew Vaughn, in his directorial debut. The screenplay was adapted by J. J. Connolly from his novel of the same name. The film's plot revolves around a London-based criminal known as XXXX, played by Daniel Craig, working in the trade of cocaine who wishes to leave the drug business. The film also features Tom Hardy, Colm Meaney, and Sienna Miller.", "chunked_long_answer": "Layer Cake (also occasionally stylised as L4YER CAKƐ) is a 2004 British crime thriller film directed by Matthew Vaughn, in his directorial debut. The screenplay was adapted by J. J. Connolly from his novel of the same name. The film's plot revolves around a London-based criminal known as XXXX, played by Daniel Craig, working in the trade of cocaine who wishes to leave the drug business. The film also features Tom Hardy, Colm Meaney, and Sienna Miller.", "short_answers": [ "Daniel Craig", "XXXX", "XXXX," ] }

[ "John Joseph Patrick Ryan", "Jack Lord" ]

[ { "title": "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)", "text": "series now airs Friday nights at 9 PM Eastern, 8 PM Central time. The remake version \"Hawaii Five-0\" uses the same principal character names as the original, and the new Steve McGarrett's late father's vintage 1974 Mercury Marquis is the actual specimen driven by Lord in the original series's final seasons. The new series opening credit sequence is an homage to the original; the theme song is cut in half, from 60 to 30 seconds, but is an otherwise identical instrumentation. Most of the iconic shots are replicated, beginning with the helicopter approach and close-up turn of McGarrett at the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "509827", "score": "1.3408087", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)", "text": "espionage and national intelligence. McGarrett's nemesis is a rogue intelligence officer of the People's Republic of China named Wo Fat. The communist rogue agent was played by veteran actor Khigh Dhiegh. In the show's final episode in 1980, titled \"Woe to Wo Fat\", McGarrett finally sees his foe go to jail. Unlike the reboot the show's action and straightforward storytelling left little time for personal stories involving wives or girlfriends, though a two-part story in the first season dealt with the loss of McGarrett's sister's baby. Occasionally, a show would flash back to McGarrett's younger years or to a romantic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "509810", "score": "1.3154439", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)", "text": "McGarrett in \"Hawaii Five-O\" is a 1974 Mercury Marquis. The car has belonged to stuntman John Nordlum since the original series ended. Nordlum has let the car be used in the new series, where it is said to have belonged to Steve McGarrett's father John. The license plate is still F6-3958. The series premiered in the United States on CBS on September 20, 2010, exactly 42 years after the premiere of the original series. Canada's Global TV and NTV premiered the show at the same time as the United States premiere. \"Hawaii Five-0\" has been syndicated for broadcast in several", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14335259", "score": "1.292276", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Ina Paha", "text": "Ina Paha \"Ina Paha\" (Hawaiian for: \"If Perhaps\") is the seventh episode of the fifth season of \"Hawaii Five-0\". It is also the one hundredth episode of the series overall and aired on November 7, 2014. The episode was written by Peter M. Lenkov and was directed by Larry Teng. In the episode Steve is kidnapped and drugged by Wo Fat and McGarrett imagines what would've happened had the team never gotten together. The episode featured all current main cast members at the time, as well as current and past recurring cast members from the series. McGarrett wakes up in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20531049", "score": "1.28775", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)", "text": "now plays a friend of McGarrett's, Mamo Kahike. Dennis Chun, who had various guest roles in the original series and is the son of Kam Fong Chun (the actor that portrayed the original Chin Ho), has a recurring role as HPD Sgt. Duke Lukela in the remake. James MacArthur, the last surviving main cast member from the original series, agreed to guest-star in a first-season episode; however, he died on October 28, 2010, before filming his appearance. Larisa Oleynik was cast as Jessica Kaye (changed to Jenna Kaye in the episode broadcast), scheduled to join the Five-0 task force in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14335250", "score": "1.2750999", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)", "text": "On September 8, 2016 it was announced that Borth would be returning as a guest for the shows 150th episode. Christine Lahti was also cast in a recurring role as Doris McGarrett, the thought-to-be-deceased mother of Steve McGarrett. On July 10, 2013 ahead of the show's fourth season it was announced that Chi McBride would have a guest spot in the first episode of the season. On November 21, 2013 it was announced that McBride would become a series regular beginning with the seasons 10th episode. After appearing as a guest star in several season four episodes, Jorge Garcia who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14335253", "score": "1.2646917", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)", "text": "figure. In the episode \"Number One with a Bullet, Part 2\", McGarrett tells a criminal, \"It was a bastard like you who killed my father.\" His 42-year-old father had been run down and killed by someone who had just held up a supermarket. Because Steve McGarrett is also a commander in the Naval Reserve, he sometimes uses their resources to help investigate and solve crimes. Hence the closing credits of some episodes mentioned the Naval Reserve. A 1975 episode involving Danno's aunt, played by MacArthur's mother Helen Hayes, provided a bit of Williams' back story. Sources differ on how the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "509811", "score": "1.2502207", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Pilot (Hawaii Five-0)", "text": "some time with HPD officers, as well as viewing some episodes of the original series as \"homework\" for the character. Alex O'Loughlin was next to be cast as the main protagonist Steve McGarrett. Despite playing two series on CBS, \"Moonlight\" and \"Three Rivers\", that were cancelled in their first year, CBS was still interested in having O'Loughlin headline another series. However, the producers initially had reservations casting the actor, until they realized his dedication towards the role. Grace Park was later cast as Kono Kalakaua. It is the second time she starred in a re-imagined television series in which her", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14930674", "score": "1.2458624", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Pilot (Hawaii Five-0)", "text": "Kelly, a disgraced HPD cop and Grace Park as Kono Kalakaua, a former surfer-turned-HPD Academy graduate who is also Chin's cousin. In the pilot, McGarrett returns to Hawaii to find Victor Hesse (James Marsters), a terrorist who murdered his father, John McGarrett. The Governor of Hawaii, Pat Jameson (Jean Smart) offers McGarrett to head a new task force to fight serious crimes by any means. Since the end of the original \"Hawaii Five-O\" series, there had been a number of attempts to create a remake, but ultimately none went beyond the pilot stage. CBS later hired Lenkov to pitch a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14930661", "score": "1.2426021", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Jack Lord", "text": "John Joseph Patrick Ryan (December 30, 1920 – January 21, 1998), best known by his stage name, Jack Lord, was an American television, film and Broadway actor and director and producer. He was known for his starring role as Steve McGarrett in the CBS television program Hawaii Five-O, which ran from 1968 to 1980.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)", "text": "as on and off Steve McGarrett's girlfriend, Lt. Catherine Rollins, a Navy Lieutenant. On March 26, 2012, CBS announced that Borth would become a cast regular on \"Hawaii Five-0\" for season 3. On March 27, 2014, it was announced that she would not be returning for the fifth season, with the reason for her departure left unknown. On April 24, 2015 it was announced that Borth would return as a guest star for the shows fifth-season finale. In July 2015 it was announced that Borth would have a recurring role in the first three episodes of the shows 6th season.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14335252", "score": "1.2376236", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 3)", "text": "return of McGarrett's girlfriend Catherine, who \"shamelessly flirted\" with a federal agent to get information about her. Ed Asner reprised his role as smuggler August March, a villain from the original series who become the first non-main character from it to have a rebooted version on the new series when McGarrett seeks March's help in apprehending some art thieves. In other casting developments, Lenkov revealed on his Twitter feed that Carlos Bernard had joined the show. He declined to identify which role Bernard would play, but did say that the producers hoped he would appear in \"many eps\". He appeared", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16645482", "score": "1.2359418", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)", "text": "end with McGarrett instructing his subordinate to \"Book 'em, Danno!\", sometimes specifying a charge such as \"murder one\". The CBS television network produced \"Hawaii Five-O\", which aired from September 20, 1968, to April 5, 1980. The program continues to be broadcast in syndication worldwide. Created by Leonard Freeman, \"Hawaii Five-O\" was shot on location in Honolulu, Hawaii, and throughout the island of Oahu and other Hawaiian islands with occasional filming in locales such as Los Angeles, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The show centers on a fictional state police force led by former US naval officer Steve McGarrett (played by Jack", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "509805", "score": "1.2329166", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)", "text": "Lord), a detective captain, who is appointed by the Governor, Paul Jameson. In the show, McGarrett oversees state police officers – the young Danny Williams, veteran Chin Ho Kelly, and streetwise Kono Kalakaua for seasons one through four. Honolulu Police Department Officer Duke Lukela joined the team as a regular, as did Ben Kokua, who replaced Kono beginning with season five. Occasionally, McGarrett's Five-O team is assisted by other officers as needed: Douglas Mossman as Det. Frank Kamana, P.O. Sandi Wells (Amanda McBroom), medical examiner Doc Bergman (Al Eben), forensic specialist Che Fong (Harry Endo), and a secretary. The first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "509806", "score": "1.2282766", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Steve McGarrett", "text": "Wahine A Me Ka Aina\", Steve was awarded the George Cross by Queen Elizabeth II for stopping a terrorist attack against Europe. In the pilot, Steve did not wear all of his medals and ribbons on his uniform, only the following awards: In \"\"Mea Makamae\"\", Steve wore the following medals and ribbons on his service khakis uniform: Steve McGarrett Steve McGarrett is a fictional character who is the protagonist of CBS' \"Hawaii Five-O\". McGarrett is a former United States Navy officer and the leader of a special state police task force, which is called Five-O. McGarrett was originally portrayed by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9768428", "score": "1.2235795", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "William Sadler (actor)", "text": "Man 3\", in \"Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\", and in \"WHIH Newsfront\". He also recurs as Steve McGarrett's murdered father, John McGarrett, in the 2010 remake of the 1968 television series, \"Hawaii Five-O\". Sadler was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Jane and William Sadler. He is of mostly Scottish descent, with smaller amounts of English and German ancestry. From an early age, he took to performing in front of an audience. Playing a variety of stringed instruments, Sadler found hometown success during his high-school years at Orchard Park High School. He took on the persona as Banjo Bill", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13895903", "score": "1.2053878", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Michelle Borth", "text": "Old Fashioned Orgy\" with Leslie Bibb, Lake Bell, and Jason Sudeikis. In 2009, she was a cast member of ABC's \"The Forgotten\", appearing in 17 episodes, including part of the 2010 season. In 2010, she also guest starred on the TNT TV series \"Dark Blue\" double-episode season finale. In 2010 Borth appeared in the 2010 version of \"Hawaii Five-0\" on CBS where she appeared as on and off Steve McGarrett's girlfriend, Lt. Catherine Rollins, a Navy Lieutenant. On March 26, 2012, CBS announced that Borth would become a cast regular on \"Hawaii Five-0\" for seasons 3 & 4. On March", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10874600", "score": "1.2013494", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)", "text": "to expose a protection ring in Chinatown in the last episode of season 10. New characters Jim 'Kimo' Carew (William Smith), Lori Wilson (Sharon Farrell), and Truck (Moe Keale) were introduced in season 12 alongside returning regular character Duke Lukela. Most episodes of \"Hawaii Five-O\" ended with the arrest of criminals and McGarrett snapping, \"Book 'em.\" The offense occasionally was added after this phrase, for example, \"Book 'em, murder one.\" In many episodes, this was directed to Danny Williams and became McGarrett's catchphrase: \"Book 'em, Danno.\" In many episodes (including the pilot), McGarrett is drawn into the world of international", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "509809", "score": "1.1978867", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)", "text": "they were never called \"co-stars\". Very few episodes were shot outside of Hawaii. At least two episodes were shot in Los Angeles, one in Hong Kong, and one in Singapore. The opening title sequence was created by television director Reza S. Badiyi. Early shows began with a cold open suggesting the sinister plot for that episode, then cut to a shot of a big ocean wave and the start of the theme song. A fast zoom-in to the top balcony of the Ilikai Hotel followed, showing McGarrett turning to face the camera, followed by many quick-cuts and freeze-frames of Hawaiian", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "509818", "score": "1.191264", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Ka ʻōwili ʻōka’i", "text": "5, 2018 it was revealed that the episode would be a remake of the pilot from the original series, Hawaii Five-O, also entitled \"Cocoon\". On August 22, 2018 it was reported by TV Line that Rochelle Aytes had been cast in a guest role as a character named Greer. The character portrays a CIA operative and a former romantic interest of O'Loughlin's character, Steve McGarrett. Mark Dacascos returned as Wo Fat for the first time since the season 5 episode \"Ina Paha\". Despite being credited in the opening title sequence Ian Anthony Dale, Taylor Wily, and Dennis Chun were absent", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20937102", "score": "1.1765103", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Steve McGarrett", "text": "was by the locals during the first several seasons, evidenced by his friendship with Mamo and the deference shown to him even by \"Kapu\" leader Kawika and Kamekona, who affectionately calls McGarrett \"the big kahuna\". Based on McGarrett's flashbacks and statements from other characters, he had a happy childhood and enjoyed spending time in the garage watching his father fix the antique 1974 Mercury Marquis. He inherited his father's passion for antique cars and occasionally drove the Marquis after fixing it up himself. He was a high school sophomore when his mother Doris was presumed to be killed in a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9768415", "score": "1.1704268", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)", "text": "Darts player Wayne Mardle used the song as his walk-on song in 2013. The phrase \"Five-O\" (or any variation, such as \"5–0\", \"5-o\", and \"five O\", all usually pronounced \"five oh\") has come to refer to the police in the United States. \"Hawaii Five-O\" survived long enough to overlap with reruns of early episodes, which were broadcast by CBS in their late night schedule while new episodes were still being produced. Once the program entered syndication after the original run of the series, CBS broadcast reruns of season 12 in late night under the title \"McGarrett\" to avoid confusion with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "509834", "score": "1.1652213", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Pilot (Hawaii Five-0)", "text": "reactions were generally positive. The episode begins in Pohang, South Korea, where Navy SEAL commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) is transporting prisoner Anton Hesse (Norman Reedus). Anton's brother, Victor (James Marsters) calls McGarrett to announce he is holding his father, John McGarrett (William Sadler), in Honolulu, and wants to make an exchange. However, Victor is in fact tracking McGarrett's convoy; two helicopters arrive and ambush it. In the midst of the skirmish, McGarrett is forced to kill Anton when he brandishes a weapon. In response, Victor executes John. McGarrett returns to Hawaii to attend his father's funeral, where he meets", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14930663", "score": "1.1509119", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Steve McGarrett", "text": "Task Force\", later renamed \"Five-0\". When McGarrett assembles his task force, he partners with Williams. Since returning to Hawaii, McGarrett has lived in his childhood home at Piikoi Street along the beach, where his father continued to live in after the break-up of his family and was murdered. Although technically a \"haole\" like Danny, Steve is accepted as \"kama'aina\" as he was not only born in Hawaii, but was raised to respect and embrace the local culture. In several episodes, he is shown to be conversant in \"bird\" (Hawaiian Pidgin). As such, he was not antagonized as much as Danny", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9768414", "score": "1.1482118", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Pilot (Hawaii Five-0)", "text": "producer Edward Allen Bernero appointed to write the pilot. The sequel would center on Steve McGarrett's son. However the sequel was never produced. Later, CBS approached \"\" writer Peter M. Lenkov to pitch a reimagined pilot of the show, as Lenkov himself was a fan of the original. When executive producers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman known about the remake, the two were originally hesitant to participate, but were impressed by Lenkov's pitch, since the story had \"such a great kind of paradigm for the show and how to really get into the characters that he really talked us into", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14930670", "score": "1.1399889", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Pilot (Hawaii Five-0)", "text": "of filming was spent in a village of quonset huts where McGarrett and Danny chase Doran. In one part of the sequence, McGarrett jumps over the trunk of one car as it was hit from behind by another car. To make the scene a reality, the film crew made a three-part composite shot to ensure no harm came to O'Loughlin. The tenth and eleventh filming days were spent shooting the scenes of McGarrett and Danny assaulting Hesse's freighter. The fight scene between McGarrett and Hesse were shot with the portraying actors. Stunt doubles were on hand, but the production staff", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14930681", "score": "1.1389192", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Alex O'Loughlin", "text": "Alex O'Loughlin Alex O'Loughlin (born 24 August 1976) is an Australian actor, writer and director, who plays Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett on CBS' remake of the TV series \"Hawaii Five-0\". He had starring roles in the films \"Oyster Farmer\" (2004) and \"The Back-up Plan\" (2010), as well as on such television series as \"Moonlight\" (2008) and \"Three Rivers\" (2009). O'Loughlin was born on 24 August 1976, in Canberra, Australia, of Irish and Scottish descent. His father is a physics and astronomy teacher in Sydney and his mother is a nurse. O'Loughlin suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder when he was a child.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5731590", "score": "1.1371968", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 3)", "text": "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 3) The third season of the CBS crime drama series \"Hawaii Five-0\" premiered on September 24, 2012 and ended on May 20, 2013. Christine Lahti joined the cast in a recurring role as McGarrett's mother, Doris, who had been revealed to actually still be alive at the end of the previous season. \"She's a wonderful addition to the 'H50' family and the fans will certainly enjoy what we have in store for her,\" said showrunner Peter Lenkov. \"Let's just say that the apple doesn't fall far from the tree.\" Her role lead to a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16645481", "score": "1.1363302", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "Steve McGarrett", "text": "putting his birth year in 1976 or 1977, which roughly corresponds with the fact that he was in BUD/S in the year 2000. A star quarterback, he attended the fictional Kukui High School before being sent to the Army and Navy Academy in California for his junior and senior years after the death of his mother. This led to a decade-long period of estrangement between John and his children. In the season 6 episode \"Ka Pohaku Kihi Pa'a / The Solid Cornerstone\", Steve admitted that he deeply regretted not patching things up with his father when he had the chance", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9768417", "score": "1.1243083", "original_retrieval_index": 42 }, { "title": "Jack Lord", "text": "Lord helped conceive \"Hawaii Five-O\" and starred for its 12 seasons as Detective Stephen McGarrett, appointed by the Governor to head the (fictional) State Police criminal investigation department in Honolulu, Hawaii. The opening sequence includes a shot of Lord standing on a penthouse balcony of the Ilikai hotel. Chin Ho Kelly, the name of the police detective played by Kam Fong, was a tip-of-the-hat to Ilikai developer Chinn Ho. Lord's catchphrase, \"Book 'em, Danno!\", became a part of pop culture. He was instrumental in the casting of native Hawaiians, instead of mainland actors. Lord insisted his character drive Ford vehicles;", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2046559", "score": "1.1220374", "original_retrieval_index": 43 } ]

{ "title": "Jack Lord", "long_answer": "John Joseph Patrick Ryan (December 30, 1920 – January 21, 1998), best known by his stage name, Jack Lord, was an American television, film and Broadway actor and director and producer. He was known for his starring role as Steve McGarrett in the CBS television program Hawaii Five-O, which ran from 1968 to 1980.", "chunked_long_answer": "John Joseph Patrick Ryan (December 30, 1920 – January 21, 1998), best known by his stage name, Jack Lord, was an American television, film and Broadway actor and director and producer. He was known for his starring role as Steve McGarrett in the CBS television program Hawaii Five-O, which ran from 1968 to 1980.", "short_answers": [ "Jack Lord", "John Joseph Patrick Ryan" ] }

[ "18 March 1996", "March 1996", "1996" ]

[ { "title": "Return of the Mack (album)", "text": "album was largely self-produced by Morrison, and was recorded over a two-year period. The album's release was preceded by the release of three singles. At the 1997 BRIT Awards held on 24 February 1997, he performed \"Return of the Mack\". The debut song \"Crazy\" became a top 20 hit in the UK. It was later featured in the 1997 film \"\" and appeared on the film's . The second single was \"Let's Get Down\". \"Return of the Mack\" received mixed reviews from music critics. \"Entertainment Weekly\" writer Matt Diehl wrote \"its title, \"Return of the Mack\" sounds like another rap", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11497370", "score": "1.0581775", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Return of the Mack", "text": "digital download through Straightforward Music, Nourishing Music, and Capitol Records on 23 September 2016. This song has since received commercial successful by peaking inside top 20 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, while received chart appearance in many other countries. In 2012 \"Return of the Mack\" was sampled again in a song by Trae Tha Truth called \"I'm On\" which samples the opening vocals from \"Return of the Mack\" and features MDMA, Lupe Fiasco, Big Boi, Wale & Wiz Khalifa. And in June 2012, he made a remix called \"I'm On 2.0\". Return of the Mack \"Return", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6308391", "score": "1.0113741", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Shibe Park", "text": "status in the American League contributed to the vicious circle of bad teams and empty seats. There was also a precipitous decline in the boss himself. 1950 marked Mack's 50th year in Philadelphia and his 87th birthday, and for the better part of a decade it had been obvious he was going senile. He would spend most games asleep in the dugout, leaving game strategy in the hands of his coaches. Whenever he was awake, he often made strange calls that the players and coaches usually disregarded. He would also call for players from decades earlier to pinch-hit; in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3081459", "score": "0.9904423", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Connie Mack", "text": "12 games out of first, and it was obvious the season was a lost cause. On that date, his sons Earle, Roy and Connie, Jr. persuaded their father to promote Jimmy Dykes, who had been a coach since 1949, to assistant manager for the remainder of the season. Dykes became the team's main operator in the dugout, and would take over the managerial reins in his own right in 1951. At the same time, Cochrane was named general manager—thus stripping Connie, Sr. of his remaining authority. Six weeks after his mid-season retirement, Mack was honored by baseball when he threw", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2942889", "score": "0.97020686", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Return of the Mack", "text": "single – US CD single – Europe 12\" maxi – US 12\" maxi – Europe American hip-hop/rap artist Mann released a cover version of the song, featuring vocals from Snoop Dogg and Iyaz. His version is simply titled \"The Mack\". The single was released in the United Kingdom on 23 May 2011 as a digital download. The Music Video premiered on Mann's YouTube Channel on 28 June. It was released in the United States on 5 July 2011. A music video to accompany the release of \"The Mack\" was first released onto YouTube on June 23, 2011 at a total", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6308388", "score": "0.9696579", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Connie Mack", "text": "was no longer viable in post-World War II America due to various factors, including the increased expense of running a team. For instance, he never installed a telephone line between the bullpen and dugout. Despite the circumstances, the octogenarian Mack led the team to three winning seasons in 1947–49 (including a fourth-place finish in 1948). With the A's unexpected resurgence in 1947-49, there was hope that 1950—Mack's 50th anniversary as A's manager—would bring a pennant at last. However, the A's never recovered from a dreadful May in which they only won five games. By May 26, the A's were 11-21,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2942888", "score": "0.9667162", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Shibe Park", "text": "battling each other. Despite undeniable signs of deterioration, it would be a few more years before the operation collapsed entirely. In the meantime, the Macks tried to capitalize on the remaining vestiges of affection in the city for their father, who turned 90 years old in December 1952. They opened the nostalgic Elephant Room, filled with memorabilia from the old glory days, under the first base grandstand. They renamed the park Connie Mack Stadium in February 1953 for the opening of the 1953 season, hanging a new metal plate over the old \"SHIBE PARK\" inscription, which was \"still written in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3081464", "score": "0.9601929", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Shibe Park", "text": "the perfect 50th anniversary present – a pennant. However, the 1950 season was an unmitigated disaster. By May 26, they were 11-21, their season all but finished. On that date, Mack's sons Roy and Earle gently pushed their father into announcing his retirement at the end of the season. The power vacuum in the wake of \"Mr. Baseball's\" exit only worsened the problems, however. Roy and Earle Mack, \"undistinguished men living in the shadow of their father,\" were products of Mack's first marriage; their half-brother Connie, Jr. – 20 years their junior – came from his second. As the family", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3081461", "score": "0.9514434", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Earle Mack", "text": "Mack brothers were forced to sell, and the team relocated to Kansas City in 1954. Earle Mack died at age 77 in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania. Earle Mack Earle Thaddeus Mack (born Earle Thaddeus McGillicuddy; February 1, 1890 – February 4, 1967), was an American player and coach in Major League Baseball, and, during parts of two seasons, manager of the Philadelphia Athletics when his father, Connie Mack, was too ill to manage. He also became a part-owner of the franchise. His nephew Connie Mack III became a U.S. Senator. Mack was born in Spencer, Massachusetts and attended Niagara University", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8859832", "score": "0.9446298", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Return of the Mack", "text": "\"Return of the Mack\" is a song written and recorded by the German-born British R&B singer Mark Morrison. It was released in the United Kingdom in March 1996 and topped the UK Singles Chart a month later. It reached the #1 spot on the UK Singles Chart and #2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in early-Summer 1997 for one week behind \"MMMBop\" by Hanson, and went Platinum.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Mack", "text": "was present. The New Line DVD release restored the original Willie Hutch score to the film. The Mack The Mack is a 1973 blaxploitation film directed by California native Michael Campus, starring Max Julien and Richard Pryor. The film also stars Oscar-nominee Juanita Moore, and Tony nominated actor Dick Anthony Williams. Filmed in Oakland, California the movie follows the rise and fall of Goldie. After returning home from a 5-year prison sentence, he returns home to find his brother involved in Black nationalism. Goldie decides to take an alternative path, striving to become the city’s biggest pimp. Although the movie", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4316603", "score": "0.9440334", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Return of the Mack (album)", "text": "five top ten singles from a debut album to chart on the UK Singles Chart. These singles included \"Let's Get Down\", \"Return of the Mack\", \"Crazy (Remix)\", \"Trippin'\", \"Horny\" and \"Moan and Groan\". The first single \"Crazy\" became a top twenty hit in the United Kingdom, a remix was also released, which peaked at number 6 in the United Kingdom. The single, \"Return of the Mack\" has become an international hit for spending two weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and one week at number 2 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The song was listed at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11497368", "score": "0.9381453", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Return of the Mack (album)", "text": "but described the album as having weak production. The album stayed for thirty-eight weeks on the UK Albums Chart, where it debuted and peaked at number 4, and became a certified platinum by British Phonographic Industry (BPI). On the US \"Billboard\" 200, the album reached a peak of a number 76, however, it would eventually became a certified platinum by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), due to the success of the single \"Return of the Mack\". The album has since sold over 3 million copies worldwide. The album made Morrison the first artist in British pop history to have", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11497367", "score": "0.92854166", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Shibe Park", "text": "the A's tremendous acrimony among Philadelphia fans. Mack launched a rebuilding program in the mid-1920s, and his effort became \"The Second Dynasty\", which culminated in back-to-back-to-back AL pennants in 1929, 1930 and 1931. It was an ill-timed hegemony, though: the Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression, and hard times caused baseball attendance to plummet, winners or no. By October 1932, the second great sell-off, of The Second Dynasty, was underway; by 1935, the stars were gone and the franchise had picked up $545,000 cash for itself. The A's had won the last of their pennants (and would", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3081484", "score": "0.9250035", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "The Mack", "text": "The Mack The Mack is a 1973 blaxploitation film directed by California native Michael Campus, starring Max Julien and Richard Pryor. The film also stars Oscar-nominee Juanita Moore, and Tony nominated actor Dick Anthony Williams. Filmed in Oakland, California the movie follows the rise and fall of Goldie. After returning home from a 5-year prison sentence, he returns home to find his brother involved in Black nationalism. Goldie decides to take an alternative path, striving to become the city’s biggest pimp. Although the movie was produced during the era of such blaxploitation movies as \"Dolemite\", its producers do not label", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4316595", "score": "0.92300427", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Connie Mack", "text": "time. When he had two strikes, I tipped his bat again and got away with it. Mack's last three seasons in the National League were as a player-manager with the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1894 to 1896, with a 149–134 (.527) record. Fired on September 21, 1896, he retired as a full-time player and accepted a deal from Henry Killilea to act as manager and occasional backup catcher for the minor league Milwaukee Brewers. He agreed to a salary of $3,000 and 25% of the club. He managed the Brewers for four seasons from 1897 to 1900, their best year coming", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2942872", "score": "0.9224553", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Return of the Mack (album)", "text": "tale of gangsta paradise; instead, Mark Morrison comes off more like a funked-up Seal, promising revenge to a deceitful lover in a warbly croon.\" He goes onto add, \"the end result is an odd but infectious new-jack-swing variation on Hey Joe, buoyed by bubbly beats and the insistent title refrain.\" Return of the Mack (album) Return of the Mack is the debut studio album by English singer-songwriter Mark Morrison. It was first released through his Mack Life Records imprint in the United Kingdom and then released by Atlantic Records in the United States, with distribution via Warner Music Group on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11497371", "score": "0.91736436", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Earle Mack", "text": "the league folded (no doubt a war casualty) on May 30. Mack then became player-manager of the Hanover (Pennsylvania) Raiders of the Blue Ridge League, another Class D circuit. Mack achieved some success as the player/manager of the Moline Plowboys of the Class B Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League (often called the Three-I, or Three-Eye League). In 1921, his team, with almost no legitimate major league prospects, won the Three-I pennant. However, in his three years there (1920–22), the team had only a 196-214 record. Mack's final season as a minor league manager was 1923, returning to the Blue Ridge League and managing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8859829", "score": "0.9139873", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Hayward Mack", "text": "by taking poison. Hayward Mack Hayward Seaton Mack (March 20, 1882 – December 24, 1921) was an American actor of the silent era. Born in Albany, New York, in 1882, Mack appeared in 81 films between 1910 and 1921. Mack's motion picture career began in 1910; he appeared in films of many leading motion picture companies of the time. He had also worked in vaudeville and in stage productions. Before embarking on an entertainment career Mack was a civil engineer and also worked as a newspaper man. Mack died in Los Angeles, California, in 1921. Mack committed suicide in Los", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10943546", "score": "0.91309047", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Return of the Mack", "text": "length of three minutes and fifty-five seconds. It features Mann, Iyaz and Snoop Dogg, at a pool party that starts off in the day into the night and they are surrounded by women. Mark is also shown entering London Heathrow airport and then driving a car. Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating, \"I'm tryin' to bag a chick from a centerfold and I'm tryin' burn bread like it's gonna be toast,\" the pint-sized rapper curiously explains between an instantly recognisable chorus that samples Mark Morrison's '96 classic 'Return Of The Mack' – the robotic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6308389", "score": "0.9108027", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Joe Mack (baseball)", "text": "Joe Mack (baseball) Joseph John Mack (born \"Joseph John Maciarz\", January 4, 1912 – December 19, 1998) was a Major League Baseball first baseman who played for the Boston Braves in 1945. The 33-year-old rookie was a native of Chicago. Mack is one of many ballplayers who only appeared in the major leagues during World War II. He made his major league debut on April 17, 1945 (Opening Day) against the New York Giants at Braves Field. He was Boston's regular first baseman until the July 4, when he played in his last big league game. Season and career totals", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8760830", "score": "0.90641576", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Earle Mack", "text": "his only appearance in 1910, he went 2 for 4, including a triple. These would prove to be his only major league hits, as he was not played again until the following year, when he appeared in two games. Again, he would play in two games in 1914, without a hit, though he did get on base (driving in a run) and steal a base. This ended his playing career with a career batting average of .125. Mack's appearances were in the final games of the season; he played after the Athletics had clinched the pennant in each of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8859827", "score": "0.9032347", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Toney Mack", "text": "the top nine high school basketball players in Florida History. Toney Mack Toney Mack (born May 3, 1967) is a retired American professional basketball player. A forward from Brandon, Florida, Mack was hailed as a young Dominique Wilkins. A prolific scorer at Brandon High School, In 1985, Mack was named Florida's Mr. Basketball. Mack attended the University of Georgia but was unable to finish due to academic issues. Despite his failure to finish his collegiate career at Georgia, Mack was picked in the second round by the Philadelphia 76ers in 1989. He played for the Topeka Sizzlers in the Continental", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17500036", "score": "0.89867973", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Ryan Mack", "text": "Ryan Mack Gary “Ryan” Mack (born November 13, 1979 in Birmingham, Michigan) is an American soccer midfielder who played for the Syracuse Silver Knights of the MISL. Mack was the Michigan High School Player of the Year as a soccer player at Seaholm High School. He attended Indiana University where he played on the men’s soccer team from 1998 to 2002. In 1998 and 1999, the Hoosiers won the NCAA Men's Soccer Championship. He was a 2000 third team All American, but missed the 2001 season with a torn anterior cruciate ligament, returning for a final season in 2002. On", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12465184", "score": "0.8941035", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Connie Mack", "text": "rebuild again and win more championships, he was never able to do so owing to a lack of funds. Even before then, he either did not (or could not) invest in a farm system. Mack celebrated his 70th birthday in 1932, and many began wondering if his best days were behind him. Even as bad as the A's got during the next two decades, he stubbornly retained full control over baseball matters long after most teams had hired a general manager. This continued even after he became majority owner, despite calls both inside and outside Philadelphia to step down. Indeed,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2942899", "score": "0.89361596", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Mack F series", "text": "Mack F series The Mack F series was the third generation of cabover trucks from Mack Trucks. Its production began in 1962 and ended in 1981. It was produced primarily as a set-forward axle truck but a setback axle version was shipped overseas (from the USA). The cab came in a 50 inch (1371.6 mm) day cab (no sleeper). Sleeper models included a 72 inch (1828.8 mm), 80 inch (2032 mm) and later a \"bustle back\" was added that lengthened the sleeper to 86 inches (2184.4 mm). The F Model offered 5 different diesel engines, a Mack's Maxidyne and Thermodyne", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9087273", "score": "0.89088666", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Connie Mack", "text": "four decades. Unlike with the breakup of his second great team, the A's didn't tumble out of contention right away. They remained fairly competitive for most of the first half of the 1930s. However, after 1933, they would only tally four more winning seasons during their stay in Philadelphia—which would be the franchise's only winning seasons for 35 years. With the 1929 onset of the Great Depression, Mack struggled financially again, and was forced to sell the best players from his second great championship team, such as Lefty Grove and Jimmie Foxx, to stay in business. Although Mack wanted to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2942898", "score": "0.88964075", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "History of the Philadelphia Athletics", "text": "over the business side. In 1914, the Athletics lost the 1914 World Series to the \"Miracle Braves\" in a four-game sweep. Mack traded, sold or released most of the team's star players soon after. In his book \"To Every Thing a Season\", Bruce Kuklick points out that there were suspicions that the A's had thrown the Series, or at least \"laid down\", perhaps in protest of Mack's frugal ways. Mack himself alluded to that rumor years later, but debunked it. He claimed that the team was torn by numerous internal factions, and was also distracted by the allure of a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16080483", "score": "0.88913333", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Earle Mack", "text": "three seasons in which he played, and they went on to win World Series titles in 1910 and 1911. Since Mack had not been on the Athletics' roster before September 1 as required by the rules, he was ineligible to play in the World Series—even if his father had been minded to play him. As a minor league player in 1910, Mack batted .135 in 26 games. From 1913 until 1915, Mack served as player-manager of the Raleigh team in the Class D North Carolina State League. He returned in the same capacity for the Charlotte franchise in 1917 until", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8859828", "score": "0.8855568", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Shibe Park", "text": "stone\" beneath. Many old-timers refused to acknowledge the change. The Macks' bad business decisions finally caught up with them in 1954. While Roy had hoped to keep the team, Earle wanted out, and the meager attendance figures were hard to argue with. The A's business plan required attendance of 550,000 to break even. However, in 1954 they drew just 305,000. An embarrassing \"Save the A's\" committee formed to help, and it published the daily figure of turnout needed to stay out of the red, but the turnstile count remained flat while the published number grew each day and the committee", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3081465", "score": "0.88547254", "original_retrieval_index": 34 } ]

{ "title": "Return of the Mack", "long_answer": "\"Return of the Mack\" is a song written and recorded by the German-born British R&B singer Mark Morrison. It was released in the United Kingdom in March 1996 and topped the UK Singles Chart a month later. It reached the #1 spot on the UK Singles Chart and #2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in early-Summer 1997 for one week behind \"MMMBop\" by Hanson, and went Platinum.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"Return of the Mack\" is a song written and recorded by the German-born British R&B singer Mark Morrison. It was released in the United Kingdom in March 1996 and topped the UK Singles Chart a month later. It reached the #1 spot on the UK Singles Chart and #2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in early-Summer 1997 for one week behind \"MMMBop\" by Hanson, and went Platinum.", "short_answers": [ "1996", "March 1996" ] }

[ "Medicaid" ]

[ { "title": "Social Security (United States)", "text": "Social Security (United States) In the United States, Social Security is the commonly used term for the federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program and is administered by the Social Security Administration. The original Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1935, and the current version of the Act, as amended, encompasses several social welfare and social insurance programs. Social Security is funded primarily through payroll taxes called Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA) or Self Employed Contributions Act Tax (SECA). Tax deposits are collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and are formally", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "592340", "score": "1.1185031", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Supplemental Security Income", "text": "States. The restructuring of these programs was intended to standardize the eligibility requirements and level of benefits. The new federal program was incorporated into Title XVI (Title 16) of the Social Security Act. Today the program provides benefits to approximately eight million Americans. The legislation creating the program was a result of President Richard Nixon's effort to reform the nation's welfare programs. At that time, each state had similar programs under the Aid to the Blind, Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled, and Aid to the Elderly. The Nixon Administration thought these programs should be federalized and run by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1281041", "score": "1.1018519", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Social Security Advisory Board", "text": "old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (OASDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs. The legislation passed both Houses of Congress without opposition and President Clinton signed the Social Security Independence and Program Improvements Act of 1994 into law (P.L. 103-296) on August 15, 1994. The law took effect on March 31, 1995. Social Security Advisory Board The Social Security Advisory Board (SSAB) is an independent, bipartisan board of the United States federal government. It was created by Congress and is appointed by the President and the Congress to advise the President, the Congress, and the Commissioner of Social Security on matters", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18363791", "score": "1.096039", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Social Security Act", "text": "I is designed to give money to states to provide assistance to aged individuals Title III concerns unemployment insurance Title IV concerns Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Title V concerns Maternal and Child Welfare. Title VI concerns public health services (investigation of disease and problems of sanitation) Title X concerns support for blind people. H.R.6635 Approved, August 10, 1939 Public Law 76-379 Amendments of 1939: The original Act provided only retirement benefits, and only to the worker. The 1939 Amendments made a fundamental change in the Social Security program. The Amendments added two new categories of benefits: payments to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "661709", "score": "1.095125", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "History of Social Security in the United States", "text": "the benefits for single workers were decreased and lump-sum death payments were abolished. In the original 1935 law, the benefit provisions were in Title II of the Act (which is why Social Security is sometimes referred to as the \"Title II\" program.) The taxing provisions were in a separate title (Title VIII) (for reasons related to the constitutionality of the 1935 Act). As part of the 1939 Amendments, the Title VIII taxing provisions were taken out of the Social Security Act and placed in the Internal Revenue Code and renamed the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA). Social Security payroll taxes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16468643", "score": "1.0765388", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Social Security Act", "text": "Social Security Act The Social Security Act of 1935 , now codified as , created Social Security in the United States, and is relevant for US labor law. It created a basic right to a pension in old age, and insurance against unemployment. In the Second New Deal, the Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 14, 1935. The act laid the groundwork for the modern welfare system in the United States, with its primary focus to provide aid for the elderly, the unemployed, and children. Industrialization and the urbanization in the 19th", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "661707", "score": "1.0754879", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Social Security Administration", "text": "named the 12th best place to work in the U.S. federal government (out of 18 large agencies). The Social Security Act created a Social Security Board (SSB), to oversee the administration of the new program. It was created as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal with the signing of the Social Security Act of 1935 on August 14, 1935. The Board consisted of three presidentially appointed executives, and started with no budget, no staff, and no furniture. It obtained a temporary budget from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration headed by Harry Hopkins. The first counsel for the new", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1720722", "score": "1.0748953", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Supplemental Security Income", "text": "the Social Security Administration. Thus, SSI was created to eliminate the differences between the states including different disability standards and income and resources requirements, which many perceived as irrational or unfair. President Nixon signed the Social Security Amendments of 1972 on October 30, 1972 which created the SSI Program. The SSI program officially began operations in January 1974 by federalizing states' programs, designating the Social Security Administration (SSA) to administer the SSI program. SSA was selected because it had been administering a nationwide adult disability program under the Social Security Disability Insurance Benefits (DIB) program since 1956 for workers who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1281042", "score": "1.070618", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Social Security Act", "text": "the spouse and minor children of a retired worker (called dependents benefits) and survivors benefits paid to the family in the event of the premature death of the worker. The 1939 Amendments also increased benefit amounts and accelerated the start of monthly benefit payments from 1942 to 1940. S.2051 Approved, October 3, 1944 Public Law 78-458 Title XII H.R.7037 Approved, August 10, 1946 Public Law 79-719 Title XIII H.R.6000 Approved August 28, 1950 Public Law 81-734 These amendments raised benefits for the first time and placed the program on the road to the virtually universal coverage it has today. Specifically", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "661710", "score": "1.067863", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Social Security Amendments of 1965", "text": "The legislation made two amendments to the Social Security Act of 1935. Title XVIII, which became known as Medicare, includes Part A, which provides hospital insurance for the aged, and Part B, which provides supplementary medical insurance. Title XIX, which became known as Medicaid, provides for the states to finance health care for individuals who were at or close to the public assistance level with federal matching funds.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Social Security System (Philippines)", "text": "Social Security System (Philippines) The Philippine Social Security System (SSS; ) is a state-run, social insurance program in the Philippines to workers in the private, professional, and informal sectors. SSS is established by virtue of Republic Act No.1161, better known as Social Security Act of 1954. This law was later amended by Republic Act No. 8282 in 1997. Government employees, meanwhile, are covered under a separate state-pension fund managed by the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS). It was former President Manuel A. Roxas who first proposed a bill in Congress, seeking the establishment of a social security system for wage", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14752155", "score": "1.0670445", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Social Security Amendments of 1965", "text": "bill to Congress. The Conservative coalition dominated the House Ways and Means Committee, which complicated attempts to pass social health programs. Wilbur Mills (D-AR), chair of the committee, later played a role in creating the health care program that was integrated into the Social Security Act. In 1960, the Kerr-Mills Act created the Medical Assistance for the Aged (MAA) program which gave states the power to decide which patients needed financial assistance. The federal government would provide matching funds to the states for the program. Some states did not participate or abide by the Act. Another preliminary bill, the King-Anderson", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4143813", "score": "1.0641514", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Great Society", "text": "coverage and adequacy of benefits. The Tax Adjustment Act of 1966 included a provision for special payments under the social security program to certain uninsured individuals aged 72 and over. The Social Security Amendments of 1965 included a 7% increase in cash benefits, a liberalization of the definition of disability, a liberalization of the amount a person can earn and still get full benefits (the so-called retirement test), payment of benefits to eligible children aged 18–21 who are attending school, payment of benefits to widows at age 60 on an actuarially reduced basis, coverage of self-employed physicians, coverage of tips", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "661547", "score": "1.0628518", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Older Americans Act", "text": "Americans Act of 1965. Older Americans Act The Older Americans Act of 1965 (, ) was the first federal level initiative aimed at providing comprehensive services for older adults. It created the National Aging Network comprising the Administration on Aging on the federal level, State Units on Aging, and Area Agencies on Aging at the local level. The network provides funding - based primarily on the percentage of an area's population 60 and older - for nutrition and supportive home and community-based services, disease prevention/health promotion services, elder rights programs, the National Family Caregiver Support Program, and the Native American", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13553385", "score": "1.0619464", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Medicare (United States)", "text": "Conference on Aging in January 1961, in which creating a health care program for social security beneficiaries was proposed. In July 1965, under the leadership of President Lyndon Johnson, Congress enacted Medicare under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance to people age 65 and older, regardless of income or medical history. Johnson signed the bill into law on July 30, 1965 at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence, Missouri. Former President Harry S. Truman and his wife, former First Lady Bess Truman became the first recipients of the program. Before Medicare was created,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "688500", "score": "1.0618594", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Older Americans Act", "text": "Older Americans Act The Older Americans Act of 1965 (, ) was the first federal level initiative aimed at providing comprehensive services for older adults. It created the National Aging Network comprising the Administration on Aging on the federal level, State Units on Aging, and Area Agencies on Aging at the local level. The network provides funding - based primarily on the percentage of an area's population 60 and older - for nutrition and supportive home and community-based services, disease prevention/health promotion services, elder rights programs, the National Family Caregiver Support Program, and the Native American Caregiver Support Program. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13553379", "score": "1.0606133", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "History of Social Security in the United States", "text": "poverty, unemployment, and the burdens of widows and fatherless children. By signing this Act on August 14, 1935, President Roosevelt became the first president to advocate federal assistance for the elderly. The Act provided benefits to retirees and the unemployed, and a lump-sum benefit at death. Payments to current retirees are financed by a payroll tax on current workers' wages, half directly as a payroll tax and half paid by the employer. The act also gave money to states to provide assistance to aged individuals (Title I), for unemployment insurance (Title III), Aid to Families with Dependent Children (Title IV),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16468622", "score": "1.0482819", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Labour government, 1964–1970", "text": "sufficient to remove from initial poverty more than half the families (working and non-working) found to be poor at the end of 1966 by the poverty standard then applied.\" Under the Social Security Act 1966, newly unemployed individuals were no longer denied assistance during their first month of unemployment, while men who had had their Unemployment Benefit disallowed for six weeks (on the grounds that they had been at fault for losing their job) were no longer subjected to a harsh rule applied by the National Assistance confining their payments to below \"benefit rate\". Instead, a policy was adopted of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6066971", "score": "1.0481808", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Social Security Administration", "text": "Social Security Administration The United States Social Security Administration (SSA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government that administers Social Security, a social insurance program consisting of retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits. To qualify for most of these benefits, most workers pay Social Security taxes on their earnings; the claimant's benefits are based on the wage earner's contributions. Otherwise benefits such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI) are given based on need. The Social Security Administration was established by a law codified at . Its current leader, Deputy Commissioner of Operations Nancy Berryhill, was acting commissioner from January 19,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1720720", "score": "1.0460726", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "History of Social Security in the United States", "text": "History of Social Security in the United States A limited form of the Social Security program began as a measure to implement \"social insurance\" during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when poverty rates among senior citizens exceeded 50 percent. The Social Security Act was enacted August 14, 1935. The Act was drafted during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term by the President's Committee on Economic Security, under Frances Perkins, and passed by Congress as part of the New Deal. The Act was an attempt to limit what were seen as dangers in the modern American life, including old age,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16468621", "score": "1.0445443", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "History of Social Security in the United States", "text": "wage earning among men and women in the Social Security system. History of Social Security in the United States A limited form of the Social Security program began as a measure to implement \"social insurance\" during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when poverty rates among senior citizens exceeded 50 percent. The Social Security Act was enacted August 14, 1935. The Act was drafted during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term by the President's Committee on Economic Security, under Frances Perkins, and passed by Congress as part of the New Deal. The Act was an attempt to limit what were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16468662", "score": "1.0431087", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "History of Social Security in the United States", "text": "concern over the impact that the reserves created by the 1935 act were having on the economy. The Recession of 1937 was blamed on the government, tied to the abrupt decrease in government spending and the $2 billion that had been collected in Social Security taxes. Benefits became available in 1940 instead of 1942 and changes to the benefit formula increased the amount of benefits available to all recipients in the early years of Social Security. These two policies combined to shrink the size of the reserves. The original Act had conceived of the program as paying benefits out of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16468638", "score": "1.0424167", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Social programs in the United States", "text": "be higher. The Social Security program mainly refers to the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, and possibly the unemployment insurance program. Retirement Insurance Benefits (RIB), also known as Old-age Insurance Benefits, are a form of social insurance payments made by the U.S. Social Security Administration paid based upon the attainment old age (62 or older). Social Security Disability Insurance (SSD or SSDI) is a federal insurance program that provides income supplements to people who are restricted in their ability to be employed because of a notable disability. Unemployment insurance, also known as unemployment compensation, provides for money,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12914840", "score": "1.0391409", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Social Security (United States)", "text": "Social Security tax. The U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts first upheld the tax. The District Court judgment was reversed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. Commissioner Guy Helvering of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (now the Internal Revenue Service) took the case to the Supreme Court, and the Court upheld the validity of the tax. During the 1930s President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was in the midst of promoting the passage of a large number of social welfare programs under the New Deal and the Supreme Court struck down many of those programs (such as the Railroad Retirement", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "592461", "score": "1.0378314", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Social Security Act", "text": "it is the introduction of the cost-of-living adjustment (COLA). Approved June 28, 1952 Public Law 82-420 H.R.7800 Approved, July 18, 1952 Public Law 82-590 H.R.9366 Approved September 1, 1954 Public Law 83-761 Approved September 1, 1954 Public Law 83-767 Title XV H.R.7544 Approved, October 24, 1963 Public Law 88-156 Title XVII H.R.6675 Approved, July 30, 1965 Public Law 89-97 Title XVIII Title XIX In the 1930s, the Supreme Court struck down many pieces of Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, including the Railroad Retirement Act. The Court threw out a centerpiece of the New Deal, the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Agricultural", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "661711", "score": "1.03506", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Great Society", "text": "as wages, liberalization of insured-status requirements for persons already aged 72 or over, an increase to $6,600 the amount of earnings counted for contribution and benefit purposes (the contribution and benefit base), and an increase in the contribution rate schedule. The Social Security Amendments of 1967 included a 13% increase in old-age, survivors, and disability insurance benefits, with a minimum monthly benefit of $55 for a person retiring at or after age-65 (or receiving disability benefits), an increase from $35 to $40 in the special age-72 payments, an increase from $1,500 to $1,680 in the amount a person may earn", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "661548", "score": "1.0349451", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Social Security Administration", "text": "agency was Thomas Elliott, one of Felix Frankfurter's \"happy hot dogs.\" The first Social Security office opened in Austin, Texas, on October 14, 1936 Social Security taxes were first collected in January 1937, along with the first one-time, lump-sum payments. The first person to receive monthly retirement benefits was Ida May Fuller of Brattleboro, Vermont. Her first check, dated January 31, 1940 was in the amount of US$22.54. In 1939, the Social Security Board merged into a cabinet-level Federal Security Agency, which included the SSB, the U.S. Public Health Service, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and other agencies. In January 1940,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1720723", "score": "1.0347176", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Social Security Act 1938", "text": "Social Security Act 1938 The Social Security Act 1938 is a New Zealand Act of Parliament concerning unemployment insurance which established New Zealand as a welfare state. This act is important in the history of social welfare, as it established the first ever social security system in the world. After winning the 1935 election the newly elected First Labour government immediately issued a Christmas bonus to the unemployed. However, a regular unemployment benefit was not introduced until the passing of the Social Security Act in 1938; that benefit was \"payable to a person 16 years of age and over who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15873186", "score": "1.0309662", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", "text": "Social Security Act became law in August 1935. During the congressional debate over Social Security, the program was expanded to provide payments to widows and dependents of Social Security recipients. Job categories that were not covered by the act included workers in agricultural labor, domestic service, government employees, and many teachers, nurses, hospital employees, librarians, and social workers. Social Security taxes would be collected from employers by the states, with employers and employees contributing equally to the tax. Because the Social Security tax was regressive, and Social Security benefits were based on how much each individual had paid into the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9013246", "score": "1.0309027", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Senior Community Service Employment Program", "text": "regular cash welfare payments or with an annual family income of no more than 25% over the Federal poverty level as defined by the United States Census Bureau. There are certain exclusions in the income calculation, such as Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI). Enrollment priority is given to persons over age 60, veterans, and qualified spouses of veterans. Preference is given to minority, limited English-speaking, and Indian eligible individuals. Preference is also given to eligible individuals who have the greatest economic need. SCSEP was authorised by the United States Congress in Title V of the Older Americans Act of 1965", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11940824", "score": "1.0293863", "original_retrieval_index": 38 } ]

{ "title": "Social Security Amendments of 1965", "long_answer": "The legislation made two amendments to the Social Security Act of 1935. Title XVIII, which became known as Medicare, includes Part A, which provides hospital insurance for the aged, and Part B, which provides supplementary medical insurance. Title XIX, which became known as Medicaid, provides for the states to finance health care for individuals who were at or close to the public assistance level with federal matching funds.", "chunked_long_answer": "The legislation made two amendments to the Social Security Act of 1935. Title XVIII, which became known as Medicare, includes Part A, which provides hospital insurance for the aged, and Part B, which provides supplementary medical insurance. Title XIX, which became known as Medicaid, provides for the states to finance health care for individuals who were at or close to the public assistance level with federal matching funds.", "short_answers": [ "Medicaid" ] }

[ "BC Jean and Toby Gad", "Toby Gad", "BC Jean" ]

[ { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "was an artist, so it was, like, 'Oh, this songwriter BC.' \" \"If I Were a Boy\" was the first song she ever recorded, and she initially did not intend to hand it to another singer. Jean said that the fact that Beyoncé recorded the ballad provided many opportunities, and she was approached by many people who wanted to purchase her lyrics. She refused their offers, desiring to use her songs for her own album. However, Jean still intends to write for other artists. \"If I Were a Boy\" is a midtempo pop and R&B ballad, with folk rock and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441124", "score": "1.1964959", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "If You Were the Only Girl (In the World)", "text": "boy.</poem> If You Were the Only Girl (In the World) \"If You Were the Only Girl (In the World)\" is a popular song written by Nat D. Ayer with lyrics by Clifford Grey. It was written for the musical revue \"The Bing Boys Are Here\", which premièred on 19 April 1916 at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square, London. The song was originally performed as a duet between Lucius Bing, played by George Robey, and his love interest Emma, originated by Violet Loraine. The song was published in 1916 and republished in 1946. It has become a standard, recorded by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7147901", "score": "1.1856444", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "evening\" and added that it was \"a lesson of what country music should be striving for these days\". Jon Caramanica of \"The New York Times\" gave a mixed review of her performance, writing that \"[McEntire] did something unexpected, softening her delivery and finding the creases in the song, as if Beyoncé were whispering to her from the wings.\" However, \"Entertainment Weekly\"s Mandi Bierly wrote that the lyrics were \"just too young for [McEntire], and when it comes to the chorus, I want someone to belt it\". If I Were a Boy \"If I Were a Boy\" is a song performed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441176", "score": "1.1804717", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "writing, \"Singing with no band onstage, donning a glittery black dress with her signature red hair flowing to her shoulders, the legendary vocalist's performance scored a standing ovation.\" Jillian Mapes and Megan Vick of \"Billboard\" praised the performance, writing, \"As if Beyonce's 2008 ballad 'If I Were a Boy' wasn't moving enough, country queen Reba McEntire's smokey twang and solemn stance turned the song on its head.\" They also noted that the simple and powerful performance \"is enough to inspire tears, or at least goosebumps.\" Country Music Television's Chet Flippo felt that McEntire's performance was \"the musical highlight of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441175", "score": "1.1792741", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "\"If I Were a Boy\" to US radio on October 8, 2008, as a double A-side single album's alongside \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" as the lead singles. The two songs showcased the contrast between Beyoncé's personality and her aggressive onstage persona, Sasha Fierce. A Spanish version of the song, titled \"Si Yo Fuera un Chico\", was digitally released in Mexico and Spain. \"If I Were a Boy\" is a pop and R&B introspective ballad which draws influences from folk rock through its instrumentation of which includes acoustic guitars, drums and strings. The song's lyrics lament the misunderstandings", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441113", "score": "1.1749007", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "US. The accompanying music video for \"If I Were a Boy\" was directed by Jake Nava and shot in black-and-white. With a theme of role reversal, it is conceptually similar to the American comedy film \"Freaky Friday\" (1976). A video for the Spanish version of the ballad was edited from the original clip. Beyoncé promoted \"If I Were a Boy\" through live performances at venues including \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", the 52nd Grammy Awards, and the I Am... World Tour (2009–10). The song has been covered several times on televised music competitions. American singer Reba McEntire sang a country version", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441115", "score": "1.1734635", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "as the second single from her studio album \"All the Women I Am\" (2010). McEntire revealed that she originally wanted to only cover her own hits. However, her husband and manager, Narvel Blackstock wanted her to do a cover song. Blackstock finally came up with the idea that she should record her own version of Beyoncé's \"If I Were a Boy\". Speaking about her version of the song, McEntire said: \"When I got the song and the lyrics, I thought it was an incredible song ... And, to me, it turned out to be a country song, when we got", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441171", "score": "1.1704515", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "Am... World Tour\" and \"\". Prior to the performance of the song at the tour, outtakes of its music video were used. Beyoncé later appeared performing \"If I Were a Boy\" wearing Ray-Bans, a leather breastplate, aviator shades and a bulletproof-looking one-piece further asking the crowd to sing along the track. During the bridge of the song, she included excerpts from Morissette's \"You Oughta Know\" and Tupac Shakur's \"California Love\" while imitating a male person with her moves. Alice Jones of \"The Independent\" wrote in her review that Beyoncé \"whip[s] up a quasi-feminist singalong.\" Caryn Ganz of \"Rolling Stone\" noted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441157", "score": "1.1627691", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "a low of F♯ to the high of E. Her singing gets higher and louder as she employs melodic crescendos. Critics noted that Beyoncé delivers a tormented performance with unwavering sentiments. The lyrics of \"If I Were a Boy\" are about a gender-swapping thought experiment, through which Beyoncé analyses the ideologies of a tense relationship. As she sings about things she would do if she were a boy, Beyoncé highlights the vulnerability of a woman and ponders how things would be different if men had women's sense of empathy. During the first part of the ballad, Beyoncé alternates between the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441126", "score": "1.1561706", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "\"If I Were a Boy\" is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé from her third studio album I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008). It was written by BC Jean and Toby Gad, who also handled its production alongside Beyoncé. Inspired by the difficult break-up of a romantic relationship, the song was initially recorded by Jean, whose record company rejected it. Beyoncé then recorded her own version. Jean was upset when she learned that Beyoncé was releasing it as a single, but eventually, they reached an agreement. Columbia Records released \"If I Were a Boy\" to US radio on", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "\"If I Were a Boy\", Jean presented it to her record company, which rejected the song. Gad and Jean had co-written 12 songs, including \"If I Were a Boy\", for the singer's debut album. As the deal with Jean's record company fell apart, Gad marketed the songs to established artists. Beyoncé liked \"If I Were a Boy\" and recorded her own version of it for her album \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\". Gad and Beyoncé produced the track in 2008 at Roc the Mic Studios and Strawberry Productions in New York City and at GAD Studios in Ibiza. Gad did the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441118", "score": "1.1482749", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "a jangly guitar-pop number\" during the show. Kyle Anderson of \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote that \"the most attention-grabbing moments of the night... came when she dipped into other artists' catalogs\". In 2013, \"If I Were a Boy\" was included in the set list of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour where it featured the string motif from The Verve's \"Bitter Sweet Symphony\" (1997). In January 2009, Matthew Zeghibe, a 26-year-old computer art student from Connecticut, used pitch-correction software to make a clip that he claimed was the soundboard recording of \"If I Were a Boy\" from Beyoncé's \"Today\" show appearance in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441159", "score": "1.1465003", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "between the genders and indict the male side of relationships. \"If I Were a Boy\" was well received by critics, who complimented Beyoncé's tormented and emotive vocal performance and called the song her best work to date. The single was a commercial success as it placed in the top ten on twenty-five different singles charts. It topped the charts in more than eight European countries, including the United Kingdom, where it is Beyoncé's best-selling single. \"If I Were a Boy\" peaked at number three on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and earned multi-platinum certifications in Australia, Canada, and the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441114", "score": "1.1433663", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "wrote in his review of the album that \"If I Were a Boy\" has the \"most interesting lyrics\" of the entire record. In a separate review of \"If I Were a Boy\", Levine awarded it four stars out of five, writing that Beyoncé's vocals on the song are passionate. He praised the lyrics for not being overwritten and commended their \"emotional punch\" and \"very strong melody\" which he said can make people feel that they have always known the song. Pitchfork Media's Ryan Dombal called \"If I Were a Boy\" an \"effective and affecting gender-bender\". Allmusic writer Andy Kellman felt", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441136", "score": "1.1424389", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "EPs were made available on February 3 and 10, 2009. A Spanish version of \"If I Were a Boy\" was translated by Rudy Pérez and mixed by Andrés Bermúdez at The Beach House in Miami. Titled \"Si Yo Fuera un Chico (If I Were a Boy)\", this version was only included on copies of \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" in Mexico as well as iTunes Stores in Latin America and Spain, where it was released as a stand-alone single on February 3, 2009. \"If I Were a Boy\" was widely acclaimed by contemporary music critics, who applauded Beyoncé's vocal performance and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441133", "score": "1.1385369", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "\"elegant new musical direction\" for Beyoncé and praised it for being different from the songs played on Top 40 radio. By contrast, Stacey Anderson of \"Spin\" magazine was unimpressed with \"If I Were a Boy\", calling it a glistening and boring ballad. Adam Mazmanian of \"The Washington Times\" noted that the musical composition of \"If I Were a Boy\" has \"a spare [and] cinematic quality that [Beyoncé] fills with an expansive voice\", which nevertheless falters at times. A 2010 review of \"well-intended yet misguided feminist anthems\" in \"The A.V. Club\" noted the song had both a \"fresh perspective and a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441138", "score": "1.1381892", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "sense of self-awareness\" but cast is as \"a soppy wallow in whiny self-pity and broad stereotyping\". Erika Ramirez and Jason Lipshutz of \"Billboard\" magazine placed \"If I Were a Boy\" at number 19 on a list of Beyoncé's 30 biggest \"Billboard\" hits published for Beyoncé's thirtieth birthday. They wrote that the song \"found Beyoncé at her most honest, drawing in both women and men\". \"If I Were a Boy\" was nominated for the Best Foreign Song at the 2009 Porin Awards in Croatia. On \"The Village Voice\"s year-end Pazz & Jop singles list, \"If I Were a Boy\" was ranked", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441139", "score": "1.1297446", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "If You Were the Only Girl (In the World)", "text": "If You Were the Only Girl (In the World) \"If You Were the Only Girl (In the World)\" is a popular song written by Nat D. Ayer with lyrics by Clifford Grey. It was written for the musical revue \"The Bing Boys Are Here\", which premièred on 19 April 1916 at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square, London. The song was originally performed as a duet between Lucius Bing, played by George Robey, and his love interest Emma, originated by Violet Loraine. The song was published in 1916 and republished in 1946. It has become a standard, recorded by many", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7147895", "score": "1.1256602", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "series of the British televised music competition \"The X Factor\", girl band Little Mix covered the \"If I Were a Boy\". Digital Spy's Daniel Sperling noted that the cover contained \"a little Amelia Lily-esque shouting\". On September 26, 2012, during the second season of \"The X Factor\" in the United States, Dinah Jane Hansen covered \"If I Were a Boy\". Annie Barrett of \"Entertainment Weekly\" praised Hansen's singing, writing that she \"stunned the crowd with a vocal so powerful\" and \"made the song her own\". Bruna Nessif of E! Online praised her \"powerful\" rendition, and Peter Larsen of \"The Orange", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441168", "score": "1.12184", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "no amount of money, fame or skill can solve the basic inequity between her man's heart and her own.\" Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote that \"If I Were a Boy\" could become as commercially successful as \"Irreplaceable\" because of its radio-friendly appeal. James Montgomery of MTV News complimented the \"tear-jerking power\" of \"If I Were a Boy\" and noted that it reveals \"sides of Beyoncé we never knew existed\". Matos Michaelangelo of \"The A.V. Club\" remarked that \"If I Were a Boy\" has \"boilerplate lyrics\" that would fit perfectly in a Hayley Mills film. Nick Levine of Digital Spy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441135", "score": "1.1130918", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "to Come\" on the sitcom \"Rita Rocks\" which aired on October 13, 2009. During the finale of the tenth season of \"American Idol\" on May 25, 2011, the lady contestants joined together onstage to perform \"If I Were a Boy\" along with a medley of Beyoncé's other singles. Caterina Torres covered the song during the second series of \"The Voice\" (Australia) on May 12, 2013. Torres' version peaked at number 28 on the Australian Singles Chart on May 26, 2013. On June 8, 2013, singer Asanda covered the song during the final of the seventh series of \"Britain's Got Talent\".", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441165", "score": "1.1100144", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "musical arrangements, assisted in recording the music, and played the instruments alongside his brother Jens Gad and Reggie Syience Perry. Jim Caruana recorded Beyoncé's vocals at Roc the Mic Studios. Mark \"Spike\" Stent mixed the track with assistance from Matt Green at The Record Plant in Los Angeles. \"If I Were a Boy\" was placed on the \"I Am...\" disc of \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\", as it is a ballad that shows Beyoncé's insecurities about love and the person she is \"underneath all the makeup, underneath the lights and underneath all the exciting star drama\". In an interview with \"Essence\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441119", "score": "1.107991", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "magazine, Beyoncé explained that \"If I Were a Boy\" is \"broad\" and different from her previous releases because it is not a traditional R&B song. She added, \"I had to try it, because I remember Aretha Franklin said a great singer can sing anything and make it her own.\" Beyoncé was also motivated by her audience's strong expectations from her as a singer. While preparing her third solo album, Beyoncé wanted to experiment with stronger lyrics and record ballads like \"If I Were a Boy\" because, \"the music and the emotion in the story is told so much better. It's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441120", "score": "1.1056314", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy (novel)", "text": "If I Were a Boy (novel) If I Were a Boy () is an Albanian epistolary novel written by Haki Stërmilli in 1936. Written mostly in a form of diary entries it documents the struggle of the young female protagonist Dija to adjust in an Albanian patriarchal society, which was common during the time the novel was written in. Originally the novel was written in Gheg dialect. The novel starts with Dija's cousin, Hamit, who is on a bus with a small box on his hands. The box was entrusted to him by Dija, who now had contracted Tuberculosis. After", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16582328", "score": "1.1027703", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "a better connection because you can hear it and it's not all these other distractions. I really wanted people to hear my voice and hear what I had to say.\" After Jean's version of \"If I Were a Boy\" was rejected by her record company, she was upset that Beyoncé recorded and released the ballad. Roger Friedman of Fox News wrote that Jean was first informed that Beyoncé recorded the song by a stranger. \"The Daily Telegraph\" reported that Beyoncé's father and then-manager Mathew Knowles pursued the publishing rights of \"If I Were a Boy\" after realizing that it had", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441121", "score": "1.0992326", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "the potential to become a big hit. Jean used her Myspace account to express her frustration: \"I have been reading some of these comments and to set the record straight from the horse's mouth – IF I WERE A BOY is my song; YES, I wrote this song; It is my story; a painful one, and the song is very dear to me. You can hear the original version on my myspace site.\" Friedman later reported that Beyoncé and Jean had come to terms. The deal included a promise that Beyoncé would record a duet with Jean for her debut", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441122", "score": "1.0969727", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "that though the ballad sounds like \"the watery backdrop for a singing competition finale\", it is the most outstanding song on \"I Am... Sasha Fierce\" thanks to its lyrics and Beyoncé's tormented performance. Colin McGuire of PopMatters felt that \"If I Were a Boy\" was the highlight of the first disc of the double album. Jon Caramanica of \"The New York Times\" described the song as one of the greatest pop songs of the last few years and one of Beyoncé's most complicated vocal performances. Joey Guerra of the \"Houston Chronicle\" commented that \"If I Were a Boy\" is an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441137", "score": "1.095634", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "that the singer channeled her \"ferocious onstage persona\", Sasha Fierce. Ann Powers of the \"Los Angeles Times\" compared Beyoncé's wardrobe and dancing with that of Ciara. In May 2012, Beyoncé performed \"If I Were a Boy\" during her revue at Revel in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Before Beyoncé started to sing, she noted that \"[everyone knows] how it feels to be hurt and lied to\". During the performance, she mashed Goo Goo Dolls' \"Iris\" (1998) and reworked the rhythm of \"If I Were a Boy\" to fit with the cover. Elysa Gardner of \"USA Today\" noted that the ballad \"became", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441158", "score": "1.0953858", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy", "text": "Square in New York City. Although tempted, Jean refrained from eating pizza because she was dieting. She then thought that if she were a boy, she would have eaten without regret. After reflecting on the idea, she concluded that she would have been a better man than her past lover. Gad captured Jean's ideas on a pocket recorder, and they went to the studio the same day. Once there, she wrote the lyrics and melody in about 15 minutes. She then recorded the song in less than half an hour, with Gad on the guitar. After completing her version of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12441117", "score": "1.0930961", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "If I Were a Boy (novel)", "text": "book takes place in some places of Albania mainly the capital, Tirana in the 1930s. If I Were a Boy (novel) If I Were a Boy () is an Albanian epistolary novel written by Haki Stërmilli in 1936. Written mostly in a form of diary entries it documents the struggle of the young female protagonist Dija to adjust in an Albanian patriarchal society, which was common during the time the novel was written in. Originally the novel was written in Gheg dialect. The novel starts with Dija's cousin, Hamit, who is on a bus with a small box on his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16582332", "score": "1.087812", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "If I Were a Boy", "long_answer": "\"If I Were a Boy\" is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé from her third studio album I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008). It was written by BC Jean and Toby Gad, who also handled its production alongside Beyoncé. Inspired by the difficult break-up of a romantic relationship, the song was initially recorded by Jean, whose record company rejected it. Beyoncé then recorded her own version. Jean was upset when she learned that Beyoncé was releasing it as a single, but eventually, they reached an agreement. Columbia Records released \"If I Were a Boy\" to US radio on October 8, 2008, as a double A-side single album's alongside \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" as the lead singles. The two songs showcased the contrast between Beyoncé's personality and her aggressive onstage persona, Sasha Fierce. A Spanish version of the song, titled \"Si Yo Fuera un Chico\", was digitally released in Mexico and Spain.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"If I Were a Boy\" is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé from her third studio album I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008). It was written by BC Jean and Toby Gad, who also handled its production alongside Beyoncé. Inspired by the difficult break-up of a romantic relationship, the song was initially recorded by Jean, whose record company rejected it. Beyoncé then recorded her own version. Jean was upset when she learned that Beyoncé was releasing it as a single, but eventually, they reached an agreement. Columbia Records released \"If I Were a Boy\" to US radio on", "short_answers": [ "BC Jean", "BC Jean and Toby Gad", "Toby Gad" ] }

[ "2010" ]

[ { "title": "Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge", "text": "or doing nothing. In March 2001 the Federal Highway Administration issued a Record of Decision indicating its selection of the \"Sugarloaf Mountain Alternative\" routing. The project called for approximately of highway in Nevada, of highway in Arizona, and a bridge that would cross the river downstream (south) of Hoover Dam. Design work began in July 2001. Security measures implemented following the September 11 attacks prohibited commercial truck traffic from driving across Hoover Dam. Prior to the completion of the bridge, through commercial vehicles were required to follow a detour route between Boulder City and Kingman via US 95, Nevada State", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5092663", "score": "1.2226957", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge", "text": "was featured in episode 5x02 of the TV series \"Extreme Engineering\". The filming of this episode took place before the start of work on the arch. When the bridge opened to traffic, the roadway over Hoover Dam was closed to through traffic, and all visitor access to the dam was routed to the Nevada side; vehicles are still allowed to drive across the dam to the Arizona side following a security inspection, but must return to the Nevada side to return to US 93. The former US 93 route between the dam and its junction with the present US 93", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5092671", "score": "1.221622", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge", "text": "Mike O'Callaghan, Governor of Nevada from 1971–1979, and Pat Tillman, an American football player who left his career with the Arizona Cardinals to enlist in the United States Army and was later killed in Afghanistan by friendly fire. As early as the 1960s, officials identified the US 93 route over Hoover Dam to be dangerous and inadequate for projected traffic volumes. From 1998–2001, officials from Arizona, Nevada, and several federal government agencies collaborated to determine the best routing for an alternative river crossing. In March 2001, the Federal Highway Administration selected the route, which crosses the Colorado River approximately downstream", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5092657", "score": "1.1665603", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge", "text": "after the Royal Gorge Bridge, and is the world's highest concrete arch bridge. Upon the completion of the Boulder City Bypass, the bridge has become a part of Interstate 11, concurrent with US 93. In 1935, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO, later AASHTO) authorized a southward extension of U.S. Route 93 from its previous southern terminus in Glendale, Nevada to Kingman, Arizona by way of Las Vegas and Boulder City, crossing the Colorado River on the newly constructed Hoover Dam (also known then as Boulder Dam). Clark County was sparsely populated at the time, with a population", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5092659", "score": "1.1430202", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge", "text": "11 project. Through traffic on US 93 combined with pedestrian and tourist traffic at Hoover Dam itself led to major traffic congestion on the dam and on the approaches to the dam. The approaches featured hairpin turns on both the Nevada and Arizona sides of the dam, and the terrain caused limited sight distances around curves. In addition to traffic safety considerations, officials were also concerned about the safety and security of Hoover Dam, specifically the impact a vehicle accident could have on the dam's operation and the waters of Lake Mead. Officials first discussed the need for a new", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5092661", "score": "1.1405447", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Hoover Dam", "text": "longer allowed across Hoover Dam; dam visitors are allowed to use the existing roadway to approach from the Nevada side and cross to parking lots and other facilities on the Arizona side. Hoover Dam opened for tours in 1937 after its completion, but following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, it was closed to the public when the United States entered World War II, during which only authorized traffic, in convoys, was permitted. After the war, it reopened September 2, 1945, and by 1953, annual attendance had risen to 448,081. The dam closed on November 25, 1963,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "187161", "score": "1.1341817", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Hoover Dam", "text": "overheads were filled in. The concrete lining is thick, reducing the finished tunnel diameter to . The river was diverted into the two Arizona tunnels on November 13, 1932; the Nevada tunnels were kept in reserve for high water. This was done by exploding a temporary cofferdam protecting the Arizona tunnels while at the same time dumping rubble into the river until its natural course was blocked. Following the completion of the dam, the entrances to the two outer diversion tunnels were sealed at the opening and halfway through the tunnels with large concrete plugs. The downstream halves of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "187123", "score": "1.1137357", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "U.S. Route 93 in Arizona", "text": "with construction ongoing. This routing is part of a proposed Interstate 11 which could potentially connect Interstate 10 west of Phoenix with Interstate 515 southeast of Las Vegas. A segment of this new highway consists of a new route across the Colorado River called the Hoover Dam Bypass. The new crossing is the Mike O'Callaghan-Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge, the first so-called concrete-steel composite arch bridge built in the United States. The bridge is with a main span. The roadway is above the river. The bypass replaced the old section of U.S. 93 that approached and crossed directly over Hoover Dam,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10604080", "score": "1.1106424", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Virginia Street Bridge", "text": "2016. Built in 1905, the current Virginia Street Bridge is the fifth in a series of bridges to have been built in downtown Reno. The first was a wooden bridge built in 1860 by Charles W. Fuller and was hence called Fuller's Crossing. After it was destroyed by a flood, a second bridge, a toll bridge, was built and sold to Myron Lake in 1861, although in 1867 it was also destroyed by a flood. Even though it was replaced by yet another bridge, it became unneeded after the arrival of the Transcontinental Railroad. In 1877, the Washoe County authorized", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14998436", "score": "1.0990319", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge", "text": "the states of Arizona and Nevada. The bridge is located within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Las Vegas, and carries U.S. Route 93 over the Colorado River. Opened in 2010, it was the key component of the Hoover Dam Bypass project, which rerouted US 93 from its previous routing along the top of Hoover Dam and removed several hairpin turns and blind curves from the route. It is jointly named for Mike O'Callaghan, Governor of Nevada from 1971–1979, and Pat Tillman, an American football player who left his career with the Arizona", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Hoover Dam", "text": "was forthcoming from Washington. The strike ended. Before the dam could be built, the Colorado River needed to be diverted away from the construction site. To accomplish this, four diversion tunnels were driven through the canyon walls, two on the Nevada side and two on the Arizona side. These tunnels were in diameter. Their combined length was nearly 16,000 ft, or more than . The contract required these tunnels to be completed by October 1, 1933, with a $3,000-per-day fine to be assessed for any delay. To meet the deadline, Six Companies had to complete work by early 1933, since", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "187121", "score": "1.0943389", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Hoover Dam", "text": "Hoover Dam Hoover Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. Originally known as Boulder Dam from 1933, it was officially renamed Hoover Dam, for President Herbert Hoover, by a joint resolution of Congress in 1947. Since about 1900, the Black", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "187098", "score": "1.092892", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge", "text": "Colorado River crossing that would bypass the dam in the 1960s. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, which operates the dam, began work on the \"Colorado River Bridge Project\" in 1989, but the project was put on hold in 1995. In 1997 the Federal Highway Administration took over the project and released a draft environmental impact statement in 1998. From 1998–2001 state officials from Arizona and Nevada as well as several federal government agencies studied the feasibility of several alternative routes and river crossings, as well as the feasibility of modifying the roadway over the dam, restricting traffic over the dam,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5092662", "score": "1.0866508", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Hoover Dam", "text": "the change, stating, \"I didn't know Hoover was that small a man to take credit for something he had nothing to do with.\" Hoover Dam was recognized as a National Civil Engineering Landmark in 1984. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985, cited for its engineering innovations. Other sources Hoover Dam Hoover Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "187170", "score": "1.0849886", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Hoover Dam", "text": "the government. Six Companies was not required to complete work on one item, a concrete plug for one of the bypass tunnels, as the tunnel had to be used to take in irrigation water until the powerhouse went into operation. There were 112 deaths reported as associated with the construction of the dam. The first was J. G. Tierney, a surveyor who drowned on December 20, 1922, while looking for an ideal spot for the dam. The last death on the project's official fatality list occurred on December 20, 1935, when an \"electrician's helper\", Patrick Tierney, the son of J.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "187138", "score": "1.0784361", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Boulder City, Nevada", "text": "it was officially renamed Hoover Dam by a joint resolution of Congress). Men hoping for work on the dam project had begun settling along the river in tents soon after the precise site for the dam had been chosen by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1930. Their ramshackle edifices were collectively known as \"Ragtown\". Boulder City was originally built in 1931 by the Bureau of Reclamation and Six Companies, Inc. as housing for workers who were building the Hoover Dam. The sheer scale of the dam and duration of the project required the Bureau of Reclamation to consider the construction", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1148194", "score": "1.0729648", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Clark Avenue Railroad Underpass", "text": "Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad) tracks. The bridge was constructed in 1937 by the Works Progress Administration. The structure has changed over time, primarily due to a widening project on Bonanza Road. Clark Avenue Railroad Underpass The Clark Avenue Railroad Underpass, also known as the Bonanza Underpass, is a bridge and underpass in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The bridge is so named since at the time of construction it crossed Clark Avenue which was later renamed to Bonanza Road. The underpass is currently part of Nevada State", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12573191", "score": "1.0707996", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge", "text": "of less than 9,000 at the 1930 U.S. Census (compared to an estimated 2 million in 2013). Development in and around Las Vegas in the latter half of the 20th century made Las Vegas and its surrounding area a tourist attraction, and US 93 became an important transportation corridor for passenger and commercial traffic between Las Vegas and Phoenix. In 1995, the portion of US 93 over Hoover Dam was included as part of the CANAMEX Corridor, a high-priority transportation corridor established under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This bridge is a key component of the proposed Interstate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5092660", "score": "1.0699626", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge", "text": "but the dam is not visible for those driving across it. A parking area is provided near the bridge on the Nevada side at what was a staging area during construction. A set of stairs and disabled access ramps lead to the sidewalk across the bridge. Work began in 2003 on the approaches in both states and the construction contract for the arch bridge was awarded in October 2004. The largest obstacle to the project was the river crossing. The bridge and the bypass were constructed by a consortium of different government agencies and contractors, among them the Federal Highway", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5092666", "score": "1.0686988", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "U.S. Route 93 in Arizona", "text": "just downstream from Hoover Dam. US 93 continues into Nevada to the cities of Boulder City, Henderson and Las Vegas. The route between Kingman and Hoover Dam first became part of the state highway system in 1934 when it was designated as SR 69. At the time, Hoover Dam was still under construction and the highway did not link to Nevada. The dam was completed the following year in 1935 enabling traffic to cross over the top of the dam. In that year, US 466 was designated over SR 69 from Kingman to Hoover Dam. US 93 was extended south", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10604075", "score": "1.0675528", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Gillespie Dam Bridge", "text": "in February 1920. Flooding was also taking its toll on the Antelope Hill Bridge, with the structure being washed out every time a large flood happened. The timber approach trestles had to be replaced every time and the concrete sections constantly repaired. While the concrete girder design made it stronger against automobiles than a steel bridge, it was weaker against the heavy forces of desert flash flooding. Furthermore, the bridge was built on one of the most turbulent sections of the river. Due to the mounting problems, the Arizona Highway Department decided in 1920 to re-route the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway between", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20419269", "score": "1.0669786", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge", "text": "Route 163, the Colorado River crossing between Laughlin, Nevada and Bullhead City, Arizona, and Arizona State Route 68; the detour added to the normal journey on US 93. Project design was by the Hoover Support team, led by HDR, Inc. and including T.Y. Lin International, Sverdrup Civil, Inc., and other specialist contributors. The bridge has a length of and a span. The roadway is above the Colorado River and four lanes wide. This is the first concrete-and-steel composite arch bridge built in the United States. It includes the widest concrete arch in the Western Hemisphere and is also the second", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5092664", "score": "1.0663826", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Al Zampa", "text": "replaced the 1927 span of the Carquinez Bridge which Al helped construct, beginning at the young age of 20. Al Zampa Alfred Zampa (March 12, 1905 – April 23, 2000) was a United States bridge worker who played an integral role in the construction of numerous San Francisco Bay Area bridges during the early twentieth century. He is most notable for being one of the first people to survive falling off the Golden Gate Bridge. He is a charter member of the Half Way to Hell Club, whose members are the men who fell from the Golden Gate Bridge and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7730899", "score": "1.0600524", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Hoover Dam", "text": "to be the headquarters for the dam construction, closing its many speakeasies when the decision maker, Secretary of the Interior Ray Wilbur, came to town. Instead, Wilbur announced in early 1930 that a model city was to be built in the desert near the dam site. This town became known as Boulder City, Nevada. Construction of a rail line joining Las Vegas and the dam site began in September 1930. Soon after the dam was authorized, increasing numbers of unemployed people converged on southern Nevada. Las Vegas, then a small city of some 5,000, saw between 10,000 and 20,000 unemployed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "187114", "score": "1.059825", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Hoover Dam Police", "text": "Security Zone encompasses around Hoover Dam and Lake Mead; before the opening of the bypass, this included of U.S. Highway 93 (US 93). Vehicles had to pass through inspection checkpoints, located on US 93 north of the dam in Nevada, and south of the dam in Arizona, before crossing. With the opening of the bypass, traffic patterns changed dramatically. Through traffic no longer goes through a checkpoint on either side of the river. On the Nevada side, the dam road now branches off US 93 before the checkpoint, which remains in operation to screen dam visitors. On the Arizona side,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13385091", "score": "1.0582676", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Hassayampa Bridge", "text": "was an early coast-to-coast highway in the United States, and this was an important construction on that route. At the time of its construction, US 80 was Arizona's most heavily trafficked highway. With the implementation of the Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s, the bridge was re-designated to county road status. The original design by the Arizona Highway Department consisted of a multi-span concrete slab-and-girder structure, with concrete abutments and piers. The bridge is an example of a standard construction structure used during the 1920s and 1930s, four-rib concrete deck girder. It consists of seven spans, and is considered", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19859066", "score": "1.0551249", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Hoover Dam", "text": "only in late fall and winter was the water level in the river low enough to safely divert. Tunneling began at the lower portals of the Nevada tunnels in May 1931. Shortly afterward, work began on two similar tunnels in the Arizona canyon wall. In March 1932, work began on lining the tunnels with concrete. First the base, or invert, was poured. Gantry cranes, running on rails through the entire length of each tunnel were used to place the concrete. The sidewalls were poured next. Movable sections of steel forms were used for the sidewalls. Finally, using pneumatic guns, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "187122", "score": "1.0547597", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Hassayampa River Bridge", "text": "bridge during January to July of 1929. The bridge had seven spans, each long, with total length and roadway width of . U.S. Route 80 was later realigned to a different route, and the bridge was a county road bridge in 1987. The bridge was deemed significant as \"a representative example of reinforced concrete technology as practiced by the Arizona Highway Department\". It was an \"important\" bridge on U.S. 80, an early transcontinental route, and \"Arizona's most heavily trafficked highway\". The bridge was documented with drawings and photographs by the Historic American Engineering Record. The bridge was scheduled for demolition", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20704595", "score": "1.0545034", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Mill Avenue Bridges", "text": "by the Arizona Department of Transportation. Mill Avenue Bridges The Mill Avenue Bridges consist of two bridges that cross the Salt River in Tempe, Arizona at the north end of the shopping district on Mill Avenue. The first bridge opened in August 1931 and the second bridge opened in 1994. The original bridge was built in 1931 but was not dedicated until 1 May 1933. The dedication celebration lasted for two days. Attending the celebration was Benjamin Baker Moeur, a former Tempe doctor and the governor at that time. The creation of this bridge replaced the Ash Avenue Bridge which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10490294", "score": "1.0542536", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Dam", "text": "of its scale had ever been attempted; on completion, it was the largest masonry dam in the world. The Hoover Dam is a massive concrete arch-gravity dam, constructed in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the US states of Arizona and Nevada between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression. In 1928, Congress authorized the project to build a dam that would control floods, provide irrigation water and produce hydroelectric power. The winning bid to build the dam was submitted by a consortium called Six Companies, Inc. Such a large concrete structure had never been", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "620535", "score": "1.0525879", "original_retrieval_index": 37 } ]

{ "title": "Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge", "long_answer": "The Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge is an arch bridge in the United States that spans the Colorado River between the states of Arizona and Nevada. The bridge is located within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Las Vegas, and carries U.S. Route 93 over the Colorado River. Opened in 2010, it was the key component of the Hoover Dam Bypass project, which rerouted US 93 from its previous routing along the top of Hoover Dam and removed several hairpin turns and blind curves from the route. It is jointly named for Mike O'Callaghan, Governor of Nevada from 1971–1979, and Pat Tillman, an American football player who left his career with the Arizona Cardinals to enlist in the United States Army and was later killed in Afghanistan by friendly fire.", "chunked_long_answer": "the states of Arizona and Nevada. The bridge is located within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Las Vegas, and carries U.S. Route 93 over the Colorado River. Opened in 2010, it was the key component of the Hoover Dam Bypass project, which rerouted US 93 from its previous routing along the top of Hoover Dam and removed several hairpin turns and blind curves from the route. It is jointly named for Mike O'Callaghan, Governor of Nevada from 1971–1979, and Pat Tillman, an American football player who left his career with the Arizona", "short_answers": [ "2010" ] }

[ "23 September 1889" ]

[ { "title": "Satoru Iwata", "text": "in 1993 at the insistence of Nintendo President Hiroshi Yamauchi and brought financial stability to the company. In the following years, he assisted in the development of the \"Pokémon\" and \"Super Smash Bros.\" series. Iwata joined Nintendo as the head of its corporate-planning division in 2000. Nintendo soon saw notable growth with Iwata's assistance and, when Yamauchi retired, he became the company's president in May 2002. Under Iwata's direction, Nintendo developed the Nintendo DS and Wii video game consoles, helping the company achieve financial success. As a self-declared gamer, he focused on expanding the appeal of video games across all", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3245672", "score": "1.1626457", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Fusajiro Yamauchi", "text": "Fusajiro Yamauchi Fusajiro Yamauchi (山内 房治郎 \"Yamauchi, Fusajirō\", November 22, 1859 – January 1, 1940) was a Japanese entrepreneur who founded the company that is now known as Nintendo. Yamauchi lived in Kyoto, Japan and had a wife and a daughter, Tei Yamauchi (who later married future Nintendo president and Fusajiro Yamauchi's successor, Sekiryo Kaneda). On November 6, 1889, Fusajiro Yamauchi opened the first “\"Hanafuda\"” (flower cards) card shop called “\"Nintendo Koppai\"” during a time when the Japanese government was banning playing cards from the hands of the public, due to them being tied to gambling, with the exception of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3031781", "score": "1.1474903", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "History of Nintendo", "text": "History of Nintendo The history of Nintendo traces back to 1889, when it was founded to produce handmade hanafuda. is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics company headquartered in Kyoto, Japan. It eventually became one of the most prominent figures in today's video game industry, being the world's largest video game company by revenue. Nintendo started out as a small Japanese company, founded by Fusajiro Yamauchi on September 23, 1889, as Nintendo Koppai. Based in Kyoto, Japan, the business produced and marketed \"hanafuda\". The name \"Nintendo\" is commonly assumed to mean \"leave luck to heaven\", but there are no historical records", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8856798", "score": "1.1463621", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "History of games", "text": "founder of Nintendo, Fusajiro Yamauchi, initially created Japanese flower cards. These became a huge hit in the western world. Yamauchi Nintendo & Co. was their first company name, then in 1951, the company changed their name to Nintendo Playing Card Co. Ltd. The company created a laser clay shooting system which many took on as a hobby. Nintendo then developed a 16mm projection system in 1974 which also became a huge hit in the western world. Six years later, Nintendo created “Donkey Kong”, a game in which the “Jumpman” has to rescue his girlfriend from the ape. They later named", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13025551", "score": "1.1354743", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Good-Feel", "text": "Good-Feel In 2008 the company transitioned into mainstream video games by becoming the developer for the Wii game \"\" from the large publisher Nintendo. This marks Good-Feel's first entry into the home console market. The company was founded by former Konami employee Etsunobu Ebisu on October 3, 2005. He told Nintendo about the new company and asked if they could work on a game. Long-time Nintendo employee Takahiro Harada asked Ebisu if he would like to make a new \"Wario Land\" title, since Harada learned before the meeting that Ebisu was involved in the development of a Nintendo DS platform", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13463614", "score": "1.135336", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Level-5 (company)", "text": "Level-5 (company) Level-5 Inc. is a Japanese video game developer and publisher based in Fukuoka, who are best known for their \"Professor Layton\", \"Inazuma Eleven\", \"Ni no Kuni\", and \"Yo-kai Watch\" franchises. The company was founded in October 1998 by Akihiro Hino after he departed from the now defunct Riverhillsoft. Early in its history, the company enjoyed a close relationship with Sony Computer Entertainment, with many of its titles funded by and produced in conjunction with them. Starting in 2007, the company started self-publishing its titles in Japan, while Nintendo took over publishing on their systems internationally. By the early", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5352889", "score": "1.1352346", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Shuntaro Furukawa", "text": "Shuntaro Furukawa Shuntaro Furukawa (born January 10, 1972) is a Japanese businessman and executive. He is the 6th and current president of the video game company Nintendo. He took over as company president in June 2018, succeeding Tatsumi Kimishima. Furukawa was born in Tokyo, Japan on January 10, 1972 to illustrator Taku Furukawa. He grew up playing the \"Famicom\" system made by Nintendo. Furukawa is a graduate of Kunitachi Senior High School, and graduated from Waseda University's School of Political Science and Economics in 1994. In April that same year, he joined Nintendo and worked as an accountant in Germany", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20692126", "score": "1.1102655", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "1-Up Studio", "text": "2013, the company announced on their original official website that due to their recent co-development efforts with Nintendo, Brownie Brown had undergone a change in internal structure, which includes officially changing the name of their company to 1-Up Studio. 1-Up Studio , formerly , is a Japanese Nintendo-funded and owned video game developer founded on June 30, 2000 in Tokyo, Japan. On February 1, 2013, the company announced that due to their recent co-development efforts with Nintendo, that they were undergoing a change in internal structure, which included changing the name of their company to 1-Up Studio. The company consists", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4646594", "score": "1.1028072", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Marigul Management", "text": "Marigul Management Marigul was a Japanese corporation created and jointly owned by video game company Nintendo Co., Ltd. (40%) and media company Recruit (60%). Its name is a combination of Nintendo's mascot Mario and Recruit's mascot Seegul. Marigul was founded because the Nintendo 64 was not getting enough third-party support. Marigul would provide financing, to let game studios focus on making games. The only condition was that the studios would have a game ready in five years. Marigul provided services for the video game studios Ambrella, Clever Trick, Noise, Param, and Saru Brunei. Although Marigul was liquidated in May 2003,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10318884", "score": "1.0824785", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Nintendo", "text": "company headquartered in Kyoto. Nintendo is one of the world's largest video game companies by market capitalization, creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises, such as Mario, The Legend of Zelda, and Pokémon. Founded on 23 September 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi, it originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards. By 1963, the company had tried several small niche businesses, such as cab services and love hotels. Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s, Nintendo then developed into a video game company in the 1970s, ultimately becoming one of the most influential in the industry and", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Magical Company", "text": "Magical Company , also known as Mahō, is a Japanese entertainment company. Established in Kobe in 1983 to design and develop video games, the company was incorporated on May 29, 1985 as Home Data. During the 80's they developed and published various mahjong games for the Arcades. They developed \"Last Apostle Puppet Show\" (known in Japan as \"Reikai Dōshi: Chinese Exorcist\"), released in September 1988. It was the first fighting game to use digitized sprites and motion capture animation, and was the first claymation fighting game. They also created \"Battlecry\" among many other titles for different console systems. In 1993,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16120537", "score": "1.0820823", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Nintendo", "text": "market, although a version of the Nintendo 3DS XL was released in 2012. As of 2013, it is a 100% Nintendo-owned subsidiary. Nintendo's South Korean subsidiary was established on 7 July 2006, and is based in Seoul. In March 2016, the subsidiary was heavily downsized due to a corporate restructuring after analysing shifts in the current market, laying off 80% of its employees, leaving only ten people, including CEO Hiroyuki Fukuda. This did not affect any games scheduled for release in South Korea, and Nintendo continued operations there as usual. Although most of the Research & Development is being done", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "284421", "score": "1.0803739", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "History of Nintendo", "text": "\"Marufuku Co. Ltd.\" to \"Nintendo Playing Card Co., Ltd.\" In 1953, Nintendo became the first company in Japan to produce playing cards from plastic. In 1956, Yamauchi visited the U.S., to engage in talks with the United States Playing Card Company, the dominant playing card manufacturer in the United States. He was shocked to find that the world's biggest company in his business was relegated to using a small office. This was a turning point for Yamauchi, who then realized the limitations of the playing card business. In 1959, Nintendo struck a deal with Disney to allow the use Disney's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8856801", "score": "1.0735581", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Shigeru Miyamoto", "text": "Shigeru Miyamoto Miyamoto originally joined Nintendo in 1977, when the company was beginning its foray into video games and starting to abandon the playing cards it had made since 1889. His games have been prominently showcased and widely anticipated as flagship titles of every Nintendo video game console, with his earliest work appearing on arcade machines in the late 1970s. He managed Nintendo's Entertainment Analysis & Development software division, which developed many of the company's first-party titles. As a result of Nintendo president Satoru Iwata's death in July 2015, Miyamoto fulfilled the role of acting president alongside Genyo Takeda until", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "842750", "score": "1.0722051", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Satoru Iwata", "text": "Japanese release. Additionally, he assisted Masahiro Sakurai in the development of \"Super Smash Bros.\" for the Nintendo 64. In 2000, Iwata took a position at Nintendo as the head of its corporate planning division and took a seat on the board of directors. Over the next two years, he sought to reduce the cost and length of game development while preserving quality. During his first two years at Nintendo, the company saw profit increases of 20 and 41 percent, values which are at least partially attributable to his work. When Yamauchi, the company's president since 1949, retired on May 24,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3245685", "score": "1.0704548", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Good-Feel", "text": "the GFDL by its authors.\" Good-Feel In 2008 the company transitioned into mainstream video games by becoming the developer for the Wii game \"\" from the large publisher Nintendo. This marks Good-Feel's first entry into the home console market. The company was founded by former Konami employee Etsunobu Ebisu on October 3, 2005. He told Nintendo about the new company and asked if they could work on a game. Long-time Nintendo employee Takahiro Harada asked Ebisu if he would like to make a new \"Wario Land\" title, since Harada learned before the meeting that Ebisu was involved in the development", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13463616", "score": "1.0682415", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "1-Up Studio", "text": "1-Up Studio , formerly , is a Japanese Nintendo-funded and owned video game developer founded on June 30, 2000 in Tokyo, Japan. On February 1, 2013, the company announced that due to their recent co-development efforts with Nintendo, that they were undergoing a change in internal structure, which included changing the name of their company to 1-Up Studio. The company consists of many ex-Square Co., Ltd. 2D artists. At least two of its founders (Kameoka Shinichi and Kouji Tsuda) had previously worked on the award-winning \"Mana\" series on the Game Boy and Super NES platforms. The founders left Square due", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4646590", "score": "1.0674362", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Hiroshi Yamauchi", "text": "changed the company name to Nintendo Company Limited and took the company public (listed on stock market) and became the chairman. He then decided to travel to the U.S. to visit the United States Playing Card Company, the world’s biggest manufacturer of playing cards. Upon arriving in Cincinnati, Yamauchi was disappointed to see a small-scale office and factory. This led to the realisation that card manufacturing was an extremely limited venture. Upon his return to Japan, Yamauchi decided to diversify the company. Some of the new areas he ventured into included a taxi company called Daiya, a love hotel with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2620993", "score": "1.0667703", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "History of Nintendo", "text": "year that Nintendo purchased part of Rare. In 1994, after many years of Nintendo's products being distributed in Australia by Mattel since the NES in 1985, Nintendo opened its Australian headquarters and its first Managing Directors were Graham Kerry, who moved along from Mattel Australia as Managing Director and Susumu Tanaka of Nintendo UK Ltd. In 1995, Nintendo released the Virtual Boy in Japan. The console sold poorly, but Nintendo still said they had hope for it and continued to release several other games and attempted a release in the US, which was another disaster. Also in 1995, Nintendo found", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8856828", "score": "1.0594213", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Video gaming in Japan", "text": "Video gaming in Japan Video gaming in Japan is a major industry. Japanese game development is often identified with the golden age of video games, including Nintendo under Shigeru Miyamoto and Hiroshi Yamauchi, Sega during the same time period, Sony Computer Entertainment when it was based in Tokyo, and other companies such as Taito, Namco, Capcom, Square Enix, Konami, NEC, and SNK, among others. In 1966, Sega introduced an electro-mechanical game called \"Periscope\" - an submarine simulator which used lights and plastic waves to simulate sinking ships from a submarine. It became an instant success in Japan, Europe, and North", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15053784", "score": "1.0579313", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Nintendo", "text": "introduced an early iteration of Mario, then known in Japan as Jumpman, the eventual company mascot. In 1979, Gunpei Yokoi conceived the idea of a handheld video game, while observing a fellow bullet train commuter who passed the time by interacting idly with a portable LCD calculator, which gave birth to \"Game & Watch\". In 1980, Nintendo launched \"Game & Watch\"—a handheld video game series developed by Yokoi. These systems do not contain interchangeable cartridges and thus the hardware was tied to the game. The first Game & Watch game, \"Ball\", was distributed worldwide. The modern \"cross\" D-pad design was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "284361", "score": "1.0577775", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Nintendo", "text": "1998, Retro Studios was founded as an alliance between Nintendo and former Iguana Entertainment founder Jeff Spangenberg. Nintendo saw an opportunity for the new studio to create games for the upcoming GameCube targeting an older demographic, in the same vein as Iguana Entertainment's successful \"\" series for the Nintendo 64. In 2001, Nintendo introduced the redesigned Game Boy Advance. The same year, Nintendo also released the GameCube to lukewarm sales, and it ultimately failed to regain the market share lost by the Nintendo 64. When Yamauchi, company president since 1949, retired on 24 May 2002, Satoru Iwata became first Nintendo", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "284372", "score": "1.0574918", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Hiroyuki Takahashi (game producer)", "text": "and formed a partnership with Nintendo. Since joining Nintendo, Camelot have developed many \"Mario\" sports games, mainly sticking to golf and tennis games. They have also developed the Golden Sun series of RPGs. Hiroyuki Takahashi (game producer) Hiroyuki Takahashi (, born October 30, 1957), is the president of video game developing company Camelot Software Planning. He has directly participated in most of the projects of the company, particularly as a writer, art director, producer and game designer. Hiroyuki was an employee of Enix and worked on the Dragon Quest franchise, in particular \"Dragon Quest IV\" on which he had a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16827641", "score": "1.0574096", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Japanese pop culture in the United States", "text": "films, or perhaps a sequel to a movie, TV series, or adaptation of a video game. \"See also: Video gaming in Japan\" Since the early 1970's, Japan has been home to some of the most famous and influential video game companies in the world; some of the most well-known include Nintendo, Sega and Namco. The games produced by the companies are extremely well-known across the world,including the famous arcade game Pac-Man and the incredibly popular Super Mario Bros. which has still been ranked as one of the best games of all time, and both have gone on to spawn several", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15142179", "score": "1.0570259", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Nintendo Australia", "text": "Nintendo Australia Nintendo Australia Pty. Ltd. (NAL) is Oceania's local head office for sales, licensing and distribution of video game products and other intellectual properties created by Nintendo and other companies. It is headquartered in Scoresby, Victoria, was established in 1994, and is a private company wholly owned by Nintendo Co., Ltd. in Japan. Prior distribution of Nintendo products inside Australia had been handled by Mattel. The company was originally jointly managed by Susumu Tanaka of Nintendo UK and Graham Kerry who worked prior as the general Manager of Mattel. It is currently managed by Tom Enoki, who took over", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8929152", "score": "1.0545967", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Access Games", "text": "Access Games Access Games Inc. is a Japanese company specializing in the planning, development and distribution of video games and the research, development and distribution of software, data and video media. The company was originally founded in 1996 as a computer graphics producer. On January 16, 2002, the company launched a game development division and re-established itself as primarily a video game company. On September 30, 2003, Access Games became a wholly owned subsidiary of Digital Media Lab, in turn a subsidiary of Kaga Electronics. The head office is located in Chūō, Tokyo, but the company's development departments are located", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14612483", "score": "1.0541182", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Nintendo mobile games", "text": "Nintendo mobile games Up through 2015, Nintendo, a Japanese home and handheld video game console manufacturer and game developer, has traditionally focused on games that utilize unique elements of its consoles. However, the growth of the mobile gaming market in the early 2010s led to several successive fiscal quarters where they were running at a loss. Nintendo, led by president Satoru Iwata at the time, developed a strategy for entering into the mobile games market with development partner DeNA, as a means of introducing their franchise properties to mobile players with a goal of bringing them to buy Nintendo's consoles", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20476598", "score": "1.0516354", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development", "text": "known for its work on games in the \"Donkey Kong\", \"Mario\", \"The Legend of Zelda\", \"F-Zero\", \"Star Fox\", \"Animal Crossing\", \"Pikmin\" and \"Wii\" series. During the 1970s, when Nintendo was still predominantly a toy company, it decided to expand into interactive entertainment and the video game industry. Several designers were hired to work under the Creative Department, which, at the time, was the only game development department within Nintendo. Among these new designers were Makoto Kano, who went on to design various Game & Watch games, and Shigeru Miyamoto, who would create various Nintendo franchises. In 1972, the department was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4318379", "score": "1.0484259", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "History of Nintendo", "text": "put out \"The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild\" and \"Super Mario Odyssey\", both games with critical acclaim that helped sell millions of units in the first year of the new console, eventually culminating with the \"Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild\" being named Game of the Year 2017. History of Nintendo The history of Nintendo traces back to 1889, when it was founded to produce handmade hanafuda. is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics company headquartered in Kyoto, Japan. It eventually became one of the most prominent figures in today's video game industry, being the world's largest video", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8856847", "score": "1.0483689", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Scott Tsumura", "text": "idea by Doug Carlston, the CEO of Broderbund, Tsumura moved to the U.S. to establish a joint venture located in San Francisco called, Kyodai Software Marketing, with 13 Japanese PC game companies.Minoru Arakawa, the first CEO of Nintendo of America, asked Tsumura to help him found an internal American development studio. The result was Nintendo Software Technology. For 4 years Tsumura ran NST as COO/President. He then left NST and founded and/or managed a few of other companies and studios, such as Amaze Entertainment (Black Ship Studio), Kemco US and MTO US, before returning to Tozai Inc. Tozai Inc. (Tozai", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19185537", "score": "1.0473778", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Nintendo", "long_answer": "Nintendo Co., Ltd. is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto. Nintendo is one of the world's largest video game companies by market capitalization, creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises, such as Mario, The Legend of Zelda, and Pokémon. Founded on 23 September 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi, it originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards. By 1963, the company had tried several small niche businesses, such as cab services and love hotels. Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s, Nintendo then developed into a video game company in the 1970s, ultimately becoming one of the most influential in the industry and Japan's third most-valuable company with a market value of over $85 billion. From 1992 until 2016, Nintendo was also the majority shareholder for the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball.", "chunked_long_answer": "company headquartered in Kyoto. Nintendo is one of the world's largest video game companies by market capitalization, creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises, such as Mario, The Legend of Zelda, and Pokémon. Founded on 23 September 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi, it originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards. By 1963, the company had tried several small niche businesses, such as cab services and love hotels. Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s, Nintendo then developed into a video game company in the 1970s, ultimately becoming one of the most influential in the industry and", "short_answers": [ "23 September 1889" ] }

[ "in 2007", "October 10, 2007" ]

[ { "title": "Half-Life 2: Episode Two", "text": "the series separated. It was originally rumored that \"Episode Two\" would be delayed until 2008. On June 14, 2007, however, Valve confirmed the release date for \"Episode Two\" to be October 9, 2007 for all announced platforms. Valve handled the development of the game for the PC and Xbox 360, while Electronic Arts British office in Chertsey worked on the PlayStation 3 version of the game. It was announced on September 7, 2007 that the PlayStation 3 version of the game would be delayed because the development studio behind the game was in the United Kingdom, away from Valve's development", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7867796", "score": "1.2134583", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2", "text": "the \"Half-Life 2\" \"episodes\" are essentially \"Half-Life 3\". He reasons that rather than force fans to wait another six years for a full sequel, Valve Corporation would release the game in episodic installments. Newell stated that a more accurate title for these episodes would have been \"\"Half-Life 3: Episode One\"\" and so forth, having referred to the episodes as \"Half-Life 3\" repeatedly throughout the interview. In a May 2011 interview with Develop, Newell stated that the episodic model had been replaced by even shorter development cycles and continuous updates via Steam. Half-Life 2 Half-Life 2 (stylized as HλLF-LIFE) is a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2934177", "score": "1.2016096", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Episode One", "text": "Half-Life 2: Episode One Half-Life 2: Episode One (stylized as HλLF-LIFE: EPISODE ONE) is a first-person shooter video game, the first in an intended series of episodes that would serve as the sequels to \"Half-Life 2\" (2004). It was developed by Valve Corporation and released on June 1, 2006. Originally called \"Half-Life 2: Aftermath\", the game was renamed \"Episode One\" after Valve became confident in using an episodic structure for the game. \"Episode One\" uses the same game engine, Source, as \"Half-Life 2\". The game debuted new lighting and animation technologies, as well as AI sidekick enhancements. The game's events", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4965683", "score": "1.1970551", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Episode Two", "text": "body. \"Episode Two\" was developed simultaneously with \"Episode One\" by a development team led by David Speyrer. This schedule of simultaneous development aided them in streamlining the story between the two games to create an immersive story. The technology used was the same for both games, allowing the development teams to quickly fix any technical problems that might arise from either game; this happened often because of the multi-platform release. An announcement was made on July 13, 2006 stating that \"Episode Two\" would be released on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in addition to the PC, where previous iterations of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7867795", "score": "1.1683481", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2", "text": "Half-Life 2 Half-Life 2 (stylized as HλLF-LIFE) is a first-person shooter video game developed and published by Valve Corporation. It is the sequel to 1998's \"Half-Life\" and was released in November 2004 following a five-year $40 million development. During development, a substantial part of the project was leaked and distributed on the Internet. The game was developed alongside Valve's Steam software and the Source engine. Taking place some years after the events of \"Half-Life\", protagonist Gordon Freeman is awakened by the enigmatic G-Man to find the world has been taken over by the alien Combine. Joined by allies including resistance", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2934138", "score": "1.1637294", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Episode Two", "text": "aggregator GameRankings. On Metacritic, the game had an average score of 90 out of 100, based on 21 reviews. Dan Adams of IGN rated the game 9.4 out of 10 and praised its improved visuals and expansive environments, but cited the short six-hour length as a drawback. He said: \"Any way you look at it, Episode Two stands out, even among the Half-Life series, as something special ... a burly experience packed into roughly six hours or so that offers up all the diversity, level design, and thoughtful gameplay we've known while making sure to propel the story forward and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7867799", "score": "1.1610044", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2", "text": "judge took into account such factors as Gembe's difficult childhood and the fact that he was taking steps to improve his situation. A 1 GB portion of \"Half-Life 2\" became available for pre-load through Steam on August 26, 2004. This meant that customers could begin to download encrypted game files to their computer before the game was released. When the game's release date arrived, customers were able to pay for the game through Steam, unlock the files on their hard drives and play the game immediately, without having to wait for the entire game to download. The pre-load period lasted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2934155", "score": "1.1584216", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Episode One", "text": "companion. A common criticism of the game is its short length. \"Episode One\" takes roughly 4–6 hours to complete, which raises the issue of whether the game justifies its price. \"Computer Games Magazine\" argued the futility of reviewing the game due to its episodic nature; as the first part of a three-part story arc, it is difficult to judge it when divorced from the final product. Game Revolution expressed disappointment at a lack of new features such as environments and weapons. Half-Life 2: Episode One Half-Life 2: Episode One (stylized as HλLF-LIFE: EPISODE ONE) is a first-person shooter video game,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4965706", "score": "1.1442144", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "The Orange Box", "text": "\"Half-Life\" have come to bear fully upon human society, and he is forced to fight against increasingly unfavorable odds in order to survive. In his struggle, he is joined by various acquaintances, including former Black Mesa colleagues, oppressed citizens of City 17, and the Vortigaunts, all of whom later prove to be valuable allies. \"Half-Life 2\" received critical acclaim, including 35 Game of the Year awards, when it was originally released for Windows in 2004. , over 6.5 million copies of Half-Life 2 have been sold at retail. Although Steam sales figures are unknown, their rate surpassed retail's in mid-2008", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10345155", "score": "1.139252", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Episode Two", "text": "Half-Life 2: Episode Two is a first-person shooter video game, the second in a series of episodic sequels to the 2004 Half-Life 2. It was developed by Valve Corporation in tandem with Episode One, the first game in the series, and released in 2007 via Valve's Steam content distribution platform. The episode was released both separately and as a part of a bundled package, The Orange Box.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Half-Life 2", "text": "for \"Team Fortress 2\" was added on June 10, 2010, completing the package. In May 2013, Valve released a beta update to \"Half-Life 2\" which included support for the Oculus Rift virtual reality headset, with a full release of the feature coming later that year in June. An NVIDIA Shield-exclusive port for Android was released on May 12, 2014. Purchasers of the Gold Package of the game were given (among other things) a CD soundtrack, titled The Soundtrack of Half-Life 2, containing nearly all the music from the game, along with three bonus tracks. This CD was available for separate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2934164", "score": "1.1356972", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Episode One", "text": "Citadel as it detonates. The resulting shockwave catches the train, derailing it. \"Half-Life 2: Episode One\" is the first in a trilogy of episodes serving as the sequel of the 2004 first-person shooter video game \"Half-Life 2\". In February 2006, Valve announced that they would be releasing a trilogy of episodes covering the same story arc. While the plots and dialogue of \"Half-Life\" and \"Half-Life 2\" were written solely by Valve's in-house writer Marc Laidlaw, the \"Half-Life 2\" Episodes were collaboratively written by Laidlaw, Chet Faliszek, and Erik Wolpaw, with Laidlaw retaining overall leadership of the group. Valve explained that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4965695", "score": "1.1333842", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Episode One", "text": "in City 17. Likewise, City 17 has been altered to reflect the aftermath of the resistance's open rebellion, with vast swathes of destroyed buildings, and the introduction of foes previously kept outside its confines in \"Half-Life 2\" to emphasize the scale of the uprising. Upon release, \"Episode One\" was sold in both retail stores and Valve's online Steam distribution system, where it was sold at a discount price. The game was also distributed by Electronic Arts as both a standalone release and as part of \"Half-Life 2: Platinum Collection\". It was available for pre-load and pre-purchase through Steam on May", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4965702", "score": "1.131092", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Episode Two", "text": "the Russian edition of \"The Orange Box\" and is also sold separately. An audio commentary is also featured, as in \"\" and \"\". A notable change to the vocal cast is the inclusion of actor Tony Todd as the voice of the Vortigaunts. He replaces Louis Gossett, Jr. in the role. Actor Adam Baldwin voices several of the civilian and rebel NPCs, most notably the character who informs the player of the Striders' locations in the penultimate chapter. \"Half-Life 2: Episode 2\" received critical acclaim. The game had an average score of 90.68% based on 22 reviews on the review", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7867798", "score": "1.1243888", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Episode Two", "text": "team, and therefore lagged behind in its schedule. Valve's marketing director, Doug Lombardi, gave assurance that the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and PC versions of the game would be identical in functionality and performance. \"Episode Two\"s soundtrack was composed by Kelly Bailey, who also composed the music for the \"Half-Life\" series' other installments. The music is used sparingly throughout, played primarily during scenes of major plot development or particularly important action sequences, such as an early fight with a massive wave of Antlions or speeding down train tracks while being fired on by a helicopter. The soundtrack is included in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7867797", "score": "1.1243863", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2", "text": "purchase via the Valve online store. The soundtrack was re-released in 2014 for use in Steam Music. Tracks 15, 16, 18 and 42 are bonus tracks that are exclusive to the CD soundtrack. Many of the tracks were retitled and carried over from the \"Half-Life\" soundtrack; the names in parentheses are the original titles. Tracks 34, 41, and 42 are remixes. The composer of the soundtrack is Kelly Bailey. \"Half-Life 2\" received critical acclaim upon release, gaining an aggregated score of 96/100 on Metacritic. Sources, such as GameSpy, \"The Cincinnati Enquirer\", \"The New York Times\", and \"VideoGamer.com\", have given perfect", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2934165", "score": "1.1216462", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Half-Life (series)", "text": "a journalist attempting to infiltrate the Black Mesa Research Facility and discover what was happening there. In early 2009, the Purchase Brothers, a Toronto-based film company, released a five-minute film based on \"Half-Life 2: Episode One,\" \"\". The film combines live-action footage with 3D animation created using the Source SDK. It was well received by Valve. On August 25, 2010 they released a nearly 15-minute long sequel. In late 2010 a trailer for a \"Half-Life\" inspired independent short film, \"Beyond Black Mesa,\" was released. Directed by Brian Curtin, it follows the character Adrian Shephard. The full short film was released", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8538216", "score": "1.1210063", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "The Orange Box", "text": "against the Combine. The game was originally released in 2006 for Windows as a standalone game and was generally well received. \"Half-Life 2: Episode Two\" was first available as part of \"The Orange Box\" and focuses on expansive environments, travel, and less linear play. In the game, Gordon Freeman and the series' other major characters move away from City 17 to the surrounding wilderness following the closing events of \"Episode One\". The game was praised for its new environments and features and was well received by critics. \"Portal\" is a single-player first-person action/puzzle game that was first available as part", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10345157", "score": "1.1169041", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Half-Life (series)", "text": "all use Valve's GoldSrc game engine, a heavily modified \"Quake\" engine. The later games accompanying the sequel all use Valve's proprietary Source engine. \"Half-Life\" is the first game in the series, and was the debut game of Valve Software, released on November 19, 1998. \"Half-Life\" follows Gordon Freeman, a theoretical physicist, after the Black Mesa Research Facility accidentally causes a dimensional rift which allows the facility to be invaded by aliens. Freeman consequently attempts to survive the slaughter and resolve the situation. The game was originally published by Sierra Studios and released for Windows, although Gearbox Software would later port", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8538182", "score": "1.1120309", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Deathmatch", "text": "Half-Life 2: Deathmatch Half-Life 2: Deathmatch is a multiplayer first-person shooter video game developed by Valve Corporation. Released on Steam on November 30, 2004, it uses many of the assets from \"Half-Life 2\" and its Source engine. It features new levels, optimized for multiplayer arena play, and a few new weapons. Also included are portions of the game's source code, which were the basis for many early Source-based multiplayer modifications. The game is the successor to the popular multiplayer component of the original \"Half-Life\", but is offered as a separate product from \"Half-Life 2\". \"Deathmatch\", like \"Half-Life\"s multiplayer, does not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5465587", "score": "1.1093919", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Episode One", "text": "1, 2006, with \"\" and \"\" immediately available for play as part of the package. \"Episode One\" is available as part of a bundle package known as \"The Orange Box\", which also includes \"Half-Life 2\", \"\", \"Team Fortress 2\", and \"Portal\"; and is available for Mac, PC, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3. About 1.4 million retail copies of \"Episode One\" were sold by 2008. Response to \"Episode One\" was generally positive, and reviewers praised the game for having more intricate, well-paced gameplay than \"Half-Life 2\". The game's interactivity, particularly in the form of Alyx and her reactions to the player's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4965703", "score": "1.1060085", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2", "text": "64-bit users reported bizarre in-game errors including characters dropping dead, game script files not being pre-cached (i.e., loaded when first requested instead), map rules being bent by AI, and other glitches. Valve partnered with Taito to release \"Half-Life 2: Survivor\", an arcade game version of the game for the Japanese market in 2006. During Electronic Arts' summer press event on July 13, 2006, Gabe Newell announced that \"Half-Life 2\" would ship on next-generation consoles (specifically, the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3) along with episodes \"\" and \"\", \"Team Fortress 2\", and \"Portal\" in a package called \"The Orange Box\". The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2934162", "score": "1.1000006", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Lost Coast", "text": "about each new stage as they progress. The company has since made the commentary system standard in all of its later video games. \"Lost Coast\" was released on October 27, 2005, as a free download from Valve's Steam content delivery service to anyone who purchased \"Half-Life 2\". People who received \"Half-Life 2\" as a gift from Valve's online store were not eligible to download the level. Valve announced on May 30, 2007 that \"Lost Coast\", along with \"\", would be made available for free to owners of ATI Radeon cards. It was later released without charge to Nvidia graphics card", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5903889", "score": "1.098546", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Half-Life (series)", "text": "many reviewers stating that it was fun to play through with a friend, but that the game's more puzzle-oriented gameplay detracted from the overall experience. An unofficial Windows port of the game was released in September 2008. On November 16, 2004, Valve released \"Half-Life 2\". The game had a six-year development cycle, which saw several delays and the leak of the game's source code. \"Half-Life 2\" returns the player to the role of Gordon Freeman. Set twenty years after the original game, Earth has been occupied by the Combine, a transdimensional race that exploited the events of the first game", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8538188", "score": "1.0982585", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Half-Life (series)", "text": "2005, Valve released \",\" a short episode demonstrating high dynamic range rendering. Consisting of a single map, \"Lost Coast\" was based on a cut segment of \"Half-Life 2.\" The player, as Freeman, climbs a cliff to destroy a Combine artillery launcher in a monastery. In May 2006, Valve announced a trilogy of episodic games that would continue the \"Half-Life 2\" story. In a 2006 interview, Newell said that the episodic approach was chosen so Valve could release products more quickly after the six year-development of \"Half-Life 2.\" Newell said he considered the trilogy to be the first part of \"Half-Life", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8538190", "score": "1.0982349", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Half-Life (series)", "text": "the sequel to the original \"Half-Life\", \"Half-Life 2\". For the game, Valve developed a new game engine, Source, which handles the game's visual, audio, and artificial intelligence elements. The Source engine comes packaged with a heavily modified version of the Havok physics engine that allows for an extra dimension of interactivity in both single-player and online environments. In the trilogy of episodic games that followed \"Half-Life 2\", Valve made minor tweaks to the game's engine. In \"Half-Life 2: Episode One\", Valve modified Alyx's AI to allow her to react to the player's actions because of her significant involvement in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8538213", "score": "1.0954031", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Episode One", "text": "revealed in the sequel, \"\". Valve views episodes \"One\" through \"Three\" tantamount to a standalone release. \"Episode One\" is available as part of a bundle package known as \"The Orange Box\", which also includes \"Half-Life 2\", \"\", \"Team Fortress 2\", and \"Portal\". \"Episode One\" received a generally positive critical reaction, and the co-operative aspects of the gameplay received particular praise, although the game's short length was criticized. In \"Episode One\" players make their way through a linear series of levels and encounter various enemies and allies. The gameplay is broken up between combat-oriented challenges and physics-based puzzles. \"Episode One\" integrates", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4965685", "score": "1.0921128", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Half-Life (series)", "text": "to invade. The G-Man inserts Freeman into City 17 in Eastern Europe to combat the Combine occupation. \"Half-Life 2\" garnered near-unanimous positive reviews and received critical acclaim much like its predecessor, winning over 35 Game of the Year awards for 2004. Considered one of the greatest video games of all time, the game has been critically praised for its advances in computer animation, sound, narration, computer graphics, artificial intelligence, and physics. \"Half-Life 2\" was the first game to use Valve's Steam content delivery system, a system that eventually led to Valve falling out with publisher Sierra Entertainment. On October 27,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8538189", "score": "1.0821776", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2: Lost Coast", "text": "Half-Life 2: Lost Coast Half-Life 2: Lost Coast (stylized as HλLF-LIFE: LOST COAST) is an additional level for the 2004 first-person shooter video game \"Half-Life 2\". Developed by Valve Corporation, it was released on October 27, 2005, through the Steam content delivery service as a free download to owners of the Microsoft Windows version of \"Half-Life 2\". \"Lost Coast\" serves as a technology demonstration, specifically showcasing the high-dynamic-range rendering implemented in the Source engine. The level was designed with a variety of appropriate environments to emphasize these effects. In addition, \"Lost Coast\" was the first video game developed by Valve", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5903875", "score": "1.0818791", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Half-Life 2", "text": "version of the game in early September 2003. On October 2, 2003, Valve CEO Gabe Newell publicly revealed on \"Half-Life\" fan forums the events that Valve experienced around the time of the leak, and asked users to help find the perpetrators. In June 2004, Valve Software announced in a press release that the FBI had arrested several people suspected of involvement in the leak. Valve claimed it was leaked by a German black-hat hacker named Axel \"Ago\" Gembe. After the leak, Gembe had contacted Newell through email (also providing an unreleased document planning the E3 events). Newell kept corresponding with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2934153", "score": "1.0816426", "original_retrieval_index": 37 } ]

{ "title": "Half-Life 2: Episode Two", "long_answer": "Half-Life 2: Episode Two is a first-person shooter video game, the second in a series of episodic sequels to the 2004 Half-Life 2. It was developed by Valve Corporation in tandem with Episode One, the first game in the series, and released in 2007 via Valve's Steam content distribution platform. The episode was released both separately and as a part of a bundled package, The Orange Box.", "chunked_long_answer": "Half-Life 2: Episode Two is a first-person shooter video game, the second in a series of episodic sequels to the 2004 Half-Life 2. It was developed by Valve Corporation in tandem with Episode One, the first game in the series, and released in 2007 via Valve's Steam content distribution platform. The episode was released both separately and as a part of a bundled package, The Orange Box.", "short_answers": [ "in 2007" ] }

[ "Madison", "James Madison" ]

[ { "title": "Charles Pinckney (governor)", "text": "elaborate form of the Virginia Plan, proposed first by Edmund Randolph, but it was disregarded by the other delegates. Historians assess him as an important contributing delegate. Pinckney boasted that he was 24, allowing him to claim distinction as the youngest delegate, but he was 29 years old at the time of the convention. He attended full-time, spoke often and effectively, and contributed to the final draft and to resolution of problems that arose during the debates. He also worked for ratification of the constitution in South Carolina (1788). At the Convention, Pierce Butler and Pinckney, both from South Carolina,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1416542", "score": "1.2562188", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Edmund Randolph", "text": "Virginia law forbade executive officers from private practice in its courts. The following year, as a delegate from Virginia to the Constitutional Convention, at age 34 Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan as an outline for a new national government. He argued against importation of slaves and in favor of a strong central government, advocating a plan for three chief executives from various parts of the country. The Virginia Plan also proposed a bicameral legislature, both houses of which comprising delegates chosen based on state population. Randolph additionally proposed, and was supported by unanimous approval by the Convention's delegates, \"that a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1927079", "score": "1.192598", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "text": "and would therefore be selected by the legislature. The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary, and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto, subject to override. After the Virginia Plan was introduced, New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan. Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had equal representation in Congress, exercising one vote each. The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population. On June 14 and 15, 1787, a small-state caucus met to create a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4934026", "score": "1.1855166", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Virginia Plan", "text": "of the national legislature. Each of the states would be represented in proportion to their \"Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants.\" States with a large population, like Virginia (which was the most populous state at the time), would thus have more representatives than smaller states. Large states supported this plan, and smaller states generally opposed it, preferring an alternative put forward on June 15. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. In the end, the convention settled on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2121443", "score": "1.1805642", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Stuart B. Carter", "text": "constitution requiring free public education (hence the January 1956 referendum to modify the state constitution which Carter was only one of four delegates to oppose). After both the Virginia Supreme Court and a three-judge federal panel announced on January 19, 1959 that the Stanley plan was unconstitutional, Governor J. Lindsay Almond Jr. eventually reconsidered his opposition to \"Brown\", and joined with the Perrow Commission plan. Meanwhile, Carter had been elected to the Virginia Senate, and although recovering from recent abdominal surgery, appeared to cast his crucial vote in favor of the Perrow Commission plan. Thus, it passed by a single", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19605536", "score": "1.1767887", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Virginia Plan", "text": "judicial). One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature: proportionate to population, with larger states having more votes than less-populous states, or by equal representation for each state, regardless of its size and population. The latter system more closely resembled that of the Articles of Confederation, under which each state was represented by one vote in a unicameral legislature. The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2121442", "score": "1.1664265", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "George Mason", "text": "powerful than the states. The Virginia Plan, if implemented, would base representation in both houses of the federal legislature on population. This was unsatisfactory to the smaller states. Delaware's delegates had been instructed to seek an equal vote for each state, and this became the New Jersey Plan, introduced by that state's governor, William Paterson. The divisions in the convention became apparent in late June, when by a narrow vote, the convention voted that representation in the lower house be based on population, but the motion of Connecticut's Oliver Ellsworth for each state to have an equal vote in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1737766", "score": "1.1590183", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Constitution of Virginia", "text": "Virginia General Assembly approved a new commission, chaired by former Governor Albertis Harrison, to revise the constitution. The Commission on Constitutional Revision presented its report and recommendations to Governor Godwin and the General Assembly in January 1969, and continued to work with them to draft a final consensus version. The proposed Constitution was overwhelmingly approved by the voters of Virginia (who by then included African-American men and women, following passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s) and took effect on July 1, 1971. Since 1971, additional amendments have been passed by the General Assembly and approved by the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4848400", "score": "1.1453745", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "text": "and Nathaniel Gorham. Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings, three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee's handiwork: an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge, extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson, also with Rutledge's edits, and the committee's final report to the Convention. From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan, the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan, and other sources, such as the Articles of Confederation, provisions of the state constitutions, and even Charles Pinckney's plan, to produce the first full draft,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4933997", "score": "1.1445975", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "text": "of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Benjamin Banneker", "text": "in Thomas Jefferson's 1787 \"Notes on the State of Virginia\". The 1793 almanac also contained a copy of \"A Plan of a \"Peace-Office\", for the United States\". Although the almanac did not identify the Plan's author, writers later attributed the work to Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. The Plan proposed the appointment of a \"Secretary of Peace\", described the Secretary's powers and advocated federal support and promotion of the Christian religion. The Plan stated: On August 19, 1791, after departing the federal capital area, Banneker wrote a letter to Thomas Jefferson, who in 1776 had drafted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "787198", "score": "1.1404333", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Zephaniah Swift", "text": "General and presenter of the Virginia Plan at the Constitutional Convention; Robert Morris - \"Financier of the Revolution\"; Oliver Ellsworth - future Chief Justice and presenter of the Connecticut Plan; Charles Lee - Third Attorney General) and signers of the Declaration of Independence. Subscribers are listed from every state, including the original 13 colonies, Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee, which became the 16th state when the second volume was published. In the introduction of \"A System of Law\" he explained that every citizen ought to acquire of knowledge of those laws that govern their daily conduct and \"secure the invaluable blessings", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6435239", "score": "1.1402029", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "George Mason", "text": "original writing in Mason's hand is not known, the extent to which the final draft was written by him is uncertain. Nevertheless, William Fleming on June 22, 1776, sent Jefferson a copy of the draft before the Cary Committee, telling him \"the inclosed printed plan was drawn by Colo. G. Mason and by him laid before the committee\". Mason had submitted his plan sometime between June 8 and 10, 1776. It named the new state the \"Commonwealth of Virginia\", a name chosen pointedly by Mason to indicate that power stemmed from the people. The constitution provided for a popularly elected", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1737743", "score": "1.1380179", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "George Mason", "text": "and formulated what became known as the Virginia Plan. They also did some sightseeing, and were presented to Pennsylvania's president, Benjamin Franklin. Within a week of arrival, Mason was bored with the social events to which the delegates were invited, \"I begin to grow tired of the etiquette and nonsense so fashionable in this city\". Going into the convention, Mason wanted to see a more powerful central government than under the Articles, but not one that would threaten local interests. He feared that the more numerous Northern states would dominate the union, and would impose restrictions on trade that would", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1737761", "score": "1.1335036", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Second Virginia Convention", "text": "into a posture of defence: and that Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Robert Carter Nicholas, Benjamin Harrison, Lemuel Riddick, George Washington, Adam Stephen, Andrew Lewis, William Christian, Edmund Pendleton, Thomas Jefferson and Isaac Zane, Esquires, be a committee to prepare a plan for the embodying arming and disciplining such a number of men as may be sufficient for that purpose.\" The speech was also a contributing factor in the decision by governor John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore to remove the gunpowder from the Williamsburg, Virginia magazine to a Royal Navy ship in the Gunpowder Incident. Virginia Conventions Second Virginia", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6397027", "score": "1.1286557", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "David Stuart (Virginia politician)", "text": "resided at three estates in Fairfax County, Virginia: Abingdon, Hope Park and Ossian Hall. Stuart served as a representative to the Virginia House of Delegates and also to the Virginia convention of 1788 that considered the ratification of the United States Constitution. To address the issues of greatest concern, the convention considered the following resolution: \"Resolved\", That previous to the ratification of the new Constitution of government recommended by the late Federal Convention, a declaration of rights asserting and securing from encroachment the great principle of civil and religious liberty and the unalienable rights of the people, together with amendments", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13873948", "score": "1.1282067", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Virginia Ratifying Convention", "text": "Virginia Ratifying Convention The Virginia Ratifying Convention (also historically referred to as the \"Virginia Federal Convention\") was a convention of 168 delegates from Virginia who met in 1788 to ratify or reject the United States Constitution, which had been drafted at the Philadelphia Convention the previous year. The Convention met and deliberated from June 2 through June 27 in Richmond at the Richmond Theatre, presently the site of Monumental Church. Judge Edmund Pendleton, Virginia delegate to the Constitutional Convention, served as the convention's president by unanimous consent. The Convention met from June 2–27, 1788, in the wooden \"Old Capitol\" building", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9282747", "score": "1.1273662", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Virginia Conventions", "text": "commissions for constitutional reform in 1927 for restructuring state government and in 1969 to conform the state constitution with congressional statutes of the Voting Rights Act and U.S. Constitutional law. Each of these 20th century recommendations was placed before the people for ratification in a referendum. The First Convention was organized after Lord Dunmore, the colony's royal governor, dissolved the House of Burgesses when that body called for a day of prayer as a show of solidarity with Boston, Massachusetts, when the British government closed the harbor under the Boston Port Act. The Burgesses, who had been elected by propertied", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6396968", "score": "1.1256179", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850", "text": "Democrats were divided between easterners who supported an apportionment in the General Assembly based on a mixed basis of population and property which favored their slave-holding counties. Democrats in the west, while agreeing with anti-federal government Doctrines of '98 and states' rights, were more inclined to a white population basis. The Whigs were more united statewide in their insistence to expand suffrage and find a more equitable reapportionment between east and west sections. The General Assembly malapportionment was a perpetual irritant in Virginia's politics, and in December 1849 Democrat John B. Floyd became the fourth governor to call for a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19788423", "score": "1.1248246", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Wyndham Robertson", "text": "House of Delegates, as one of their three delegates in the 1859-1861 session based on the representational changes after adoption of the Virginia Constitution of 1850 and population shifts documented in the census. As Virginia struggled with the idea of seceding from the United States, Robertson was a staunch Unionist, and tried to prevent its secession. He later characterized himself as a \"friend to peace and the Union\" and noted that he had actively opposed South Carolina's call for a Southern Convention in 1859. At the Henry Clay banquet in April 1860, at which former President John Tyler was present,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6308477", "score": "1.1245099", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "George Mason", "text": "room at the Raleigh Tavern, drafted a declaration of rights and plan of government, likely to prevent frivolous plans with no chance of adoption from being put forward. Edmund Randolph later recalled that Mason's draft \"swallowed up all the rest\". The Virginia Declaration of Rights and the 1776 Constitution of Virginia were joint works, but Mason was the main author. Mason likely worked closely with Thomas Ludwell Lee; the earliest surviving draft shows the first ten articles in Mason's handwriting, with the other two written by Lee. The draft for the Declaration of Rights drew on Magna Carta, the English", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1737737", "score": "1.1243063", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Virginia Conventions", "text": "The resolution was followed in Congress by the adoption of the American Declaration of Independence, which reflected its ideas. The convention amended, and on June 12 adopted, George Mason's Declaration of Rights, a precursor to the United States Bill of Rights. On June 29, the convention approved the first Constitution of Virginia. The convention chose Patrick Henry as the first governor of the new Commonwealth of Virginia, and he was inaugurated on June 29, 1776. Thus, Virginia had a functioning republican constitution before July 4, 1776. The Constitutional Convention convened by the Articles of Confederation Congress in 1787 provided for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6396978", "score": "1.1235319", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "text": "response to the Virginia Plan. The result was the New Jersey Plan, otherwise known as the Small State Plan. Paterson's New Jersey Plan was ultimately a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan, and was much closer to the initial call for the Convention: drafting amendments to the Articles of Confederation to fix the problems in it. Under the New Jersey Plan, the existing Continental Congress would remain, but it would be granted new powers, such as the power to levy taxes and force their collection. An executive branch was created, to be elected by Congress (the plan allowed for a multi-person", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4934027", "score": "1.1227767", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "John Floyd (Virginia politician)", "text": "his bid for re-election as governor, this time for three years, and as the first governor under the new state constitution enacted in 1830. Virginia's economy had seen an upswing under his stewardship and in his December address he wanted to see this continue. He unveiled a \"bold economic program\" that included a network of state-subsidized internal improvements designed to make Virginia a \"commercial empire\". The success of his plan and Virginia's future, however, depended on national politics and who captured the White House in 1832. His preoccupation with economic growth for Virginia, and how the Jackson plans were threatening", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5980777", "score": "1.1190739", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Patrick Henry", "text": "was based in large part on Henry's, and passed unanimously on May 15, 1776. As well as declaring Virginia independent, the resolution instructed the state's delegates in Congress to press for American independence, which they would, with Lee introducing the motion, and Jefferson penning the Declaration. The convention then proceeded to consider a constitution for Virginia's government. Henry was appointed to a committee under the leadership of Archibald Cary. Much of the work fell to the final appointee to the committee, George Mason of Fairfax County, who did not arrive in Williamsburg until May 18, delayed by illness. Mason first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "827806", "score": "1.117918", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Virginia Ratifying Convention", "text": "and as a justice of the United States Supreme Court. His control of the Virginia legislature enabled his partisans to elect the only two Anti-Federalist U.S. Senators in the First Congress. The following list is of the delegates to the Virginia ratifying convention and their vote on ratification. A total of 170 delegates were elected. Of these, 168 voted on ratification: 89 for, 79 against. The delegates included representatives from modern-day Kentucky and West Virginia, which were part of Virginia at the time. Virginia Ratifying Convention The Virginia Ratifying Convention (also historically referred to as the \"Virginia Federal Convention\") was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9282758", "score": "1.1176875", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Second Virginia Convention", "text": "Second Virginia Convention The Second Virginia Convention was a meeting of the Patriot legislature of Virginia which opened at St. John's Episcopal Church in Richmond on March 20, 1775. It was the setting for Patrick Henry's famous speech, Give me liberty, or give me death! The delegates to the Second Virginia Convention were selected by the First Virginia Convention, which took place from August 1–6, 1774. Peyton Randolph continued in his role as president. The Convention selected delegates to the Second Continental Congress. Henry gave his speech on March 23, after which it was resolved that the colony be \"put", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6397026", "score": "1.1157917", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Stanley plan", "text": "reaction to the \"Brown\" ruling. However, this changed when James J. Kilpatrick, editor of \"The Richmond News Leader\" in Richmond, Virginia, quickly adopted a defiant and unyielding opposition to racial integration of public schools. Kilpatrick adopted the pre-American Civil War constitutional theory of interposition, and began publicly pushing for the state of Virginia to actively oppose the Supreme Court. Kilpatrick's hardening position, historian Joseph J. Thorndike has written, \"likely...helped stiffen the resolve of several key figures, especially Byrd.\" On June 18, 1954, political leaders in Virginia's Southside (a collection of counties in the south-central region of the state) met and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15847455", "score": "1.1136632", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "Alexander White (Virginia)", "text": "1788, White participated in the Virginia Ratifying Convention, in which Virginia ratified the United States Constitution. White is believed to have used the pseudonym \"An Independent Freeholder\" to author a series of essays written in support of the Constitution's ratification. The essays were published in the January 18 and January 25, 1788, issues of the \"Winchester Virginia Gazette\" newspaper. White served two additional terms in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1799 to 1801, representing Berkeley County, where he owned a significant amount of land. White served two terms as the inaugural member to represent Virginia's 1st congressional district in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6001283", "score": "1.1134517", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "Patrick Henry", "text": "precisely the same I have long since taken up, and they come recommended by you\". But it was Mason's plan for the government of Virginia which dominated, with much power given to the Virginia House of Delegates, the lower house of the legislature. The House of Delegates and the Senate of Virginia together formed the General Assembly, as the Virginia legislature is known. Under the 1776 constitution, the governor, elected by the two houses of the legislature, was not even given the power to veto legislation, and was required to act with the approval of the Governor's Council on important", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "827809", "score": "1.1125231", "original_retrieval_index": 41 } ]

{ "title": "Constitutional Convention (United States)", "long_answer": "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House.", "chunked_long_answer": "of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House.", "short_answers": [ "James Madison" ] }

[ "10,605" ]

[ { "title": "Dugda (woreda)", "text": "they observed this belief, while 3.88% of the population were Protestant, 2.13% of the population were Muslim, and 1.36% of the population practiced traditional beliefs. Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 196,323, of whom 96,849 are men and 99,474 are women; 50,126 or 25.53% of its population are urban dwellers, which is less than the Zone average of 32.1%. With an estimated area of 1,459.53 square kilometers, Dugda Bora has an estimated population density of 134.5 people per square kilometer, which is less than the Zone average", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9437194", "score": "1.0512263", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Bora (woreda)", "text": "6.01% of the population practiced traditional beliefs, 4.47% of the population were Muslim, and 3.11% of the population were Protestant. Bora (woreda) Bora is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of the former woreda of Dugda Bora. Part of the Misraq Shewa Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. The administrative center of Bora is Bote (Alem Tena). The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 58,748, of whom 30,487 were men and 28,261 were women; 11,403 or 19.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16367680", "score": "1.0404661", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Borawal", "text": "700 years\" (). Borawal has population of 3950 of which 2112 are males while 1838 are females, as per Population Census 2011. In Borawal village, there are 403 children aged between, making up 10.20% of total population of village. The average sex ratio is 870 which is lower than the Punjab state average of 895. The child Sex Ratio for the Borawal as per the census is 824, lower than the Punjab average of 846. Borawal village has lower literacy rate compared to Punjab. In 2011, the literacy rate of Borawal village was 55.79% compared to 75.84% of Punjab. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19289093", "score": "1.0334862", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Boda Upazila", "text": "Boda Upazila Boda () is an Upazila of Panchagarh District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Boda is the largest upazila in Panchagarh. It is named \"Boda\" because the big Badeshwari Temple is there. Boda is located at . It has 33535 households and total area 349.47 km². As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boda has a population of 168258. Males constitute 51.22% of the population, and females 48.78%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 83118. Boda has an average literacy rate of 29.4% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate. Boda Upazila is divided into one municipality", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9721944", "score": "1.0153408", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Bora Reserve", "text": "Bora Reserve Bora Special Reserve is a wildlife reserve in the Sofia Region of Madagascar, between the villages of Antsohihy and Bealalana. Bora is in a transition zone between eastern humid forests and western dry forests and the reserve and has many endemic species including six lemur species, twenty birds and over 150 species of endemic plants. This reserve is in the north-west of Madagascar, from Antsohihy. In the north the park is accessible by the tarmaced road, RN31, which runs between Antsohihy and Bealalana, and the southern part of the reserve is accessible by the road between North Befandriana", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11918152", "score": "0.9853966", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Bora (woreda)", "text": "Bora (woreda) Bora is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was part of the former woreda of Dugda Bora. Part of the Misraq Shewa Zone it is located in the Great Rift Valley. The administrative center of Bora is Bote (Alem Tena). The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 58,748, of whom 30,487 were men and 28,261 were women; 11,403 or 19.41% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 86% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16367679", "score": "0.9773055", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Dugda (woreda)", "text": "54 people (94% of which performed food processing), as well as 707 registered businesses including 108 wholesalers, 404 retailers and 195 service providers. There were 54 Farmers Associations with 18,946 members and 2 Farmers Service Cooperatives with 2226 members. Dugda Bora has 85 kilometers of dry-weather and 122 of all-weather road, for an average road density of 142 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers. About 67% of the rural, 100% of the urban and 74% of the total population has access to drinking water. In late August 2005, the Awash and Meki rivers burst their banks due to heavy rains and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9437192", "score": "0.9761811", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Dugda (woreda)", "text": "flooded Dugda Bora. According to reports, up to 7,000 people were made homeless, one person was killed, many livestock were swept away and more than 814 hectares of farmland was destroyed. It was also reported that up to 3,400 of those displaced were stranded by the floodwaters, and authorities rescued 455 people. The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 144,910, of whom 74,561 were men and 70,349 were women; 36,252 or 25.02% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 91.32% of the population reporting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9437193", "score": "0.96724486", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Boda Upazila", "text": "and 10 union parishads: Benghari Banagram, Boda, Boroshoshi, Chandanbari, Jholaishalshiri, Kajoldighikaligonj, Mareabamonhat, Moidandighi, Pachpir, and Sakoa. The union parishads are subdivided into 174 mauzas and 239 villages. Boda Upazila Boda () is an Upazila of Panchagarh District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Boda is the largest upazila in Panchagarh. It is named \"Boda\" because the big Badeshwari Temple is there. Boda is located at . It has 33535 households and total area 349.47 km². As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Boda has a population of 168258. Males constitute 51.22% of the population, and females 48.78%. This Upazila's eighteen up", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9721945", "score": "0.96073353", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Bora Bora", "text": "As of 2017, the Bora Bora group has a permanent population of 10,605.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Bora people", "text": "tribe's ancestral lands are currently threatened by illegal logging practices. The Bora have no indigenous reserves. Bora people The Bora are an indigenous tribe of the Peruvian, Colombian and Brazilian Amazon, located between the Putumayo and Napo rivers. The Bora speak a Witotan language and comprise approximately 2,000 people. In the last forty years, they have become a largely settled people living mostly in permanent forest settlements. In the animist Bora worldview, there is no distinction between the physical and spiritual worlds and spirits are present throughout the world. Bora families practice exogamy. The Bora have an elaborate knowledge of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8937374", "score": "0.95906234", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Boko, Kamrup", "text": "district headquarters in Amingaon. The population of Boko constituency based on the 2011 census is 111,880. The average sex ratio of Boko is 983 women to 1000 men, or 56,415 males and 55,465 females. 23,509 families resided there. The total literacy rate is 76.17%. The male literacy rate is 70.85% and the female literacy rate is 61.9%. Based on population, Boko is ranked 8th in Kamrup district and ranked 122nd in Assam. Satras at Boko include Bhalukghata Satra, Haripur Satra and Chamaria Satra. Among them, Chamaria Satra is the oldest and largest. This well-known satra is situated about 22km from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17000060", "score": "0.9583527", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Bora Reserve", "text": "herds of zebu. Bora Reserve Bora Special Reserve is a wildlife reserve in the Sofia Region of Madagascar, between the villages of Antsohihy and Bealalana. Bora is in a transition zone between eastern humid forests and western dry forests and the reserve and has many endemic species including six lemur species, twenty birds and over 150 species of endemic plants. This reserve is in the north-west of Madagascar, from Antsohihy. In the north the park is accessible by the tarmaced road, RN31, which runs between Antsohihy and Bealalana, and the southern part of the reserve is accessible by the road", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11918155", "score": "0.9483448", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Borim", "text": "Borim Borim or Bori is a census town in Ponda taluka, North Goa district in the state of Goa, India on the banks of Zuari River. It has a land area of 1536.07 acres and has a population size of 8,257 people living there. The village has a rich history dating back to the 12th century Kadamba era, when the Kamleshwar temple was built at Deulwada by the Kadamba queen, Kamaladevi. The name \" Bore\" is etymologically derived from the word \" Bora\" (Indian berry, zizyphus). It is said that the village had many Bora trees at some point in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13459677", "score": "0.9473718", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Bora, Punjab", "text": "Bora, Punjab Bora is a village in the Hoshiarpur district of Punjab, India. Bora is located east of Garshankar. It is situated on the Garhshankar - Sri Anand pur Sahib Road. In the 19th century, between 1800-1820 AD, Shri Mahant Ram, a Digpal Brahmin, came from Garhi Mansowal and purchased or occupied some land. As the time passed people from nearby villages started to come there, and Mahant Ram started selling plots to those people, becoming wealthy in the process. According to the caste norms of the time, Brahmins occupied the center of the developing town, while peasants occupied the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12245557", "score": "0.9384485", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Bora Reserve", "text": "habitat in the reserve and there are also areas of degraded secondary forest, gallery forest and savannah, as well as some areas converted into rice paddies. Nearly three hundred species of plants have been recorded and more than half are endemic. There is also six species of lemur (four nocturnal and two diurnal), 48 species of birds (twenty endemic), fifteen reptiles species, five species of amphibians and 160 families of arthropods. The reserve is under threat from hunting for bush meat, illegal tree felling, plantations, rice paddies, and setting fire (known as tavy) to land to encourage grass for grazing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11918154", "score": "0.9362799", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Bo people (Andaman)", "text": "of the tribe living on a reservation on Strait Island, but none can speak the original language. The original size of the Bo tribe, by 1858, has been estimated at 200 individuals. However, they were discovered by the British only later, in the work leading to the 1901 census. Like other Andamanese peoples, the Bo were decimated during colonial and post-colonial times, by diseases, alcohol, colonial warfare and loss of territory. The census of 1901 recorded only 48 individuals. Census takers were told that an epidemic had come from the neighboring Kari and Kora tribes, and the Bo had resorted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14290222", "score": "0.9357116", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Ripun Bora", "text": "Ripun Bora Ripun Bora is a leader of the Indian National Congress party hailing from Assam. He is currently President, Assam Pradesh Congress Committee,MP of Rajya Sabha for Assam and Ex-Minister Govt of Assam. On 21 March 2016, he has been elected to the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament along with Ranee Narah also from the Indian National Congress. Congress got support from AIUDF for the biennial Rajya Sabha election held on that day.Out of 114 MLAs, 85 (67 of INC, 16 of AIUDF, 1 Independent, 1 BJP voted for the Congress candidate. AGP, BJP, BPF boycotted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19434808", "score": "0.93193793", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Bora people", "text": "Bora people The Bora are an indigenous tribe of the Peruvian, Colombian and Brazilian Amazon, located between the Putumayo and Napo rivers. The Bora speak a Witotan language and comprise approximately 2,000 people. In the last forty years, they have become a largely settled people living mostly in permanent forest settlements. In the animist Bora worldview, there is no distinction between the physical and spiritual worlds and spirits are present throughout the world. Bora families practice exogamy. The Bora have an elaborate knowledge of the plant life of the surrounding rainforest. Like other indigenous peoples of the Peruvian Amazon, such", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8937372", "score": "0.93079615", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Borio (community development block)", "text": "and Santhalis generally inhabit the area. Borio CD Block has 344 gram panchayats, 264 inhabited (chiragi) and 80 uninhabited (bechiragi) villages. As per 2011 Census of India Borio CD Block had a total population of 97,845, of which 90,881 were rural and 6,964 were urban. There were 49,234 (50 %) males and 48,611 (50 %) females. Population below 6 years was 17,825. Scheduled Castes numbered 2,479 and Scheduled Tribes numbered 59,732. Borio, with a population of 6,964 in 2011 census, is a census town. As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Borio CD Block was 33,916 (42.38", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19263670", "score": "0.9289306", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Bora Bora", "text": "pronounced \"Bola Bola\" or \"Bora Bora\". When explorer Jacob Roggeveen first landed on the island, he and his crew adopted the name \"Bora Bora\" which has stood ever since. The island was inhabited by Polynesian settlers around the 4th century The first European sighting was made by Jakob Roggeveen in 1722. James Cook sighted the island on 29 July 1769, using a Tahitian navigator, Tupaia. The London Missionary Society arrived in 1820 and founded a Protestant church in 1890. Bora Bora was an independent kingdom until 1888 when its last queen Teriimaevarua III was forced to abdicate by the French", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2759732", "score": "0.9271306", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Boke (woreda)", "text": "2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 103,803, of whom 50,436 are men and 53,367 are women; 3,745 or 3.61% of its population are urban dwellers, which is less than the Zone average of 9.6%. With an estimated area of 3,461.88 square kilometers, Boke has an estimated population density of 30 people per square kilometer, which is less than the Zone average of 101.8. The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 74,931, of whom 38,713 were men and 36,218 women; 2,090 or 2.79% of its population were urban dwellers at the time. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9130804", "score": "0.9221791", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Boji", "text": "woreda has an estimated total population of 115,043, of whom 59,320 are men and 55,723 are women; 9,122 or 7.93% of its population are urban dwellers, which is less than the Zone average of 10.9%. With an estimated area of 966.1 square kilometers, Boji has an estimated population density of 119.1 people per square kilometer, which is greater than the Zone average of 91.7. The 1995 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 82,184 in 13,521 households, of whom 39,968 were men and 42,216 were women; 5,104 or 6.21% of its population were urban dwellers. The largest", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9123521", "score": "0.92173195", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Bora Reserve", "text": "and Antsohihy. The landscape is mainly flat with volcanic rocks and small hills and on the eastern border is the Anjingo River with its tributary the Bemahavony brook. There are two seasons; a cool dry season from May to October and a warm rainy season for the rest of the year. The prominent ethnic group is the Tsimihety people who farm in and around the reserve. Bora is in a transition zone between eastern humid forests and western dry forests which can be seen in the vegetation and fauna which belongs to both types. Dry deciduous forest is the dominant", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11918153", "score": "0.9197314", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Bora Bora", "text": "not considered to be dangerous to people. In addition to the existing islands of Bora Bora, the new manmade island of Motu Marfo has been added in the northeastern corner of the lagoon on the property of the St. Regis Resort. Most rainfall occurs during the summer months (November to April) and is accompanied by high humidity, although clear days are not unknown in mid-January. Bora Bora Bora Bora (French: \"Bora-Bora\", Tahitian: \"Pora Pora\") is a island group in the Leeward group in the western part of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2759738", "score": "0.91972715", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Papeete", "text": "or the Bora Bora cruiseline to go to Bora Bora. The urban area of Papeete had a total population of 136,771 inhabitants at the August 2017 census, 26,926 of whom lived in the commune of Papeete proper. The urban area of Papeete is made up of seven communes. They are listed from northeast to southwest: Average population growth of the Papeete urban area: The places of birth of the 131,695 residents in the Papeete urban area at the 2007 census were the following: At the 2007 census, 98.2% of the population in the urban area of Papeete whose age was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2709287", "score": "0.9172392", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Loma Bosa", "text": "Bos woredas. Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 131,160, of whom 67,184 were men and 63,976 were women; 1,364 or 1.04% of its population are urban dwellers, which is less than the Zone average of 8.5%. With an estimated area of 1,980.63 square kilometers, Loma Bosa has an estimated population density of 66.2 people per square kilometer, which is less than the Zone average of 156.5. The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 92,893 of whom 45,334 were males and 47,559 were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9015786", "score": "0.91372776", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Bora Bora Commune", "text": "Bora Bora Commune Bora-Bora is a commune of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The commune is in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands. The commune of Bora-Bora is made up of the island of Bora Bora proper with its surrounding islets emerging from the coral reef (30.55 km²/11.3 sq. miles in total) and of the atoll of Tupai (), located north of Bora Bora. The atoll of Tupai has no permanent population apart from some seasonal workers in the coconut plantations. The surrounding islets include Motu Tapu, Motu Ahuna, Tevairoa, Motu Tane, Motu", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20270200", "score": "0.9124288", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Rajpur Sonarpur", "text": "and 208,963 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 35,274. The total number of literates was 350,721 (91.69% of the population over 6 years). Kamalgazi is the centre and most developed area of this municipality. Boral is also a major locality of the city. A very old temple namely of historical importance (said to be as old as the reigns of the Sen rulers of Bengal, however the old construction has been ruined)- Tripurasundari Temple near Boral High School. Now Boral is also well known for the engineering institute Future Institute of Technology. In early 1953, the principal photography", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8185315", "score": "0.90810263", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Bankra", "text": "Bankra Bankra is a census town in Domjur (community development block) under Domjur police station in Sadar subdivision of Howrah district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Bankra is located at . It has an average elevation of 8 metres (26 feet). As per 2011 Census of India Bankra had a total population of 63,957 of which 33,079 (52%) were males and 30,878 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 8,911. The total number of literates in Bankra was 41,560 (75.50 % of the population over 6 years). Bankra was part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8122223", "score": "0.9018018", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Bora Bora", "long_answer": "As of 2017, the Bora Bora group has a permanent population of 10,605.", "chunked_long_answer": "As of 2017, the Bora Bora group has a permanent population of 10,605.", "short_answers": [ "10,605" ] }

[ "50 to 90 million inhabitants", "70 million", "55–60 million", "an estimated 70 million people" ]

[ { "title": "Roman Empire", "text": "of 5 million square kilometres. The traditional population estimate of inhabitants accounted for between one-sixth and one-fourth of the world's total population and made it the largest population of any unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century. Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from to more than . Each of the three largest cities in the Empire—Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch—was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century. As the historian Christopher Kelly has described it: Trajan's successor Hadrian adopted a policy of maintaining rather than", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "344126", "score": "1.134661", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "in the Imperial period. At its peak, the city of Rome had at least one million inhabitants, a total not equalled again until the 19th century. As the imperial capital, Rome was sustained by transfers in kind from throughout the empire; no other city could be sustained at this level. Other major cities in the empire (Alexandria, Antioch, Carthage, Ephesus, etc.) had populations of about a few hundred thousand. Of the remaining cities, most were quite small, usually possessing only 10–15,000 inhabitants. The cumulative urban population of the empire is estimated at around 14 million (using a population threshold of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665850", "score": "1.1246036", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Classical demography", "text": "lived within the city of Alexandria. The population of the vast Seleucid Empire has been estimated to have been higher than 30 million. There are many estimates of the population for the Roman Empire, that range from 45 million to 120 million with 55-65 million as the most accepted range. \"An estimated population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:\" \"Beloch's 1886 estimate for the population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:\" \"Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 1 AD:\" \"Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 350 AD:\" The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7356504", "score": "1.1188567", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "with comparative evidence from other periods and other parts of the empire. \"Beloch's 1886 estimate for the population of the empire during the reign of Augustus:\" \"Russell's 1958 estimate for the population of the empire in 350 CE:\" Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from (comparable to the contemporaneous and similarly sized Han empire in China), with one-tenth of them located in Italy itself, to more than . By the standards of pre-modern economies, the Roman Empire was highly urbanized. According to recent work, there were some 1,400 sites with urban characteristics in the Roman world", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665849", "score": "1.1042256", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Roman Britain", "text": "the end of the second century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents. The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. The capital city of Londinium is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from across the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. There was also cultural diversity in other", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "178037", "score": "1.0803447", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Medieval demography", "text": "been found for the 3rd century as for the 1st. During the period from 150 to 400, with the intermittent appearance of plague, the population of the Roman Empire ranged from a high of 70 to a low of 50 million, followed by a fairly good recovery if not to the previous highs of the Early Empire. Serious gradual depopulation began in the West only in the 5th century and in the East due to the appearance of bubonic plague in 541 after 250 years of economic growth after the troubles which afflicted the empire from the 250s to 270s.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4505297", "score": "1.0726808", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "By providing a check to population densities, these area figures compel a baseline level of plausibility. Beloch's 1886 estimate of the population of the empire in 14 CE has withstood contemporary and more recent criticism, and underlies modern analysis (his 1899 revision of those figures is less esteemed). Only his estimates for Anatolia and Greater Syria required extensive revision; Beloch estimated population figure, 19 million, produced population densities not otherwise achieved in those areas until the 20th century. Bruce Frier, in a recent estimate of the population of the empire, suggested a figure of 12 million as \"considerably more plausible\".", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665844", "score": "1.0719211", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "Beloch's figures for Spain and Africa have also been revised downwards. This estimate produces a population density of 13.6 inhabitants per square kilometer, a very low figure by modern standards (the United Kingdom, for example, has a population density of 254.7/km). The population density in the Greek East was 20.9/km, twice as dense as the Latin West at 10.6/km; only the Western provinces of Italy and Sicily had a density comparable to the East. Slaves constituted about 15 percent of the Empire's total population; the proportionate figure would be much higher in Italy and much lower in Africa and Egypt.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665845", "score": "1.0679935", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "5,000 individuals), indicating an urbanization rate of at least 25-30 % to be consistent with conventional estimates for the total population, comparable to those in the 19th century. High mortality rates and pre-modern sanitary conditions made urban regions net population sinks, with more local deaths than births. They could only be sustained by constant immigration. The large cities provided a major stimulus to demand, and not only for agricultural products, but for manufactured goods and luxury items as well. Russell estimated the urban population in Late Antiquity, as follows. Demography of the Roman Empire Demographically, the Roman Empire was an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665851", "score": "1.0624602", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Roman Empire", "text": "period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC – c. AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Military of ancient Rome", "text": "and created permanent stations that became cities. At its territorial height, the Roman Empire may have contained between 45 million and 120 million people. Historian Edward Gibbon estimated that the size of the Roman army \"most probably formed a standing force of three hundred and seventy-five thousand men\" at the Empire's territorial peak in the time of the Roman Emperor Hadrian (117 − 138CE). This estimate probably included only legionary and auxiliary troops of the Roman army. However, Gibbon states that it is \"not... easy to define \"the size of the Roman military\" with any tolerable accuracy.\" In the late", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7678607", "score": "1.0571016", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "have needed to be higher than that baseline, at around 6 to 9 children per woman. Fertility could not long have either fallen below or outstripped replacement levels. A population which maintained an annual growth or decline of 0.7% would double or halve itself every century. Such rates are feasible locally or over a short period of time, and deaths could consistently outstrip births during epidemics, but, in the long term, convergence to maintenance levels was the rule. The surviving census returns from Roman Egypt speak to a population that had not yet undergone the \"fertility transition\"; artificial fertility controls", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665835", "score": "1.0552049", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Classical demography", "text": "total population of Roman Italy (south of the Po Valley) was estimated to be around 4 million before the Second Punic War. The figure is approximate: the Romans carried out a regular census of citizens eligible for military service (Polybius 2.23), but for the population of the rest of Italy at this time we have to rely on a single report of the military strength of Rome's allies in 227 BC - and guess the numbers of those who were opposed to Rome at this time. The citizen count in the second century B.C. hovered between 250-325,000 presumably males over", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7356505", "score": "1.0487574", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Deforestation during the Roman period", "text": "to house increasing populations throughout the Roman Empire. While some Mediterranean houses were built with brick and stone, roof structures, covered with tiles, as well as the floors in multistory apartment buildings were often made of wood. At one point it is estimated that the Roman Empire had a population of 56.8 million people and an estimated one million or more in Rome alone (a population that was not matched in size in Europe until London in the 19th century). With such a large population increase, coupled with an enhancement of exuberant lifestyles and a high standard of living for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9323782", "score": "1.0473578", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Early Middle Ages", "text": "first. Estimates of the population of the Roman Empire during the period from 150 to 400 suggest a fall from 65 million to 50 million, a decline of more than 20 per cent. Some scholars have connected this de-population to the (300–700), when a decrease in global temperatures impaired agricultural yields. Early in the 3rd century Germanic peoples migrated south from Scandinavia and reached the Black Sea, creating formidable confederations which opposed the local Sarmatians. In Dacia (present-day Romania) and on the steppes north of the Black Sea the Goths, a Germanic people, established at least two kingdoms: Therving and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2824381", "score": "1.043445", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "annual growth from 1 CE to 1800 CE. After population decline following the disintegration of the western half of the Roman state in the fifth and sixth centuries, Europe probably re-attained Roman-era population totals in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and, following another decline associated with the Black Death, consistently exceeded them after the mid-15th century. There are no reliable surviving records for the general demography of the Roman Empire. There are no detailed local records, such as underlie the demographic study of early modern Europe, either. Large numbers of impressionistic, moralizing, and anecdotal observations on demography survive from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665825", "score": "1.0406156", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "There are few recorded population numbers for the whole of antiquity, and those that exist are often rhetorical or symbolic. Unlike the contemporaneous Han Dynasty, no general census survives for the Roman Empire. The late period of the Roman Republic provides a small exception to this general rule: serial statistics for Roman citizen numbers, taken from census returns, survive for the early Republic through the 1st century CE. Only the figures for periods after the mid-3rd century BCE are reliable, however. Fourteen figures are available for the 2nd century BCE (from 258,318 to 394,736). Only four figures are available for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665846", "score": "1.0403146", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "in the vicinity of Rome revealed that only 1 individual definitely came from outside of Europe (North Africa), and another 2 possibly did, but results are inconclusive. Other than that, there was no apparent net inter-regional migration in the imperial period, except perhaps a small continuous resettlement of Easterners in the West. Modern estimates of the population of the Roman Empire derive from the fundamental work of nineteenth-century historian Karl Julius Beloch. His estimates of the area of different components of the empire, based on planimetric estimates by contemporary military cartographers, have not been challenged by any more modern analyst.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665843", "score": "1.0234934", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "urbanization rates. During the 2nd century CE, the city of Rome had more than one million inhabitants. No Western city would have as many again until the 19th century. For the lands around the Mediterranean Sea and their hinterlands, the period from the second millennium BCE to the early first millennium CE was one of substantial population growth. What would become the territory of the Roman Empire saw an average annual population growth of about 0.1 per cent from the 12th century BCE to the 3rd century CE, resulting in a quadrupling of the region's total population. Growth was slower", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665823", "score": "1.0156952", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Classical demography", "text": "Gaul and other parts of the Empire. If this only represents adult male citizens (or some subset of adult male citizens those over age 13 as the census traditionally did not count children until they were formally enrolled as citizens early in puberty), then the population of Italy must have been around 10 million, not including slaves and foreigners, which was a striking, sustained increase despite the Romans' losses in the almost constant wars over the previous two centuries. Others find this entirely incredible, and argue that the census must now be counting all citizens, male and female over the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7356507", "score": "1.0122356", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Roman Italy", "text": "citizens, all adult male citizens, or citizens \"sui iuris\". Estimates for the population of mainland Italy, including Cisalpine Gaul, at the beginning of the 1st century range from 6,000,000 according to Karl Julius Beloch in 1886, to 14,000,000 according to Elio Lo Cascio in 2009. During the Crisis of the Third Century the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasions, military anarchy and civil wars, and hyperinflation. In 284, emperor Diocletian restored political stability. He carried out thorough administrative reforms to maintain order. He created the so-called Tetrarchy whereby the empire was ruled by two senior emperors", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5099893", "score": "1.0065521", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "survive. R. Bagnall and B. Frier have used them to build female and male age distributions, which show life expectancies at birth of between 22 and 25 years, results broadly consistent with model life tables. Other sources used for population reconstructions include cemetery skeletons, Roman tombstones in North Africa, and an annuities table known as \"Ulpian's life table\". The basis and interpretation of these sources is disputed: the skeletons cannot be firmly dated, the tombstones show non-representative sample populations, and the sources of \"Ulpian's life table\" are unknown. Nonetheless, because they converge with low Roman elite survival rates shown in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665828", "score": "1.0063515", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Rome", "text": "grain imports, aqueduct capacity, city limits, population density, census reports, and assumptions about the number of unreported women, children and slaves providing a very wide range. Glenn Storey estimates 450,000 people, Whitney Oates estimates 1.2 million, Neville Morely provides a rough estimate of 800,000 and excludes earlier suggestions of 2 million. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city's population declined to less than 50,000 people. It continued to stagnate or shrink until the Renaissance. When the Kingdom of Italy annexed Rome in 1870, the city had a population of about 200,000. This increased to 600,000 by the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "343514", "score": "1.0061178", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Rome", "text": "was first under the control of Odoacer and then became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom before returning to East Roman control after the Gothic War, which devastated the city. Its population declined from more than a million in 210 AD to 500,000 in 273 to 35,000 after the Gothic War (535-554), reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins, vegetation, vineyards and market gardens. It is generally thought the population of the city until 300 A.D. was 1 million (estimates range from 2 million to 750,000) declining to 750-800,000 in 400 A.D., 450-500,000", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "343479", "score": "1.006082", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "the 1st century BCE, and are feature a large break between 70/69 BCE (910,000) and 28 BCE (4,063,000). The interpretation of the later figures—the Augustan censuses of 28 BCE, 8 BCE, and 14 CE—is therefore controversial. Alternate interpretations of the Augustan censuses (such as those of E. Lo Cascio) produce divergent population histories across the whole imperial period. The enfranchisement of the Cisalpine provinces and the Italian Allies after the Social War would account for some of the population growth of the 1st century BCE. Alternate readings of the Augustan census both accept the basic accuracy of the figures, but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665847", "score": "1.0060176", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Roman economy", "text": "estimate (see right) relies on a low-count of the Roman population of only 44 million at the time of the death of Augustus in 14 AD. Italia is considered to have been the richest region, due to tax transfers from the provinces and the concentration of elite income in the heartland; its NDI per capita is estimated at having been between 40% and 66% higher than in the rest of the empire. Besides Italy, the wealthiest province was Egypt, in terms of NDI per capita. The European NDI per capita was higher than in the Asian and African provinces if", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5219185", "score": "1.0057609", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "Although this figure relies more on conjecture than ancient evidence, which is sparse and of dubious quality, it is a point of general consensus among historians of the period. It originates in cross-country comparison: given the known social and economic conditions of the Roman Empire, we should expect a life expectancy near the lower bound of known pre-modern populations. Roman demography bears comparison to available data for India and rural China in the early 20th century, where life expectancies at birth were also in the low 20s. About 300 census returns filed in Egypt in the first three centuries CE", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665827", "score": "1.0053854", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Cura Annonae", "text": "700,000-800,000, between 400,000 to 500,000 in 452, and thereafter to a population estimated at only 100,000 in 500 CE, declining still further thereafter in the Middle Ages. Due to its \"decreasing population, smaller army, and more land to feed its population,\" Rome did not need many of its watermills, storehouses, bakeries, and port and transportation facilities. Writing in the early 6th century, Cassiodorus noted the large decrease in the population and the existence of watermills. \"The vast numbers of the Roman people in old time are evidenced by the extensive Provinces from which their food supply was drawn ...and the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19055228", "score": "1.0047495", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Battle of the Allia", "text": "9,000 men of military age (aged between 17 and 47), which would require a minimum population of 30,000. Archaeological evidence shows that in the 5th century BC, there was an economic downturn. That would have precluded considerable population growth. The territory of Rome had increased by 75% by the early 4th century, but the bulk of the increase was caused by the recent conquest of the city of Veii and her territory, and its population did not have Roman citizenship, a requirement to serve in the Roman army. Such considerations make it unlikely that the size of the population of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3519337", "score": "1.0029962", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Demography of the Roman Empire", "text": "literary sources. They are of little use in the study of Roman demography, which tends to rely instead on conjecture and comparison, rather than records and observations. When the high infant mortality rate is factored in (life expectancy at birth) inhabitants of the Roman Empire had a life expectancy at birth of about 25 years. However, when infant mortality is factored out, life expectancy is doubled to the late-50s. If a Roman survived infancy to their mid-teens, they could, on average, expect near six decades of life, although of course many lived much longer or shorter lives for varied reasons.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665826", "score": "0.9994882", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Roman Empire", "long_answer": "The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Rōmānum; Classical Latin: [ɪmˈpɛ.ri.ũː roːˈmaː.nũː] Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr. Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC – c. AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus, effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.", "chunked_long_answer": "period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC – c. AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as", "short_answers": [ "50 to 90 million inhabitants" ] }

[ "Session Initiation Protocol" ]

[ { "title": "Session Initiation Protocol", "text": "permanent element of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) architecture for IP-based streaming multimedia services in cellular networks. In June 2002 the specification was revised in and various extensions and clarifications have been published since. SIP was designed to provide a signaling and call setup protocol for IP-based communications supporting the call processing functions and features present in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) with a vision of supporting new multimedia applications. It has been extended for video conferencing, streaming media distribution, instant messaging, presence information, file transfer, Internet fax and online games. SIP is distinguished by its proponents for having", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "389716", "score": "1.158555", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "UMTS security", "text": "calls, video conferences, streaming and chat. SIP is specified by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)27. IMS also uses the IETF Session Description Protocol (SDP)28 to specify the session parameters and to negotiate the codecs to be used. SIP runs on top of different IP transport protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). A 3G IMS subscriber has one IP multimedia private identity (IMPI) and at least one IP multimedia public identity (IMPU). To participate in multimedia sessions, an IMS subscriber must register at least one IMPU with the IMS. The private identity", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10063059", "score": "1.1237288", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "extensions is not restricted to the IMS framework. The 3GPP has stated several general requirements stated for operation of the IMS. These include an efficient use of the radio interface by minimizing the exchange of signaling messages between the mobile terminal and the network, a minimum session setup time by performing tasks prior to session establishment instead of during session establishment, a minimum support required in the terminal, the support for roaming and non-roaming scenarios with terminal mobility management (supported by the access network, not SIP), and support for IPv6 addressing. Other requirements involve protocol extensions, such as SIP header", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18405009", "score": "1.0917326", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "functionality. These extensions are based on Request for Comments (RFC) protocol recommendations by the IETF. The 3GPP, which is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations aimed at developing and maintaining the IMS, stated a series of requirements for SIP to be successfully used in the IMS. Some of them could be addressed by using existing capabilities and extensions in SIP while, in other cases, the 3GPP had to collaborate with the IETF to standardize new SIP extensions to meet the new requirements. In any case, the IETF evolves SIP in a generic basis, so that the use of its", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18405008", "score": "1.0884733", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "configured to relay messages across both networks according to these recommendations, user agents will need to implement extensions so that they can directly exchange media streams. These extensions are related to the Session Description Protocol offer/answer initial exchange, that will be used to gather the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of both ends so that they can establish a direct communication. Apart from all the explained extensions to SIP that make it possible for the IMS to work successfully, it is also necessary that the IMS framework interworks and exchanges services with existing network infrastructures, mainly the Public switched telephone network", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18405047", "score": "1.0804913", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "to negotiate and allocate the call resources before the called party is alerted. In the IMS framework, it is required that once the callee is alerted, the chances of a session failure are minimum. An important source of failure is the inability to reserve network resources to support the session, so these resources should be allocated before the phone rings. However, in the IMS, to reserve resources the network needs to know the callee's IP address, port and session parameters and therefore it is necessary that the initial offer/answer exchange to establish a session has started (INVITE request). In basic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18405025", "score": "1.0799782", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "resource reservation on its side. Subsequent UPDATE requests are sent to inform about the reservation progress, and they are answered by 2XX response codes. In a typical offer/answer exchange, one UPDATE will be sent by the calling party when its reservation is completed, then the called party will respond and eventually finish allocating the resources. It is then, when all the resources for the call are in place, when the caller is alerted. In the IMS framework it is fundamental to handle user identities for authentication, authorization and accounting purposes. The IMS is meant to provide multimedia services over IP", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18405029", "score": "1.045137", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "SIP trunking", "text": "applications such as desktop sharing, web conferencing, and shared whiteboard. The architecture of SIP trunking provides a partitioning of the unified communications network into two different domains of expertise: The interconnection between the two domains must occur through a SIP trunk. The interconnection between the two domains, created by transport via the Internet Protocol (IP), involves setting specific rules and regulations as well as the ability to handle some services and protocols that fall under the name of SIP trunking. The ITSP is responsible to the applicable regulatory authority regarding all the following law obligations of the public domain: The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15431908", "score": "1.0313702", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks", "text": "networking. In 2011, TISPAN published the specification of a functional architecture for Content Delivery Networks (CDN) and is now working on the specification of the protocols applicable to the reference points identified in this architecture (See ETSI TS 182 019) The ETSI website on Next Generation Networking states: \"\"Standards for fixed NGN were developed by the now closed ETSI technical committee TISPAN. The TC has adopted the 3GPP™ core IMS specifications using Internet (SIP) protocols to allow features such as Presence, IPTV, Messaging, and Conferencing to be delivered irrespective of the network in use. Maintenance of NGN standards are now", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4327678", "score": "1.0281695", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible, e.g., SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). According to the 3GPP, IMS is not intended to standardize applications, but rather to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from wireless and wireline terminals, i.e., to create a form of fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer. From a logical architecture perspective, services need not have their own control functions, as the control layer is a common horizontal layer. However, in implementation this does not", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "a format used to describe streaming media initialization parameters, carried in the body of SIP messages. The new SDP attributes are meant to describe the \"current status\" of the resource reservation, the \"desired status\" of the reservation to proceed with session establishment, and the \"confirmation status\", to indicate when the reservation status should be confirmed. In the IMS, the initial session parameter negotiation can be done by using the provisional responses and session description updating extensions, along with SDP in the body of the messages. The first offer, described by means of SDP, can be carried by the INVITE request", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18405027", "score": "1.0131283", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "in a single network, for dimensioning, load balancing or organizational issues. The user can connect to IMS in various ways, most of which use the standard IP. IMS terminals (such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and computers) can register directly on IMS, even when they are roaming in another network or country (the visited network). The only requirement is that they can use IP and run SIP user agents. Fixed access (e.g., Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), cable modems, Ethernet), mobile access (e.g. W-CDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, GPRS) and wireless access (e.g., WLAN, WiMAX) are all supported. Other phone systems", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4060636", "score": "0.9984505", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "to the user agent. This extension is only applicable within administrative domains with trust relationships. It was particularly designed for specialized SIP networks like the IMS, and not for the general Internet. Source routing is the mechanism that allows the sender of a message to specify partially or completely the route the message traverses. In SIP, the \"route\" header field, filled by the sender, supports this functionality by listing a set of proxies the message will visit. In the IMS context, there are certain network entities (i.e. certain CSCFs) that must be traversed by requests from or to a user,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18405036", "score": "0.99832743", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Telecoms & Internet converged Services & Protocols for Advanced Networks", "text": "it ensures mobility of users, terminals and services as much as possible, even across administrative boundaries. A key subsystem is based on the architectures of 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). TISPAN has been working with 3GPP to extend the IMS architecture with capabilities required in support of wire-line access. TISPAN NGN Release 2 was finalized early 2008, and added support for IPTV services and Business Communications over the IMS. Since early 2008, TISPAN has begun work on the third release of its NGN specifications with prime focus on IPTV enhancements, Content Delivery Networks (CDN) and home", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4327677", "score": "0.99497515", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "SIP instance, and the registrar (i.e. S-CSCF) builds the GRUU, associates it to the registered identity and SIP instance and sends it back to the user agent in the response. When the S-CSCF receives a request for that GRUU, it will be able to route the request to the registered SIP instance. The efficient use of network resources, which may include a radio interface or other low-bandwidth access, is essential in the IMS in order to provide the user with an acceptable experience in terms of latency. To achieve this goal, SIP messages can be compressed using the mechanism known", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18405042", "score": "0.99167883", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Service layer", "text": "IP multimedia Subsystem Service Control Interface (ISC). The ISC interface uses the SIP signalling protocol. The network elements contained within the service layer are generically referred to as 'service platforms' however the 3GPP specification (3GPP TS 23.228 V8.7.0) defines several types of service platforms: The SIP Application Server (AS) performs the same function as a Telephony Application Server in a pre-IMS network, however it is specifically tailored to support the SIP signalling protocol for use in an IMS network. An OSA Service Capability Server acts as a secure gateway between the IMS network and an application which runs upon the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12932193", "score": "0.99149203", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "user agents (terminals) can describe themselves when they register so that others can search for them according to their caller preferences extension headers. For this purpose, they list their capabilities in the \"Contact\" header field of the REGISTER message. The aim of event notification is to obtain the status of a given resource (e.g. a user, one's voicemail service) and to receive updates of that status when it changes. Event notification is necessary in the IMS framework to inform about the \"presence\" of a user (i.e. \"online\" or \"offline\") to others that may be waiting to contact them, or to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18405014", "score": "0.990428", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Session Initiation Protocol", "text": "corporate information system infrastructure by sharing Internet access for voice and data, and removing the cost for Basic Rate Interface (BRI) or Primary Rate Interface (PRI) telephone circuits. \"SIP trunking\" is a similar marketing term preferred for when the service is used to simplify a telecom infrastructure by sharing the carrier access circuit for voice, data, and Internet traffic while removing the need for Primary Rate Interface (PRI) circuits. SIP-enabled video surveillance cameras can initiate calls to alert the operator of events, such as motion of objects in a protected area. SIP is used in audio over IP for broadcasting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "389733", "score": "0.9896754", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Femtocell", "text": "up a connection between the femtocell and a femtocell convergence server (FCS). Voice calls are routed through the FCS which emulates an MSC. SIP is not required or used by the mobile device itself. In the SIP architecture, the femtocell connects to a core network of the mobile operator that is based on the SIP/IMS architecture. This is achieved by having the femtocells behave toward the SIP/IMS network like a SIP/IMS client by converting the circuit-switched 3G signaling to SIP/IMS signaling, and by transporting the voice traffic over RTP as defined in the IETF standards. Although much of the commercial", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9064875", "score": "0.9838126", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Multimedia telephony", "text": "Multimedia telephony The 3GPP/NGN IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) multimedia telephony service (MMTel) is a global standard based on the IMS, offering converged, fixed and mobile real-time multimedia communication using the media capabilities such as voice, real-time video, text, file transfer and sharing of pictures, audio and video clips. With MMTel, users have the capability to add and drop media during a session. You can start with chat, add voice (for instance Mobile VoIP), add another caller, add video, share media and transfer files, and drop any of these without losing or having to end the session. MMTel is one of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11986628", "score": "0.9795141", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Media-independent handover", "text": "(SIP) for signaling, Mobile IP for mobility management, and DiffServ and IntServ for QoS. When a session is handed off from one access point to another access point using the same technology, the handover can usually be performed within that wireless technology itself without involving MIHF or IP. For instance a VoIP call from a Wi-Fi handset to a Wi-Fi access point can be handed over to another Wi-Fi access point within the same network, e.g. a corporate network, using Wi-Fi standards such as 802.11f and 802.11r. However, if the handover is from a Wi-Fi access point in a corporate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10110785", "score": "0.97761774", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Session Initiation Protocol", "text": "applications where it provides an interoperable means for audio interfaces from different manufacturers to make connections with one another. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Advanced Networking Technologies Division provides a public-domain Java implementation that serves as a reference implementation for the standard. The implementation can work in proxy server or user agent scenarios and has been used in numerous commercial and research projects. It supports in full and a number of extension RFCs including (event notification) and (reliable provisional responses). Numerous other commercial and open-source SIP implementations exist. See List of SIP software. SIP-I, or the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "389734", "score": "0.9749938", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "in two ways: Both A-MGW and VGW are unaware of the services. They only relay call control signalling to and from the PSTN terminal. Session control and handling is done by IMS components. One of the most important features of IMS, that of allowing for a SIP application to be dynamically and differentially (based on the user's profile) triggered, is implemented as a filter-and-redirect signalling mechanism in the S-CSCF. The S-CSCF might apply filter criteria to determine the need to forward SIP requests to AS. It is important to note that services for the originating party will be applied in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4060647", "score": "0.9716487", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "IMS security", "text": "the Home Network, even if the user is roaming. Support confidentiality of SIP messages between the UE and the P-CSCF through the use of IPsec is provided. According to 3GPP specifications, user authentication must be based on Digest AKA, somewhat analogous to the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) access authentication but for SIP. The 3GPP specification TS 33.203 exposed to signalling between the user agent and the P-CSCF should be based on IPsec ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) in transport mode. However, the use of IPSec in this mode was not suitable for use in fixed networks. The problem lay in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17723607", "score": "0.9679712", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Session Initiation Protocol", "text": "call routers, and voicemail boxes, are identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). The syntax of the URI follows the general standard syntax also used in Web services and e-mail. The URI scheme used for SIP is \"sip\" and a typical SIP URI has the form \"<nowiki>sip:username@domainname</nowiki>\" or \"<nowiki>sip:username@hostport</nowiki>\", where \"domainname\" requires DNS SRV records to locate the servers for SIP domain while \"hostport\" can be an IP address or a fully qualified domain name of the host and port. If secure transmission is required, the scheme \"sips\" is used. SIP employs design elements similar to the HTTP request/response transaction", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "389719", "score": "0.9602099", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "fields to exchange user or server information, and SIP methods to support new network functionality: requirement for registration, re-registration, de-registration, event notifications, instant messaging or call control primitives with additional capabilities such as call transference. Other specific requirements are: Finally, it is also necessary that other protocols and network services such as DHCP or DNS are adapted to work with SIP, for instance for outbound proxy (P-CSCF) location and SIP Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) to IP address resolution, respectively. There is a mechanism in SIP for extension negotiation between user agents (UA) or servers, consisting of three header fields: \"supported\",", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18405010", "score": "0.952386", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "this SIP URI in the \"Route\" header field of all his or her requests, so that they are forwarded through the home S-CSCF. In the IMS it is possible for a user to have multiple terminals (e.g. a mobile phone, a computer) or application instances (e.g. video telephony, instant messaging, voice mail) that are identified with the same public identity (i.e. SIP URI). Therefore, a mechanism is needed in order to route requests to the desired device or application. That is what a \"Globally Routable User Agent URI (GRU)\" is: a URI that identifies a specific user agent instance (i.e.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18405040", "score": "0.95086956", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "the IMS every user agent is served by its P-CSCF, which is discovered by using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol or an equivalent mechanism when the user enters the IMS network, and all requests and responses from or to the user agent must traverse this proxy. When the user registers to the home registrar (S-CSCF), the P-CSCF adds its own SIP URI in a \"Path\" header field in the REGISTER message, so that the S-CSCF receives and stores this information associated with the contact information of the user. This way, the S-CSCF will forward every request addressed to that user", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18405038", "score": "0.9493637", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Peer-to-peer SIP", "text": "Protocol is in principle a client-server protocol, however it has been described in analogy to the P2P relationship, called a \"dialog\", which is defined by a unique combination of SIP protocol parameters (To-tag, From-tag, Call-ID). Both endpoints of a communication session implement a user-agent server and a user-agent client, which enables any two user agents to communicate directly with one another without the mediation of another a central switching system. SIP also provides facilities of registering (REGISTER request) the network location of a user agent with other SIP elements and subscription (SUBSCRIBE request) and notification (NOTIFY request) features for event", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11472339", "score": "0.94472927", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "IP Multimedia Subsystem", "text": "that isolates the access network from the service layer. From a logical architecture perspective, services need not have their own control functions, as the control layer is a common horizontal layer. However, in implementation this does not necessarily map into greater reduced cost and complexity. Alternative and overlapping technologies for access and provisioning of services across wired and wireless networks include combinations of Generic Access Network, softswitches and \"naked\" SIP. Since it is becoming increasingly easier to access content and contacts using mechanisms outside the control of traditional wireless/fixed operators, the interest of IMS is being challenged. Examples of global", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4060634", "score": "0.94338274", "original_retrieval_index": 37 } ]

{ "title": "IP Multimedia Subsystem", "long_answer": "To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible, e.g., SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). According to the 3GPP, IMS is not intended to standardize applications, but rather to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from wireless and wireline terminals, i.e., to create a form of fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer. From a logical architecture perspective, services need not have their own control functions, as the control layer is a common horizontal layer. However, in implementation this does not necessarily map into greater reduced cost and complexity.", "chunked_long_answer": "To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible, e.g., SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). According to the 3GPP, IMS is not intended to standardize applications, but rather to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from wireless and wireline terminals, i.e., to create a form of fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). This is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer. From a logical architecture perspective, services need not have their own control functions, as the control layer is a common horizontal layer. However, in implementation this does not", "short_answers": [ "Session Initiation Protocol" ] }

[ "After World War II", "1942" ]

[ { "title": "History of penicillin", "text": "respond to any traditional antiseptic was then given another substance that cured her, and Lister's registrar informed her that it was called Penicillium. In 1874, the Welsh physician William Roberts, who later coined the term \"enzyme\", observed that bacterial contamination is generally absent in laboratory cultures of \"Penicillium glaucum\". John Tyndall followed up on Burdon-Sanderson's work and demonstrated to the Royal Society in 1875 the antibacterial action of the \"Penicillium\" fungus. By this time, \"Bacillus anthracis\" had been shown to cause anthrax, the first demonstration that a specific bacterium caused a specific disease. In 1877, French biologists Louis Pasteur and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7485074", "score": "1.2313182", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "History of penicillin", "text": "(now Sandoz) developed the first acid-stable penicillin for oral administration, Penicillin V. American chemist John C. Sheehan of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) subsequently completed the first chemical synthesis of penicillin in 1957. The second-generation semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotic methicillin, designed to counter first-generation-resistant penicillinases, was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1959. Methicillin-resistant forms of \"Staphylococcus aureus\" likely already existed at the time. History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7485081", "score": "1.2311254", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "History of penicillin", "text": "History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about ancient societies using molds to treat infections, and in the following centuries many people observed the inhibition of bacterial growth by various molds. However, it is unknown if the species involved were \"Penicillium\" species or if the antimicrobial substances produced were penicillin. The Scottish physician Alexander Fleming was the first to suggest that a \"Penicillium\" mold must secrete an antibacterial substance, and the first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7485069", "score": "1.2085851", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "History of penicillin", "text": "to concentrate the active substance involved, which he named penicillin, in 1928. Penicillin was the first modern antibiotic. During the next twelve years Fleming grew, distributed, and studied the original mold, which was determined to be a rare variant of \"Penicillium notatum\" (now \"Penicillium chrysogenum\"). Many later scientists were involved in the stabilization and mass production of penicillin and in the search for more productive strains of \"Penicillium\". Important contributors include Ernst Chain, Howard Florey, Norman Heatley, and Edward Abraham. Shortly after the discovery of penicillin, scientists found that some disease-causing pathogens display antibiotic resistance to penicillin. Research that aims", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7485070", "score": "1.2083561", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Roaring Twenties", "text": "Alexander Fleming discovered a substance that killed a number of disease-causing bacteria. In 1929, he named the new substance \"penicillin\". His publications were largely ignored at first, but it became a significant antibiotic in the 1930s. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at Sheffield Royal Infirmary, used penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, but failed to cure", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2306683", "score": "1.1986163", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Gladys Lounsbury Hobby", "text": "1940 and 1941, before presenting at the American Society for Clinical Investigation. They discovered that penicillin was a powerful germ-killer that reduced the severity of infectious diseases and made procedures such as organ transplantation and open-heart surgery possible. Their findings received media coverage, which helped attract funding from the United States Government to mass-produce penicillin during World War II, saving the lives of many soldiers. At Pfizer, Hobby did extensive early work on Terramycin and Viomycin, used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Gladys Lounsbury Hobby Gladys Lounsbury Hobby (November 19, 1910 – July 4, 1993), born in New York City,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17134922", "score": "1.1952353", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Penicillin", "text": "by scientists and physicians on the antibacterial properties of the different types of moulds including the mould penicillium but they were unable to discern what process was causing the effect. The effects of penicillium mould would finally be isolated in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, in work that seems to have been independent of those earlier observations. Fleming recounted that the date of his discovery of penicillin was on the morning of Friday 28 September 1928. The traditional version of this story describes the discovery as a serendipitous accident: in his laboratory in the basement of St Mary's Hospital", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "313092", "score": "1.1917934", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Penicillin", "text": "November 19, 1999. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield, attempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, and failed to cure a fifth. In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Florey (later Baron Florey) and a team of researchers (Ernst Boris Chain, Edward Abraham, Arthur Duncan Gardner, Norman Heatley, M. Jennings, J.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "313097", "score": "1.1808783", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Albert Alexander (police officer)", "text": "murder, the purification invites disaster.” Nonetheless, by March 15, 1945, supplies of penicillin were not only available to American troops, but to the American public, as war-time restrictions on availability were lifted. Albert Alexander (police officer) Reserve Constable Albert Alexander (1896 – 15 March 1941) was the first patient to be treated with injections of penicillin. Albert Alexander was a constable in the police force of the County of Oxford, England. In December 1940, Constable Alexander was accidentally scratched by a rose thorn on his face. By the end of the month, the scratch was badly infected with both \"Staphylococcus\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9691782", "score": "1.1684024", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Penicillin", "text": "Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from Penicillium fungi.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "La Follette-Bulwinkle Act", "text": "Cosmetic Act Penicillin Amendment on July 6, 1945. The United States public law required the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to certify and test penicillin samplings validating the effectiveness, potency, purification, and safety of the antibiotic drugs. The 1960s sexual revolution movement prompt the United States Congress to draft amendments for the Public Health Service Act authorizing control, prevention, and vaccination assistance for communicable diseases. The United States statutes were enacted into law by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon and the 38th President of the United States Gerald Ford. By 1914, American exploitation films were produced", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19779340", "score": "1.1594083", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "History of penicillin", "text": "earnest in the 1870s, in the United Kingdom. Sir John Scott Burdon-Sanderson, who started out at St. Mary's Hospital (1852–1858) and later worked there as a lecturer (1854–1862), observed that culture fluid covered with mold would produce no bacterial growth. Burdon-Sanderson's discovery prompted Joseph Lister, an English surgeon and the father of modern antisepsis, to discover in 1871 that urine samples contaminated with mold also did not permit the growth of bacteria. Lister also described the antibacterial action on human tissue of a species of mold he called \"Penicillium glaucum\". A nurse at King's College Hospital whose wounds did not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7485073", "score": "1.1524576", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Martin Henry Dawson", "text": "prepare it and use it in human disease. This included the successful treatment of bacterial endocarditis with penicillin, and the use of gold salts in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Dawson became the first person in history to stick a needle full of an antibiotic (penicillin) into a patient, on October 16, 1940. After he had graduated Dalhousie University in Halifax with a BA in 1916 he started serving in the Canadian forces in the First World War. Pte. M. Henry Dawson was with No. 7 Stationary Hospital at La Harve, France. He became a Capt. in the Nova Scotia", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4504504", "score": "1.1487677", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Vincenzo Tiberio", "text": "connection anticipated the discovery of the drug penicillin by Alexander Fleming thirty-five years later (see: Penicillin - Discovery). At the time, his work was disregarded as coincidence and received no further study. Vincenzo Tiberio Vincenzo Tiberio (May 1, 1869 – January 7, 1915) was an Italian researcher and medical officer of the Medical Corps of the Italian Navy and physician at the University of Naples. During his medical studies at the Faculty of Medicine in Naples he noticed that when the walls of a well which supplied drinking water was cleaned off, the people who drank the well’s water complained", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17857341", "score": "1.148222", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Penicillium chrysogenum", "text": "a fermenter. The mold is grown in a liquid culture containing sugar and other nutrients including a source of nitrogen. As the mold grows, it uses up the sugar and starts to make penicillin only after using up most of the nutrients for growth. Penicillin was discovered in 1928 when Alexander Fleming's lab assistant accidentally left a window open overnight and mold spores covered his \"Staphylococcus\" bacterial specimens in a Petri dish. At first, Fleming was very irritated at the contamination, but as he was about to throw the specimens away, he noticed something interesting. He looked under the microscope", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14911839", "score": "1.1473156", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Biotechnology", "text": "– to form what we today know as penicillin. In 1940, penicillin became available for medicinal use to treat bacterial infections in humans. The field of modern biotechnology is generally thought of as having been born in 1971 when Paul Berg's (Stanford) experiments in gene splicing had early success. Herbert W. Boyer (Univ. Calif. at San Francisco) and Stanley N. Cohen (Stanford) significantly advanced the new technology in 1972 by transferring genetic material into a bacterium, such that the imported material would be reproduced. The commercial viability of a biotechnology industry was significantly expanded on June 16, 1980, when the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "53831", "score": "1.1455238", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Norman Heatley", "text": "to a PhD in 1936, and he then moved to Oxford where he became a fellow of Lincoln College at the University of Oxford and joined a team working under Howard Florey, which also included Ernst Chain. Alexander Fleming had first discovered penicillin by accident in 1928, but at that time believed it had little application. When Florey and his team recognised the potential of the discovery for combating bacterial infection, they faced the problem of how to manufacture penicillin in sufficient quantities to be of use. Heatley, although the junior member of the team, possessed a natural gift for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2954905", "score": "1.1445799", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "History of penicillin", "text": "and subsequently concentrated what he later named \"penicillin\". During the next twelve years, Fleming grew and distributed the original mold, which was eventually identified as \"Penicillium notatum\" (now known as \"Penicillium chrysogenum\"). He was unsuccessful in making a stable form of it for mass production. Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield, attempted to treat sycosis (eruptions in beard follicles) with penicillin but was unsuccessful, probably because the drug did not penetrate deep enough. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in babies, he achieved the first cure on 25 November 1930. He cured four", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7485078", "score": "1.1378593", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "History of penicillin", "text": "patients (one adult, the others infants) of eye infections, although a fifth patient was not so lucky. At Oxford, Howard Walter Florey organized a large and very skilled biochemical research team, notable among them Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley, to undertake clinical trials and produce a stable penicillin in quantity. In 1940, Chain and Edward Abraham reported the first indication of antibiotic resistance to penicillin, an \"E. coli\" strain that produced the penicillinase enzyme, which was capable of breaking down penicillin and completely negating its antibacterial effect. Between 1941 and 1943, Moyer, Coghill and Raper at the USDA Northern", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7485079", "score": "1.134891", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Grünenthal", "text": "prohibited the research and manufacture of penicillin by German companies. When the ban was lifted, Grünenthal was the first company to introduce penicillin in the postwar period into the German market. This investment achieved a big financial boost for the company. Chemie Grünenthal synthesized thalidomide in 1954 and acquired a 20-year patent. Soon after obtaining a patent in April 1954, the company started clinical trials, and as early as November 1956, marketed the drug for the treatment of respiratory infections under the trade name Grippex, a combination drug that contained thalidomide, quinine, vitamin C, phenacetin, and acetylsalicylic acid. Researchers at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4349673", "score": "1.1343389", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Norman Heatley", "text": "Heatley who realised that the most effective vessel for this purpose was something like the porcelain bedpans in use at the Radcliffe Infirmary. These were in short supply because of wartime, so Heatley designed a modified version which was manufactured in the Potteries. With the help of these, the Oxford laboratory became the first penicillin factory, and subsequent tests on human beings proved the efficacy of the new treatment. Even so, it was very difficult to produce enough for sustained treatment. In December 1940, a 43-year-old Police Constable, Albert Alexander, was accidentally scratched by a rose thorn on his mouth,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2954907", "score": "1.1333954", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Rachel Fuller Brown", "text": "develop a pneumonia vaccine still in use today. Additionally, she researched ways to improve the test for syphilis. However, the antibacterial and antifungal work that she is best known for did not begin until 1948. During this year, Brown embarked on a project with Elizabeth Lee Hazen, a leading authority on fungus and bacteria related research. The project would eventually bring the two scientists national recognition for discovering an antibiotic to fight fungal infections. Penicillin had been discovered in 1928, and in the years that followed, antibiotics were increasingly used to fight bacterial illness. However, one side effect was that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3706034", "score": "1.1305834", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Edmund Kornfeld", "text": "to the need for an alternative to penicillin in resistant bacterial infections, the initial preparations were considered safe enough for use in humans. The first human trial was in 1950. The drug was given to a patient that had developed a severe infection on his foot after surgery which was unresposnsive to multiple antibiotics. The surgical staff recommended amputation or the usage of the new antibiotic. His answer was ‘ Anything that might save my foot’. Due to the spread of the bacteria, a high dosage the antibiotic of 05865 was recommended, 100 mg every eight hours, over five days.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16095369", "score": "1.1272669", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Penicillin", "text": "synthesis was 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), the nucleus of penicillin. Attaching different groups to the 6-APA 'nucleus' of penicillin allowed the creation of new forms of penicillin. The narrow range of treatable diseases or \"spectrum of activity\" of the penicillins, along with the poor activity of the orally active phenoxymethylpenicillin, led to the search for derivatives of penicillin that could treat a wider range of infections. The isolation of 6-APA, the nucleus of penicillin, allowed for the preparation of semisynthetic penicillins, with various improvements over benzylpenicillin (bioavailability, spectrum, stability, tolerance). The first major development was ampicillin in 1961. It offered a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "313106", "score": "1.1268427", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "John C. Sheehan", "text": "chemistry, especially for his new methods of synthesis of peptides, three new syntheses of β-lactams, first synthesis of the penicillin ring system, and his work on several other natural products. For three decades after the discovery of natural penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming, the source of the antibiotic hardly changed. Scientists made the drug by natural fermentation of Penicillium mold. However, during World War II, the United States government undertook a massive effort to determine the chemical structure of penicillin and to chemically synthesize it in large quantities. The scale of this project was compared to the development of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13248287", "score": "1.126099", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Production of antibiotics", "text": "Penicillin was the first of the antibiotics to be discovered. After the discovery there was the issue of taking the raw naturally produced penicillin and developing a method so that wide-scale production of a clinically significant antibiotic could occur. Over the course of many years a team led by Florey and Chain and based in Oxford was able to successfully purify, concentrate, and produce the antibiotic. Advances in scientific technology have not always led to better conditions for the production of antibiotics. Since 1987 there have been no new classes of antibiotics discovered for industrial production and widespread usage. However", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5856616", "score": "1.1256381", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Penicillin", "text": "Penicillin Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use). Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. They are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use. About 10% of people report that they are allergic to penicillin; however, up to 90% of this group may not actually be allergic. Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03%. All penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics. Penicillin", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "313082", "score": "1.12418", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "History of penicillin", "text": "long periods in their hearth lofts before embarking on military campaigns in order to make a poultice of the cakes to treat wounds. In 17th-century Poland, wet bread was mixed with spider webs (which often contained fungal spores) to treat wounds. The technique was mentioned by Henryk Sienkiewicz in his 1884 book \"With Fire and Sword\". In England in 1640, the idea of using mold as a form of medical treatment was recorded by apothecaries such as John Parkinson, King's Herbarian, who advocated the use of mold in his book on pharmacology. The modern history of penicillin research begins in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7485072", "score": "1.1211375", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Dorothy Hodgkin", "text": "C.H. (Harry) Carlisle, she published the first such structure of a steroid, cholesteryl iodide (having worked with cholesteryls since the days of her doctoral studies). In 1945, Hodgkin and her colleagues solved the structure of penicillin, demonstrating (contrary to scientific opinion at the time) that it contains a β-lactam ring. The work was not published until 1949. In 1948, Hodgkin first encountered vitamin B, and created new crystals. Vitamin B had first been discovered at Merck earlier that year. It had a structure at the time that was almost completely unknown, and when Hodgkin discovered it contained cobalt, she realized", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1003939", "score": "1.1152488", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Penicillium chrysogenum", "text": "medication in humans and animals. However, the discovery did not attract much attention until the 1940s, when Howard Florey, Norman Heatley, and Ernst Chain developed methods for mass production and application in humans, incited by the urgent war-time need for antibacterial agents. The work of Andrew J. Moyer was important in these early developments. At this point, though the drug had shown success in treating numerous bacterial diseases, it was still so difficult to produce and so dilute that it was not feasible to produce quantities large enough for mass production, so an effort was begun to find a strain", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14911841", "score": "1.1141994", "original_retrieval_index": 32 } ]

{ "title": "Penicillin", "long_answer": "Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from Penicillium fungi.", "chunked_long_answer": "Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from Penicillium fungi.", "short_answers": [ "1942" ] }

[ "CBS", "on CBS" ]

[ { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 16 (UK)", "text": "Celebrity Big Brother 16 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 16, also known as Celebrity Big Brother: UK vs USA, was the sixteenth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\", hosted by Emma Willis and narrated by Marcus Bentley. The series launched on 27 August 2015 on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom and TV3 in the Ireland, and ended after 29 days on 24 September 2015. It is the ninth celebrity series and the fourteenth series of \"Big Brother\" overall to air on Channel 5. It was the only celebrity series to credit Denis O'Connor as creative director.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18698703", "score": "0.97628826", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)", "text": "the spin-off series provided poor ratings and was not renewed. \"Ultimate Big Brother\" was the final series to air on Channel 4, and featured fourteen of the most memorable housemates from both \"Big Brother\" and \"Celebrity Big Brother\" competing in the series. Numerous other spin-offs have occurred throughout the series such as \"Big Brother's Big Mouth\", hosted by Russell Brand, and \"Big Brother's Little Brother\" hosted by Dermot O'Leary. Following the show's move to Channel 5, \"Big Brother's Bit on the Side\" is the only currently airing spin-off series. \"Big Brother\" is a game show in which a group of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6848792", "score": "0.97346616", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 1 (UK)", "text": "March 2001, on Channel 4. The contestants were recorded 24 hours a day with cameras fixed around the house, and had to wear portable microphones. Due to the tie-in with Comic Relief, the first series was partly broadcast on BBC One in the week leading up to the telethon. Channel 4 broadcast a daily 30-minute highlights show, and from the second day on there was a live eviction show hosted by Davina McCall, where the evicted housemate was interviewed. In the nightly highlight episodes, viewers are shown various highlights of a specific day in the house. BBC One's coverage consisted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8536417", "score": "0.96646893", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother", "text": "Celebrity Big Brother Celebrity Big Brother (or Big Brother VIP) is an adaptation of the \"Big Brother\" reality television series. Just like its parent franchise, \"Celebrity Big Brother\" airs in several countries, however the housemates or houseguests are local celebrities. In some countries, the prize money normally awarded to the winning housemate is donated to a charity, and all celebrities are paid to appear in the show as long as they do not voluntarily leave before their eviction or the end of the series. The rest of the rules are nearly the same as those of the original version. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8538659", "score": "0.9661989", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 3 (UK)", "text": "the pupil, indicating that it is a celebrity series. The live launch, nightly highlight shows, live eviction and finale were all broadcast on Channel 4. Davina McCall remained host of the live shows. Big Brother's Little Brother returned for the celebrity series once again hosted by Dermot O'Leary, for the first time ever it was broadcast in a late night time-slot on Channel 4, however it was broadcast in its usual Sunday lunchtime slot. On E4, live coverage from the house dominated its daily and nightly schedule, Nominations Uncut and Diary Room Uncut – which were both introduced during Big", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8536478", "score": "0.96505475", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)", "text": "in the United Kingdom and immediately became a ratings success. Following the success of the first series, it was confirmed that a celebrity edition of the show was in the works. \"Celebrity Big Brother\" aired in March 2001 as a one-time special on Channel 4 in association with the BBC's \"Comic Relief\" charity telethon. Due to the tie-in with Comic Relief, the first series was partly broadcast on BBC One in the week leading up to the telethon. It lasted for eight days, and was ultimately won by comedian Jack Dee. With the first series proving to be a success,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6848786", "score": "0.96464044", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK)", "text": "not include Channel 5 +1. Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 14 was the fourteenth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". The series launched on 18 August 2014 on Channel 5 and ended after 26 days on 12 September. It was the seventh celebrity series and the eleventh series of \"Big Brother\" overall to air on the channel. Emma Willis hosted the series, whilst Rylan Clark presented the spin-off show \"Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side\" along with Iain Lee, Willis and regular panelist Luisa Zissman. The series was won by actor Gary", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17802868", "score": "0.9616722", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 8 (UK)", "text": "house and the first task set. Lauren Harries acted as fashion expert on the launch night show, castigating the styling of the new housemates. The show was similar to ex-spin off shows \"Big Brother's Little Brother\" and \"Big Brother's Big Mouth\", but is shown after the main show. The debut show was watched by 1.82 million viewers (receiving 13.4%). It returned along with the ninth series of the main celebrity show in January 2012. This is a special edition of the main \"OK! TV\" magazine show broadcast from the Big Brother compound in the Elstree Studio. The first edition aired", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15503688", "score": "0.96105254", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK)", "text": "the eye. Despite fifteenth series of \"Big Brother\" having only an hour and a half live feed for the entire series run, it was officially announced on 6 August 2014 that there would be an hour of live feed available almost nightly on Channel 5 due to the ratings success of the previous editions of the show and mass viewer request. On 11 August 2014, the first 30-second teaser was released which features footage from past series of \"Celebrity Big Brother\" on Channel 5. However, the tenth series or eleventh series are not included. SuperCasino continued its sponsorship for this", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17802851", "score": "0.9599588", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)", "text": "Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition, is a spin-off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season aired during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen returned as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. The season premiered on February 7, 2018.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 16 (UK)", "text": "episodes will air on Channel 5, with the weekend episodes airing on 5*. The first five-second teaser for \"Celebrity Big Brother\" aired on 31 July 2015 confirming the theme UK v USA. Channel 5 later revealed the full length advert on 7 August 2015. The advert featured hosts Emma Willis and Rylan Clark. Lucozade returns to sponsor \"Celebrity Big Brother\" after previously sponsoring \"Big Brother 16\" earlier in the year. The house was redecorated following the sixteenth civilian series. The house was decorated with British and American iconography to suit the UK v USA theme. House pictures were officially revealed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18698706", "score": "0.95677996", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 8 (UK)", "text": "Celebrity Big Brother 8 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 2011, also known as Celebrity Big Brother 8, was the eighth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". It was the first series of \"Celebrity Big Brother\" to air on Channel 5, and the first celebrity series not to air in January since \"Celebrity Big Brother 2\", which was broadcast in November 2002. The series launched on 18 August 2011, and ended after 22 days on 8 September 2011, making it the shortest Channel 5 series. It was followed by the twelfth regular series, which launched the following night", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15503675", "score": "0.9564607", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 10 (UK)", "text": "Celebrity Big Brother 10 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 10 was the tenth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". It launched on 15 August 2012, two days after the final of \"Big Brother 13\", and aired on Channel 5 and 5* for 24 days until 7 September 2012. It was the third celebrity series to air on Channel 5 as part of a contract extension of the current two-year contract with Endemol, and the fifth series of \"Big Brother\" to air on Channel 5 since they acquired the show. The series was sponsored by hair product brand", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16402616", "score": "0.95295656", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK)", "text": "Celebrity Big Brother 14 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 14 was the fourteenth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". The series launched on 18 August 2014 on Channel 5 and ended after 26 days on 12 September. It was the seventh celebrity series and the eleventh series of \"Big Brother\" overall to air on the channel. Emma Willis hosted the series, whilst Rylan Clark presented the spin-off show \"Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side\" along with Iain Lee, Willis and regular panelist Luisa Zissman. The series was won by actor Gary Busey. With an average of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17802849", "score": "0.95290786", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 8 (UK)", "text": "celebrity housemates. It revealed a colourful, opulent look with a return to the luxury feel of the early Channel 4 series. It featured a bar, gym, sauna, an open-plan bathroom, the UK series' largest swimming pool thus far. In the celebrity series, the shower enclosure was screened off from public view but this was changed to a clear view for the main series. There was also a large outdoor area and a sophisticated range of designer furnishings and fittings. This made a radical contrast with the shift to an austere, claustrophobic house seen in the later Channel 4 series. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15503681", "score": "0.9503604", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)", "text": "\"Celebrity Big Brother\" began as a one-time spin-off series to the original \"Big Brother UK\", and premiered on Channel 4 on 9 March 2001. Following the successful first series, the show returned the following year for a second series. Though the show did not air for the next two years, it returned in 2005 and 2006. Following the highly controversial fifth series in 2007, the show did not return in 2008. It did air in 2009, but it was officially axed after the seventh series in 2010 when Channel 4 chose to cancel the programme as well as the main", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6848782", "score": "0.9474273", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)", "text": "Brother\" did not air in 2008. It did, however, return in 2009 and 2010, with the 2010 series being announced as the final one. After Richard Desmond bought Channel 5 in 2010, he said he was keen to acquire both \"Big Brother\" and \"Celebrity Big Brother\". Meanwhile, Endemol had been granted permission to keep the \"Big Brother\" House at the Elstree TV Studios until 30 September 2013. On 2 April 2011, \"The Daily Star\", a newspaper owned by Desmond's Northern & Shell company, reported that \"Big Brother\" would be returning on Channel 5 in August 2011 with a Celebrity edition,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6848789", "score": "0.94696033", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother", "text": "celebrity version has become particularly popular in the UK, causing UK broadcaster Channel 5 to extend its deal with Endemol enabling them to air two celebrity series in addition to the civilian version every year from 2012. In total the UK aired 22 celebrity series with their \"twenty-second and final series\" ending on 10 September 2018, Four days later on 14 September 2018, Channel 5 confirmed that they had axed both \"Big Brother\" and \"Celebrity Big Brother\". In Bulgaria, \"VIP Brother\" has replaced the original format of the show and more seasons of the celebrity edition have been produced than", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8538660", "score": "0.9452023", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 1 (UK)", "text": "celebrities living in a custom built house with no contact with the outside world. Each week, the housemates are required to nominate two people for eviction. The two or more people with the most votes were nominated to leave the House. The viewers then decided which of the nominees should leave, with the selected person leaving during a live show. This process continued until only three housemates remained, at which time the public voted for which of them should win the series. Unlike the original show, \"Celebrity Big Brother\" saw the housemates competing for charity. The series premiered on 9", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8536416", "score": "0.9438275", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Channel 5 (UK) programming", "text": "\"Celebrity Big Brother\" was won by Ryan Thomas on 10 September 2018 with the final series of \"Big Brother\" launching four days later on 14 September 2018, ending after 53 days on 5 November 2018. In total Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother aired twenty-three series on Channel 5 between 2011–2018, with 8 regular and 15 celebrity series respectively. \"The Farm\" was Channel 5's version of the international TV format \"The Farm\". It had a series of celebrities appearing on it during its two series run and did attract some controversy. Channel 5 cancelled \"The Farm\" following series two in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15898391", "score": "0.9408576", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 1 (UK)", "text": "which a group of contestants, called housemates, live in isolation from the outside world in a custom built \"house\", which includes everyday facilities such as a fully equipped kitchen, garden, two bedrooms, and a bathroom. The house is also a television studio with cameras and microphones in most of the rooms to record the activities of the housemates. The only place where housemates can escape the company of the other contestants is the Diary Room, where they are encouraged to voice their true feelings. Not all Diary Room footage is broadcast due to the privacy of the contestants. Each week", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8536423", "score": "0.93912476", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 18 (UK)", "text": "Celebrity Big Brother 18 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 18 was the eighteenth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\", hosted by Emma Willis and narrated by Marcus Bentley. The series launched on 28 July 2016, just two days after the conclusion of \"Big Brother 17\" on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom and TV3 in Ireland. The series ended on 26 August 2016, making it the longest summer series to date and the third-longest series of \"Celebrity Big Brother\" in its history, behind series 15 and 17, respectively. Rylan Clark-Neal continues to present the spin-off show \"Celebrity", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19553991", "score": "0.9390936", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Big Brother (UK TV series)", "text": "day would be its last. Since its inception, \"Big Brother\" has seen numerous spin-offs and tie-in series' launch on both Channel 4 and Channel 5. The most notable spin-off, \"Celebrity Big Brother\", began initially as a one time series and involved six celebrities staying in the House for eight days. Following the success of the series, \"Celebrity Big Brother\" went on to become an annual occurrence, much like the main series. Following widespread media attention involving racism during the fifth series, the show was not broadcast the following year. The show returned in 2009, and the final series to air", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3505550", "score": "0.9382263", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother (UK TV series)", "text": "celebrity contestants, referred to as housemates, live in isolation from the outside world in a custom built \"house\", constantly under video surveillance. During their time in the House, the housemates are required to nominate two of their fellow contestants for potential eviction, and the two or more with the most votes would be nominated. This process is mandatory for all housemates, and failure to comply could result in expulsion from the House. During the show's broadcast on Channel 4, the viewers would vote to evict one of the nominated housemates, and the housemate with the most votes would be removed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6848793", "score": "0.937276", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother", "text": "the regular one. Due to the show's popularity there, it lasts for two months unlike most countries where it only airs for a month. Examples include: Celebrity Big Brother Celebrity Big Brother (or Big Brother VIP) is an adaptation of the \"Big Brother\" reality television series. Just like its parent franchise, \"Celebrity Big Brother\" airs in several countries, however the housemates or houseguests are local celebrities. In some countries, the prize money normally awarded to the winning housemate is donated to a charity, and all celebrities are paid to appear in the show as long as they do not voluntarily", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8538661", "score": "0.9360231", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 12 (UK)", "text": "Celebrity Big Brother 12 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 12 was the twelfth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". It launched on 22 August 2013, three days after the fourteenth regular series final, in two parts. The series ended after 23 days on 13 September 2013, with Charlotte Crosby being voted the winner of the series by the public. It continued to air on Channel 5 as part of a two-year contract with Endemol, which secured the show until 2014. It was the fifth celebrity series to air on Channel 5 and the eighth series of \"Big", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17043228", "score": "0.9340976", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 5 (UK)", "text": "Celebrity Big Brother 5 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 2007, also known as Celebrity Big Brother 5, was the fifth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". The show followed a total of fourteen celebrity contestants, known as housemates, who were isolated from the outside world for an extended period of time in a custom built House. Each week, one or more of the housemates were eliminated from the competition by public vote and left the House. The last remaining housemate, Shilpa Shetty, was declared the winner. The series launched on Channel 4 on 3 January 2007 and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9219341", "score": "0.93373704", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 11 (UK)", "text": "Celebrity Big Brother 11 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 11 was the eleventh series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". It launched on 3 January 2013, and aired on Channel 5 and 5* for 23 days concluding on 25 January 2013. The series is part of a new two-year contract signed by Channel 5 with Endemol to air the show until 2014. The series was won by Rylan Clark, with Heidi Montag and Spencer Pratt as runners-up. It was the fourth celebrity series to air on Channel 5 and the sixth series of \"Big Brother\" to air on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16728164", "score": "0.9336329", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Celebrity Big Brother 1 (U.S.)", "text": "and Thursday episodes set to air at 8:30pm and with other episodes set to air at 9:30pm. Additionally, episodes were made available to Australian viewers on Nine’s streaming service 9Now the shortly after the American airing of the show. However, low ratings saw the series bumped to a later timeslot on 9Go! The HouseGuests competed for the main grand prize of $250,000. The HouseGuests were revealed during a live pre-show of the 2018 Grammy Awards on January 28, 2018. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Celebrity Big Brother 1 (U.S.) Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition, is a spin-off series of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20335000", "score": "0.9327273", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Big Brother (UK TV series)", "text": "series to air on Channel 4, and featured fourteen of the most memorable housemates from both the main series and \"Celebrity Big Brother\" competing in the series. Brian Dowling became the only housemate to win a series twice after winning \"Ultimate Big Brother\". Numerous other spin-offs have occurred throughout the series such as \"Big Brother's Big Mouth\", presented by Russell Brand, and \"Big Brother's Little Brother\" presented by Dermot O'Leary. Following the show's move to Channel 5, \"Big Brother's Bit on the Side\" and \"Celebrity Big Brother\" are the only spin-off series now airing. \"Big Brother\" is a game show", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3505552", "score": "0.93237174", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)", "long_answer": "Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition, is a spin-off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season aired during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen returned as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. The season premiered on February 7, 2018.", "chunked_long_answer": "Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition, is a spin-off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season aired during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen returned as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. The season premiered on February 7, 2018.", "short_answers": [ "CBS", "on CBS" ] }

[ "Zhu Yuanzhang" ]

[ { "title": "House of Zhu", "text": "Beijing), he claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty in 1368. The Ming's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol bureaucrats who dominated the government in the Yuan dynasty were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The Hongwu Emperor revamped the traditional Confucian examination system. Mongol-related things, including garments and names, were discontinued from use and boycotted. There were also attacks on palaces and administrative buildings previously used by the Mongol rulers. The Hongwu Emperor's grandson, Zhu Yunwen, assumed the throne as the Jianwen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15408459", "score": "1.0985022", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Manchuria under Ming rule", "text": "and the Qing dynasty established by his son would eventually conquer the Ming and take control of China proper. The Mongol Empire conquered all Manchuria (modern Northeast China and Outer Manchuria) in the 13th century and it was put under the rule of the Yuan dynasty established by Kublai Khan. After the overthrown of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty founded by the Han Chinese in 1368, Manchuria was still under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18961388", "score": "1.0724509", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Ming dynasty", "text": "remained under control of the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia. Naghachu, a former Yuan official and a Uriankhai general of the Northern Yuan dynasty, won hegemony over the Mongol tribes in Manchuria (Liaoyang province of the former Yuan dynasty). He grew strong in the northeast, with forces large enough (numbering hundreds of thousands) to threaten invasion of the newly founded Ming dynasty in order to restore the Mongols to power in China. The Ming decided to defeat him instead of waiting for the Mongols to attack. In 1387 the Ming sent a military campaign to attack", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "537115", "score": "1.049437", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Hongwu Emperor", "text": "his era name. His dynasty's mission was to drive away the Mongols and restore Han Chinese rule in China. In 1368, Ming armies headed north to attack territories that were still under Yuan rule. The Mongols gave up their capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), and the rest of northern China in September 1368 and retreated to Mongolia. On 15 October 1371, one of the Hongwu Emperor's sons, Zhu Shuang, was married to the sister of Köke Temür, a Bayad general of the Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty defeated Ming Yuchen's Xia polity, which ruled Sichuan. The Ming army captured the last", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1412060", "score": "1.0472935", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Emperor Yingzong of Ming", "text": "to its core, and the ensuing crisis almost caused the dynasty to collapse had it not been for the capable governing of a prominent minister named Yu Qian. Although the Zhengtong Emperor was a prisoner of the Mongols, he became a good friend to both Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1416–1453) and his grand preceptor (taishi) Esen. Meanwhile, to calm the crisis at home, his younger brother Zhu Qiyu was installed as the Jingtai Emperor. This reduced the Zhengtong Emperor's imperial status and he was granted the title of \"Tàishàng Huángdi\" (emperor emeritus). Historians at the time, in an effort to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2922788", "score": "1.0403316", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Chinese emperors family tree (late)", "text": "1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghun Temür in 1368, but it survived in Mongolia, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty; years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty (up to 1388) are given in brackets. It should be noted that the Mongol Great Khans (Khagans) before Kublai Khan were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271. The following is a simplified family tree for the Ming dynasty, which ruled China between 1368 and 1644. Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11640147", "score": "1.0392221", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "History of the Yuan dynasty", "text": "History of the Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China and Mongolia established by Kublai Khan and a khanate of the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol Empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234 and conquered most of northern China. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese, but had several Han Chinese teachers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13576927", "score": "1.0378298", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Chin Ning Chu", "text": "Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD) by defeating the Mongol rule of Genghis Khan. At the age of three, holding tight to her mother's skirt, she ran for her life across the Shanghai airport runway amid bombs bursting as her parents boarded the last commercial flight out of China. Her family, from a life of affluence, were reduced to refugees. At the age of twenty-two, clutching two suitcases, again she up-rooted herself and came to America. She brought two books, Sun Tzu - The Art of War and Li Zongwu - Thick Black Theory. At the age of ten,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13719667", "score": "1.037697", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Ming dynasty", "text": "epidemic, the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng, who was defeated by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Explanations for the demise of the Yuan include institutionalized ethnic discrimination against Han Chinese that stirred resentment and rebellion, overtaxation of areas hard-hit by inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. Consequently, agriculture and the economy were in shambles, and rebellion broke out among the hundreds of thousands of peasants called upon to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "537106", "score": "1.0359308", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Ming dynasty", "text": "In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or \"Vastly Martial\", as his era name.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Khutughtu Khan Kusala", "text": "Khutughtu Khan Kusala Khutughtu Khan (Mongolian: Хутагт хаан, \"Hutagt haan\", Qutuγtu qaγan), born Kuśala (Mongolian: Хүслэн Höslen), also known by the temple name Mingzong (Emperor Mingzong of Yuan, Chinese: 元明宗, December 22, 1300 – August 30, 1329), was a son of Khayishan who seized the throne of the Yuan dynasty in 1329, but died soon after. Apart from Emperor of China, he is considered as the 13th Great Khan of the Mongol Empire or Mongols, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. He was the eldest son of Khayishan (Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong) and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3941858", "score": "1.0297049", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Hongwu Emperor", "text": "Yuan-controlled province of Yunnan in 1381, and China was unified under Ming rule. Under the Hongwu Emperor's rule, the Mongol, and other foreign bureaucrats, who dominated the government during the Yuan dynasty along with Northern Chinese officials, were replaced by Han Chinese officials. The emperor re-instituted, then abolished, then restored the Confucian civil service imperial examination system, from which most state officials were selected based on their knowledge of literature and philosophy. The Ming examination curriculum followed that set by the Yuan in 1313: a focus on the Four Books over the Five Classics, and the commentaries of Zhu Xi.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1412061", "score": "1.0282378", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Mongol Empire", "text": "Yuan dynasty. Some sources state that the full Mongolian name was \"Dai Ön Yehe Monggul Ulus\". The area around Mongolia, Manchuria, and parts of North China had been controlled by the Liao dynasty since the 10th century. In 1125, the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens overthrew the Liao dynasty and attempted to gain control over former Liao territory in Mongolia. In the 1130s the Jin dynasty rulers, known as the Golden Kings, successfully resisted the Khamag Mongol confederation, ruled at the time by Khabul Khan, great-grandfather of Genghis Khan. The Mongolian plateau was occupied mainly by five powerful tribal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1806695", "score": "1.0280193", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty", "text": "the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Yüan in 1271.\" The \"Encyclopedia Americana\" describes the Yuan dynasty as \"the line of Mongol rulers in China\" and adds that the Mongols \"proclaimed a Chinese-style Yüan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing).\" The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty \"adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11858364", "score": "1.0239729", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Mongolia", "text": "Khaanate\", consisting of the Mongol homeland and China, became known as the Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present-day Beijing. After more than a century of power, the Yuan was replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368, and the Mongol court fled to the north. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capital Karakorum and other cities. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols under Ayushridar and his general Köke Temür. After the expulsion of the Yuan dynasty", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "254641", "score": "1.0217229", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "History of the Song dynasty", "text": "boy emperor in his arms and jumped from his sinking ship into the sea, drowning both of them. With the death of the last remaining emperor, Song China was eliminated, while Kublai Khan established the realm of the Yuan dynasty over China proper, Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet, and Korea. For nearly a century to follow, the Chinese would live under a dynasty established by Mongols. However, a native Han Chinese dynasty would be established once more with the Ming dynasty in 1368. During the Song dynasty, the \"Zizhi Tongjian\" (Chinese: 資治通鑒/资治通鉴; Wade–Giles : \"Tzu-chih t'ung-chien\"; literally \"Comprehensive Mirror for/to Aid in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10149518", "score": "1.0216562", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Chinese nobility", "text": "alive by the Yuan. Zhao Yiguang was a Song Imperial family descendant who was a writer during the Ming dynasty. When the Ming dynasty fell and the Qing dynasty took over, the Qing Emperors granted a Ming descendant the title Marquis of Extended Grace and gave him a stipend to perform sacrifices to his ancestors, the Ming Emperors at the Ming Imperial Tombs. The Qing granted Zheng Keshuang of the Kingdom of Tungning the title of \"Duke of Haicheng\" (海澄公) after he surrendered to the Qing. When the Northern Yuan Chahar Borjigin Mongol Khan Ejei Khan surrendered to the Qing,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2081224", "score": "1.0183743", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Mongol siege of Kaifeng", "text": "looted the city. The dynasty fell two years later after the suicide of Aizong and the capture of Caizhou in 1234. Genghis Khan was declared Khaghan in 1206. The Mongols had united under his leadership, and defeated the rival tribes of the steppes. In the same period, China was divided into three separate states. In the north, the Jurchen Jin dynasty controlled Manchuria and all of China north of the Huai River. The Tangut Western Xia ruled parts of the western China, while the Song dynasty reigned over the south. The Mongols subjugated Western Xia in 1210. In that same", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17725409", "score": "1.013964", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty", "text": "Yongji and enthroned Wanyan Yongji's nephew, Emperor Xuanzong. When the Mongols besieged Zhongdu, the Jin government temporarily agreed to become a tributary state of the Mongol Empire, presenting a Jurchen princess to Genghis Khan. But when the Mongols withdrew in 1214, believing the war was over after being given a large tribute by the Jurchens, Li Ying wanted to ambush them on the way with his forces (which had grown to several tens of thousands). However, the Jin ruler, Emperor Aizong, was afraid of offending the Mongols again so he stopped Li Ying. Emperor Aizong and the general Zhuhu Gaoqi", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12385285", "score": "1.0135237", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia", "text": "dynasty. Even after the overthrown of the Mongol Yuan dynasty by the Ming dynasty in 1368, Manchuria was still controlled by the Mongols under Naghachu, a general of the Mongolia-based Northern Yuan dynasty who was originally a Yuan official. Ming conquest of Manchuria only occurred after the Ming military campaign against Naghachu in 1387. The Mongols came from the Mongolian steppe, and Karakorum was the capital of the Mongol Empire until 1260. During the Toluid Civil War, Mongolia was controlled by Ariq Böke, a younger brother of Kublai Khan. After Kublai's victory over Ariq Böke, Mongolia was put within the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18950606", "score": "1.0132158", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Northern Yuan dynasty", "text": "and \"Period of small khagans\" etc. The Mongols under Kublai Khan (r. 1260–94) of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), a grandson of Genghis Khan (r. 1206–27), had conquered all of China by eliminating the Southern Song dynasty in 1276 and destroyed the last Chinese resistance in 1279. The Mongol Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) ruled all of China for about a century, and dominated Northern China for more than 140 years, since the time when the Jurchen Jin dynasty was annihilated. As Han Chinese people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the ensuing famines since the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12782898", "score": "1.0128651", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Khutughtu Khan Kusala", "text": "gave birth to: Khutughtu Khan Kusala Khutughtu Khan (Mongolian: Хутагт хаан, \"Hutagt haan\", Qutuγtu qaγan), born Kuśala (Mongolian: Хүслэн Höslen), also known by the temple name Mingzong (Emperor Mingzong of Yuan, Chinese: 元明宗, December 22, 1300 – August 30, 1329), was a son of Khayishan who seized the throne of the Yuan dynasty in 1329, but died soon after. Apart from Emperor of China, he is considered as the 13th Great Khan of the Mongol Empire or Mongols, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. He was the eldest son of Khayishan (Külüg Khan or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3941865", "score": "1.0118482", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Ming Yuzhen", "text": "and Namwon Seung clan. Ming Yuzhen Ming Yuzhen (; 1331 – summer 1366) was a peasant who established the rebel Empire of Xia (大夏 \"Great Xia\") during the late Yuan dynasty in China. Ming was born in Suizhou (today Sui County, Hubei) in a farmer family. He changed the character of his surname to mean \"Brilliance\" later. In 1353 he joined the Red Turbans, a rebel group led by Xu Shouhui. He was blinded in the right eye during a battle. In 1360, Xu was killed by Chen Youliang, so Ming left his group and proclaimed himself King Longshu (隴蜀王).", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2445586", "score": "1.0103202", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Yuan dynasty", "text": "Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty (; ), officially the Great Yuan (; Middle Mongolian: , , literally \"Great Yuan State\"), was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. It followed the Song dynasty and preceded the Ming dynasty. Although the Mongols had ruled territories including modern-day North China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style, and the conquest was not complete until 1279. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12537670", "score": "1.009969", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Yuan dynasty", "text": "Mongol Empire before Kublai Khan's formal establishment of the Yuan in 1271, partly because Kublai had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or Taizu (). Despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views (including the government of the Ming dynasty which overthrew the Yuan dynasty), there also exist Chinese people who did not consider the Yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of China, but rather as a period of foreign domination. The latter believe that Hans were treated as second-class citizens, and that China stagnated economically and scientifically. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12537713", "score": "1.009533", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "History of the Great Wall of China", "text": "sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing (modern-day Beijing). The Jin dynasty eventually collapsed following the siege of Caizhou in 1234. Western Xia had already fallen in 1227, and the Southern Song resisted the Mongols until 1279. With that, the Yuan dynasty, established by Genghis Khan's grandson Khublai Khan, became the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China. Despite being the head of the Mongol Empire, Khublai Khan's rule over China was not free from the threat of the steppe nomads. The Yuan dynasty faced challenges from rival claimants to the title of Great Khan and from rebellious Mongols in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16243911", "score": "1.0094361", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Khong Tayiji", "text": "Khong Tayiji Khong Tayiji (;, \"Hong Taiji\") also spelled Qong Tayiji, is a title of the Mongols. Khong Tayiji derives from Chinese \"Huangtaizi\" (皇太子; crown prince). At first it also meant crown prince in Mongolian. It was originally given only to descendants of Genghis Khan. In the Mongol tradition, a khan was unable to appoint the successor, instead the successor was elected in the \"kurultai\" after the khan's death. However Kublai Khan (who founded the Yuan Dynasty) broke this tradition, and installed his second son Zhenjin (Chingem) as Crown Prince. After Chingem died in 1286, the seal of Crown prince", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1576829", "score": "1.0084529", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "House of Zhu", "text": "the Imperial family. The early Ming Emperors from Hongwu to Zhengde continued Yuan practices such as hereditary military institutions, demanding Korean concubines and eunuchs, having Muslim eunuchs, wearing Mongol style clothing and Mongol hats, engaging in archery and horseback riding, patronizing Tibetan Buddhism, with the early Ming Emperors seeking to project themselves as \"universal rulers\" to various peoples such as Central Asian Muslims, Tibetans, and Mongols, modeled after the Mongol Khagan, however, this history of Ming universalism has been obscured and denied by historians who covered it up and presented the Ming as xenophobes seeking to expunge Mongol influence and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15408463", "score": "1.0082054", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Emperor Mo of Western Xia", "text": "from a massive earthquake, which resulted in pestilence and food shortage. In 1227, Li finally surrendered to the Mongol Empire, but the Mongols killed him and his entire family out of fear that the Western Xia would rebel against Mongol Empire. His death marked the end of the Western Xia dynasty. The Mongols gave the last ruler of the Western Xia the name Shidurghu meaning \"simple, right, just\", and in 18th century European sources he is referred to as Schidascou or Shidaskû from his Mongolian name. Emperor Mo of Western Xia Emperor Mo (d. 1227), personal name Li Xian, was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10434454", "score": "1.0080081", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)", "text": "Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty) Toqto’a (; Cyrillic: Тогтох; ; 1314－1356), also called \"The Great Historian Tuotuo\", was a Yuan official historian and the high-ranking minister of the Yuan dynasty of China. With his banishment and later murder, the Mongol Yuan court might have lost its last chance to defeat the Han Chinese Red Turban Rebellion, which started in the early 1350s against their rule. He was Bayan's nephew and Bayan Khutugh's brother. Toqto’a was born to the Merkid aristocrat Majarday (also rendered as Chuan) in 1314. His uncle was Bayan (d. 1340), who had been raised to the rank of grand", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13191031", "score": "1.0078597", "original_retrieval_index": 35 } ]

{ "title": "Ming dynasty", "long_answer": "With the Yuan dynasty crumbling, competing rebel groups began fighting for control of the country and thus the right to establish a new dynasty. In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or \"Vastly Martial\", as his era name.", "chunked_long_answer": "In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated his archrival and leader of the rebel Han faction, Chen Youliang, in the Battle of Lake Poyang, arguably the largest naval battle in history. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. The victory destroyed the last opposing rebel faction, leaving Zhu Yuanzhang in uncontested control of the bountiful Yangtze River Valley and cementing his power in the south. After the dynastic head of the Red Turbans suspiciously died in 1367 while a guest of Zhu, there was no one left who was remotely capable of contesting his march to the throne, and he made his imperial ambitions known by sending an army toward the Yuan capital Dadu (present-day Beijing) in 1368. The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground; the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or \"Vastly Martial\", as his era name.", "short_answers": [ "Zhu Yuanzhang" ] }

[ "Oklahoma", "California" ]

[ { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (play)", "text": "The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for 188 performances. The cast included Gary Sinise, Kathryn Erbe, Terry", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9288362", "score": "1.1315056", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (opera)", "text": "The Grapes of Wrath (opera) The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been revised in subsequent years and has also been performed as a two-act concert version. Originally commissioned by the Minnesota Opera and co-produced with Utah Symphony – Utah Opera, the Minnesota Opera production had its premiere February", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9572224", "score": "1.108001", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (play)", "text": "Kinney, Jeff Perry, Lois Smith, Francis Guinan, and Stephen Bogardus. The Grapes of Wrath (play) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1988 play adapted by Frank Galati from the classic John Steinbeck novel of the same name, with incidental music by Michael Smith. The play debuted at the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago, followed by a May 1989 production at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego and a June 1989 production at the Royal National Theatre in London. After eleven previews, the Broadway production, directed by Galati, opened on March 22, 1990 at the Cort Theatre, where it ran for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9288363", "score": "1.1009398", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Operation Grapes of Wrath", "text": "the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword: His truth is marching on.</poem> The irony (and potential controversy) of an Israeli military operation being named after a Christian religious doctrine was not entirely lost on the Israeli press. However, most commentators either believed the title was a reference from the Torah or that the phrase merely referred to John Steinbeck's novel of the same name, \"The Grapes of Wrath\". Operation Grapes of Wrath Operation \"Grapes of Wrath\" () is the Israeli Defense Forces code-name (referred to as April War by Hezbollah)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7017631", "score": "1.1005274", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)", "text": "break-up of the Joad family, the film switches the order of sequences so that the family ends up in a \"good\" camp provided by the government, and events turn out relatively well. The novel's original ending was considered far too controversial to be included in the film. In the novel, Rose-of-Sharon (\"Rosasharn\") Rivers (played in the film by Dorris Bowdon) gives birth to a stillborn baby. Later she offers her milk-filled breasts to a starving man, dying in a barn. These scenes were not included in the film. While the film is somewhat stark, it has a more optimistic and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7340778", "score": "1.0889682", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Operation Grapes of Wrath", "text": "Committee for the Implementation of the \"Grapes of Wrath\" Understandings was set up, comprising representatives from the U.S., France, Syria, Israel and Lebanon. The committee convenes to monitor and discuss infringements of the understandings by the two sides. The phrase \"grapes of wrath\" is a reference from the Book of Revelation (chapter 14 verses 19 and 20). It was a well-known idea in 19th century American Christian eschatology and also appears in the abolitionist hymn The Battle Hymn of the Republic: <poem>Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord: He is trampling out the vintage where", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7017630", "score": "1.0873598", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)", "text": "whereas the novel focuses on their journey as a part of the \"family of man\". She points out that their farm is never shown in detail, and that the family members are never shown working in agriculture; not a single peach is shown in the entire film. This subtly serves to focus the film on the specific family, as opposed to the novel's focus on man and land together. In the film, most family members are either reduced, such as Al, Noah and Uncle John, to background characters or, like Rose of Sharon and Connie, to being the focus of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7340781", "score": "1.0872852", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (opera)", "text": "10, 2007, at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota conducted by Grant Gershon. The world premiere broadcast was heard on Minnesota Public Radio on September 19, 2007. Utah Symphony – Utah Opera subsequently performed the work (in a modified version) on May 12–20, 2007, at the Capitol Theatre in Salt Lake City. A revised version of the opera was performed by Pittsburgh Opera in November, 2008. Its collegiate premiere was performed at the Moores School of Music of the University of Houston in April, 2009. A greatly revised concert version of the opera (in two", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9572225", "score": "1.0758858", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)", "text": "of Daryl F. Zanuck, outtakes, a gallery, Franklin D. Roosevelt lauds motion pictures at Academy featurette, Movietone news: three drought reports from 1934, etc. The film was released on Blu-ray on April 3, 2012, and features all supplemental material from the DVD release. The Grapes of Wrath (film) The Grapes of Wrath is a 1940 American drama film directed by John Ford. It was based on John Steinbeck's 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. The screenplay was written by Nunnally Johnson and the executive producer was Darryl F. Zanuck. The film tells the story of the Joads, an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7340790", "score": "1.0685862", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath", "text": "Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other \"Okies\", they seek jobs, land, dignity, and a future.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath", "text": "Galati. Gary Sinise played Tom Joad for its entire run of 188 performances on Broadway in 1990. One of these performances was filmed and shown on PBS the following year. In 1990, the Illegitimate Players theater company in Chicago produced \"Of Grapes and Nuts\", an original, satirical mash-up of \"The Grapes of Wrath\" and Steinbeck's acclaimed novella \"Of Mice and Men\". The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. The book won the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and it was cited prominently when", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "530435", "score": "1.0626789", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)", "text": "the preacher who baptized Tom, but now Casy has \"lost the spirit\" and his faith. Casy goes with Tom to the Joad property only to find it deserted. There, they meet Muley Graves (John Qualen) who is hiding out. In a flashback, he describes how farmers all over the area were forced from their farms by the deed holders of the land. A local boy (John Arledge), hired for the purpose, is shown knocking down Muley's house with a Caterpillar tractor. The large Joad family of twelve leaves at daybreak, along with Casy, who decides to accompany them. They pack", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7340768", "score": "1.0600394", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)", "text": "\"Here is outstanding entertainment, projected against a heart-rending sector of the American scene,\" concluding, \"It possesses an adult viewpoint and its success may lead other producers to explore the rich field of contemporary life which films long have neglected and ignored.\" John Mosher wrote in \"The New Yorker\", \"With a majesty never before so constantly sustained on any screen, the film never for an instant falters. Its beauty is of the sort found in the art of Burchfield, Benton and Curry, as the landscape and people involved belong to the world of these painters.\" The \"Film Daily\" year-end poll of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7340788", "score": "1.0597854", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath", "text": "\"The Grapes of Wrath\" was comedian Bill Hicks' favorite novel. He based his famous last words on Tom Joad's final speech: \"I left in love, in laughter, and in truth, and wherever truth, love and laughter abide, I am there in spirit.\" In July 2013, Steven Spielberg announced his plans to direct a remake of \"The Grapes of Wrath\" for DreamWorks. Woody Guthrie's two-part song—\"Tom Joad – Parts 1 & 2\" – from the album \"Dust Bowl Ballads\" (1940), explores the protagonist's life after being paroled from prison. It was covered in 1988 by Andy Irvine, who recorded both parts", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "530431", "score": "1.0595155", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)", "text": "546 critics nationwide ranked \"The Grapes of Wrath\" as the second-best film of 1940, behind only \"Rebecca\". Academy Awards wins (1941) Academy Awards nominations (1941) Other wins American Film Institute recognition The film was released on VHS in 1988 by Key Video. It was later it was released in video format on March 3, 1998 by 20th Century Fox on its Studio Classic series. A DVD was released on April 6, 2004 by 20th Century Fox Entertainment. The DVD contains a special commentary track by scholars Joseph McBride and Susan Shillinglaw. It also includes various supplements: an A&E Network biography", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7340789", "score": "1.0513071", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (opera)", "text": "\"Grapes of Wrath\" was published by Carl Fischer Music in 2010. Some are expanded versions of arias which were shortened or cut in the most recent edition of the opera. Articles and reviews Video, audio, photographs The Grapes of Wrath (opera) The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9572234", "score": "1.0492296", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)", "text": "when the engine overheats due to a broken fan belt; they have little gas, but decide to try coasting down the hill to some lights. The lights are from a third type of camp: Farmworkers' Wheat Patch Camp (Weedpatch in the book), a clean camp run by the Department of Agriculture, complete with indoor toilets and showers, which the Joad children had never seen before. Tom is moved to work for change by what he has witnessed in the various camps. He tells his family that he plans to carry on Casy's mission in the world by fighting for social", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7340773", "score": "1.0469265", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath", "text": "his father, who is dying of starvation. Rose of Sharon takes pity on the man and offers him her breast milk to save him from starvation. Many scholars note Steinbeck for his many uses of Christian imagery within \"The Grapes of Wrath.\" The largest implications lie with Tom Joad and Jim Casy, who are both interpreted as Christ-like figures at certain intervals within the novel. These two are often interpreted together, with Jim Casy representing Jesus Christ in the early days of his ministry, up until his death, which is interpreted as representing the death of Christ. From there, Tom", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "530420", "score": "1.0411792", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (opera)", "text": "acts) was given its New York premiere by The Collegiate Chorale at Carnegie Hall on March 22, 2010, with Ted Sperling conducting the American Symphony Orchestra and a narration performed by Jane Fonda. In April 2011, the Opera was presented by the Michigan State University College of Music Opera Theater, directed by Melanie Helton and conducted by Raphael Jimenez. This performance was in collaboration with Gordan's residency at Michigan State. In February 2013, the opera found its Chicago premiere at Northwestern University through the Bienen School of Music. The production was directed by Michael Ehrman, conducted by Hal France, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9572226", "score": "1.039518", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)", "text": "killed by one of the camp guards. As Tom tries to defend Casy from the attack, he inadvertently kills the guard. Tom suffers a serious wound on his cheek, and the camp guards realize it will not be difficult to identify him. That evening the family hides Tom under the mattresses of the truck just as guards arrive to question them; they are searching for the man who killed the guard. Tom avoids being spotted and the family leaves the Keene Ranch without further incident. After driving for a while, they have to stop at the top of a hill", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7340772", "score": "1.0371847", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)", "text": "only one or two relatively minor scenes. Instead, the film is largely concerned with Tom, Ma and, to a lesser extent, Jim Casy. Thus, despite the film's focus on the Joads as a specific family rather than a part of the \"family of man\", the movie explores very little of the members of the family itself. According to critic Roger Ebert, both executive producer Darryl F. Zanuck and director John Ford were odd choices to make this film because both were considered politically conservative. Zanuck was nervous about the left-wing political views of the novel, especially the ending. Due to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7340782", "score": "1.0360894", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)", "text": "celluloid literature of the screen is stored there is one small, uncrowded shelf devoted to the cinema's masterworks, to those films which by dignity of theme and excellence of treatment seem to be of enduring artistry, seem destined to be recalled not merely at the end of their particular year but whenever great motion pictures are mentioned. To that shelf of screen classics Twentieth Century-Fox yesterday added its version of John Steinbeck's \"The Grapes of Wrath\", adapted by Nunnally Johnson, directed by John Ford and performed at the Rivoli by a cast of such uniform excellence and suitability that we", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7340785", "score": "1.0323867", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath", "text": "known to have borrowed from field notes taken during 1938 by Farm Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb. While Babb collected personal stories about the lives of the displaced migrants for a novel she was developing, her supervisor, Tom Collins, shared her reports with Steinbeck, then working at the \"San Francisco News\". Babb's own novel, \"Whose Names Are Unknown\", was eclipsed in 1939 by the success of \"The Grapes of Wrath\" and was shelved until it was finally published in 2004, a year before Babb's death. \"The Grapes of Wrath\" developed from \"The Harvest Gypsies\", a series of seven", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "530422", "score": "1.0205095", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath", "text": "takes over, rising in Casy's place as the Christ figure risen from the dead. However, the religious imagery is not limited to these two characters. Scholars have regularly inspected other characters and plot points within the novel, including Ma Joad, Rose of Sharon, Rose of Sharon's stillborn child, and Uncle John. In an article first published in 2009, Ken Eckert even compared the migrant's movement west as a reversed version of the slaves' escape from Egypt in Exodus. Many of these extreme interpretations are brought on by Steinbeck's own documented beliefs, which Eckert himself refers to as \"unorthodox\". Steinbeck was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "530421", "score": "1.01439", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (band)", "text": "The Grapes of Wrath (band) The Grapes of Wrath are a Canadian rock band. Formed in 1983, they enjoyed their greatest commercial success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The group split in 1992, although throughout the 1990s, most of the band continued to record as Ginger while the \"Grapes of Wrath\" band name was tied up in litigation. Vocalists Tom Hooper and Kevin Kane briefly reunited as the Grapes of Wrath for one album in 2000. With the addition of Chris Hooper, the three founding members reunited in July 2010. They have played several concerts in various Canadian", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2991384", "score": "1.0134151", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)", "text": "too prosperous.\" After some trouble with a so-called \"agitator\", the Joads leave the camp in a hurry. The Joads make their way to another migrant camp, the Keene Ranch. After doing some work in the fields, they discover the high food prices in the company store for meat and other products. The store is the only one in the area, by a long shot. Later they find a group of migrant workers are striking, and Tom wants to find out all about it. He goes to a secret meeting in the dark woods. When the meeting is discovered, Casy is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7340771", "score": "1.0103791", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Michael Korie", "text": "“found ways to leave [the novel’s] rage intact even as he gives lyric voice to the suffering Joad clan”, and \"The Los Angeles Times\" praised the “strong, literate libretto” for finding “the timeless and timely essence of Steinbeck’s epic.” It was subsequently produced at Utah Opera and Pittsburgh Opera. \"Grapes of Wrath\" was performed in an abridged concert version at Carnegie Hall on March 22, 2010. Ted Sperling conducted the American Symphony Orchestra, MasterVoices (formerly the Collegiate Chorale), and soloists from both Broadway and opera including Victoria Clark, Christine Ebersole, Elizabeth Futral, Steven Pasquale, and Nathan Gunn in the lead", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6364618", "score": "1.0086246", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath", "text": "lyrics refer, in turn, to the biblical passage Revelation 14:19–20, an apocalyptic appeal to divine justice and deliverance from oppression in the final judgment. This and other biblical passages had inspired a long tradition of imagery of Christ in the winepress, in various media. The passage reads: The phrase also appears at the end of chapter 25 in Steinbeck's book, which describes the purposeful destruction of food to keep the price high: The image invoked by the title serves as a crucial symbol in the development of both the plot and the novel's greater thematic concerns: from the terrible winepress", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "530424", "score": "1.0070168", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (band)", "text": "Hayden, Great Lake Swimmers and other notable Canadian musicians at Toronto's Mod Club. The band's latest album \"High Road\" was released in March 2013 through Aporia Records. The Grapes of Wrath (band) The Grapes of Wrath are a Canadian rock band. Formed in 1983, they enjoyed their greatest commercial success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The group split in 1992, although throughout the 1990s, most of the band continued to record as Ginger while the \"Grapes of Wrath\" band name was tied up in litigation. Vocalists Tom Hooper and Kevin Kane briefly reunited as the Grapes of Wrath", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2991390", "score": "1.0067925", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)", "text": "should be doing its other members an injustice by saying it was \"headed\" by Henry Fonda, Jane Darwell, John Carradine and Russell Simpson. When critic Bosley Crowther retired in 1967, he named \"The Grapes of Wrath\" one of the best fifty films ever made. (N.B.: 40 percent of the works Crowther named were not American-made, so he was placing this work in a large context.) In a film review written for \"Time\" magazine by its editor Whittaker Chambers, he separated his views of Steinbeck's novel from Ford's film, which he liked. Chambers wrote: But people who go to pictures for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7340786", "score": "0.9968064", "original_retrieval_index": 41 } ]

{ "title": "The Grapes of Wrath", "long_answer": "Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other \"Okies\", they seek jobs, land, dignity, and a future.", "chunked_long_answer": "Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California. Along with thousands of other \"Okies\", they seek jobs, land, dignity, and a future.", "short_answers": [ "California", "Oklahoma" ] }

[ "In 1966", "1966", "1978" ]

[ { "title": "2016 Dallas Cowboys season", "text": "time. Thanksgiving Day game In the traditional Thanksgiving game, the Cowboys hosted the Washington Redskins, who had just came off a victory against the Green Bay Packers. In a game of catch-up, the Redskins never led; however, they made a valiant effort in the fourth quarter to take the lead. The Cowboys held them off and won the game, thus extending their winning streak to ten games for the first time in franchise history. The Cowboys traveled to Minnesota to take on the struggling Vikings following their loss against the Detroit Lions on Thanksgiving. In a rather tightly contested game", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19127730", "score": "1.1470482", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Dallas Cowboys", "text": "their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game, something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white-jersey-at-home tradition. With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games, separate practice uniforms have been used for these games in recent years. Through the 2000 season, the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home. In 2001, the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years with was an older design of the blue jersey. Dallas would lose the game, but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "106502", "score": "1.1408391", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "2010 Dallas Cowboys season", "text": "in their annual Thanksgiving Day game. The Cowboys trailed early with RB Chris Ivory getting a 3-yard TD run, followed by kicker Garrett Hartley getting a 50-yard field goal, and then by Ivory making a 6-yard TD run. The Cowboys cut the lead as kicker David Buehler got a 21-yard field goal, but the Saints replied as Hartley nailed a 45-yard field goal. The Cowboys tried to come back as Buehler hit a 53-yard field goal, followed by Miles Austin getting a 60-yard TD run. The Cowboys trailed further with Hartley making a 28-yard field goal, but took the lead", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14196882", "score": "1.1339482", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "NFL on Thanksgiving Day", "text": "time since 1963. In 2015, the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white \"Double-Star\" jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league's \"Color Rush\", a trial run of specially-designed, monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games. It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades. However, in recent years, other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games. Lamar Hunt, the former owner of the Chiefs (who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967–69 as an AFL team prior to the merger), lobbied heavily in favor of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9131688", "score": "1.1268983", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "National Football League on television", "text": "Network package that season, with the exception of , when the Cowboys played the Green Bay Packers on week after their traditional Thanksgiving game. The Cowboys and Detroit Lions were ineligible for appearing on the NFL Network, due to hosting Thanksgiving games every year. However, the Cowboys played a Thursday night game at the Chicago Bears in 2014, one week after both teams played on Thanksgiving, while the Lions hosted a Thursday night game against the Packers in 2015, one week after their traditional Thanksgiving game. The \"one Thursday game per team\" rule does not include the Kickoff Game, so", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4639850", "score": "1.1218089", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "2006 Dallas Cowboys season", "text": "Romo botched the hold on a go-ahead field goal inside the final two minutes. When Romo started the Thanksgiving Day game against Tampa Bay, it marked the 7th different starting Cowboys quarterback in the last 7 Thanksgiving Day games (Troy Aikman, Ryan Leaf, Chad Hutchison, Quincy Carter, Drew Henson, Drew Bledsoe and Romo). This was Bill Parcells' final season as a head coach as he would go on to retire following the end of the season. During the 2006 offseason, the team signed several high-profile players, including kicker Mike Vanderjagt, linebacker Akin Ayodele, offensive linemen Jason Fabini and Kyle Kosier,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8725365", "score": "1.100483", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Dallas Cowboys", "text": "Cowboys resurrected their original 1960–1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day. This uniform became the team's alternate or \"third jersey\" and was usually worn at least once a year, primarily Thanksgiving Day. Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008. While the team didn't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years, Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years. In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29, 2007 against the Green Bay Packers. In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "106494", "score": "1.100059", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Dallas Cowboys", "text": "With the 2002 victory, it seems an exception to the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving. Thus, the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003–2006, however it was always an older-styled alternate blue jersey. In 2007 and 2008, the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game. Since 2009, the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only. (From 2009–2012, the team again decided to go with an older-styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving, and since 2013 have worn the newer-styled blue jersey.)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "106503", "score": "1.0879698", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Dallas Cowboys", "text": "home for Thanksgiving, which has since become an annual tradition. In 2017, the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis, only to rescind soon after. In 2015, the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform, featuring a variation of the 1990s \"Double Star\" alternates with white pants and socks. The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent \"Thursday Night Football\" games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons. The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform-white pants combination which was first used on December 10, 2017", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "106497", "score": "1.0826466", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "NFL on Thanksgiving Day", "text": "In 1966, the Dallas Cowboys, who had been founded six years earlier, adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games. It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one (since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty). This is only partly true; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day. In 1975 and 1977, at the behest of then-Commissioner Pete Rozelle, the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team (Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976). Although the Cardinals, at the time known as the \"Cardiac Cards\" due to their propensity for winning very close games, were a modest success at the time, they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys, who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era. This, combined with St. Louis's consistently weak attendance, a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three-game stretch, and opposition from the Kirkwood–Webster Groves Turkey Day Game (a local high school football contest) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978; it was then, after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games, that the Cowboys requested (and received) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "History of the Dallas Cowboys", "text": "were unable to capitalize on their momentum as they dropped 3 out of their next 4 games. One of those losses was a tight 31–29 game to eventual Super Bowl XLVII Champions the Baltimore Ravens. They entered their annual Thanksgiving home game with a 5–5 record. Their opponent on Turkey Day this year was upstart division rival Washington whom was being led by rookie QB Robert Griffin III. The Redskins got off to a quick start leading 21–3 at halftime. Dallas fought back in the second half but it wasn't enough which led to 38–31 loss. The Cowboys won their", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9860144", "score": "1.0823447", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "2008 NFL season", "text": "Fox at 4:15 PM EST against the Seattle Seahawks (Dallas Cowboys defeated the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 34–9). A third game on NFL Network, featuring the Arizona Cardinals and the Philadelphia Eagles followed at 8:15 PM EST. It was the first home game for the Eagles on Thanksgiving Day since 1940, and their first Thanksgiving game at any location since the infamous Bounty Bowl Game in 1989; the Eagles defeated the Cardinals by a score of 48–20. (The Cardinals and Eagles would, two months later, rematch in the NFC Championship Game, with Arizona winning this time by a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10379950", "score": "1.0807182", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Leon Lett", "text": "ESPN fan list, at #2 in the ESPN expert panel, #3 on \"Top 10 Foul-Ups\" (along with the Thanksgiving play), and #9 on \"Top 10 Worst Plays\". The second play occurred during the next season and was more serious as it resulted in a Cowboy defeat. On Thanksgiving Day in 1993, during a rare snow and sleet storm in Dallas, the Cowboys, who came into the game with a 7–3 record, were leading the 8–2 Miami Dolphins by a score of 14–13 with 15 seconds remaining in the game. The Dolphins sent kicker Pete Stoyanovich out to attempt a 41-yard", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4534040", "score": "1.0766406", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "2005 Dallas Cowboys season", "text": "place in the NFC. The Cowboys had already won more game than they did in the previous seasonSummary In the annual Thanksgiving Day Game, the Dallas Cowboys hosted the Denver Broncos. The Cowboys offense had 314 yards, greater than Denver's 293 yards, but Cowboys kicker Billy Cundiff a missed field goal in the fourth quarter so the game went into overtime. Denver won the coin toss and Broncos backup runningback Ron Dayne ran 55 yards on the second play in overtime and Jason Elam kicked the game-winning field goal. Summary In this season's rematch, the New York Giants made the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9167327", "score": "1.0660367", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "2006 Dallas Cowboys season", "text": "and possibly a first-round bye in the playoffs were suddenly much brighter, especially with the rival Philadelphia Eagles losing Donovan McNabb for the season. With the win, the Cowboys improved to 6–4. Stats The Cowboys slugged the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 38–10 in the annual Thanksgiving Day game. Tony Romo had his best game so far throwing for 306 yards and a near-perfect 148.9 passer rating, and he tied a team record with five touchdown passes in one game. No Cowboys quarterback had done that since Troy Aikman in the 1999 season opener (including overtime), and since Danny White in 1983", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8725385", "score": "1.0658724", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "2011 Dallas Cowboys season", "text": "at home in five years, the Cowboys fell to 2–2. The Cowboys' blue uniforms returned after a 1-year hiatus, and they blew a 3-point fourth quarter lead, and lost to the 2011 AFC champion New England Patriots. Thanksgiving Day game Coming off their thrilling overtime road win over the Redskins, the Cowboys went home, donned their throwback uniforms, and played a Week 12 interconference duel with the Miami Dolphins in the annual Thanksgiving game. Dallas trailed early in the first quarter with Dolphins kicker Shayne Graham getting a 26-yard field goal, yet the Cowboys would answer in the second quarter", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15038231", "score": "1.0598636", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "NFL on Thanksgiving Day", "text": "and Cowboys' division rivals for the contests so that ratings are maximized; seven out of the ten Thanksgiving games involving the Lions or Cowboys since 2014 have involved a team in the same division, while only one (a 2017 contest between the Cowboys and Los Angeles Chargers) has involved the AFC. The Los Angeles Rams have the longest active appearance drought of any team, with their last appearance coming in 1975. Among current NFL markets, Cleveland has had the longest wait to have a team from its city play on Thanksgiving; the Browns last appeared in 1989, several years before", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9131694", "score": "1.0595192", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "1986 Dallas Cowboys season", "text": "Diego. The Cowboys lost seven out of their final eight games, and suffered a five-game losing streak to close out the season, including embarrassing losses to the Redskins (41–14) and the Seahawks in the annual Thanksgiving Day game (31–14). It was the Cowboys' first loss on Thanksgiving since 1979. During the third quarter of a late-season loss to the Los Angeles Rams, Tom Landry was forced to leave the field due to a threat against his life. Landry returned to the field later in the game wearing a bulletproof vest. The Cowboys undoing certainly wasn't because of an inability to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10258531", "score": "1.0593905", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "NFL on Thanksgiving Day", "text": "a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one (since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty). This is only partly true; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day. In 1975 and 1977, at the behest of then-Commissioner Pete Rozelle, the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team (Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976). Although the Cardinals, at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9131682", "score": "1.0593055", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Dallas Cowboys", "text": "Thanksgiving Day. This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994–1995 playoffs. During the same season, the Cowboys also wore their 1960–63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league-wide \"throwback\" policy. During the 1995 season, the team wore the navy \"Double-Star\" jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks (royal blue for the white uniform, and navy blue for the dark uniform). The navy \"Double-Star\" jersey was not seen again until the NFL's \"Classic Throwback Weekend\" on Thanksgiving Day 2001–2003. In 2004, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "106493", "score": "1.0578499", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "NFL on Thanksgiving Day", "text": "wearing the navy \"Double-Star\" jersey not seen since 1995. In , the team wore uniforms not seen since . In 2009, to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the AFL, both Dallas and Oakland played in a \"AFL Legacy Game.\" In 2013, the Cowboys intended to wear their 1960s throwbacks, but chose not to do so after the NFL adopted a new policy requiring players and teams to utilize only one helmet a season to address the league's new concussion protocol; rather than sport an incomplete throwback look, the Cowboys instead wore their standard blue jerseys at home for the first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9131687", "score": "1.057376", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "2006 Dallas Cowboys season", "text": "a two-game lead over the Giants. With the win, the Cowboys improved to 8–4. Stats This game was moved from the originally scheduled time at 1:00pm to 4:15pm (EST) because of the NFL's new \"flex scheduling\" policy. On November 27, the NFL announced that the game was moved to 8:15 p.m. EST (7:15 p.m. CST) to be nationally televised on NBC Sunday Night Football. New Orleans Head Coach and former Dallas Offensive Coordinator, as well as Passing Coordinator, Sean Payton thoroughly dissected the Cowboys defense by showcasing the talents of Drew Brees, Reggie Bush, and Deuce McAllister. Perhaps more surprising", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8725387", "score": "1.0554585", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Miracle at the Meadowlands", "text": "year, and the play would instead enter NFL lore as \"The Tackle II\". The play most directly analogous to the Miracle involved a player's, rather than a coach's, questionable decision that cost his team a game. On Thanksgiving Day 1993, the Cowboys were playing their customary holiday contest, this time against the visiting Dolphins, in sleet. As the clock ticked down, Dallas appeared to have won when it blocked a 41-yard Miami field goal. But as several Dolphins players were gathered around the ball, waiting for it to come to rest in order to down it as close as possible", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5868544", "score": "1.0532094", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "2006 Dallas Cowboys season", "text": "in regulation. Romo's five touchdown passes were the most ever for a Thanksgiving Day game. Stats On 27 November 2006, the Cowboys cut kicker Mike Vanderjagt and signed veteran Martin Gramatica in his place. Vanderjagt had made only 13 of 18 field goals in the season, well below his career average. With the win, the Cowboys improved to 7–4. The Cowboys extended their winning streak to four straight wins in a close game when newly signed place kicker Martin Gramatica kicked a 46-yard field goal with one second remaining. The Giants lost their fourth straight game and the Cowboys secured", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8725386", "score": "1.0522366", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "NFL on Thanksgiving Day", "text": "Thanksgiving. Westwood One most recently held national radio broadcast rights to all three games, with Compass Media Networks sharing rights to the Cowboys contest. (Under league rules, only radio stations that carry at least 12 Cowboys games in a season are allowed to carry the Compass broadcast.) The participating teams also air the games on their local flagship stations and regional radio networks. The Cowboys Thanksgiving game has regularly been the most watched NFL regular season telecast each year, with the Lions Thanksgiving game usually in the top five. NFL on Thanksgiving Day Since its inception in 1920, the National", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9131708", "score": "1.0507545", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "American football on Thanksgiving", "text": "football games listed above are played on the Friday or Saturday after the holiday. Texas, as previously mentioned, has had more or less of a permanent spot on the night of the holiday itself since at least 2008. Professional football teams and leagues have played on Thanksgiving from the start, with pro leagues and teams having played on Thanksgiving since the 1890s. It carried over when Buffalo and Rochester, two members of the New York Pro Football League which had held its championship on Thanksgiving 1919, and the Ohio League, which traditionally held its marquee matchups on Thanksgiving, combined into", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6553507", "score": "1.0499761", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "1963 Dallas Cowboys season", "text": "a pivotal moment in the season. Not only was the nation's psyche impacted by this event, but also the image of the city of Dallas was tarnished. On November 24, just two days after this historic event, the NFL decided to play its normal schedule of games, with the Cowboys traveling to face the Cleveland Browns. On game day when the team was introduced, the public address announcer would not say the Dallas Cowboys, they were just the Cowboys. The crowd also vented their frustration and pain at the players during the contest. The Cowboys lost that day 17–27 and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12936846", "score": "1.04985", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Dallas Cowboys", "text": "home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28–17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden. Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31–17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London, England as part of the NFL International Series. Dallas played their traditional Thanksgiving home game against division rival Philadelphia. Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8–3 records. The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up, losing 33–10. They would rebound the next week when they defeated Chicago 41–28. Week 15 was a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "106475", "score": "1.0482749", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "2007 Dallas Cowboys season", "text": "Dallas began at 8–1; the other times were during the 1977 season, and the 1983 season. The Cowboys won the Super Bowl in 1977 and 1995, but lost the wildcard game to the Los Angeles Rams in 1983. For their season-sweep over New York, Dallas had scored a total of 76 points in the two meetings. DT Tank Johnson, in his first game with the Cowboys (along with the first game off of his suspension), recorded 3 tackles and a sack. Coming off their season-sweeping road win over the Giants, the Cowboys went home for a Week 11 NFC East", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9863680", "score": "1.044841", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "2012 Washington Redskins season", "text": "Stadium to take on their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys for the 2012 edition of the annual Thanksgiving Day game. Washington had reason to be nervous, as they were 1–6 all-time on Thanksgiving, and 0–6 against Dallas. In the first, Washington got the ball first, but went three-and-out. After a Sav Rocca punt, Dallas had decent field position, and quickly reached the red zone. However, Washington's defense then stiffened, and held Dallas to a Dan Bailey 30-yard field goal. The teams then exchanged punts, and the first quarter concluded without any further scoring. In the second, Washington had the ball", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16185935", "score": "1.0375155", "original_retrieval_index": 34 } ]

{ "title": "NFL on Thanksgiving Day", "long_answer": "In 1966, the Dallas Cowboys, who had been founded six years earlier, adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games. It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one (since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty). This is only partly true; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day. In 1975 and 1977, at the behest of then-Commissioner Pete Rozelle, the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team (Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976). Although the Cardinals, at the time known as the \"Cardiac Cards\" due to their propensity for winning very close games, were a modest success at the time, they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys, who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era. This, combined with St. Louis's consistently weak attendance, a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three-game stretch, and opposition from the Kirkwood–Webster Groves Turkey Day Game (a local high school football contest) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978; it was then, after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games, that the Cowboys requested (and received) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever.", "chunked_long_answer": "In 1966, the Dallas Cowboys, who had been founded six years earlier, adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games. It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one (since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty). This is only partly true; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day. In 1975 and 1977, at the behest of then-Commissioner Pete Rozelle, the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team (Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976). Although the Cardinals, at the time known as the \"Cardiac Cards\" due to their propensity for winning very close games, were a modest success at the time, they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys, who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era. This, combined with St. Louis's consistently weak attendance, a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three-game stretch, and opposition from the Kirkwood–Webster Groves Turkey Day Game (a local high school football contest) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978; it was then, after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games, that the Cowboys requested (and received) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever.", "short_answers": [ "1966", "1978", "In 1966" ] }

[ "Sun Tzu" ]

[ { "title": "The Art of War", "text": "cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel \"Le Montage\". \"The Art of War\" has been applied to many fields well outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to fight wars without actually having to do battle: It gives tips on how to outsmart one's opponent so that physical battle is not necessary. As such, it has found application as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat. \"The Art of War\" is mentioned as an influence in the earliest known Chinese collection of stories about", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "754321", "score": "1.1992602", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "The Art of War", "text": "remains the most influential strategy text in East Asian warfare. It has a profound influence on both Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy and beyond. The book was first translated and published into French in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot and a partial translation into English was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the title The Book of War. The first annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910. Numerous military and political leaders such as the Chinese communist revolutionary Mao Zedong,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "754307", "score": "1.1925782", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "The Art of War", "text": "to the field of education. \"The Art of War\" has been the subject of legal books and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy. \"The Art of War\" has also been applied in the world of sports. National Football League coach Bill Belichick is known to have read the book and used its lessons to gain insights in preparing for games. Australian cricket as well as Brazilian association football coaches Luiz Felipe Scolari and Carlos Alberto Parreira are known to have embraced the text. Scolari made the Brazilian World Cup squad of 2002 study the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "754323", "score": "1.1813991", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "The Art of War", "text": "lists \"The Art of War\" as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library. \"The Art of War\" is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel. According to some authors, the strategy of deception from \"The Art of War\" was studied and widely used by the KGB: \"I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness\". The book is widely", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "754320", "score": "1.1646214", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "The Art of War", "text": "War\" and \"Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War\", and includes Mao's quote: \"We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.\" During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers extensively studied \"The Art of War\" and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory. General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in \"The Art of War\" during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "754318", "score": "1.1582452", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Art of War", "text": "the state of Chu. The prominent strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early 3rd century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the \"Art of War\". Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically. \"The Art of War\" appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely. In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Sunzi's purported", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "754310", "score": "1.1357683", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "William S. Lind", "text": "Jr., of Ohio from 1973 through 1976 and held a similar position with Senator Gary Hart of Colorado from 1977 to 1986. He is the author of the \"Maneuver Warfare Handbook\" (Westview Press, 1985) and co-author, with Gary Hart, of \"America Can Win: The Case for Military Reform.\" With Bruce Gudmundsson, Lind hosted the program \"Modern War\" on the now-defunct satellite television network NET. Lind has written for the \"Marine Corps Gazette\", \"Defense and the National Interest\", (D-N-I.net), and \"The American Conservative\". According to writer Robert Coram's book \"Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed The Art of War\", during lectures", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6176934", "score": "1.1349571", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Lionel Giles", "text": "studied Classics at Wadham College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1899. The 1910 Giles translation of \"The Art of War\" succeeded British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop's 1905 and 1908 translations, and refuted large portions of Calthrop's work. In the Introduction, Giles writes: It is not merely a question of downright blunders, from which none can hope to be wholly exempt. Omissions were frequent; hard passages were willfully distorted or slurred over. Such offenses are less pardonable. They would not be tolerated in any edition of a Latin or Greek classic, and a similar standard of honesty ought to be insisted upon", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6217582", "score": "1.1285602", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "J. F. C. Fuller", "text": "expressive, and opinionated writer of military history and of controversial predictions of the future of war, publishing \"On Future Warfare\" in 1928. Seeing his teachings largely vindicated by the Second World War, he published \"Machine Warfare: An Enquiry into the Influence of Mechanics on the Art of War\" in 1942. Fuller is perhaps best known today for his \"Nine Principles of War\" which have formed the foundation of much of modern military theory since the 1930s, and which were originally derived from a convergence of Fuller's mystical and military interests. The Nine Principles went through several iterations; Fuller stated that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "701999", "score": "1.1189455", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "The Art of War", "text": "The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Spring and Autumn period in 5th century BC. The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu (\"Master Sun\", also spelled Sunzi), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a distinct aspect of warfare and how that applies to military strategy and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that would be formalised as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Art of War", "text": "ancient work during their successful campaign. \"The Art of War\" is often quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in Electronic Sports. Particularly, one of the fundamental books about e-sports, \"Play To Win\" by Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduate David Sirlin, is actually just an analysis about possible applications of the ideas from \"The Art of War\" in modern Electronic Sports. \"The Art of War\" was released in 2014 as an e-book companion alongside the Art of War DLC for Europa Universalis IV, a PC strategy game by Paradox Development Studios, with a foreword by Thomas Johansson. The book has been", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "754324", "score": "1.1146318", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "The Art of War (Machiavelli)", "text": "Fabrizio declaims that we should imitate ancient warfare rather than ancient art forms. However, the \"Art of War\" is a dialogue in the humanist tradition of imitating classical forms. Machiavelli himself appears to have fallen into the trap for which Fabrizio criticizes Bernardo Rucellai. Despite this inherent contradiction, the book lacks much of the cynical tone and humour that is so characteristic of Machiavelli's other works. The Art of War (Machiavelli) The Art of War () is a treatise by the Italian Renaissance political philosopher and historian Niccolò Machiavelli. The format of \"The Art of War\" is a socratic dialogue.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5691163", "score": "1.114301", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "The Utility of Force", "text": "The Utility of Force The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World is a treatise on modern warfare written by General Sir Rupert Smith and published in 2005. Smith is a retired general who spent 40 years in the British Army; he commanded the 1st Armoured Division in the First Gulf War and served as General Officer Commanding Northern Ireland at the end of the Troubles. He was motivated to write the book by his experiences in the Balkans. He commanded the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in Bosnia from 1995 to 1996, during which time", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18364615", "score": "1.0959318", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "The Art of War (Machiavelli)", "text": "The Art of War (Machiavelli) The Art of War () is a treatise by the Italian Renaissance political philosopher and historian Niccolò Machiavelli. The format of \"The Art of War\" is a socratic dialogue. The purpose, declared by Lord Fabrizio Colonna (perhaps Machiavelli's \"persona\") at the outset, \"To honor and reward \"virtù\", not to have contempt for poverty, to esteem the modes and orders of military discipline, to constrain citizens to love one another, to live without factions, to esteem less the private than the public good.\" To these ends, Machiavelli notes in his preface, the military is like the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5691151", "score": "1.0930787", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "L'Art français de la guerre", "text": "L'Art français de la guerre L'Art français de la guerre (\"The French art of war\") is a 2011 novel by the French writer Alexis Jenni, published by Éditions Gallimard. It is an adventure story about the military history of France in Indochina and Algeria. It received the Prix Goncourt, with five votes to three against Carole Martinez's \"\". It was published in English by Atlantic Books as \"The French Art of War\" (translated by Frank Wynne). \"L'Art français de la guerre\" was the third novel written by Alexis Jenni, a high-school biology teacher, although the first published. He had previously", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16039938", "score": "1.0856404", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Sun Bin", "text": "in ambush attacked. Pang committed suicide after being hit by many enemy arrows. Sun Bin retired from service because of political entanglement in the court and led a reclusive life as a hermit in the later part of his life. \"Sun Bin's Art of War\" (孫臏兵法) is a military treatise authored by Sun Bin. The book was believed to be lost after the Han Dynasty, and although there were numerous references to it in post-contemporary texts, some historians still believed that the book was never written and could be a forgery. However, in April 1972, archaeologists excavated several fragments of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5156887", "score": "1.0840706", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Ardant du Picq", "text": "upon the writings of former Chief of Staff Baron Antoine-Henri Jomini when it came to warfare. Before his death, du Picq had already published Combat antique (ancient battle), which was later expanded from his manuscripts into the classic Etudes sur les combat: Combat antique et moderne, often referred to by its common English title as Battle Studies. This work was published in part in 1880 posthumously, and the complete text did not appear until 1902. The difficulties surrounding reform of the French military and its organization were widely discussed and his work referenced, and it was a very popular work", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8255733", "score": "1.0832162", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Robert Greene (American author)", "text": "use of his left hand and leg. Robert Greene (American author) Robert Greene (born May 14, 1959) is an American author known for his books on strategy, power and seduction. He has written five international bestsellers: \"The 48 Laws of Power\", \"The Art of Seduction\", \"The 33 Strategies of War\", \"The 50th Law\" (with rapper 50 Cent) and \"Mastery\". The younger son of Jewish parents, Greene grew up in Los Angeles and attended University of California, Berkeley before finishing his degree at the University of Wisconsin-Madison with a B.A. in classical studies. Before becoming an author, Greene estimates that he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13809156", "score": "1.0804732", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Geoffrey Blainey", "text": "Nations in New York in 1988, he was one of five intellectuals, including the American economist John Kenneth Galbraith and the Mexican poet Octavio Paz, who were awarded gold medals for \"excellence in the dissemination of knowledge for the benefit of mankind\". Blainey's book \"The Causes of War\", much read in military academies and American universities, was said to be one reason for the award. He is an emeritus professor of the University of Melbourne, and a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities and of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia. In 2002 the degree of Doctor", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4800209", "score": "1.0780766", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Henry Lloyd (soldier)", "text": "of Germany and her allies\", adding \"Reflections on the principles of the art of war\" for the second edition in 1781. This became his most influential book. It was translated into German (five editions) and French (three editions). A second volume was added in 1784, after his death, compiled from his papers. These writings led to Lloyd being regarded by James Jay Carafano as \"the father of the principles of modern warfare\". He wrote on how to organize armies and conduct operations, using mathematical calculations. He was influenced by French military theory and also Enlightenment philosophy that human behaviour could", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11684416", "score": "1.0766054", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "The Art of War (Machiavelli)", "text": "of War (1757)\", and Algarotti—though without much basis—saw in Machiavelli the master who has taught Frederick the Great the tactics by which he astounded Europe. Like most people concerned with military matters, Jefferson had Machiavelli's \"Art of War\" in his library, and when the War of 1812 increased American interest in problems of war, \"The Art of War\" was brought out in a special American edition.\" This continued interest in Machiavelli as a military thinker was not only caused by the fame of his name; some of the recommendations made in the \"Art of War\"—those on training, discipline, and classification,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5691160", "score": "1.0751879", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "The Art of War (Machiavelli)", "text": "writing in a vacuum; \"Art of War\" was written as a practical proposition to the rulers of Florence as an alternative to the unreliable condottieri mercenaries upon which all the Italian city states were reliant. A standing army of the prosperous and pampered citizens that would have formed the cavalry would have been little better. Machiavelli therefore \"talks up\" the advantages of a militia of those arms that Florence could realistically muster and equip from her own resources. However, his basic notion of emulating Roman practices was slowly and pragmatically adapted by many later rulers and commanders, most notably Maurice", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5691157", "score": "1.0698283", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "The 33 Strategies of War", "text": "whether it is just his shtick, an instrument of his will to shift £20 hardbacks.\" and concludes \"There is something less than adult about it all.\" Admiral James G. Stavridis said the book had good breadth, but it lacked depth. Leadership theorist and author John Adair said Greene \"shows a poor grasp of the subject\" and the book is based on the flawed \"assumption that the art of military strategy and the art of living are comparable\". Booklist said the book was repetitive, lacked a sense of humor, and had an annoying \"quasi-spiritual tone\". NBA player Chris Bosh stated that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8229606", "score": "1.0696576", "original_retrieval_index": 41 }, { "title": "Basic Strategic Arts Program", "text": "34 Days: Israel, Hezbollah and the War in Lebanon, Amos Harel and Avi Issacharoff Accidental Guerilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One, David Kilcullen American Civil - Military Relations, Edited by Suzanne C. Nielsen and Don M. Snider American Politics: Classic and Contemporary Readings, Allan C. Cigler American Way of War, Russell F. Weigley An Unknown Future and A Doubtful Present, Writing the Victory Plan of 1941, Charles E. Kirkpatrick And Keep Moving On, Mark Grimsley Art of War, trans. by Samuel Griffith Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking, M Neil Browne and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12490126", "score": "1.0639081", "original_retrieval_index": 44 }, { "title": "Friedrich von Bernhardi", "text": "at Armentières. He was awarded the Pour le Mérite on 20 August 1916, for his participation in the German defense against the Brusilov Offensive. Friedrich von Bernhardi Friedrich Adolf Julius von Bernhardi (November 22, 1849 – December 11, 1930) was a Prussian general and military historian. He was a best-selling author prior to World War I. A militarist, he is perhaps best known for his bellicose book \"Deutschland und der Nächste Krieg\" (\"Germany and the Next War\"), printed in 1911. He advocated a policy of ruthless aggression and of complete disregard of treaties and regarded war as a \"divine business\".", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4907891", "score": "1.0638194", "original_retrieval_index": 45 }, { "title": "George Francis Robert Henderson", "text": "and papers by Henderson were collected and published in 1905 by Captain Malcolm, D.S.O., under the title \"The Science of War\"; to this collection a memoir was contributed by Lord Roberts. George Francis Robert Henderson Colonel George Francis Robert Henderson, CB (1854–1903) was a British soldier and military author. Henderson was born in Jersey in 1854. Educated at Leeds Grammar School, of which his father, afterwards Dean of Carlisle, was headmaster, he was early attracted to the study of history, and obtained a scholarship at St John's College, Oxford. But he soon left the University for Sandhurst, from where he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2314937", "score": "1.0636368", "original_retrieval_index": 46 }, { "title": "The Art of War (comics)", "text": "novel has the feel of a ballet or an opera.\" \"The Austin Chronicle\" urged readers to \"imagine the sort of thing William Gibson, on steroids, might write if he'd been bitten by a radioactive E. O. Wilson\". Kirkus Reviews called it \"an epic dystopian story of brotherly love and corporate greed\". Comic Book Resources wrote \"The Art of War is strongly recommended.\" The Art of War (comics) The Art of War is a graphic novel written and storyboarded by Kelly Roman with art by Michael DeWeese. The book was published as a paperback original by Harper Perennial on July 31,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16788211", "score": "1.060554", "original_retrieval_index": 48 }, { "title": "Andrew Roberts (historian)", "text": "Peoples Since 1900\", a sequel to the four volume work of Churchill, was published in September 2006 and won the Intercollegiate Studies Institute Book Award. \"Masters and Commanders\" describes how four figures shaped the strategy of the West during the Second World War. It was published in November, 2008 and won the International Churchill Society Book Award and was shortlisted for two other military history book prizes. \"The Art of War\" is a two-volume chronological survey of the greatest military commanders in history. It was compiled by a team of historians, including Robin Lane Fox, Tom Holland, John Julius Norwich,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4390393", "score": "1.0600642", "original_retrieval_index": 49 }, { "title": "A History of Warfare", "text": "dedicates his book to an ancestor, a Lieutenant Bridgman in the Régiment de Clare, one of the Wild Geese mercenaries of the French Army, who was killed at the Battle of Lauffeld in 1747. In a review in \"Foreign Affairs\", Eliot A. Cohen wrote, \"Despite some graceful writing and pointed observations, \"A History of Warfare\" fails to live up to the title's promise or the author's reputation\". Cohen described it as \"a vendetta against a liberal German soldier-theorist of the early nineteenth century [Clausewitz]\". A History of Warfare A History of Warfare is a book by military historian John Keegan,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16182368", "score": "1.0596755", "original_retrieval_index": 50 }, { "title": "Sun Tzu", "text": "has also become popular among political leaders and those in business management. Despite its title, \"The Art of War\" addresses strategy in a broad fashion, touching upon public administration and planning. The text outlines theories of battle, but also advocates diplomacy and the cultivation of relationships with other nations as essential to the health of a state. On April 10, 1972, the Yinqueshan Han Tombs were accidentally unearthed by construction workers in Shandong. Scholars uncovered a collection of ancient texts written on unusually well-preserved bamboo slips. Among them were \"The Art of War\" and Sun Bin's \"Military Methods\". Although Han", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "625219", "score": "1.0591544", "original_retrieval_index": 51 } ]

{ "title": "The Art of War", "long_answer": "The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Spring and Autumn period in 5th century BC. The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu (\"Master Sun\", also spelled Sunzi), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a distinct aspect of warfare and how that applies to military strategy and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that would be formalised as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy text in East Asia. It has a profound influence on Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy and beyond.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Spring and Autumn period in 5th century BC. The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu (\"Master Sun\", also spelled Sunzi), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a distinct aspect of warfare and how that applies to military strategy and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that would be formalised as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy", "short_answers": [ "Sun Tzu" ] }

[ "NCC-1701" ]

[ { "title": "Starship Enterprise", "text": "that was Earth's first attempt to explore another star system. \"The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture\", published in 1980, describes the ship as \"the very first starship U.S.S. \"Enterprise\"\". A painting of this ship hangs on the wall of Earth's 602 Club in flashbacks that appeared in the \"\" episode \"\" (2003). Registry: \"Enterprise\" (NX-01) Class: NX Service: 2151–2161 (10 years) Captain: Jonathan Archer (Scott Bakula) United Earth Starfleet's \"Enterprise\" is the main setting of \"\" (2001–2005). \"Enterprise\" was the first Earth built starship capable of reaching Warp 5. She was commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer and played", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "373746", "score": "1.0396314", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Starship Enterprise", "text": "of illustrations depicting ships named \"Enterprise\". It also appears as a model in \"Star Trek Into Darkness\" (2013), together with models of a \"Wright Flyer\", a V-2 rocket, a Bell X-1, a Vostok-3KA capsule, a Space Shuttle orbiter, and some \"Star Trek\" universe starships. The 1979 \"Star Trek Spaceflight Chronology\" describes this \"first interstellar liner\" as a \"Declaration\"-class ship launched in 2123. Its length is given as , and it has a capacity of 100 crew and 850 passengers. The \"Star Trek Maps\" by New Eye Photography Editors, also published in 1979, listed this ship as a fusion drive probe", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "373745", "score": "1.0341945", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)", "text": "at Farpoint\" under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard. Several episodes, as well as the ship's dedication plaque, establish that the \"Enterprise\" was built at the Utopia Planitia Fleet Yards in orbit around Mars. The \"Enterprise\"-D is the third \"Galaxy\"-class starship, after the pathfinder ship USS \"Galaxy\" and the USS \"Yamato\". The dedication plaque gives its commissioning date as 40759.5, which was intended to represent October 4, 2363, which would be the 406th anniversary of the launch of Sputnik, humanity's first spacecraft. During the \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" series, the ship's crew makes first contact with many species, including", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3010237", "score": "1.0332131", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Star Trek: Enterprise", "text": "the adventures of the crew of the starship \"Enterprise\", designation NX-01. They are the first deep space explorers in Starfleet, using the first Warp 5 equipped vessel. At the start of the series, it is revealed that the Vulcans have withheld advanced technology from humanity since their first contact, concerned that humans were not ready for it. This has delayed human space exploration and caused resentment in Captain Jonathan Archer, whose father developed the Warp 5 engine but did not live to see it used. \"Enterprise\" was intentionally equipped with less advanced versions of technologies seen in previous series. For", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "358344", "score": "1.0308915", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E)", "text": "\"Enterprise\", which would become the latest flagship of the United Federation of Planets after the \"Enterprise\"-D had been destroyed. The \"Enterprise\"-E, a Sovereign class starship, launched in 2372 from the San Francisco Fleet Yards under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard, and most of the key officers from the \"Enterprise\"-D. According to the non-canon novel \"Ship of the Line\", the originally planned name for the vessel was USS \"Honorius\", and Montgomery Scott was part of the team of engineers that designed the \"Enterprise\"-E. In the film \"Star Trek: First Contact\", the \"Enterprise\" participates in the Battle of Sector 001, destroying", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3174015", "score": "1.0243217", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "First Flight (Star Trek: Enterprise)", "text": "Base and the first NASA astronauts. Reference is also made to the Apollo 11 lunar landing, when Archer mentions that no-one remembers astronaut Buzz Aldrin's first words when he stepped onto the moon. His actual first words were \"Beautiful view.\" Warp drive was first mentioned in Gene Roddenberry's first-draft pitch for \"Star Trek\", dated March 11, 1964, although in that version it was referred to as a \"space-warp drive\". The drive allows for a vessel to travel faster than the speed of light by warping space-time around the ship itself. In 1994, physicist Miguel Alcubierre created the theoretical Alcubierre drive,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5199939", "score": "1.0189685", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Star Trek", "text": "Star Trek Star Trek is an American space opera media franchise based on the science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry. The first television series, simply called \"Star Trek\" and now referred to as \"\"\"\", debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on the television network NBC. It followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner) and his crew aboard the starship USS \"Enterprise\", a space exploration vessel, built by the United Federation of Planets in the twenty-third century. The \"Star Trek\" canon of the franchise includes \"The Original Series\", an animated series, five spin-off", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11892858", "score": "1.0161273", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)", "text": "fan letters about the \"Enterprise\" than any of the actors. A write-in campaign in 1976 led to the first space shuttle being named \"Enterprise\" rather than \"Constitution\". In 2009, Virgin Galactic named its first commercial spaceship to honor the \"Star Trek\" vessel. \"Build the Enterprise\" is a website that proposes creating a functional spacecraft with a hull similar to the \"Enterprise\". The United States Navy evaluated the efficiency of the \"Enterprise\" bridge's style and layout, and the bridge of the USS \"Independence\" and the Ship's Mission Center of the USS \"Zumwalt\" have been compared to the \"Enterprise\"s bridge. An exacting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2971051", "score": "1.0136536", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Kir'Shara", "text": "the first Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\", registration NX-01. In this episode, \"Enterprise\" attempts to avert a war, and is caught in a crossfire between Vulcan and Andorian starships. Meanwhile. Captain Archer, Commander T'Pol, and T'Pau aim to take the Kir'Shara to the Vulcan capital, and use it to reveal Administrator V'Las' plot to the rest of the Vulcan High Command. In addition to the guest stars returning from the previous arc episodes, or the episode \"\", Jeffrey Combs returned as Shran. The episode was shot across seven days using mostly standing sets, with only an Andorian brig built specifically for this", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4218518", "score": "1.009322", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)", "text": "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is a fictional starship in the fictional Star Trek universe that serves as both the main setting of the original Star Trek television series, as well as the primary transportation method for the show's characters. The Enterprise has been depicted in four network television series, six feature films, many books, and much fan-created media. The original Star Trek series (1966–1969) features a voice-over by Enterprise captain, James T. Kirk (William Shatner), which describes the mission of the Enterprise as \"to explore strange new worlds; to seek out new life and new civilizations; to boldly go where no", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)", "text": "science fiction spacecraft. The \"Enterprise\" was originally going to be named \"Yorktown\". Pato Guzman was the original art director assigned to \"Star Trek\"; Matt Jefferies, his assistant, took over when Guzman left the project. Jefferies, who was not a science fiction fan, was the primary designer of the \"Enterprise\" and based his work on concepts from series creator Gene Roddenberry. Roddenberry did not have any ideas about what the ship should look like, but he laid out several parameters for the ship: Roddenberry further specified that the \"Enterprise\" would operate mainly in space, have a crew of 100-150, and be", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2971017", "score": "1.0067745", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Bread and Circuses (Star Trek: The Original Series)", "text": "entertainment. In the episode, Captain Kirk and his companions are forced to fight in gladiatorial games on a planet resembling the Roman Empire, but possessing mid-20th century Earth technology. The Federation starship USS \"Enterprise\" is on routine patrol when it finds wreckage of the SS \"Beagle\". The \"Beagle\" was under the command of Captain R. M. Merik (William Smithers), whom Captain Kirk (William Shatner) knew during his academy days. First Officer Spock (Leonard Nimoy) traces the path of debris back to a planet in the previously unexplored system 892. The \"Enterprise\" picks up a 20th-century-style television news broadcast, reporting in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3995535", "score": "1.0043869", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Star Trek: First Contact", "text": "ships to concentrate their firepower on a seemingly unimportant point on the Borg ship. The Cube is destroyed after launching a smaller sphere ship towards the planet. \"Enterprise\" pursues the sphere into a temporal vortex. As the sphere disappears, \"Enterprise\" discovers Earth has been altered – it is now populated entirely by Borg. Realizing the Borg have used time travel to change the past, \"Enterprise\" follows the sphere through the vortex. \"Enterprise\" arrives hundreds of years in its past on April 4, 2063, the day before humanity's first encounter with alien life after Zefram Cochrane's historic warp drive flight; the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "373386", "score": "1.0005138", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Enterprise (NX-01)", "text": "\"a sort of retro-futurism\". Several \"Enterprise\" toys and models have been released, including versions by Art Asylum, Diamond Select Toys, QMx and Eaglemoss Publications. In the original pitch for \"\" by creator Gene Roddenberry, the vessel that the series was set on was called the SS \"Yorktown\". The starship was subsequently renamed USS \"Enterprise\" before the start of the series because of the growing real world fame of the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, recently launched by the U.S. Navy as the . The name \"Enterprise\" has been linked with \"Star Trek\" since. A second \"Enterprise\" made its debut in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3173980", "score": "0.9986862", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Star Trek: Enterprise", "text": "Star Trek: Enterprise Star Trek: Enterprise, titled simply Enterprise for its first two seasons, is an American science fiction television series created by Rick Berman and Brannon Braga. It originally aired from September 26, 2001 to May 13, 2005 on UPN, spanning . The sixth series in the \"Star Trek\" franchise, it served as a prequel to \"\". Set in the 22nd century a hundred years before the events of \"The Original Series\", and just prior to the formation of the United Federation of Planets, the series follows the adventures of the \"Enterprise\", Earth's first starship capable of traveling at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "358340", "score": "0.9986847", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Beyond the Farthest Star (Star Trek: The Animated Series)", "text": "it escape the massive gravity well of a dead star. On stardate 5221.3, while exploring on the outermost rim of the galaxy the Federation starship \"Enterprise\" is pulled into the orbit of a dead star. Trapped there, the crew discovers that there is a massive derelict 300,000,000-year-old pod ship trapped with them as well. Captain Kirk beams aboard the huge starship with a boarding party that includes First Officer Spock, Chief Medical Officer Dr. McCoy and Chief Engineer Scott, where they learn it was once home to an insectoid race. They also learn from a pre-recorded message left behind that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9440439", "score": "0.99719894", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "More Tribbles, More Troubles", "text": "the Federation starship USS \"Enterprise\" escorts two robot cargo ships carrying quintotriticale, a new seed grain, to famine-stricken Sherman's Planet, it encounters a Klingon battlecruiser pursuing a Federation scout ship. When the \"Enterprise\" rescues the pilot, the Klingons attack with a new energy weapon capable of incapacitating a starship and demand that the pilot be handed over to them. The pilot turns out to be Cyrano Jones, an intergalactic trader well known to Captain Kirk and crew (Kirk refers to Jones as a \"nuisance\"). The Klingons desperately want Jones for introducing the tribble to Klingon planets where it has become", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3219178", "score": "0.9971629", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Starship Enterprise", "text": "Starship Enterprise Enterprise or USS \"Enterprise (often referred to as the \"Starship \"Enterprise\") is the name of several fictional spacecraft, some of which are the main craft and setting for various television series and films in the \"Star Trek\" science fiction franchise. The most notable were Captain James T. Kirk's from the , and Captain Jean-Luc Picard's from \"\". Two spacecraft with the name \"Enterprise\" predate the United Federation of Planets in \"Star Trek\"s fictional timeline. Registry: USS \"Enterprise\" (XCV 330) Class: \"Declaration\" Service: circa 2130s Captain: Unknown This USS \"Enterprise\" (XCV 330) appears in \"\" (1979) among a series", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "373744", "score": "0.99658304", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)", "text": "\"Star Trek\". Another \"Discovery\" producer, Greg Harberts isn't worried whether fans are satisfied with the ship's redesign: while many of the staff who developed the new appearance are \"Star Trek\" fans, Harberts stated fans rarely agree on anything. Starfleet commissioned the \"Enterprise\" in 2245. Robert April is the \"Enterprise\"s first captain, succeeded by Christopher Pike. Pike leads the \"Enterprise\" for about a decade and is the commanding officer in the original pilot, \"The Cage\". Throughout the first live action and animated \"Star Trek\" television series, Captain James T. Kirk commands the ship on an exploration mission from 2264 to 2269.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2971043", "score": "0.99655795", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Star Trek: The Animated Series", "text": "Star Trek: The Animated Series Star Trek: The Animated Series (\"ST: TAS\"), originally aired as Star Trek and as The Animated Adventures of Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek, is an American animated science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry. It originally aired from September 8, 1973 to October 12, 1974 on NBC, spanning 22 episodes over two seasons. The second series in the \"Star Trek\" franchise, it is the first sequel to \"\". Set in the 23rd century, when Earth is part of a United Federation of Planets, it follows the adventures of the Starfleet vessel USS \"Enterprise\" as it", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "358732", "score": "0.9953258", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "These Are the Voyages...", "text": "and Brannon Braga, who co-wrote the episode, conceived \"These Are the Voyages...\" as a valentine to \"Star Trek\" fans. Set in the 22nd century, the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\", registration NX-01. In this episode, the story moves to the year 2370, when Commander William Riker grapples with making a difficult admission to his commanding officer about a cover-up. Riker, after consulting Counselor Troi, turns to the simulated events of the year 2161 for guidance, when the crew of \"Enterprise\" travels home to Earth for both decommissioning and the formation of the United Federation of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4825027", "score": "0.99423623", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Starship Enterprise", "text": "two episodes of \"The Original Series\" (TOS), Kirk refers to the \"United Space Ship \"Enterprise\"\". In 1976, before \"\", Paramount had planned a \"Star Trek\" film to have been named \"\". Early in the production, Ralph McQuarrie had been hired to redesign the \"Enterprise\". The major feature of the redesign was to replace the cigar-shaped secondary hull with a larger, triangle-shaped \"delta wing\" section. McQuarrie's design was discarded in favor of keeping the general shape of the \"Enterprise\" intact for the redesign unveiled in \"\". Three decades later, the McQuarrie design for the \"Enterprise\" was adopted as the basis for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "373765", "score": "0.99406826", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Ship (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)", "text": "The Ship (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine) \"The Ship\" is the 100th episode of the television series \"\", the second episode of the . Much of the episode is set inside a mysterious spacecraft Sisko leads a mission to the Gamma Quadrant, and they land on a planet there. Guest stars include Kaitlin Hopkins as Kilana and F. J. Rio as Muñiz An away-team of \"Deep Space Nine\" crew, including Sisko, Dax, Worf, and O'Brien are conducting a mineral survey for cormaline ore on the uninhabited Gamma-quadrant planet Torga IV via a runabout when a Dominion warship crashes near their", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8170252", "score": "0.99222076", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Star Trek: Enterprise", "text": "as well as the first warp vessel, the \"Phoenix\", and the \"Enterprise\" (NX-01). The \"Phoenix\" spacecraft was presented in the 1996 feature film \"\" as Earth's first warp vessel, whose inaugural warp flight triggered first contact with the Vulcans. The two-part episode \"In a Mirror, Darkly\" utilizes a different opening sequence than the remainder of the series, reflecting themes of war and conquest in the Mirror Universe. The series was considered for cancellation at the end of the second season, with Paramount executives instead requesting a number of changes to \"Enterprise\" in order to renew it following a letter writing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "358385", "score": "0.9905453", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Star Trek: The Original Series", "text": "Star Trek: The Original Series Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship and its crew. It later acquired the retronym of Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS) to distinguish the show within the media franchise that it began. The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, roughly during the 2260s. The ship and crew are led by Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner), first officer and science officer Spock (Leonard Nimoy), and chief medical officer Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley). Shatner's voice-over introduction during each episode's opening", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "358195", "score": "0.98909795", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "The Pirates of Orion", "text": "released in several forms of home media, including VHS, LaserDisc and DVD. On stardate 6334.1, the Federation starship \"Enterprise\" is on its way to planet Deneb 5 when the Vulcan First Officer, Spock (voiced by Leonard Nimoy), contracts the disease choriocytosis and is diagnosed by Chief Medical Officer Leonard McCoy (voiced by DeForest Kelley) with having only days to live. The Starfleet freighter SS \"Huron\" is to rendezvous with the \"Enterprise\" and deliver medicine direly needed for the cure, when it is attacked by Orion pirates who steal its cargo, which turns out to be primarily a sizable load of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6748348", "score": "0.9889562", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Starship Enterprise", "text": "the design of the USS \"Discovery\" in \"\", a 2017 series that takes place ten years earlier than the original \"Star Trek\". The captain's yacht is a large auxiliary starship built into the design of several Federation starship designs including the \"Galaxy\"-class and \"Sovereign\"-class. It was docked to the underside of the saucer section. On USS \"Enterprise\"-E, the name of the captain's yacht is the \"Cousteau\". In 2375, the crew of USS \"Enterprise\"-E used the \"Cousteau\" to travel to the surface of the Ba'ku homeworld. Designer Andrew Probert came up with the concept of the captain's yacht while designing the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "373766", "score": "0.98439395", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Starship Enterprise", "text": "the \"Enterprise\"-E), under an official license from CBS. Starship Enterprise Enterprise or USS \"Enterprise (often referred to as the \"Starship \"Enterprise\") is the name of several fictional spacecraft, some of which are the main craft and setting for various television series and films in the \"Star Trek\" science fiction franchise. The most notable were Captain James T. Kirk's from the , and Captain Jean-Luc Picard's from \"\". Two spacecraft with the name \"Enterprise\" predate the United Federation of Planets in \"Star Trek\"s fictional timeline. Registry: USS \"Enterprise\" (XCV 330) Class: \"Declaration\" Service: circa 2130s Captain: Unknown This USS \"Enterprise\" (XCV", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "373771", "score": "0.98250246", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "The Enterprise Incident", "text": "it to bits with a sledge hammer. The Enterprise Incident \"The \"Enterprise\" Incident\" is the second episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\", first broadcast September 27, 1968, and repeated December 27, 1968. It is episode #57, production #59, written by D. C. Fontana and directed by John Meredyth Lucas. In the episode, the crew of the \"Enterprise\" are on a secret mission to steal a Romulan cloaking device. On stardate 5027.3, Captain James T. Kirk takes the Federation starship USS \"Enterprise\", without apparent authorization, into Romulan space. Three Romulan vessels decloak and intercept the ship,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4071985", "score": "0.9816123", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Starship Enterprise", "text": "Darkness\", \"Enterprise\" started its five-year mission. The ship was later destroyed by Krall and his alien swarm attack during the events of \"Star Trek Beyond\". Measurements of this ship's length have ranged from 295 meters to 910 meters. In an article about the 2009 film's visual effects, \"Cinefex\" wrote, \"The reconfigured ship was a larger vessel than previous manifestations – approximately long compared to the ship of the original series\", and quoted Industrial Light & Magic art director Alex Jaeger discussing the design's growth in size during early production of the film: \"Once we got the ship built and started", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "373760", "score": "0.9811733", "original_retrieval_index": 34 } ]

{ "title": "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)", "long_answer": "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is a fictional starship in the fictional Star Trek universe that serves as both the main setting of the original Star Trek television series, as well as the primary transportation method for the show's characters. The Enterprise has been depicted in four network television series, six feature films, many books, and much fan-created media. The original Star Trek series (1966–1969) features a voice-over by Enterprise captain, James T. Kirk (William Shatner), which describes the mission of the Enterprise as \"to explore strange new worlds; to seek out new life and new civilizations; to boldly go where no man has gone before\".", "chunked_long_answer": "USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) is a fictional starship in the fictional Star Trek universe that serves as both the main setting of the original Star Trek television series, as well as the primary transportation method for the show's characters. The Enterprise has been depicted in four network television series, six feature films, many books, and much fan-created media. The original Star Trek series (1966–1969) features a voice-over by Enterprise captain, James T. Kirk (William Shatner), which describes the mission of the Enterprise as \"to explore strange new worlds; to seek out new life and new civilizations; to boldly go where no", "short_answers": [ "NCC-1701" ] }

[ "\"Ménage à Troi\"" ]

[ { "title": "The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "also notes that they may reapply to join the Federation at a later date. The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Hunted\" is the 11th episode of the of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\", and the 59th episode of the series overall. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship \"Enterprise\". In this episode, as Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) and his staff meet with the leaders of the planet Angosia III who are petitioning for Federation membership, they find themselves learning more than expected about the Angosians", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6434139", "score": "1.1501002", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 3)", "text": "Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 3) The third season of the American science fiction television series \"\" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on September 25, 1989 and concluded on June 18, 1990 after airing 26 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\"-D. Season three featured the return of Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher after she was replaced by Diana Muldaur for the . The season also saw the debut of several actors who would reappear in the same roles and others throughout", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17034196", "score": "1.1126118", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "The Hunted (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Hunted\" is the 11th episode of the of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\", and the 59th episode of the series overall. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship \"Enterprise\". In this episode, as Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) and his staff meet with the leaders of the planet Angosia III who are petitioning for Federation membership, they find themselves learning more than expected about the Angosians when they offer to help capture a local escaped prisoner. The \"Enterprise\" is investigating", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6434132", "score": "1.107931", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "The Chase (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "The Chase (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Chase\" is the 146th episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\", the 20th episode of the . It is directed by series cast member Jonathan Frakes (Commander William Riker). Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D. In this episode, four competing expeditions—Federation, Klingon, Cardassian, and Romulan—attempt to solve an ancient genetic puzzle. \"Enterprise\" Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) has always been a student of archaeology, and in this episode he is contacted by his former mentor Professor Richard", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4281878", "score": "1.0873332", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Clues (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "not knowing. One of them even has a broken limb...\" Clues (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Clues\" is the 14th episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\", it originally aired on February 11, 1991 in broadcast syndication. The teleplay was written by Bruce D. Arthurs and Joe Menosky from a story by Arthurs and was directed by Les Landau Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D. While en route to investigate a mysterious planet, the entire crew, with the exception of Lieutenant Commander Data,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6122964", "score": "1.0796319", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Preemptive Strike (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "Preemptive Strike (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Preemptive Strike\" is the 176th episode of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\". It is the 24th episode of the , and penultimate episode of the series overall, directed by cast member Patrick Stewart (Captain Jean-Luc Picard). Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D. In this episode, the recurring character Ro Laren (Michelle Forbes), a court-martialed Starfleet officer who first appeared in the episode \"\", finds her loyalties divided between Starfleet and a group of resistance fighters who oppose", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7241268", "score": "1.0694164", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Manhunt (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "about her, much to his dismay. Manhunt had some of the lowest Nielsen ratings of all of The Next Generation first run broadcasts, at 8.9 points. Manhunt (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Manhunt\" is the 19th episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\", the 45th episode overall, originally broadcast on June 19, 1989. In this episode, the \"Enterprise\" must transport delegates to a conference, one of whom is an extremely man-hungry Lwaxana Troi with eyes for Captain Picard. Drummer Mick Fleetwood from the British rock band Fleetwood Mac plays an Antedean dignitary in this episode. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4729577", "score": "1.0672736", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Star Trek: The Next Generation", "text": "and films, including \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" Star Trek: The Next Generation Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG and ST:TNG) is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry. It originally aired from September 28, 1987 to May 23, 1994 on syndication, spanning 178 episodes over the course of seven seasons. The third series in the \"Star Trek\" franchise, it is the second sequel to \"\". Set in the 24th century, when Earth is part of a United Federation of Planets, it follows the adventures of a Starfleet starship, the USS \"Enterprise\"-D, in its exploration of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "358194", "score": "1.0658191", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 2)", "text": "Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 2) The second season of the American science fiction television series \"\" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on November 21, 1988, and concluded on July 17, 1989, after airing 22 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\"-D. Season two featured changes to the main cast, following the departure of Gates McFadden. Diana Muldaur was cast as Dr. Katherine Pulaski for a single season before the return of McFadden in season three. Academy Award winner Whoopi Goldberg also joined", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17034159", "score": "1.0649056", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Ménage à Troi", "text": "\"Ménage à Troi\" is the 24th episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the 72nd episode of the series overall.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Code of Honor (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "in March 2002, and was released as part of the season one Blu-ray set on July 24, 2012. Code of Honor (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Code of Honor\" is the third episode of the American science fiction television series \"\", originally aired on October 12, 1987, in broadcast syndication. The episode was written by Katharyn Powers and Michael Baron and was directed by Russ Mayberry. Mayberry was replaced part way through the filming of the episode with first assistant director Les Landau. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3018281", "score": "1.0615041", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Coming of Age (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "Coming of Age (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Coming of Age\" is the 18th episode of the American science fiction television series \"\". It first aired in broadcast syndication on March 14, 1988. Sandy Fries originally wrote the episode, but Hannah Louise Shearer performed an uncredited re-write. It is the only episode of the series directed by Mike Vejar, who went on to direct episodes of \"\", \"\" and \"\". Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship \"Enterprise\"-D. In the episode, Wesley Crusher (Wil Wheaton) takes a Starfleet Academy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2490792", "score": "1.0600612", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Sins of the Father (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "Sins of the Father (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Sins of the Father\" is the 65th episode of the American science fiction television series \"\" and the 17th episode of the . The episode is one of three chosen for Paramount's \"The Next Level\" Blu-ray sampler. During the HD remastering process a 13-second portion of the episode had to be upconverted from a standard definition source as the original 35mm elements could not be located. This footage was later located and remastered in HD for the third season Blu-ray set. In this episode, the Federation Starfleet Starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D's Klingon", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2988963", "score": "1.0572659", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Star Trek: The Next Generation", "text": "Star Trek: The Next Generation Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG and ST:TNG) is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry. It originally aired from September 28, 1987 to May 23, 1994 on syndication, spanning 178 episodes over the course of seven seasons. The third series in the \"Star Trek\" franchise, it is the second sequel to \"\". Set in the 24th century, when Earth is part of a United Federation of Planets, it follows the adventures of a Starfleet starship, the USS \"Enterprise\"-D, in its exploration of the Milky Way galaxy. After the cancellation of \"The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "358132", "score": "1.0564535", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Star Trek: The Next Generation", "text": "the last episode of \"Enteprise\" called \"These Are the Voyages...\" (S4E22) featured a holodeck simulation on the USS \"Enterprise\" (NCC-1701-D) from \"Star Trek: The Next Generation\" during the events of the episode \"\" and the return of Commander William Riker (Jonathan Frakes) and Counselor Deanna Troi (Marina Sirtis). It was written by Berman and Braga, who noted \"... this was a very cool episode because it has a great concept driving it\". \"\" was the TV show launched following the conclusion of \"Star Trek: Voyager\" and was set 100 years before \"TOS\" and 200 years before \"TNG\", in addition to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "358189", "score": "1.0553772", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Sins of the Father (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "Next Generation\" episodes. Sins of the Father (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Sins of the Father\" is the 65th episode of the American science fiction television series \"\" and the 17th episode of the . The episode is one of three chosen for Paramount's \"The Next Level\" Blu-ray sampler. During the HD remastering process a 13-second portion of the episode had to be upconverted from a standard definition source as the original 35mm elements could not be located. This footage was later located and remastered in HD for the third season Blu-ray set. In this episode, the Federation Starfleet Starship", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2988970", "score": "1.0495237", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 4)", "text": "Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 4) The fourth season of the American science fiction television series \"\" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on September 24, 1990 and concluded on June 17, 1991 after airing 26 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\"-D. This season saw the show embracing the notion of serialized storylines. A recurring theme throughout the season is the notion of a brewing Duras-Romulan plot against the Federation, coupled with Worf's effort to reclaim his family honor. Both storylines were introduced", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17034220", "score": "1.0481427", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Shades of Gray (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "Shades of Gray (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Shades of Gray\" is the 22nd episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\", the 48th episode overall. It was originally broadcast on July 17, 1989, in broadcast syndication. It was the only clip show filmed during the series and was created due to a lack of funds left over from other episodes during the season. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship \"Enterprise\". In this episode, Commander William Riker (Jonathan Frakes) undergoes medical treatment by Dr. Katherine Pulaski", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4806231", "score": "1.0475488", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Allegiance (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "Picard releases them, pointing out that they now know what it is like to be captured. Allowing the aliens to go free, he warns them not to abduct others again. \"Allegiance\" was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Achievement in Makeup for a Series. Allegiance (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Allegiance\" is the 18th episode of the of the American syndicated science fiction television series \"\", and the 66th episode of the series overall. It was originally released on March 26, 1990, in broadcast syndication. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6895412", "score": "1.046043", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "The Dauphin (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "The Dauphin (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Dauphin\" is the tenth episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\", the 36th episode overall. It was originally released on February 20, 1989, in broadcast syndication. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship \"Enterprise\". In this episode, the \"Enterprise\" must transport a young head of state to the planet she is to lead. The Federation starship \"Enterprise\", under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard, is assigned to transport beautiful Salia, the future ruler and dauphin of Daled IV,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5906251", "score": "1.046015", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Evolution (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "actions almost leading to the destruction of the ship. Evolution (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Evolution\" is the first episode of the of the syndicated American science fiction television series \"\", the 49th episode overall, first airing on September 25, 1989. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship \"Enterprise\". In this episode, escaped nanites threaten the \"Enterprise\" as well as its critical research mission. The Federation starship \"Enterprise\", under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart), approaches the binary star system to perform astrophysics research under the guidance of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6400460", "score": "1.0455686", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "The Next Phase", "text": "The Next Phase \"The Next Phase\" is the 124th episode of the American syndicated science fiction television series \"\", the 24th episode of the . In this episode, the \"Enterprise\" responds to a distress call from a Romulan science ship. Lieutenant Commander Geordi La Forge and Ensign Ro Laren are lost in a transporter accident when returning to the \"Enterprise\" with a faulty generator from the Romulan ship. As the Federation starship \"Enterprise\" responds to a distress call from a Romulan ship which has suffered an on-board explosion, Ensign Ro and Lieutenant Commander La Forge are seemingly lost in a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6311626", "score": "1.0443199", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5)", "text": "episode resolves the cliffhanger from the previous season, revealing the mysterious Romulan commander to be the daughter of the Lt. Tasha Yar from the alternate universe created in the third season episode “Yesterday’s Enterprise”. This season sees Picard have some of the more memorable experiences of the series, such as learning to communicate with the heretofore unintelligible Tamarians (), overcoming his dislike of children when he is trapped along with three children after the Enterprise-D is struck by a quantum filament (), and meeting with Ambassador Spock on Romulus in . Most notably, in , he experiences 40 or so", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17031089", "score": "1.04214", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 2)", "text": "extended version. It was the second cinema release for episodes of \"The Next Generation\", as \"Where No One Has Gone Before\" and \"Datalore\" had been released to promote the Blu-ray release of the first season. Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 2) The second season of the American science fiction television series \"\" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on November 21, 1988, and concluded on July 17, 1989, after airing 22 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\"-D. Season two featured changes to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17034195", "score": "1.0419562", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "The Quality of Life (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "his own sentience was questioned. Picard acknowledges that Data's actions were probably the most human thing he has ever done. The Quality of Life (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Quality of Life\" is the 135th episode of the American science fiction television series \"\". It is the ninth episode of the . The \"Enterprise\" arrives at Tyrus 7A to oversee a fledgling mining technology, a \"particle fountain\", engineered by Dr. Farallon. While on the planet, the crew observe the use of small machines called Exocomps that Dr. Farallon claims can analyze a problem, replicate the correct tool to repair", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4972828", "score": "1.0398067", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Justice (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "Crusher (Wil Wheaton) is sentenced to death after inadvertently breaking the law on an alien planet. Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) must deal with the powerful and mysterious protector of the planet while deliberating whether to violate the Prime Directive to save Wesley's life. This was the first episode of \"The Next Generation\" to feature multiple shots filmed on location, with scenes filmed in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, and the Huntington Library in Pasadena, California. \"Justice\" was the second most viewed episode of the first season, with 12.7 million viewers. The episode received a mostly negative response, with critics pointing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4409862", "score": "1.0388802", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5)", "text": "Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5) The fifth season of the American science fiction television series \"\" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on September 23, 1991, and concluded on June 15, 1992, after airing 26 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\"-D. This season is notable among Star Trek fans as the season when Gene Roddenberry died of cardiac arrest on October 24, 1991. Production on the episode \"Hero Worship,\" directed by Patrick Stewart, was halted when news reached the set. The premiere", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17031088", "score": "1.0382669", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Battle (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "The Battle (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"The Battle\" is the eigth episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\" and was originally aired on November 16, 1987, in broadcast syndication. The episode was written by Herbert Wright, based on a story by Larry Forrester, and directed by Rob Bowman. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship \"Enterprise\"-D. In this episode, Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) is given his former vessel, the \"Stargazer\", as a gift by the Ferengi DaiMon Bok (Frank Corsentino) who intends to use", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4410015", "score": "1.0367594", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "The High Ground (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "which Riker notes is a sign that there may be more fruitful discussions to resolve the issue in the future. In his study of terrorism, Data notes that Ireland was unified in 2024. As a result, this episode was not originally shown by the BBC in the United Kingdom for many years. It was not broadcast in the Republic of Ireland by the \"Star Trek\" rights' holder, RTÉ, during the programme's run on that channel, though UK broadcasts were received there. Initial UK airings were edited when shown on satellite channel Sky One. The episode was broadcast unedited in May", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6434130", "score": "1.0366664", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Clues (Star Trek: The Next Generation)", "text": "Clues (Star Trek: The Next Generation) \"Clues\" is the 14th episode of the of the American science fiction television series \"\", it originally aired on February 11, 1991 in broadcast syndication. The teleplay was written by Bruce D. Arthurs and Joe Menosky from a story by Arthurs and was directed by Les Landau Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship USS \"Enterprise\"-D. While en route to investigate a mysterious planet, the entire crew, with the exception of Lieutenant Commander Data, is rendered unconscious by an apparent wormhole. After they revive,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6122956", "score": "1.036028", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Ménage à Troi", "long_answer": "\"Ménage à Troi\" is the 24th episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the 72nd episode of the series overall.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"Ménage à Troi\" is the 24th episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the 72nd episode of the series overall.", "short_answers": [ "\"Ménage à Troi\"" ] }

[ "the early 20th century", "In 1840" ]

[ { "title": "Edward Henry", "text": "already been exchanging letters with Francis Galton regarding the use of fingerprinting to identify criminals, either instead of or in addition to the anthropometric method of Alphonse Bertillon, which Henry introduced into the Bengal police department. The taking of fingerprints and palm prints had been common among officialdom in Bengal as a means of identification for forty years, having been introduced by Sir William Herschel, but it was not used by the police and there was no system of simple sorting to allow rapid identification of an individual print (although classification of types was already used). Between July 1896 and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5643724", "score": "1.2738538", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Fingerprint", "text": "a crime scene, or on items of evidence from a crime, have been used in forensic science to identify suspects, victims and other persons who touched a surface. Fingerprint identification emerged as an important system within police agencies in the late 19th century, when it replaced anthropometric measurements as a more reliable method for identifying persons having a prior record, often under a false name, in a criminal record repository. In modern times, researchers can find traces of addictive drugs on just a fingerprint. Fingerprinting has served all governments worldwide during the past 100 years or so to provide identification", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "879843", "score": "1.2606361", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Fingerprint", "text": "United States, Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902, and by 1906, New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot, an expert in the Bertillon system and a finger print advocate at Police Headquarters, introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States. The Scheffer case of 1902 is the first case of the identification, arrest and conviction of a murderer based upon fingerprint evidence. Alphonse Bertillon identified the thief and murderer Scheffer, who had previously been arrested and his fingerprints filed some months before, from the fingerprints found on a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "879865", "score": "1.2586476", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Forensic science", "text": "used in breaking and entering. Although his central methods were soon to be supplanted by fingerprinting, \"his other contributions like the mug shot and the systematization of crime-scene photography remain in place to this day.\" Sir William Herschel was one of the first to advocate the use of fingerprinting in the identification of criminal suspects. While working for the Indian Civil Service, he began to use thumbprints on documents as a security measure to prevent the then-rampant repudiation of signatures in 1858. In 1877 at Hooghly (near Kolkata), Herschel instituted the use of fingerprints on contracts and deeds, and he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "561412", "score": "1.2515463", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Edward Henry", "text": "was originally not to assist in identifying criminals, but to prevent criminals from concealing previous convictions from the police, courts and prisons. However, it was used to ensure the conviction of burglar Harry Jackson in 1902 and soon caught on with CID. This usage was later cemented when fingerprint evidence was used to secure the convictions of Alfred and Albert Stratton for murder in 1905. Henry introduced other innovations as well. He bought the first typewriters to be used in Scotland Yard outside the Registry, replacing the laborious hand copying of the clerks. In 1902, he ran a private telegraph", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5643728", "score": "1.2289251", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Criminal Justice Information Services", "text": "Tayside Police, James Mackay QPM, and Tayside's head of CID, Detective Chief Superintendent Scott Robertson, were then appointed by the Crown Office to conduct a further investigation into the issues relating to fingerprint evidence and to report back with their findings. Mackay's interim report on August 3, 2000 suggested that SCRO fingerprint personnel had given evidence in court that was: According to a Scottish Executive Justice Department internal email written by senior official, Sheena Maclaren: Marked 'confidential', the final Mackay and Robertson report was submitted to the Crown Office in October 2000. It took more than five years for details", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7192125", "score": "1.2278091", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Biometrics use by the South African government", "text": "of biometrics in the police services are fingerprint readers (with fake fingerprint detection functionality) for access control in departments with secure and sensitive information (e.g. forensic laboratories, stolen vehicle departments etc.). Fingerprints are also being used as the sole method for doing criminal record background checks for commercial purposes – as the use of a name, surname or identification number has too much potential for abuse, and this system failure has led to much fraud. A full set of fingerprints is required for a criminal record check to be done on an individual. Companies who want to make use of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16716988", "score": "1.2179444", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Fingerprint", "text": "they refuse to reveal the technique. In the 1930s criminal investigators in the United States first discovered the existence of latent fingerprints on the surfaces of fabrics, most notably on the insides of gloves discarded by perpetrators. Since the late nineteenth century, fingerprint identification methods have been used by police agencies around the world to identify suspected criminals as well as the victims of crime. The basis of the traditional fingerprinting technique is simple. The skin on the palmar surface of the hands and feet forms ridges, so-called papillary ridges, in patterns that are unique to each individual and which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "879824", "score": "1.2089518", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Forensic science", "text": "accepted in England and Wales when the first United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau was founded in Scotland Yard, the Metropolitan Police headquarters, London, in 1901. Sir Edward Richard Henry subsequently achieved improvements in dactyloscopy. In the United States, Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902, and by December 1905, New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot, an expert in the Bertillon system and a fingerprint advocate at Police Headquarters, introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States. The Uhlenhuth test, or the antigen–antibody precipitin test for species, was invented by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "561417", "score": "1.2006116", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Fingerprint", "text": "difficult to alter, and durable over the life of an individual, making them suitable as long-term markers of human identity. They may be employed by police or other authorities to identify individuals who wish to conceal their identity, or to identify people who are incapacitated or deceased and thus unable to identify themselves, as in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Fingerprint analysis, in use since the early 20th century, has led to many crimes being solved. This means that many criminals consider gloves essential. In 2015, the identification of sex by use of a fingerprint test has been reported.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Criminal Justice Information Services", "text": "separation in 2001 of these services from local control by each of the eight Scottish police forces (Central Scotland Police; Dumfries & Galloway Constabulary; Fife Constabulary; Grampian Police; Lothian & Borders Police; Northern Constabulary; Strathclyde Police; and, Tayside Police) and to the establishment of the Scottish Fingerprint Service. In January 1997 an expert from the SCRO identified the left thumb print of DC Shirley McKie, a murder squad detective with Strathclyde Police, as coming from the bathroom door frame inside the house in Kilmarnock of murder victim, Marion Ross. Three other SCRO experts confirmed this thumb print identification but another", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7192123", "score": "1.1975107", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Fingerprint", "text": "committee report that fingerprints should be used for the classification of criminal records. Working in the Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau were Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose. Haque and Bose were Indian fingerprint experts who have been credited with the primary development of a fingerprint classification system eventually named after their supervisor, Sir Edward Richard Henry. The Henry Classification System, co-devised by Haque and Bose, was accepted in England and Wales when the first United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau was founded in Scotland Yard, the Metropolitan Police headquarters, London, in 1901. Sir Edward Richard Henry subsequently achieved improvements in dactyloscopy. In the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "879864", "score": "1.1947525", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Fingerprint", "text": "petitions with a fingerprint. Although ancient peoples probably did not realize that fingerprints could uniquely identify individuals, references from the age of the Babylonian king Hammurabi (reigned 1792-1750 BCE) indicate that law officials would take the fingerprints of people who had been arrested. During China's Qin Dynasty, records have shown that officials took hand prints, foot prints as well as finger prints as evidence from a crime scene. In China, around 300 CE, handprints were used as evidence in a trial for theft. By 650, the Chinese historian Kia Kung-Yen remarked that fingerprints could be used as a means of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "879856", "score": "1.1911848", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Hem Chandra Bose", "text": "report that fingerprints should be used for classification of criminal records. After that year, the Kolkata Anthropometric Bureau became the world's first Fingerprint Bureau. He was working in the Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau (before it became the Fingerprint Bureau) with Azizul Haque. He and Haque were the two Indian fingerprint experts credited with primary development of the Henry Classification System (named for their supervisor, Edward Richard Henry). The Henry Classification System is still used in all English-speaking countries (primarily as the manual filing system for accessing paper archive files that have not been scanned and computerized). Hem Chandra Bose Rai Bahadur", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11756988", "score": "1.1900368", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Harry Jackson (criminal)", "text": "events. As one letter to \"The Times\" (signed by \"A Disgusted Magistrate\") stated: \"Scotland Yard, once known as the world’s finest police organisation, will be the laughing stock of Europe it if insists on trying to trace criminals by odd ridges on their skins.\" Jackson's status as the first person to be arrested on the basis of fingerprint evidence was the subject of episode 4 of \"Connections 2\", a documentary series by James Burke. Harry Jackson (criminal) Harry Jackson (c. 1861–?) was the first man to be convicted in the United Kingdom via fingerprint evidence. On June 27, 1902, a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6377574", "score": "1.1887126", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Fingerprint", "text": "Lord William Russell, a provincial doctor, Robert Blake Overton, wrote to Scotland Yard suggesting checking for fingerprints but the suggestion, though followed up, did not lead to their routine use by the police for another 50 years. Some years later, the German anatomist Georg von Meissner (1829–1905) studied friction ridges, and five years after this, in 1858, Sir William James Herschel initiated fingerprinting in India. In 1877 at Hooghly (near Calcutta) he instituted the use of fingerprints on contracts and deeds to prevent the then-rampant repudiation of signatures and he registered government pensioners' fingerprints to prevent the collection of money", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "879859", "score": "1.1884662", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Identix Incorporated", "text": "which include identifying a person suspected of committing a crime or linking a suspect to other unsolved crimes. In 1972, Randall C. Fowler began working in his garage in Redondo Beach, California to develop technology for the acquisition and recording of a person’s fingerprints. The intent was to provide a more reliable technique than ink to be used initially by the FBI, and later in automated fingerprint verification systems as advances in computing power became available. Automated fingerprint verification is closely related to AFIS for use in applications such as attendance and access control systems, and it was not clear", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18946236", "score": "1.1882606", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Fingerprint", "text": "in forensic science in his book \"Finger Prints\". He had calculated that the chance of a \"false positive\" (two different individuals having the same fingerprints) was about 1 in 64 billion. Juan Vucetich, an Argentine chief police officer, created the first method of recording the fingerprints of individuals on file, associating these fingerprints to the anthropometric system of Alphonse Bertillon, who had created, in 1879, a system to identify individuals by anthropometric photographs and associated quantitative descriptions. In 1892, after studying Galton's pattern types, Vucetich set up the world's first fingerprint bureau. In that same year, Francisca Rojas of Necochea,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "879862", "score": "1.1877725", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Fingerprint", "text": "of criminals. Fingerprints are the fundamental tool in every police agency for the identification of people with a criminal history. They remain the most commonly gathered forensic evidence worldwide, and in most jurisdictions fingerprint examination is more common than all other forensic examination casework combined. Moreover, it continues to expand, with tens of thousands of people added to fingerprint repositories daily in America alone — far more than other forensic databases. Fingerprinting was the basis upon which the first forensic professional organization was formed, the International Association for Identification (IAI), in 1915. The first professional certification program for forensic scientists", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "879844", "score": "1.1840304", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Biometrics use by the South African government", "text": "African Police Service (SAPS) implemented a biometric system in 2001 to secure the Integrated Justice System (IJS). Finger- and palm prints of convicted criminals have been captured in their Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) – this database is used for Identity Management (IDM) and is used to monitor criminals as well as to track down wanted criminals. Portable readers (powered by Sagem's MorphoTouch and RapID technology) are used at roadblocks around the country to identify wanted criminals and bring them to justice. The AFIS was implemented by the Ideco Group, who also completed the HANIS system discussed above. Additional uses", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16716987", "score": "1.1838585", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Henry Faulds", "text": "the courts. The Japanese police officially adopted the fingerprinting system in 1911. His clinic in Tokyo was bought by Ludolph Teusler and became St. Luke's International Hospital. Henry Faulds Henry Faulds (1 June 1843 – 24 March 1930) was a Scottish physician, missionary and scientist who is noted for the development of fingerprinting. Faulds was born in Beith, North Ayrshire, into a family of modest means. Aged 13, he was forced to leave school, and went to Glasgow to work as a clerk to help support his family; at 21 he decided to enroll at the Facility of Arts at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3230992", "score": "1.1830517", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Henry Classification System", "text": "\"Finger Prints\" in which he described his classification system that include three main fingerprint patterns - loops, whorls and arches. At the time, the alternative to fingerprints was Bertillonage, also known as Anthropometry. Developed by Alphonse Bertillon in 1879, Bertillonage consists of a meticulous method of measuring body parts for the use of identifying criminals. In 1892, the British Indian police force adopted Anthropometry. Two years later, Sir Edward Henry, Inspector General of the Bengal Police in India became interested in the use of fingerprints for the use of criminal identification. Influenced by Galton's \"Finger Prints\", the men corresponded regularly", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5039147", "score": "1.1789893", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Forensic science", "text": "She then confessed to the murder of her sons. A Fingerprint Bureau was established in Calcutta (Kolkata), India, in 1897, after the Council of the Governor General approved a committee report that fingerprints should be used for the classification of criminal records. Working in the Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau, before it became the Fingerprint Bureau, were Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose. Haque and Bose were Indian fingerprint experts who have been credited with the primary development of a fingerprint classification system eventually named after their supervisor, Sir Edward Richard Henry. The Henry Classification System, co-devised by Haque and Bose, was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "561416", "score": "1.1783725", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Edward Henry", "text": "on with other police forces, and in July 1897 Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin, the Governor-General of India, decreed that fingerprinting should be made an official policy of the British Raj. This classification system was developed to facilitate orderly storage and faster search of fingerprint cards, called ten print cards. It was used when the ten print cards were catalogued and searched manually and not digitally. Each ten print card was tagged with attributes that can vary from 1/1 to 32/32. In 1899, the use of fingerprint experts in court was recognised by the Indian Evidence Act. In 1898,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5643726", "score": "1.1762582", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Fingerprint", "text": "was accused of shooting a police officer whilst fleeing a robbery in Roxbury, Massachusetts. He was implicated in the crime by the testimony of two witnesses, one of whom was the victim. There was also a fingerprint on a glass mug from which the assailant had drunk some water and experts testified that the fingerprint belonged to Cowans. He was found guilty and sent to prison for 35 years. Whilst in prison, Cowans earned money cleaning up biohazards until he could afford to have the evidence against him tested for DNA. The DNA did not match his and he was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "879851", "score": "1.1754267", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Boston Police Department", "text": "South Boston High School, Charlestown High School and other Boston public schools. On August 23, 1995, the BPD became the first police agency to send fingerprint images to the FBI electronically using the newly created EFIPS (now IAFIS) system. The first set of fingerprints were for a suspect arrested for armed robbery. Within hours of the receipt of the fingerprints, the FBI determined that the suspect had a number of prior arrests, including one for assault with intent to kill. On December 31, 2006, 31 Boston Municipal Police Officers were allowed to transfer to the Boston Police. On January 1,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4320681", "score": "1.1741731", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Stratton Brothers case", "text": "a greasy smudge which appeared to be a fingerprint. As a member of the Belper Committee which had recommended the use of fingerprints as a method for identification five years before, he wondered if this might be a case to test out this new technique. He used his handkerchief to carefully pick up the cash box, had it wrapped in paper and took it into the fledgling Fingerprinting Bureau at Scotland Yard. Established on 1 July 1901, the Fingerprint Bureau had proven its worth with the conviction a year later of Harry Jackson for burglary, thanks to fingerprint evidence. It", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6338316", "score": "1.1726686", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Murder of Helen McCourt", "text": "the first in the UK to use DNA fingerprinting. Helen McCourt spoke with her mother Marie by telephone before 4:00 pm on 9 February 1988, shortly before she was due to leave work. She was planning to go out for the evening with her new boyfriend and wanted her tea ready earlier so she had time to wash her hair. Two days before her disappearance, Helen had been involved in a heated argument with a woman in a pub called the George and Dragon. The landlord was Ian Simms, who was aged 31 at the time and married with two", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17209295", "score": "1.1692739", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Gerald Mason", "text": "finger-printing technology, the FBI decided to expand the system to include prints collected during arrests in all 50 states. A match based on the partial left thumb prints lifted from the steering wheel of the stolen car, came back about a man convicted of burglary in 1956 in Columbia. He had served time for that case. Besides the matching fingerprint the evidence was also based on matching handwriting, thus linking him to the murder weapon. Police located Mason, who had returned to and was still living in his hometown of Columbia, South Carolina. He was a wealthy retiree and a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5473130", "score": "1.1650519", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Fingerprint", "text": "writer R. Austin Freeman's first Thorndyke novel \"The Red Thumb-Mark\" was published in 1907 and features a bloody fingerprint left on a piece of paper together with a parcel of diamonds inside a safe-box. These become the center of a medico-legal investigation led by Dr. Thorndyke, who defends the accused whose fingerprint matches that on the paper, after the diamonds are stolen. On the television series Bonanza (1959–1973), the first episode with the ethnic Chinese character, Hop Sing, #316 The Mark of Guilt was about fingerprinting and its relationship to Chinese culture. Hop Sing uses his Oriental knowledge of \"chops\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "879897", "score": "1.1621457", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Fingerprint", "long_answer": "Human fingerprints are detailed, nearly unique, difficult to alter, and durable over the life of an individual, making them suitable as long-term markers of human identity. They may be employed by police or other authorities to identify individuals who wish to conceal their identity, or to identify people who are incapacitated or deceased and thus unable to identify themselves, as in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Fingerprint analysis, in use since the early 20th century, has led to many crimes being solved. This means that many criminals consider gloves essential. In 2015, the identification of sex by use of a fingerprint test has been reported.", "chunked_long_answer": "difficult to alter, and durable over the life of an individual, making them suitable as long-term markers of human identity. They may be employed by police or other authorities to identify individuals who wish to conceal their identity, or to identify people who are incapacitated or deceased and thus unable to identify themselves, as in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Fingerprint analysis, in use since the early 20th century, has led to many crimes being solved. This means that many criminals consider gloves essential. In 2015, the identification of sex by use of a fingerprint test has been reported.", "short_answers": [ "the early 20th century" ] }

[ "electron donors", "donor molecule" ]

[ { "title": "Reactive oxygen species", "text": "chain. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through a series of proteins via oxidation-reduction reactions, with each acceptor protein along the chain having a greater reduction potential than the previous. The last destination for an electron along this chain is an oxygen molecule. In normal conditions, the oxygen is reduced to produce water; however, in about 0.1–2% of electrons passing through the chain (this number derives from studies in isolated mitochondria, though the exact rate in live organisms is yet to be fully agreed upon), oxygen is instead prematurely and incompletely reduced to give the superoxide radical (),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3093509", "score": "1.1472068", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Electron transport chain", "text": "aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration. Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the action of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "918760", "score": "1.124736", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Electron transport chain", "text": "to the acceptor through another electron transport chain. Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above. They use mobile, lipid-soluble carriers (quinones) and mobile, water-soluble carriers (cytochromes, etc.). They also contain a proton pump. It is remarkable that the proton pump in \"all\" photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial \"Complex III\". Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Photosynthetic reaction center and Light-dependent reaction. Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "918791", "score": "1.1244657", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Electron transport chain", "text": "can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes. Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases, terminal oxidases and terminal reductases. The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are \"branched\", \"modular\", and \"inducible\". In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from a low-energy electron donor (e.g., NADH) to an acceptor (e.g., O) through an electron transport chain. In photophosphorylation, the energy of sunlight is used to \"create\" a high-energy electron donor and an electron acceptor. Electrons are then transferred from the donor", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "918790", "score": "1.1141616", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Electron transport chain", "text": "pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain. Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy, which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively \"pumping\" protons into the intermembrane space, producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work. This entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation, since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "918764", "score": "1.0724537", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Oxidative phosphorylation", "text": "serve solely to transport electrons through proteins. Electrons move quite long distances through proteins by hopping along chains of these cofactors. This occurs by quantum tunnelling, which is rapid over distances of less than 1.4 m. Many catabolic biochemical processes, such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and beta oxidation, produce the reduced coenzyme NADH. This coenzyme contains electrons that have a high transfer potential; in other words, they will release a large amount of energy upon oxidation. However, the cell does not release this energy all at once, as this would be an uncontrollable reaction. Instead, the electrons are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "304648", "score": "1.0522124", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Chlorophyll a", "text": "electron transport chain. These two systems are different in their redox potentials for one-electron oxidation. The E for P700 is approximately 500mV, while the E for P680 is approximately 1,100-1,200 mV. Chlorophyll \"a\" is very important in the energy phase of photosynthesis. Two electrons need to be passed to an electron acceptor for the process of photosynthesis to proceed. Within the reaction centers of both photosystems there are a pair of chlorophyll \"a\" molecules that pass electrons on to the transport chain through redox reactions. Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll \"a\" is a specific form of chlorophyll used in oxygenic photosynthesis. It", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4011839", "score": "1.0433542", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Anoxygenic photosynthesis", "text": "transport chain, proteins such as halorhodopsin capture light energy with the aid of diterpenes to move ions against the gradient and produce ATP via chemiosmosis in the manner of mitochondria. There are two main types of anaerobic photosynthetic electron transport chains in bacteria. The type I reaction centers found in GSB, Chloracidobacterium, and Heliobacteria and the type II reaction centers found in FAPs and Purple Bacteria Type I Reaction Centers The electron transport chain of green sulfur bacteria — such as is present in model organism \"Chlorobaculum tepidum\" — uses the reaction centre bacteriochlorophyll pair, P840. When light is absorbed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14053841", "score": "1.0380822", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Oxidative phosphorylation", "text": "removed from NADH and passed to oxygen through a series of enzymes that each release a small amount of the energy. This set of enzymes, consisting of complexes I through IV, is called the electron transport chain and is found in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Succinate is also oxidized by the electron transport chain, but feeds into the pathway at a different point. In eukaryotes, the enzymes in this electron transport system use the energy released from the oxidation of NADH to pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. This causes protons to build up in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "304649", "score": "1.0334989", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Electron transport chain", "text": "The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available (\"free\") to do work. Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Oxidative phosphorylation", "text": "passing electrons from donors to acceptors, and transporting protons across a membrane. These processes use both soluble and protein-bound transfer molecules. In mitochondria, electrons are transferred within the intermembrane space by the water-soluble electron transfer protein cytochrome c. This carries only electrons, and these are transferred by the reduction and oxidation of an iron atom that the protein holds within a heme group in its structure. Cytochrome c is also found in some bacteria, where it is located within the periplasmic space. Within the inner mitochondrial membrane, the lipid-soluble electron carrier coenzyme Q10 (Q) carries both electrons and protons by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "304645", "score": "1.0288327", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Electron transport chain", "text": "steps. A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen, resulting in the formation of the free-radical superoxide, a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging. Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical proton gradient (ΔpH) across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ). It allows ATP synthase", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "918765", "score": "1.0267555", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Electron transport chain", "text": "ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water. Four membrane-bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria. Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane. Three of them are proton pumps. The structures are electrically connected by lipid-soluble electron carriers and water-soluble electron carriers. The overall electron transport chain: In \"Complex I\" (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADH-CoQ reductase, or NADH dehydrogenase; ), two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid-soluble carrier, ubiquinone (UQ). The reduced product, ubiquinol (UQH), freely diffuses within the membrane, and Complex I translocates four protons (H) across the membrane, thus", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "918767", "score": "1.025753", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Adenosine diphosphate", "text": "electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 through electron carriers. The energy released when electrons are passed from higher-energy NADH or FADH2 to the lower-energy O2 is required to phosphorylate ADP and once again generate ATP. It is this energy coupling and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that gives the electron transport chain the name oxidative phosphorylation. During the initial phases of glycolysis and the TCA cycle, cofactors such as NAD+ donate and accept electrons that aid in the electron transport chain's ability to produce a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The ATP synthase complex exists within the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "897325", "score": "1.0223076", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Mitochondrion", "text": "of FADH) that are a source of electrons for the \"electron transport chain\", and a molecule of GTP (that is readily converted to an ATP). The redox energy from NADH and FADH is transferred to oxygen (O) in several steps via the electron transport chain. These energy-rich molecules are produced within the matrix via the citric acid cycle but are also produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis. Reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm can be imported via the malate-aspartate shuttle system of antiporter proteins or feed into the electron transport chain using a glycerol phosphate shuttle. Protein complexes in the inner", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "262312", "score": "1.0196581", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Electron transport chain", "text": "and inorganic. If oxygen is available, it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor, because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy. In anaerobic environments, different electron acceptors are used, including nitrate, nitrite, ferric iron, sulfate, carbon dioxide, and small organic molecules such as fumarate. Since electron transport chains are redox processes, they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs. For example, the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD/NADH redox pair and the O/HO redox pair. NADH is the electron donor and O", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "918788", "score": "1.0184531", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Crista", "text": "molecules of water (HO). By accepting the electrons, oxygen allows the electron transport chain to continue functioning. The electrons from each NADH molecule can form a total of 3 ATP's from ADPs and phosphate groups through the electron transport chain, while each FADH molecule can produce a total of 2 ATPs. As a result, 10 NADH molecules (from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle), along with 2 FADH molecules, can form a total of 34 ATPs during aerobic respiration (from a single electron transport chain). This means that combined with the Krebs Cycle and glycolysis, the efficiency for the electron transport", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1626665", "score": "1.0126191", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Photosynthetic reaction centre", "text": "pigment molecules, or passed to them by resonance transfer from a surrounding light-harvesting complex, they release two electrons into an electron transport chain. Light is made up of small bundles of energy called photons. If a photon with the right amount of energy hits an electron, it will raise the electron to a higher energy level. Electrons are most stable at their lowest energy level, what is also called its ground state. In this state, the electron is in the orbit that has the least amount of energy. Electrons in higher energy levels can return to ground state in a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7084081", "score": "1.012541", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Electron transport chain", "text": "proton gradient). ATP synthase is also readily reversible. Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient, which in turn can be used to make NADH. This process of \"reverse electron transport\" is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains. In eukaryotes, NADH is the most important electron donor. The associated electron transport chain is NADH → \"Complex I\" → Q → \"Complex III\" → cytochrome \"c\" → \"Complex IV\" → O where \"Complexes I, III\" and\" IV\" are proton pumps, while Q and cytochrome \"c\" are mobile electron carriers. The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen. In prokaryotes (bacteria", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "918777", "score": "1.0077066", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Chlorophyll", "text": "electron to a series of molecular intermediates called an electron transport chain. The charged reaction center of chlorophyll (P680) is then reduced back to its ground state by accepting an electron stripped from water. The electron that reduces P680 ultimately comes from the oxidation of water into O and H through several intermediates. This reaction is how photosynthetic organisms such as plants produce O gas, and is the source for practically all the O in Earth's atmosphere. Photosystem I typically works in series with Photosystem II; thus the P700 of Photosystem I is usually reduced as it accepts the electron,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "87963", "score": "1.0058944", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Electron transport chain", "text": "to use the flow of H through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. Complex I (NADH coenzyme Q reductase; labeled I) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and passes them to coenzyme Q (ubiquinone; labeled Q), which also receives electrons from complex II (succinate dehydrogenase; labeled II). Q passes electrons to complex III (cytochrome bc complex; labeled III), which passes them to cytochrome \"c\" (cyt \"c\"). Cyt \"c\" passes electrons to Complex IV (cytochrome \"c\" oxidase; labeled IV), which uses the electrons and hydrogen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "918766", "score": "1.004801", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Electron transport chain", "text": "driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available (\"free\") to do work. Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous. The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions. If protons flow back through the membrane, they enable mechanical work, such as rotating bacterial flagella. ATP synthase, an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life, converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP, which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "918762", "score": "0.9955648", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Electron transport chain", "text": "to two molecules of cytochrome \"c\", a water-soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space. The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Q site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed by one quinol (<chem>2H+2e-</chem>) oxidations at the Q site to form one quinone (<chem>2H+2e-</chem>) at the Q site. (in total four protons are translocated: two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules). When electron transfer is reduced (by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A), Complex", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "918771", "score": "0.9926221", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Electron transport chain", "text": "by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient (proton gradient). This gradient is used by the FF ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is sometimes described as \"Complex V\" of the electron transport chain. The F component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix. It is composed of a, b and c", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "918773", "score": "0.9834483", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Oxidative phosphorylation", "text": "these electrons to the ubiquinone pool. These enzymes do not transport protons, and, therefore, reduce ubiquinone without altering the electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane. Another example of a divergent electron transport chain is the \"alternative oxidase\", which is found in plants, as well as some fungi, protists, and possibly some animals. This enzyme transfers electrons directly from ubiquinol to oxygen. The electron transport pathways produced by these alternative NADH and ubiquinone oxidases have lower ATP yields than the full pathway. The advantages produced by a shortened pathway are not entirely clear. However, the alternative oxidase is produced in response", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "304663", "score": "0.98065704", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Chemiosmosis", "text": "chemiosmotic hypothesis in 1961. The theory suggests essentially that most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the inner membranes of mitochondria by using the energy of NADH and FADH formed from the breaking down of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. Molecules such as glucose are metabolized to produce acetyl CoA as an energy-rich intermediate. The oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in the mitochondrial matrix is coupled to the reduction of a carrier molecule such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The carriers pass electrons to the electron transport", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3511826", "score": "0.9790437", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Photosystem", "text": "to the chlorophyll via a redox-active tyrosine. Photoexcited electrons travel through the cytochrome b6f complex to photosystem I via an electron transport chain set in the thylakoid membrane. This energy fall is harnessed, (the whole process termed chemiosmosis), to transport hydrogen (H) through the membrane, into the thylakoid lumen, to provide a potential energy difference between the thylakoid lumen space and the chloroplast stroma, which amounts to a proton-motive force that can be used to generate ATP. The protons are transported by the plastoquinone. If electrons only pass through once, the process is termed noncyclic photophosphorylation. When the electron reaches", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4011705", "score": "0.9787141", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Oxidative phosphorylation", "text": "ubiquinone. Within proteins, electrons are transferred between flavin cofactors, iron–sulfur clusters, and cytochromes. There are several types of iron–sulfur cluster. The simplest kind found in the electron transfer chain consists of two iron atoms joined by two atoms of inorganic sulfur; these are called [2Fe–2S] clusters. The second kind, called [4Fe–4S], contains a cube of four iron atoms and four sulfur atoms. Each iron atom in these clusters is coordinated by an additional amino acid, usually by the sulfur atom of cysteine. Metal ion cofactors undergo redox reactions without binding or releasing protons, so in the electron transport chain they", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "304647", "score": "0.97772175", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Light-dependent reactions", "text": "(hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, sulfite, or organic molecules such as succinate and lactate) to feed electrons into a reverse electron transport chain. Green sulfur bacteria contain a photosystem that is analogous to PS I in chloroplasts: There are two pathways of electron transfer. In \"cyclic electron transfer\", electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule, passed through an electron transport chain to a proton pump, and then returned to the chlorophyll. The mobile electron carriers are, as usual, a lipid-soluble quinone and a water-soluble cytochrome. The resulting proton gradient is used to make ATP. In \"noncyclic electron transfer\", electrons are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13691847", "score": "0.97312915", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Green sulfur bacteria", "text": "PS I for photosynthesis. Thousands of bacteriochlorophyll(BCHl) c, d and e of the cells absorb light at 720-750 nm, and the light energy is transferred to BChl a-795 and a-808 before being transferred to Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO)-proteins which are connected to reaction centers (RC). The FMO complex then transfers the excitation energy to the RC with its special pair which absorbs at 840 nm in the plasma membrane. After the reaction centers receive the energy, electrons are ejected and transferred through electron transport chains (ETCs). Some electrons form Fe-S proteins in electron transport chains are accepted by ferredoxins (Fd) which can", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1722766", "score": "0.97178704", "original_retrieval_index": 37 } ]

{ "title": "Electron transport chain", "long_answer": "The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available (\"free\") to do work. Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous.", "chunked_long_answer": "The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy is the energy available (\"free\") to do work. Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous.", "short_answers": [ "donor molecule" ] }

[ "1918", "30 October 1918" ]

[ { "title": "Eastern Question", "text": "Eastern Question was put to rest after World War I, one of the outcomes of which was the collapse and division of the Ottoman holdings. The Eastern Question emerged as the power of the Ottoman Empire began to decline during the 18th century. The Ottomans were at the height of their power in 1683, when they lost the Battle of Vienna to the combined forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Austria, under the command of John III Sobieski. Peace was made much later, in 1699, with the Treaty of Karlowitz, which forced the Ottoman Empire to cede many of its", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3885922", "score": "0.9973565", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Ottoman wars in Asia", "text": "the main problem was the rebel in Yemen which was subdued. Ottoman Empire fought against the Allies in the First World War and was defeated. According to Armistice of Mudros Ottoman Empire accepted the loss of all territories in the Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon and most of Iraq. Although Turkey and North Iraq were still under Ottoman rule, soon Allies occupied the Mediterranean coast and North Iraq. They also offered Aegean coast (as well as Thrace) to Greece and eastern Anatolia to newly establiahed Armenia by the Treaty of Sèvres. However the treaty became ineffective during the Turkish", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17159798", "score": "0.97948647", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I", "text": "Enver informed the Quadruple Alliance that they would like to see the 1877 border (Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)), pointing out that the only Ottomans lost territory and 1877 border was Ottoman territories inhabited by Muslims. Ottomans did not pushed 1877 position too hard, scared to fall back to bilateral agreements. On the other hand, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria clearly stood behind on the pulling back the Ottoman and Russian forces from Iran. Ottomans wanted Muslim Iran be under its own control. The ambassador to Berlin, Ibrahim Hakki Pasha, wrote: \"Although Russia may be in a weakened state today, it is always", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18688698", "score": "0.9756605", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Middle Eastern theatre of World War I", "text": "was never ratified by the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Sèvres was annulled in the course of the Turkish War of Independence, and the parties signed and ratified the superseding Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished when Mustafa Kemal Ataturk deposed the last caliph, Abdul Mejid II. Allied military losses are placed between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 including killed, wounded, captured or missing. This includes 303,000 British Empire and French casualties in Gallipoli, 601,000 British Empire casualties in Sinai-Palestine, at least 140,000 Russian casualties in the Caucasus, and 256,000 British Empire casualties in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6400228", "score": "0.9726256", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire", "text": "caused by the Ottoman counter-coup of 1909, which preceded the 31 March Incident (Restoration, 1909) and 1912 Ottoman coup d'état (\"Saviours\") and the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état in the Empire up to World War I. The Ottoman entry into World War I in the Middle Eastern theatre ended with the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, gave a nominal land and permitted the title Ottoman Caliphate (compared with Vatican; a sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Catholic Pope), not to be a further threat but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6156838", "score": "0.96698046", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Pax Ottomana", "text": "with the period after World War I, when only Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace remained under Turkish rule. The term is derived by analogy from the more common \"Pax Romana\", \"the Roman Peace\". Pax Ottomana In historiography, the Pax Ottomana (literally \"the Ottoman Peace\") or Pax Ottomanica is the economic and social stability attained in the conquered provinces of the Ottoman Empire, which, at the height of the Empire's power during the 16th and 17th centuries, applied to lands in the Balkans, Anatolia, the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus. The term is preferred in particular by historians and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8830111", "score": "0.9664648", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Ottoman casualties of World War I", "text": "by Ottoman and Kurdish armies in 1914 and 1920. Sources have put the death tolls at nearly 750,000. After the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, for reliability reasons, the data regarding the Muslim casualties had to be collected by region. The records regarding the Muslim civilians were sealed at the time of the Paris Peace Conference, and there is very little literature review on the Muslim millet, compared to Christian millet of the Empire (see: Armenian casualties). One plausible explanation that needs further study may be attributable to productivity patterns of the Muslim millet, which could have dropped beyond sustainable", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8963762", "score": "0.96424615", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Diplomatic history of World War I", "text": "wars, most recently in 1912. The economy was heavily traditional, but with a strong German influence in terms of modernization, especially building railways. In 1914 the Ottoman government in Constantinople took the initiative in supporting the Central Powers. see Ottoman–German alliance Its Army already was under German guidance, especially by General Otto Liman von Sanders. The British expected the alliance with Germany and seized two dreadnoughts under construction that had been paid for by the Ottomans. Negotiations with the Allies went nowhere after the Turks demanded very large concessions. Instead, a secret alliance was made with Germany in early August,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20090318", "score": "0.96160173", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Turkish War of Independence", "text": "Eastern theatre of World War I to a close. The treaty granted the Allies the right to occupy forts controlling the Straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosporus; and the right to occupy \"in case of disorder\" any territory in case of a threat to security. Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe—the British signatory of the Mudros Armistice—stated the Triple Entente′s public position that they had no intention to dismantle the government of the Ottoman Empire or place it under military occupation by \"occupying Constantinople\". However, dismantling the Ottoman government and partitioning the Ottoman Empire among the Allied nations had been an objective", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2755032", "score": "0.9592968", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I", "text": "On 30 October 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was signed, ending Ottoman involvement in World War 1. The Ottoman public, however, was given misleadingly positive impressions of the severity of the terms of the Armistice. They thought its terms were considerably more lenient than they actually were, a source of discontent later that the Allies had betrayed the offered terms.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire", "text": "was based on the arrangements nominally made in the Treaty of Berlin (1878) and the Treaty of San Stefano. According to this arrangement the inspectors general, whose powers and duties constituted the key to the question, were to be named for a period of ten years, and their engagement was not to be revocable during that period. The History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman's attack on Russia's Black Sea coast on 29 October 1914. The attack prompted Russia and its allies, Britain and France, to declare war on the Ottoman Empire in November", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6156904", "score": "0.9576376", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Black Sea Raid", "text": "quickly retaliated with naval attacks in the Dardanelles, and the Russians declared war on 2 November, followed by the British and the French three days later. The Ottomans did not officially declare war until 11 November. The Ottomans desperately tried to secure an alliance with a great power before the outbreak of World War I in 1914, but almost all of their attempts ended in failure. Even when the Germanophile Ottoman War Minister Enver Pasha directly proposed an alliance on 22 July to the German ambassador in Istanbul, Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim, he was turned down. Kaiser Wilhelm II overruled", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18362751", "score": "0.95576453", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I", "text": "bay without spreading to Ottomans in a violent. On 3 December the Ottoman foreign minister Ahmed Nesimi Bey informed the \"Chamber of Deputies\" about the prospects. Chamber discussed the possible outcomes and priorities. On 15 December Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers signed. On 18 December Armistice of Erzincan signed. The Bolsheviks’ anti-imperialist formula of peace with no annexations and no indemnities was close to Ottoman position. The Bolsheviks' position brought a conflict with the Germany's aim to preserve control over the East European lands it occupied and with Bulgaria’s claims on Dobruja and parts of Serbia. In December", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18688697", "score": "0.9540098", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire", "text": "cast covetous eyes on this new and largely Islamic state. The young state, however, collapsed within weeks of the outbreak of World War I. At the turn of 1913, the Ottoman Modern Army failed at counterinsurgencies in the periphery of the empire, Libya was lost to Italy, and Balkan war erupted in the fall of 1912. LU flexed its muscles with the forced dissolution of the parliament in 1912. The signs of humiliation of the Balkan wars worked to the advantage of the CUP The cumulative defeats of 1912 enabled the CUP to seize control of the government. The Liberal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6156870", "score": "0.9522049", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I", "text": "on 18 March 1915 was a set of secret assurances, which Great Britain promised to give the Capital and the Dardanelles to the Russians in the event of victory. The city of Constantinople was intended to be a free port. During 1915, British forces invalidated the Anglo-Ottoman Convention, declaring Kuwait to be an \"independent sheikdom under British protectorate.\" On 10 September 1915, Interior Minister Talat Pasha abolished the \"Capitulations\". On 10 September 1915 Grand Vizier Said Halim Pasha annulled (Vizer had the authority on annuls) the Capitulations, which ended the special privileges they granted to foreign nationals. The capitulation holders", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18688690", "score": "0.95031446", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Assyrian independence movement", "text": "Austro-Hungarian Empire and Bulgaria) and join them in dividing up the British, Russian and French empires in Asia. In 1914, knowing that it was heading into the war, the Ottoman government passed a law that required the conscription of all young males into the Ottoman army to support the war effort. The Ottoman Empire entered World War I in October 1914 by bombarding Russian ports on the Black Sea. In late 1914 and 1915, the Ottoman Empire under the Young Turk regime declared a holy war on the British, French and Russian Empires. Ottoman Turkish army and allied Kurdish, Turcoman,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13514370", "score": "0.9502616", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Middle Eastern theatre of World War I", "text": "18 January 1919, peace negotiations began with the Paris Peace Conference. The negotiations continued at the Conference of London, but the treaty took definite shape only after the premiers' meeting at the San Remo conference in April 1920. France, Italy, and Great Britain had been secretly planning the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire as early as 1915. The Ottoman Government representatives signed the Treaty of Sèvres on 10 August 1920, but the treaty was not sent to the Ottoman Parliament for ratification, as the Parliament had been abolished on 18 March 1920 by the British. As a result, the treaty", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6400227", "score": "0.94630355", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "History of the Ottoman Empire", "text": "the Ottoman Empire lost Libya, the Balkan League declared war against the Ottoman Empire. The Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13). It lost its Balkan territories except East Thrace and the historic Ottoman capital city of Adrianople during the war. Some 400,000 Muslims, out of fear of Greek, Serbian or Bulgarian atrocities, left with the retreating Ottoman army. The Baghdad Railway under German control was a proposal to build rail lines into Iraq. The railway was not actually built at this time but its prospect worried the British until that issue was resolved in 1914. The railway did not play", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2834022", "score": "0.94580424", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Ottoman wars in Europe", "text": "by the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres at the close of World War I. After striking a blow to the weakened Byzantine Empire in 1356 (or in 1358 - disputable due to a change in the Byzantine calendar), (see Süleyman Pasha) which provided it with Gallipoli as a basis for operations in Europe, the Ottoman Empire started its westward expansion into the European continent in the middle of the 14th century. Constantinople fell in 1453 after the Battle of Varna (1444) and the Second Battle of Kosovo (1448). The remaining Greek states fell in 1461 (Despotate of the Morea", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3515370", "score": "0.94501436", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Yalova Peninsula massacres", "text": "the atrocities. Michael Smith claims that Circassian irregulars also took part in the massacres. One of the results was that refugees were transported to Constantinople on ships. After World War I, the Ottoman Empire officially surrendered to the Entente Powers and it had to disband its army. At the peace conference the British and French tried to secure territory for the Kingdom of Greece in Smyrna and its surrounding regions. As a result, the Greek army, with the support of the Entente Powers, invaded Anatolia and occupied Smyrna. The Ottoman government and Turkish nationalists, which included people from all layers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17209994", "score": "0.94463897", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Aftermath of World War I", "text": "the exception of Czechoslovakia, they reverted to some form of authoritarian rule. Many quarreled amongst themselves but were too weak to compete effectively. Later, when Germany rearmed, the nation states of south-central Europe were unable to resist its attacks, and fell under German domination to a much greater extent than had ever existed in Austria-Hungary. At the end of the war, the Allies occupied Constantinople (İstanbul) and the Ottoman government collapsed. The Treaty of Sèvres, a plan designed by the Allies to dismember the remaining Ottoman territories, was signed on 10 August 1920, although it was never ratified by the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1971196", "score": "0.9445821", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "History of the Ottoman Empire", "text": "Empire's decision to enter World War I on the side of the Central Powers.) France, on its part, occupied Tunisia in 1881. The results were first hailed as a great achievement in peacemaking and stabilisation. However, most of the participants were not fully satisfied, and grievances regarding the results festered until they exploded into world war in 1914. Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece made gains, but far less than they thought they deserved. The Ottoman Empire, called at the time the \"sick man of Europe\", was humiliated and significantly weakened, rendering it more liable to domestic unrest and more vulnerable to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2834013", "score": "0.94309056", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Diplomatic history of World War I", "text": "with promises of regaining territory lost to Russia, Greece and Serbia in earlier wars. in the Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau two German warships fled to Constantinople for safety at the start of the war. Despite their German crews, they were officially enrolled in the Turkish Navy and followed the Sultan's orders. They attacked Russian ports on the Black Sea in October 1914; that led in a few days to mutual declarations of war. German General Erich Ludendorff stated in his memoirs that he believed the entry of the Turks into the war allowed the outnumbered Central powers to fight", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20090319", "score": "0.9427283", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "World War I", "text": "most of the Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire). The Armistice of Mudros, signed at the end of October, ended hostilities with the Ottoman Empire when fighting was continuing north of Aleppo. On or shortly before 15 August 1917 Pope Benedict XV made a peace proposal suggesting: At the outbreak of the war, the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention, avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace. When the German U-boat \"U-20\" sank the British liner RMS \"Lusitania\" on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead, President Woodrow Wilson insisted that America is \"too proud to fight\" but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7594712", "score": "0.9422532", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "History of Turkey", "text": "of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. The Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699 marked the beginning of Ottoman territorial retreat; some territories were lost by the treaty: Austria received all of Hungary and Transylvania except the Banat; Venice obtained most of Dalmatia along with the Morea (the Peloponnesus peninsula in southern Greece); Poland recovered Podolia. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ottoman Empire continued losing its territories, including Greece, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and the Balkans in the 1912–1913 Balkan Wars. Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century (see Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire). Its", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14841730", "score": "0.94181484", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "Separate peace", "text": "1463. The parties undertook to launch a crusade against the Turks and to refrain from making peace with the Sultan without the consent of all three parties. Such was the case during the First World War and Second World War. A declaration to that effect was issued on September 5, 1914 by the British, French and Russian governments, which briefly stated The British, French, and Russian Governments mutually engage not to conclude peace separately during the present war. The three Governments agree that when terms of peace come to be discussed, no one of the allies will demand conditions of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5207067", "score": "0.9400675", "original_retrieval_index": 43 }, { "title": "World War I", "text": "died in captivity. Although many were in a poor condition when captured, Ottoman officers forced them to march to Anatolia. A survivor said: \"We were driven along like beasts; to drop out was to die.\" The survivors were then forced to build a railway through the Taurus Mountains. In Russia, when the prisoners from the Czech Legion of the Austro-Hungarian army were released in 1917, they re-armed themselves and briefly became a military and diplomatic force during the Russian Civil War. While the Allied prisoners of the Central Powers were quickly sent home at the end of active hostilities, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7594789", "score": "0.93974155", "original_retrieval_index": 44 }, { "title": "Armistice of Mudros", "text": "the Dardanelles and the Bosporus; and the right to occupy the same \"in case of disorder\" any Ottoman territory in the event of a threat to their security. The Ottoman army including the Ottoman air force was demobilized, and all ports, railways, and other strategic points were made available for use by the Allies. In the Caucasus, the Ottomans had to retreat to within the pre-war borders between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires. The armistice was followed by the occupation of Constantinople (Istanbul) and the subsequent partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Sèvres (10 August 1920), which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5127734", "score": "0.9395557", "original_retrieval_index": 45 }, { "title": "Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire", "text": "food shortages and hundreds of thousands of refugees haunted the empire. After the war there was a violent expel of the Muslim peasants of eastern Thrace. The Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 was a short-lived agreement signed in July 1913 between the Ottoman sultan Mehmed V and the British over several issues. However the status of Kuwait that came to be the only lasting result, as its outcome was formal independence for Kuwait. Albania had been under Ottoman rule in about 1478. When Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece laid claim to Albanian-populated lands during Balkan Wars, the Albanians declared independence. The European", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6156868", "score": "0.9383832", "original_retrieval_index": 47 }, { "title": "World War I", "text": "and the roots of the continuing Israeli–Palestinian conflict are partially found in the unstable power dynamics of the Middle East that resulted from World War I. Before the end of the war, the Ottoman Empire had maintained a modest level of peace and stability throughout the Middle East. With the fall of the Ottoman government, power vacuums developed and conflicting claims to land and nationhood began to emerge. The political boundaries drawn by the victors of World War I were quickly imposed, sometimes after only cursory consultation with the local population. These continue to be problematic in the 21st-century struggles", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7594754", "score": "0.93833566", "original_retrieval_index": 48 } ]

{ "title": "History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I", "long_answer": "On 30 October 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was signed, ending Ottoman involvement in World War 1. The Ottoman public, however, was given misleadingly positive impressions of the severity of the terms of the Armistice. They thought its terms were considerably more lenient than they actually were, a source of discontent later that the Allies had betrayed the offered terms.", "chunked_long_answer": "On 30 October 1918, the Armistice of Mudros was signed, ending Ottoman involvement in World War 1. The Ottoman public, however, was given misleadingly positive impressions of the severity of the terms of the Armistice. They thought its terms were considerably more lenient than they actually were, a source of discontent later that the Allies had betrayed the offered terms.", "short_answers": [ "30 October 1918" ] }

[ "1.5 Gbit/s" ]

[ { "title": "Western Digital Raptor", "text": "cables, as the SATA data connector does not have the required rails. Therefore, only normal cables can be plugged into these connectors. WD360GD Raptors with the Marvell 88i8030-TBC PATA to SATA bridge chip, such as WD360GD-00FNA0 (December 2003) and earlier, are limited to UDMA 5 transfers. In Linux, \"applying bridge limits\" is displayed and then it allows transfers up to UDMA/100. In Microsoft Windows, they are reported as UDMA 6, but give a burst rate of 104 MB/s, while WD360GD with the 88i8030-TBC1 chip are reported as UDMA 6 and give a burst rate of 122 MB/s, close their theoretical", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4553431", "score": "1.1552765", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "3.0 Gbit/s that, when accounted for the 8b/10b encoding scheme, equals to the maximum uncoded transfer rate of 2.4 Gbit/s (300 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of the SATA revision 2.0, which is also known as the SATA 3 Gbit/s, doubles the throughput of SATA revision 1.0. All SATA data cables meeting the SATA spec are rated for 3.0 Gbit/s and handle modern mechanical drives without any loss of sustained and burst data transfer performance. However, high-performance flash-based drives can exceed the SATA 3 Gbit/s transfer rate; this is addressed with the SATA 6 Gbit/s interoperability standard. Announced in August", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487273", "score": "1.1235442", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "SATA Express", "text": "Express bus for achieving data transfer speeds greater than the SATA 3.0 speed limit of 6 Gbit/s. Designers of the SATA interface concluded that doubling the native SATA speed would take too much time to catch up with the advancements in solid-state drive (SSD) technology, would require too many changes to the SATA standard, and would result in a much greater power consumption compared with the existing PCI Express bus. As a widely adopted computer bus, PCI Express provides sufficient bandwidth while allowing easy scaling up by using faster or additional lanes. In addition to supporting legacy Advanced Host Controller", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17583527", "score": "1.1129271", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "SATA Express", "text": "in 2003), through 3 Gbit/s in SATA 2.0 (standardized in 2004), to 6 Gbit/s as provided by SATA 3.0 (standardized in 2009). SATA has also gradually been selected as the interface for more adopted solid-state drives (SSDs), but the need for a faster interface became apparent as the speed of SSDs and hybrid drives increased over time. As an example, some SSDs available in early 2009 were already well over the capabilities of SATA 1.0 and close to the SATA 2.0 maximum transfer speed, while in the second half of 2013 high-end consumer SSDs had already reached the SATA 3.0", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17583529", "score": "1.1112256", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "are: Aimed at the consumer market, eSATA enters an external storage market served also by the USB and FireWire interfaces. The SATA interface has certain advantages. Most external hard-disk-drive cases with FireWire or USB interfaces use either PATA or SATA drives and \"bridges\" to translate between the drives' interfaces and the enclosures' external ports; this bridging incurs some inefficiency. Some single disks can transfer 157 MB/s during real use, about four times the maximum transfer rate of USB 2.0 or FireWire 400 (IEEE 1394a) and almost twice as fast as the maximum transfer rate of FireWire 800. The S3200 FireWire", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487285", "score": "1.1083634", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "2005, SATA revision 2.5 consolidated the specification to a single document. Announced in February 2007, SATA revision 2.6 introduced the following features: Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO) presented the draft specification of SATA 6 Gbit/s physical layer in July 2008, and ratified its physical layer specification on August 18, 2008. The full 3.0 standard was released on May 27, 2009. Third-generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 6.0 Gbit/s; taking 8b/10b encoding into account, the maximum uncoded transfer rate is 4.8 Gbit/s (600 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 6.0 Gbit/s is double that of SATA", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487274", "score": "1.1054869", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "support for \"Serial ATA Tunneling Protocol\"). SATA 3 Gbit/s theoretically offers a maximum bandwidth of 300 MB/s per device, which is only slightly lower than the rated speed for SCSI Ultra 320 with a maximum of 320 MB/s total for all devices on a bus. SCSI drives provide greater sustained throughput than multiple SATA drives connected via a simple (i.e., command-based) port multiplier because of disconnect-reconnect and aggregating performance. In general, SATA devices link compatibly to SAS enclosures and adapters, whereas SCSI devices cannot be directly connected to a SATA bus. SCSI, SAS, and fibre-channel (FC) drives are more expensive", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487309", "score": "1.0729234", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "wafer connectors on each end. SATA cables can have lengths up to , and connect one motherboard socket to one hard drive. PATA ribbon cables, in comparison, connect one motherboard socket to one or two hard drives, carry either 40 or 80 wires, and are limited to in length by the PATA specification; however, cables up to are readily available. Thus, SATA connectors and cables are easier to fit in closed spaces and reduce obstructions to air cooling. Although they are more susceptible to accidental unplugging and breakage than PATA, users can purchase cables that have a locking feature, whereby", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487279", "score": "1.0539001", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "SATA Express", "text": "enables scaling up the performance of SATA Express interface by using multiple lanes and different versions of PCI Express. In more detail, using two PCI Express 2.0 lanes provides a total bandwidth of 1 GB/s (2 × 5 GT/s raw data rate and 8b/10b encoding, equating to effective 1000 MB/s), while using two PCI Express 3.0 lanes provides close to 2 GB/s (2 × 8 GT/s raw data rate and 128b/130b encoding, equating to effective 1969 MB/s). In comparison, the 6 Gbit/s raw bandwidth of SATA 3.0 equates effectively to 0.6 GB/s due to the overhead introduced by 8b/10b encoding.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17583537", "score": "1.0503252", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "Revision 1.0a was released on January 7, 2003. First-generation SATA interfaces, now known as SATA 1.5 Gbit/s, communicate at a rate of 1.5 Gbit/s, and do not support Native Command Queuing (NCQ). Taking 8b/10b encoding overhead into account, they have an actual uncoded transfer rate of 1.2 Gbit/s (150 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1.5 Gbit/s is similar to that of PATA/133, but newer SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ, which improve performance in a multitasking environment.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "SATA Express", "text": "speed limit, requiring an even faster interface. While evaluating different approaches to the required speed increase, designers of the SATA interface concluded that extending the SATA interface so it doubles its native speed to 12 Gbit/s would require more than two years, making that approach unsuitable for catching up with advancements in SSD technology. At the same time, increasing the native SATA speed to 12 Gbit/s would require too many changes to the SATA standard, ending up in a more costly and less power efficient solution compared with the already available and widely adopted PCI Express bus. Thus, PCI Express", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17583530", "score": "1.0480232", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "PCI Express", "text": "this allows much higher transfer rates (over 1 GB/s) and IOPS (over one million I/O operations per second) when compared to Serial ATA or SAS drives. For example, in 2011 OCZ and Marvell co-developed a native PCI Express solid-state drive controller for a PCI Express 3.0 ×16 slot with maximum capacity of 12 TB and a performance of to 7.2 GB/s sequential transfers and up to 2.52 million IOPS in random transfers. SATA Express is an interface for connecting SSDs, by providing multiple PCI Express lanes as a pure PCI Express connection to the attached storage device. M.2 is a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1278017", "score": "1.0442353", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "the M.2 standard is a small form factor implementation of the SATA Express interface, with the addition of an internal USB 3.0 port. U.2, formerly known as SFF-8639. Like its predecessor it carries a PCI Express electrical signal, however U.2 uses a PCIe 3.0 ×4 link providing a higher bandwidth of 32 Gbit/s in each direction. In order to provide maximum backward compatibility the U.2 connector also supports SATA and multi-path SAS. The SATA specification defines three distinct protocol layers: physical, link, and transport. The physical layer defines SATA's electrical and physical characteristics (such as cable dimensions and parasitics, driver", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487296", "score": "1.0421015", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "The host connector is backward compatible with the standard 3.5-inch SATA data connector, allowing up to two legacy SATA devices to connect. At the same time, the host connector provides up to two PCI Express 3.0 lanes as a pure PCI Express connection to the storage device, allowing bandwidths of up to 2 GB/s. Instead of the otherwise usual approach of doubling the native speed of the SATA interface, PCI Express was selected for achieving data transfer speeds greater than 6 Gbit/s. It was concluded that doubling the native SATA speed would take too much time, too many changes would", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487293", "score": "1.0316423", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "revision 2.0. It is backward compatible with SATA 3 Gbit/s. The SATA 3.0 specification contains the following changes: In general, the enhancements are aimed at improving quality of service for video streaming and high-priority interrupts. In addition, the standard continues to support distances up to one meter. The newer speeds may require higher power consumption for supporting chips, though improved process technologies and power management techniques may mitigate this. The later specification can use existing SATA cables and connectors, though it was reported in 2008 that some OEMs were expected to upgrade host connectors for the higher speeds. Released in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487275", "score": "1.0298146", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "supply power to these drives. Connectors and cables present the most visible differences between SATA and parallel ATA drives. Unlike PATA, the same connectors are used on SATA hard disks (for desktop and server computers) and disks (for portable or small computers). Standard SATA connectors for both data and power have a conductor pitch of . Low insertion force is required to mate a SATA connector. A smaller mini-SATA or mSATA connector is used by smaller devices such as 1.8-inch SATA drives, some DVD and Blu-ray drives, and mini SSDs. A special eSATA connector is specified for external devices, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487277", "score": "1.0279719", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "USB", "text": "transceivers. By contrast, the MIDI plug standard and Ethernet have built-in isolation to or more. The eSATA connector is a more robust SATA connector, intended for connection to external hard drives and SSDs. eSATA's transfer rate (up to 6 Gbit/s) is similar to that of USB 3.0 (up to 5 Gbit/s on current devices; 10 Gbit/s speeds via USB 3.1, announced on 31 July 2013). A device connected by eSATA appears as an ordinary SATA device, giving both full performance and full compatibility associated with internal drives. eSATA does not supply power to external devices. This is an increasing disadvantage", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "439041", "score": "1.0043861", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Hard disk drive", "text": "is 3.0 Gbit/s SATA, which can send about 300 megabyte/s (10-bit encoding) from the buffer to the computer, and thus is still comfortably ahead of today's disk-to-buffer transfer rates. Data transfer rate (read/write) can be measured by writing a large file to disk using special file generator tools, then reading back the file. Transfer rate can be influenced by file system fragmentation and the layout of the files. HDD data transfer rate depends upon the rotational speed of the platters and the data recording density. Because heat and vibration limit rotational speed, advancing density becomes the main method to improve", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179367", "score": "1.0040346", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "voltage level and receiver operating range), as well as the physical coding subsystem (bit-level encoding, device detection on the wire, and link initialization). Physical transmission uses differential signaling. The SATA PHY contains a transmit pair and receive pair. When the SATA-link is not in use (example: no device attached), the transmitter allows the transmit pins to float to their common-mode voltage level. When the SATA-link is either active or in the link-initialization phase, the transmitter drives the transmit pins at the specified differential voltage (1.5 V in SATA/I). SATA physical coding uses a line encoding system known as 8b/10b encoding.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487297", "score": "0.99907744", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "connectors are designed for hot swapping. Many server and RAID systems provide hardware support for transparent hot swapping. The designers of the SCSI standard prior to SCA-2 connectors did not target hot swapping, but in practice, most RAID implementations support hot swapping of hard disks. Serial ATA Serial ATA (SATA, abbreviated from Serial AT Attachment) is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid-state drives. Serial ATA succeeded the older Parallel ATA (PATA) standard to become the predominant interface for storage devices. Serial ATA industry compatibility", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487311", "score": "0.9982188", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Parallel ATA", "text": "interface is rarely used even if present, as four or more Serial ATA connectors are usually provided on the motherboard and SATA devices of all types are common. With Western Digital's withdrawal from the PATA market, hard disk drives with the PATA interface were no longer in production after December 2013 for other than specialty applications. Parallel ATA cables transfer data 16 bits at a time. The traditional cable uses 40-pin connectors attached to a ribbon cable. Each cable has two or three connectors, one of which plugs into an adapter interfacing with the rest of the computer system. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "30102", "score": "0.99814725", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Port multiplier", "text": "Port multiplier A Serial ATA port multiplier (SATA PM) is a device that allows multiple SATA devices to be connected to a single SATA host port. Many common controllers do not support this feature, as it is not a requirement for a SATA controller. Port multipliers have the following potential benefits: A Serial ATA port multiplier is a unilateral splitting device. While it allows one equipped port to connect up to 15 disks, the bandwidth available is limited to the bandwidth of the link to the controller, 1.5, 3, or 6 Gbit/s. While the controller is aware that there are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11432860", "score": "0.9979155", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "1394b specification reaches around 400 MB/s (3.2 Gbit/s), and USB 3.0 has a nominal speed of 5 Gbit/s. Some low-level drive features, such as S.M.A.R.T., may not operate through some USB or FireWire or USB+FireWire bridges; eSATA does not suffer from these issues provided that the controller manufacturer (and its drivers) presents eSATA drives as ATA devices, rather than as SCSI devices, as has been common with Silicon Image, JMicron, and NVIDIA nForce drivers for Windows Vista. In those cases SATA drives do not have low-level features accessible. The eSATA version of SATA 6G operates at 6.0 Gbit/s (the term", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487286", "score": "0.99596274", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "3.3 V. There are also four-pin Molex-to-SATA power adapters that include electronics to additionally provide the 3.3 V power supply. However, most drives do not require the 3.3 V power line. SATA 2.6 is the first revision that defined the slimline connector, intended for smaller form-factors such as notebook optical drives. Pin 1 of the slimline power connector, denoting device presence, is shorter than the others to allow hot-swapping. The slimline signal connector is identical and compatible with the standard version, while the power connector is reduced to six pins so it supplies only +5 V, and not +12 V", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487283", "score": "0.9822632", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "ESATAp", "text": "machine with multiple hard disks (HDD) using one eSATA cable. On many notebook computers only a limited amount of power at 5 V is available, and none at all at 12 V. Devices requiring more power than is available via the Expresscard, or an additional 12 V supply as required by most 3.5\" or 5.25\" drives, can be driven if an additional power supply is used. Cables are available to both connect and power a SATA device from an eSATAp port (including 12 V power if available). eSATAp throughput is not necessarily the same as SATA, many enclosures and docks", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14829922", "score": "0.97538066", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "D-subminiature", "text": "the SATA connector as part of a cable assembly is specified to withstand only 50 manual insertions—but the robustness of the D-sub is more than is needed in many consumer product applications. Due to the environments within factories and mills, serial and parallel protocols are commonly used (and in some cases current standards) for their combination of maximum cable length, sufficient speed, and compatibility with old equipment with long life expectancies. As D-Sub connectors have remained popular with these specifications, they are still commonly in use today where their robustness is required. The connectors' pricing is also less of a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2357005", "score": "0.9741961", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "SATA Express", "text": "SATA Express SATA Express (abbreviated from Serial ATA Express and sometimes unofficially shortened to SATAe) is a computer bus interface that supports both Serial ATA (SATA) and PCI Express (PCIe) storage devices, initially standardized in the SATA 3.2 specification. The SATA Express connector used on the host side is backward compatible with the standard 3.5-inch SATA data connector, while it also provides two PCI Express lanes as a pure PCI Express connection to the storage device. Instead of continuing with the SATA interface's usual approach of doubling its native speed with each major version, SATA 3.2 specification included the PCI", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17583526", "score": "0.97207415", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "M.2", "text": "and solid-state drives (SSDs). The SATA revision 3.2 specification, in its gold revision , standardizes the M.2 as a new format for storage devices and specifies its hardware layout. The M.2 specification provides up to four PCI Express lanes and one logical SATA 3.0 (6 Gbit/s) port, and exposes them through the same connector so both PCI Express and SATA storage devices may exist in the form of M.2 modules. Exposed PCI Express lanes provide a pure PCI Express connection between the host and storage device, with no additional layers of bus abstraction. PCI-SIG M.2 specification, in its revision 1.0", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17548569", "score": "0.96895504", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "Serial ATA Serial ATA (SATA, abbreviated from Serial AT Attachment) is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid-state drives. Serial ATA succeeded the older Parallel ATA (PATA) standard to become the predominant interface for storage devices. Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from the Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO) which are then promulated by the INCITS T13 subcommittee ATA Attachment SATA was announced in 2000 in order to provide several advantages over the older PATA interface such as reduced cable size and cost (seven conductors", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1487263", "score": "0.96723163", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "SATA Express", "text": "different usage of available pins. The table below summarizes the compatibility of involved connectors. Device-level backward compatibility for SATA Express is ensured by fully supporting legacy SATA 3.0 (6 Gbit/s) storage devices, both on the electrical level and through the required operating system support. Mechanically, connectors on the host side retain their backward compatibility in a way similar to how USB 3.0 does it the new host-side SATA Express connector is made by \"stacking\" an additional connector on top of two legacy 3.5-inch SATA data connectors, which are regular SATA 3.0 (6 Gbit/s) ports that can accept legacy SATA devices.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17583540", "score": "0.96527386", "original_retrieval_index": 35 } ]

{ "title": "Serial ATA", "long_answer": "Revision 1.0a was released on January 7, 2003. First-generation SATA interfaces, now known as SATA 1.5 Gbit/s, communicate at a rate of 1.5 Gbit/s, and do not support Native Command Queuing (NCQ). Taking 8b/10b encoding overhead into account, they have an actual uncoded transfer rate of 1.2 Gbit/s (150 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1.5 Gbit/s is similar to that of PATA/133, but newer SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ, which improve performance in a multitasking environment.", "chunked_long_answer": "Revision 1.0a was released on January 7, 2003. First-generation SATA interfaces, now known as SATA 1.5 Gbit/s, communicate at a rate of 1.5 Gbit/s, and do not support Native Command Queuing (NCQ). Taking 8b/10b encoding overhead into account, they have an actual uncoded transfer rate of 1.2 Gbit/s (150 MB/s). The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1.5 Gbit/s is similar to that of PATA/133, but newer SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ, which improve performance in a multitasking environment.", "short_answers": [ "1.5 Gbit/s" ] }

[ "optic nerve", "The optic nerve" ]

[ { "title": "Retina", "text": "is \"wired wrongly\" or \"badly designed\"; but in fact, the retina could not function if it were not inverted. The photoreceptor layer must be embedded in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which performs at least seven vital functions, one of the most obvious being to supply oxygen and other necessary nutrients needed for the photoreceptors to function. These nutrients include glucose, fatty acids, and retinal. The mammalian photoreceptor amplification process uses large quantities energy for vision in photopic conditions (requiring less under scotopic conditions) and, thus, requires the large supply nutrients supplied by the blood vessels in the choroid, which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "586611", "score": "0.9347153", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Retina", "text": "of the forkhead transcription factors FOXD1 and FOXG1. Additional gradients are formed within the retina that aid in proper targeting of RGC axons that function to establish the retinotopic map. The retina is stratified into distinct layers, each containing specific cell types or cellular compartments that have metabolisms with different nutritional requirements. To satisfy these requirements, the ophthalmic artery bifurcates and supplies the retina via two distinct vascular networks: the choroidal network, which supplies the choroid and the outer retina, and the retinal network, which supplies the retina's inner layer. At first glance, one may think that the vertebrate retina", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "586610", "score": "0.9094046", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Retina", "text": "lies beyond the RPE. The choroid supplies about 75% of these nutrients to the retina and the retinal vasculature only 25%. When light strikes 11-cis-retinal (in the disks in the rods and cones), 11-cis-retinal changes to all-trans-retinal which then triggers changes in the opsins. Now, the outer segments do not regenerate the retinal back into the cis- form once it has been changed by light. Instead the retinal is pumped out to the surrounding RPE where it is regenerated and transported back into the outer segments of the photoreceptors. This recycling function of the RPE protects the photoreceptors against photo-oxidative", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "586612", "score": "0.89977515", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Conjunctiva", "text": "Conjunctiva The conjunctiva lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye). It is composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, and also stratified columnar epithelium. The conjunctiva is highly vascularised, with many microvessels easily accessible for imaging studies. The conjunctiva is typically divided into three parts: Blood to the bulbar conjunctiva is primarily derived from the ophthalmic artery. The blood supply to the palpebral conjunctiva (the eyelid) is derived from the external carotid artery. However, the circulation of the bulbar conjunctiva and palpebral conjunctiva are linked, so both bulbar conjunctival and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3495858", "score": "0.89888954", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Eye", "text": "pigment epithelium, and constitutes the cells of the dilator muscle. The vitreous is the transparent, colourless, gelatinous mass that fills the space between the lens of the eye and the retina lining the back of the eye. It is produced by certain retinal cells. It is of rather similar composition to the cornea, but contains very few cells (mostly phagocytes which remove unwanted cellular debris in the visual field, as well as the hyalocytes of Balazs of the surface of the vitreous, which reprocess the hyaluronic acid), no blood vessels, and 98–99% of its volume is water (as opposed to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1379496", "score": "0.86770153", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Retina", "text": "Retina The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer, or \"coat\", of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception, the retina serving much the same function as film or a CCD in a camera. The retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses. The neural retina refers to the three layers of neural cells (photo receptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells) within", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "586592", "score": "0.86402524", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Retinylidene protein", "text": "of retinal at the ground state that photoisomerizes to an all-\"trans\" retinal upon light activation. They are commonly found in the light-sensing organs, for example in the photoreceptor cells of vertebrate retina where they facilitate eyesight. Animal opsins can also be found in the skin of amphibians, the pineal glands of lizards and birds, the hypothalamus of toads, and the human brain. They can be categorized into several distinct classes including: The \"visual purple\" rhodopsin (opsin-2) of the rod cells in the vertebrate retina absorbs green-blue light. The photopsins of the cone cells of the retina differ in a few", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9921682", "score": "0.86113214", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Sclera", "text": "pass. The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva (which is a thin layer covering the sclera), those in the episclera render the inflamed eye bright red. In many vertebrates, the sclera is reinforced with plates of cartilage or bone, together forming a circular structure called the sclerotic ring. In primitive fish, this ring consists of four plates, but the number is lower in many living ray-finned fishes, and much higher", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1775823", "score": "0.8534487", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Retinal haemorrhage", "text": "Retinal haemorrhage Retinal haemorrhage is a disorder of the eye in which bleeding occurs in the retina, the light sensitive tissue, located on the back wall of the eye. There are photoreceptor cells in the retina called rods and cones, which transduce light energy into nerve signals that can be processed by the brain to form visual images. Retinal hemorrhage can affect adults, and newborn babies and infants may also suffer from this disorder. A retinal hemorrhage can be caused by several medical conditions such as hypertension, retinal vein occlusion (a blockage of a retinal vein), anemia, leukemia or diabetes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4671595", "score": "0.8530621", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Retina", "text": "In section, the retina is no more than 0.5 mm thick. It has three layers of nerve cells and two of synapses, including the unique ribbon synapse. The optic nerve carries the ganglion cell axons to the brain, and the blood vessels that supply the retina. The ganglion cells lie innermost in the eye while the photoreceptive cells lie beyond. Because of this counter-intuitive arrangement, light must first pass through and around the ganglion cells and through the thickness of the retina, (including its capillary vessels, not shown) before reaching the rods and cones. Light is absorbed by the retinal", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Retinopathy", "text": "blood to sludge, or thicken and flow slowly, through the retinal arteries. Other disorders that cause hyperviscosity syndrome may also cause blood sludging. Lastly, clots or central artery thrombosis directly blocks flow to the retina causing the cells to die. Proliferative retinopathy is the result of aberrant blood flow to the retina due to blood vessel overgrowth, or neovascularization. These pathologically overgrown blood vessels are often fragile, weak, and ineffective at perfusing the retinal tissues. These weak, fragile vessels are also often leaky, allowing fluids, protein, and other debris to leech out into the retina. They are also prone to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "669743", "score": "0.84767294", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Retina", "text": "entire retina contains about 7 million cones and 75 to 150 million rods. The optic disc, a part of the retina sometimes called \"the blind spot\" because it lacks photoreceptors, is located at the optic papilla, where the optic-nerve fibres leave the eye. It appears as an oval white area of 3 mm². Temporal (in the direction of the temples) to this disc is the macula, at whose centre is the fovea, a pit that is responsible for our sharp central vision but is actually less sensitive to light because of its lack of rods. Human and non-human primates possess", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "586601", "score": "0.84621894", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Diabetic retinopathy", "text": "show areas of retinal thickening due to fluid accumulation from macular edema. In the second stage, abnormal new blood vessels (neovascularisation) form at the back of the eye as part of \"proliferative diabetic retinopathy\" (PDR); these can burst and bleed (vitreous hemorrhage) and blur the vision, because these new blood vessels are fragile. The first time this bleeding occurs, it may not be very severe. In most cases, it will leave just a few specks of blood, or spots floating in a person's visual field, though the spots often go away after a few hours. These spots are often followed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "669752", "score": "0.8459787", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Epiretinal membrane", "text": "field dependent aniseikonia that cannot be fully corrected optically with glasses. Partial correction often improves the binocular vision considerably though. In the young (under 50 years of age), these cells occasionally pull free and disintegrate on their own; but in the majority of sufferers (over 60 years of age) the condition is permanent. The underlying photoreceptor cells, rod cells and cone cells, are usually not damaged unless the membrane becomes quite thick and hard; so usually there is no macular degeneration. The source of the cells in epiretinal membranes (ERM) has been found to comprise glial cells, retinal pigment epithelial", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9907005", "score": "0.84564614", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Special senses", "text": "light from its surroundings onto a light-sensitive membrane in the back of the eye, called the retina. The retina is actually part of the brain that is isolated to serve as a transducer for the conversion of light into neuronal signals. Based on feedback from the visual system, the lens of the eye adjusts its thickness to focus light on the photoreceptive cells of the retina, also known as the rods and cones, which detect the photons of light and respond by producing neural impulses. These signals are processed via complex feedforward and feedback processes by different parts of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6283551", "score": "0.8443588", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Conjunctiva", "text": "palpebral conjunctival vessels will be supplied by both the ophthalmic artery and the external carotid artery, to varying extents. Sensory innervation of the conjunctiva is divided into four parts: The conjunctiva consists of non-keratinized, both stratified squamous and stratified columnar epithelium, with interspersed goblet cells. The epithelial layer contains blood vessels, fibrous tissue, and lymphatic channels. Accessory lacrimal glands in the conjunctiva constantly produce the aqueous portion of tears. Additional cells present in the conjunctival epithelium include melanocytes, T and B cell lymphocytes. The conjunctiva helps lubricate the eye by producing mucus and tears, although a smaller volume of tears", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3495859", "score": "0.8442194", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Rubeosis iridis", "text": "VEGF. These factors stimulate the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Unfortunately, these new vessels do not have the same characteristics as the blood vessels originally formed in the eye. In addition, new blood vessels can form in areas that do not have them. Specifically, new blood vessels can be observed on the iris. In addition to the blood vessels in the iris, they can grow into the angle of the eye. These blood vessels eventually go through a process called fibrosis which closes the normal physiologic anatomy of the angle. The closing of the angle prevents fluid from leaving", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8140213", "score": "0.843292", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Retinol", "text": "(three forms/colors in humans), responsible for color vision and sensing relatively high light intensities (day vision), are less impaired at early stages of the vitamin A deficiency. All these protein-pigment complexes are located in the light-sensing cells in eye's retina. When stimulated by light, rhodopsin splits into a protein and a cofactor: opsin and all-\"trans\"-retinal (a form of vitamin A). The regeneration of active rhodopsin requires opsin and 11-\"cis\"-retinal. The regeneration of 11-\"cis\"-retinal occurs in vertebrates via a sequence of chemical transformations that constitute \"the visual cycle\" and which occurs primarily in the retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Without adequate amounts", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "648095", "score": "0.84118587", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Blood–retinal barrier", "text": "Blood–retinal barrier The blood–retinal barrier, or the BRB, is part of the blood–ocular barrier that consists of cells that are joined tightly together to prevent certain substances from entering the tissue of the retina. It consists of non-fenestrated capillaries of the retinal circulation and tight-junctions between retinal epithelial cells preventing passage of large molecules from choriocapillaris into the retina. The blood retinal barrier has two components: the retinal vascular endothelium and the retinal pigment epithelium. Retinal blood vessels that are similar to cerebral blood vessels maintain the inner blood-ocular barrier. This physiological barrier comprises a single layer of non-fenestrated endothelial", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10597227", "score": "0.84079087", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Optics and vision", "text": "called the retina. The retina converts patterns of light into neuronal signals. The lens of the eye focuses light on the photoreceptive cells of the retina, which detect the photons of light and respond by producing neural impulses. These signals are processed in a hierarchical fashion by different parts of the brain, from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus, to the primary and secondary visual cortex of the brain. Signals from the retina can also travel directly from the retina to the Superior colliculus. The human eye is an organ which reacts to light for several purposes. As a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13969120", "score": "0.84028506", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Retinal ganglion cell", "text": "reference source, please consult \"Connecting the Retina to the Brain\" by Erskine et al. and \"Retinal Axon Growth at the Optic Chiasm\" by Petros TJ et al. Most information highlighted below comes from these two excellent reviews. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are born between embryonic day 11 (E11) and post-natals (PN) day zero (PN0) in the mouse and between week 5 and week 18 \"in utero\" in human development. In mammals, RGCs are typically added at the beginning in the dorsal-central aspect of the [[Optic cup (embryology)|optic cup]], which is located in the center of the eye. Then, RC growth", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3410592", "score": "0.8373538", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Retinal precursor cells", "text": "retina is generated from the precursor cells within the inner layer of the optic cup, as opposed to the retinal pigment epithelium that originate from the outer layer of the optic cup. In general, the developing retina is organized so that the least-committed precursor cells are located in the periphery of the retina, while the committed cells are located in the center of the retina. The differentiation of retinal precursor cells into the mature cell types found in the retina is coordinated in time and space by factors within the cell as well as factors in the environment of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17123143", "score": "0.8372195", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Blood–retinal barrier", "text": "cells, which have tight junctions. These junctions are impervious to tracer, so many substances can affect the metabolism of the eyeball. The retinal pigment epithelium maintains the outer blood–retinal barrier. Diabetic retinopathy, eye damage that frequently occurs as a result of diabetes, is related to the breakdown of the blood–retinal barrier. The barrier becomes more leaky in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Animal models have shown that the blood–retinal barrier becomes more permeable to substances in hypertensive animals (those with high blood pressure). Blood–retinal barrier The blood–retinal barrier, or the BRB, is part of the blood–ocular barrier that consists of cells", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10597228", "score": "0.8358134", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Retinal haemorrhage", "text": "and flaxseed oil. Retinal haemorrhage Retinal haemorrhage is a disorder of the eye in which bleeding occurs in the retina, the light sensitive tissue, located on the back wall of the eye. There are photoreceptor cells in the retina called rods and cones, which transduce light energy into nerve signals that can be processed by the brain to form visual images. Retinal hemorrhage can affect adults, and newborn babies and infants may also suffer from this disorder. A retinal hemorrhage can be caused by several medical conditions such as hypertension, retinal vein occlusion (a blockage of a retinal vein), anemia,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4671601", "score": "0.8305644", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Retina", "text": "damage and allows the photoreceptor cells to have decades-long useful lives. The bird retina is devoid of blood vessels, perhaps to give unobscured passage of light for forming images, thus giving better resolution. It is, therefore, a considered view that the bird retina depends for nutrition and oxygen supply on a specialized organ, called the \"pecten\" or pecten oculi, located on the blind spot or optic disk. This organ is extremely rich in blood vessels and is thought to supply nutrition and oxygen to the bird retina by diffusion through the vitreous body. The pecten is highly rich in alkaline", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "586613", "score": "0.8292327", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Visual acuity", "text": "path called the visual axis. The eye's tissues and structures that are in the visual axis (and also the tissues adjacent to it) affect the quality of the image. These structures are: tear film, cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, lens, vitreous, and finally the retina. The posterior part of the retina, called the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is responsible for, among many other things, absorbing light that crosses the retina so it cannot bounce to other parts of the retina. In many vertebrates, such as cats, where high visual acuity is not a priority, there is a reflecting tapetum layer that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3114830", "score": "0.8291718", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "Retinotopy", "text": "circular image or angled lines about focus point. The radial map displays the distance from the center of vision. The angular map shows angular location using rays angled about the center of vision. Combining the radial and angular maps, you can see the separate regions of the visual cortex and the smaller maps in each region. Retinotopy Retinotopy (from Greek τόπος, place) is the mapping of visual input from the retina to neurons, particularly those neurons within the visual stream. For clarity, 'retinotopy' can be replaced with 'retinal mapping', and 'retinotopic' with 'retinally mapped'. Visual field maps (retinotopic maps) are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6022835", "score": "0.8283738", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "Fundus (eye)", "text": "regularity of the border of macular area, size and shape of the optic disc, apparent 'texturing' of retina, and pigmentation of retina. Medical signs that can be detected from observation of eye fundus (generally by funduscopy) include hemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots, blood vessel abnormalities (tortuosity, pulsation and new vessels) and pigmentation. Arteriolar constriction, seen as \"silver wiring\", and vascular tortuosities are seen in hypertensive retinopathy. The eye's fundus is the only part of the human body where the microcirculation can be observed directly. The diameter of the blood vessels around the optic disc is about 150 μm, and an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8836841", "score": "0.82788116", "original_retrieval_index": 41 }, { "title": "Retina", "text": "the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the nucleus of the optic tract. It passes through the other layers, creating the optic disc in primates. Additional structures, not directly associated with vision, are found as outgrowths of the retina in some vertebrate groups. In birds, the pecten is a vascular structure of complex shape that projects from the retina into the vitreous humour; it supplies oxygen and nutrients to the eye, and may also aid in vision. Reptiles have a similar, but much simpler, structure. In adult humans, the entire retina is approximately 72% of a sphere about 22 mm in diameter. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "586600", "score": "0.82776475", "original_retrieval_index": 42 }, { "title": "Retinal ganglion cell", "text": "small size made them hard to find. About 10% of all retinal ganglion cells are bistratified cells, and these cells go through the koniocellular pathway. They receive inputs from intermediate numbers of rods and cones. They have moderate spatial resolution, moderate conduction velocity, and can respond to moderate-contrast stimuli. They may be involved in color vision. They have very large receptive fields that only have centers (no surrounds) and are always ON to the blue cone and OFF to both the red and green cone. Photosensitive ganglion cells, including but not limited to the giant retinal ganglion cells, contain their", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3410590", "score": "0.82686716", "original_retrieval_index": 44 } ]

{ "title": "Retina", "long_answer": "In section, the retina is no more than 0.5 mm thick. It has three layers of nerve cells and two of synapses, including the unique ribbon synapse. The optic nerve carries the ganglion cell axons to the brain, and the blood vessels that supply the retina. The ganglion cells lie innermost in the eye while the photoreceptive cells lie beyond. Because of this counter-intuitive arrangement, light must first pass through and around the ganglion cells and through the thickness of the retina, (including its capillary vessels, not shown) before reaching the rods and cones. Light is absorbed by the retinal pigment epithelium or the choroid (both of which are opaque).", "chunked_long_answer": "In section, the retina is no more than 0.5 mm thick. It has three layers of nerve cells and two of synapses, including the unique ribbon synapse. The optic nerve carries the ganglion cell axons to the brain, and the blood vessels that supply the retina. The ganglion cells lie innermost in the eye while the photoreceptive cells lie beyond. Because of this counter-intuitive arrangement, light must first pass through and around the ganglion cells and through the thickness of the retina, (including its capillary vessels, not shown) before reaching the rods and cones. Light is absorbed by the retinal", "short_answers": [ "The optic nerve", "optic nerve" ] }

[ "Rose", "\"Rose\"", "Season two" ]

[ { "title": "Klaus (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "leaves Elijah to go to Jenna. In a flashback, we see that Elijah was in love with Katherine back in 1492. Elena tries to calm Jenna down and tells her the whole truth. Then, she goes back to Elijah, asking him to tell her about the curse. Elijah tells her that his mother was unfaithful to his father and Klaus is a brother from another father, a werewolf, something that makes Klaus both a vampire and a werewolf. Klaus wants to break the curse that is upon him so he can reawaken his werewolf side and create an army of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18332424", "score": "1.1827822", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Klaus (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "hybrids. Since Klaus is both a vampire and a werewolf, Elijah explains Elena that the dagger cannot kill him, and they have to try to do it using a witch when Klaus is on transition, a moment that makes him weak. Elena tells him that she knows a witch that can channel the power they need, and Elijah tells her that the curse needs to be broken during a full moon. Through another flashback, we see that Elijah found a way to protect the life of the doppelgänger during the sacrifice, meaning he can protect Elena's life. Katherine did not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18332425", "score": "1.1388327", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "they became vampires, can kill Originals. Elijah then works with a witch to locate Elena. The witch is able to locate her, so he goes to Mystic Falls to confront her, where he ends up saving her from a group of vampires who also wanted to take Elena. It is revealed that those vampires wanted to hand her over to Klaus. When Elijah discovers this, he makes peace with Elena and her friends, because he wants to use Elena as bait to draw out Klaus and kill him. He thus makes a deal with Elena that if she helps him", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16408372", "score": "1.1383733", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "The Vampire Diaries (season 3)", "text": "premiered on Thursday, September 15, 2011. The series stars Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce, Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore and Silas, Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore, Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert, Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett, Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes, Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan, Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman and Joseph Morgan as Klaus. 7th Heaven's David Gallagher was cast as werewolf Ray Sutton who has a run-in with Klaus in Tennessee. Australian actress, Claire Holt has been cast as Rebekah the sister of Klaus and Elijah, a beautiful", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15598639", "score": "1.1180325", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "Elijah is trapped in a room with animal heads which represent each brother of the family. To escape, Elijah discovers you must ruin the representation of each other, thus causing him to share with Klaus that he killed Tatia. When Klaus proves he is capable of forgiveness the spell is broken and they are free. Niklaus Mikaelson (more commonly called Klaus) is physically the most powerful immortal supernatural being in \"The Vampire Diaries\" and \"The Originals\" universe. He is shown to be cruel, sadistic, ruthless. He's portrayed by British actor Joseph Morgan. After the Original couple moved to the Americas,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16408380", "score": "1.1151545", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "not trust Elijah and chose to flee. Later, he would punish her for her betrayal by compelling her to stay in a tomb until he said otherwise. Elena is rescued by the Salvatore brothers not long after Elijah kills Trevor, who had betrayed Elijah in the past by helping Katerina escape. The Salvatores attack Elijah and succeed in staking him; however, he comes back to life at the end of the episode because he is an Original Vampire who can not be killed by any wooden stake. Only wood from the ancient White Oak Tree, which his family burned when", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16408371", "score": "1.1141465", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "leaves Mystic Falls a tortured soul, ashamed of his own barbaric actions and those of his family's. He is shown to be one of the most sophisticated and peaceful of the Original siblings, alongside his older brother Finn. He is the most compromising regarding Elena and her friends. Elijah and Elena develop a sort of understanding, and Elena comes to be fond of Elijah's company. She thus feels especially betrayed when earlier Elijah threatened to allow Rebekah to kill Elena if the Salvatore brothers are not able to stop Esther Mikaelson from killing the Original Family. However, in the 18th", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16408376", "score": "1.1102651", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "The Vampire Diaries (season 3)", "text": "an injury. She uses vampire blood to cure people and starts dating Alaric. On November 16, 2011, it was announced that Robert Ri'chard was cast as Jamie a new love interest for resident witch Bonnie. On November 22, 2011, it was announced that Daniel Newman was cast as Daniel Warren, appearing in one episode. Australian actor Nathaniel Buzolic has been cast to play Klaus and Elijah's brother Kol and English actor Caspar Zafer has been cast as their other brother Finn. On January 13, 2012, it was announced that Cassidy Freeman was cast as Sage. On March 31, 2012, Sara", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15598642", "score": "1.1014345", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "kill Klaus, he will leave her family and her friends alone and keep them safe. However, he intends for Elena to be successfully sacrificed, as once Klaus breaks the curse and starts transforming, he will be left vulnerable enough to be killed. During a series of events, Elijah is temporarily \"killed\" when Elena stabs him with a mystical dagger that can kill an Original when dipped in ash from the White Oak Tree. When Klaus comes to town, Elena un-daggers Elijah because she needs his help, and he then reveals to her his family's history, and the fact that Klaus", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16408373", "score": "1.0947372", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "The Vampire Diaries (season 2)", "text": "by The CW for a full 22-episode season on February 16, 2010. The first episode premiered on September 9, 2010, at 8 p.m. ET. The season picks up immediately after the events of the season one finale. All the series regulars returned. Season two focuses on the return of Elena Gilbert's (Nina Dobrev) doppelgänger, Katherine Pierce, the introduction of werewolves, the sun and moon curse, and the arrival of the original vampires. Tyler Lockwood's (Michael Trevino) uncle, Mason Lockwood (Taylor Kinney), arrives in town searching for the moonstone, a family heirloom. Tyler later learns of his family's werewolf curse. Meanwhile,", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Vampire Diaries (season 2)", "text": "for the moonstone, a family heirloom. Tyler later learns of his family's werewolf curse. Meanwhile, Caroline Forbes (Candice Accola) is killed by Katherine while having Damon Salvatore's (Ian Somerhalder) blood in her system, turning her into a vampire. The arrival of the original vampires, Elijah (Daniel Gillies) and Klaus Mikaelson (Joseph Morgan), also bring about complications. Klaus is a vampire-werewolf hybrid, but his werewolf side had been forced into dormancy by witches, as nature would not stand for such an imbalance in power. Therefore, Klaus arrives in town with plans to break the curse and unleash his werewolf side by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14843200", "score": "1.0917325", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "The Vampire Diaries (season 2)", "text": "curse is on Klaus, who therefore wants to kill her. But Elijah says he has an elixir that can save Elena from dying. Elena believes Elijah, but Damon says that there is another way to save her life and feeds her his blood. Stefan tries to stop him, but he stabs in the chest with the wooden dagger. Elena then cries that she will be a vampire against her will. Maddox kidnaps Tyler and Caroline. Damon frees them and is bitten. Then he goes to Klaus to tell him that he does not have a werewolf and witch, as he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14843213", "score": "1.0823865", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "episode of season 3, Elena professes that she hopes that her vampire friends are descended from Elijah's bloodline, so that he can be spared. Elijah returns to town in the season three finale episode, \"The Departed\", in order to make a deal with Elena and her friends. Elijah proposes that he be allowed to take Klaus's desiccated (by witch Bonnie and help from the Salvatores and Tyler) body with him and his siblings and leave town, and in exchange, he would make sure that Klaus would not be resurrected within Elena's lifetime or even that of her children, stating: \"perhaps", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16408377", "score": "1.0823157", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "to kill Klaus. When Elijah awakes, he undaggers the rest of his siblings who were located in similar coffins in the same room. They begin to plot their revenge against Klaus; however, before they can make their move, their mother Esther, thought to be dead, reappears and convinces the siblings to be a family again [which later turns out to be a front for her true motives; she wants to link her children's lives together and kill one of them to kill the rest, rendering vampires extinct]. After Elijah foils his mother's plans to kill him and his siblings, he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16408375", "score": "1.0796199", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "The Vampire Diaries (season 2)", "text": "tells her that Klaus will be weakened by the sacrificial ritual, meaning that Elena has to die so that Elijah can kill him and free his sister. John gives Damon the special dagger to kill Elijah. Elena finds out that if a vampire uses the dagger, that vampire will die. Stefan warns Damon and Alaric stabs Elijah, but he pulls the dagger out and tells Elena their deal is off. Elena stabs herself in the stomach, and Elijah begs her to let him heal her. She stabs him with the dagger and leaves it in him. Elijah's death means that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14843210", "score": "1.0795838", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "The Dinner Party (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "to keep her family and friends safe. Elijah does not seem to agree and Elena threatens to kill herself and become a vampire, just like Katherine did, something the will make her useless for him. Elijah calls her bluff but Elena moves on and stabs herself in the stomach. Elijah freaks out, accepts the deal and asks her to let him heal her. When he gets close enough, Elena stabs him with the dagger and Elijah falls dead. Stefan gives Elena his blood to heal her and Damon is also there reminding to not remove the dagger from the body.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18248892", "score": "1.0686513", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Vampire Diaries (season 3)", "text": "daughter has become a monster, but later accepts her. Alice Evans joined the cast as the original witch Esther, Klaus' mother. She was first seen in a flashback in episode eight. Daniel Gillies will also return first appearing in a flashback during episode eight as Klaus' brother, Elijah. Persia White has been cast as Bonnie's mother, Abby Bennett. On November 10, 2011, it was announced that Paul Wesley's wife Torrey DeVitto was cast as Meredith Fell (based off Meredith Sulez from the source novel), a young doctor who is fascinated by Alaric, when she notices how quickly he recovers from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15598641", "score": "1.0679735", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "All My Children (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "All My Children (The Vampire Diaries) \"All My Children\" is the fifteenth episode of the third season of The CW television series, \"The Vampire Diaries\" and the 59th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on February 16, 2012. The episode was written by Evan Bleiweiss & Michael Narducci and directed by Pascal Verschooris. Elijah (Daniel Gillies) finds evidence that Esther (Alice Evans) was casting a spell during the ball and he believes that Elena (Nina Dobrev) lied to him. He kidnaps Elena who tells him that Esther wants to kill them all. Elijah takes Elena into the tunnels", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19273924", "score": "1.067399", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "The Vampire Diaries (season 5)", "text": "Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore; Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert; Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes; Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan; Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett and Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, who is still under contract. Within the first three episodes, four new characters were introduced: Nadia, a girl with a mission of revenge who has traveled around the world, Jesse, an upper-class boy who goes to college, Actors Olga Fonda and Kendrick Sampson were cast in the roles of Nadia and Jesse, respectively. On August 2, 2013, it was announced that Janina Gavankar will play Tessa. The Vampire", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17159305", "score": "1.0659678", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Crying Wolf (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "for a romantic weekend at her parents' house near the lake. When they get there, Elena remembers her parents and memories of them at the house come back to her mind. Stefan is there for her and they later find out a secret place where Elena's parents were hiding vampire weapons as well as other Gilbert journals. Damon (Ian Somerhalder) meets Elijah (Daniel Gillies) at the tea party Carol (Susan Walters) is organizing and tries to find out his plans and why he wants to keep Elena safe at the moment but Elijah does not seem willing to share his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18223099", "score": "1.0610642", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "with Katherine when he learns Klaus has fathered a child and returns to New Orleans to keep Klaus' unborn baby safe and help his brother. He follows his brother Klaus to New Orleans and finds out that Hayley is pregnant with Klaus' child. He begins to have feelings for Hayley and throughout 'The Originals' the two make their feelings for each other clear. When Esther returns, she reveals the truth about how Elijah's first love, Tatia, was killed, proving it was in fact himself who had fed on her when they had newly been vampires. During one of Finn's spells", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16408379", "score": "1.0593555", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "that will teach him some manners\". However, Klaus is staked, and Elijah and Rebekah believe him to be dead, even though Klaus actually possessed Tyler Lockwood's body and lives on. In season four, Elijah reappears as Katherine's lover, and is making a deal with Katherine for her to be granted her freedom from Klaus in exchange for the cure for immortality, which Klaus wants to give to Silas, the world's first and most dangerous immortal being, to avoid Silas' psychic torture. Elijah refuses Klaus the cure for Rebekah to take before Silas re-claims it, denying Katherine's freedom. Elijah breaks up", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16408378", "score": "1.0583273", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "at their peaks when he is fully transformed into his werewolf form. Although stronger than his Original Vampire maternal half-siblings due to his werewolf heritage, some of his half-siblings have been shown to be able to fight with him almost equal terms; not enough to actually defeat Klaus, as the latter always quickly turns the tables on his half-siblings in the end. His supernatural and physical attributes aside, Klaus' greatest asset is his sharp intellect. His penchant for strategies and forming contingencies way ahead of time and surpasses Elijah's penchant for strategies and forming contingencies; as he has outsmarted Elijah", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16408391", "score": "1.0576985", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "By the Light of the Moon (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "talk to her. Elijah and Elena get in her room and he lets her know that he doesn't want to break the curse and that he also does not intend to hurt her or anyone she loves. He says that Klaus has become paranoid over the years and he just wants to find where he is so he can kill him. Elijah wants to use Elena as bait to draw Klaus out and he makes a deal with Elena: she is to stop trying to kill herself and he will keep her family safe in return. Elena agrees but wants", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17993432", "score": "1.0555627", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "The Sun Also Rises (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "Bonnie that they will offer Klaus to take him and leave Jenna live. Stefan talks to Elijah before he goes to Klaus and asks him if he can trust him since Klaus is his brother and Stefan himself had many opportunities to kill Damon but he never did it because he could not. Elijah tells Stefan that he had other siblings too and Klaus took them away from him. Stefan realizes that Elijah wants revenge and he leaves. Damon gets mad when he learns about Stefan's decision and along with Jeremy, Bonnie and John (David Anders) try to find a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15619998", "score": "1.0555036", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Klaus (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "plan, agrees, making Damon unhappy. Elijah explains to Elena how he and Klaus met Katherine and that Klaus is his brother. Jenna (Sara Canning) returns home after all the messages \"Elena\" left her about staying away from Alaric and calls Stefan to ask what is wrong. Stefan goes to meet her, only to find out that Alaric/Klaus is already there waiting for him. Damon goes to Alaric's apartment with Andy (Dawn Olivieri) to see if Katherine is there. When they find her, Damon gives her vervain to drink so that Klaus will not be able to compel her. Elijah continues", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18332422", "score": "1.0547396", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Daddy Issues (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "doing anything and just right before the werewolves kill Damon, Stefan and Caroline, all the werewolves except from Tyler collapse. Jonas comes out of the woods and informs everyone that Elijah promised to keep them safe and that's what he is doing. Damon, Stefan and Caroline leave and Jonas tells Tyler to let his friends know that they should leave the town when they wake up. Stefan escorts Caroline back home but he is worried about her after what she has been through. She says she is fine and Stefan leaves but he knows that she needs some friends so", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18111543", "score": "1.0536306", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Klaus (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "Klaus (The Vampire Diaries) \"Klaus\" is the 19th episode of the second season of The CW television series, \"The Vampire Diaries\" and the 41st episode of the series overall. It originally aired on April 21, 2011. The episode was written by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec and directed by Joshua Butler. Elijah (Daniel Gillies) wakes up in the Salvatore basement after Elena (Nina Dobrev) removes the dagger from his body. Elena tries to keep him quiet so Damon (Ian Somerhalder) and Stefan (Paul Wesley) will not hear him. Elijah needs to get out of the house since he is not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18332420", "score": "1.0524026", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Crying Wolf (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "plans. At the same time, Bonnie (Kat Graham), with the help of Caroline (Candice Accola) and Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen), uses her magic to force Luka (Bryton James) tell her about Elijah's plans. Damon gets back to the Salvatore house with Alaric (Matt Davis) and they try to figure out what Elijah wants and how they are going to kill him. Alaric has to meet Jenna (Sara Canning) and gets up to leave, but on his way out he gets stabbed from a werewolf and Stevie drugs Damon. The werewolves tie Damon up and they start torturing him so he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18223100", "score": "1.0515866", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Klaus (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "invited in, and Elena, to convince him that he can trust her, hands him the dagger. Stefan wakes up the next morning and discovers that Elijah's body is gone while at the same time, Klaus needs his real body and asks Maddox (Gino Anthony Pesi) to take care of it. Stefan calls Elena to see if she is okay and asks her where Elijah is. Elena reassures him that she is fine and that Elijah is with her, asking Stefan to trust her and let her do what she thinks best. Stefan, even though he does not agree with her", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18332421", "score": "1.0443354", "original_retrieval_index": 39 } ]

{ "title": "The Vampire Diaries (season 2)", "long_answer": "The Vampire Diaries, a 40 minute American supernatural drama, was officially renewed by The CW for a full 22-episode season on February 16, 2010. The first episode premiered on September 9, 2010, at 8 p.m. ET. The season picks up immediately after the events of the season one finale. All the series regulars returned. Season two focuses on the return of Elena Gilbert's (Nina Dobrev) doppelgänger, Katherine Pierce, the introduction of werewolves, the sun and moon curse, and the arrival of the original vampires. Tyler Lockwood's (Michael Trevino) uncle, Mason Lockwood (Taylor Kinney), arrives in town searching for the moonstone, a family heirloom. Tyler later learns of his family's werewolf curse. Meanwhile, Caroline Forbes (Candice Accola) is killed by Katherine while having Damon Salvatore's (Ian Somerhalder) blood in her system, turning her into a vampire. The arrival of the original vampires, Elijah (Daniel Gillies) and Klaus Mikaelson (Joseph Morgan), also bring about complications. Klaus is a vampire-werewolf hybrid, but his werewolf side had been forced into dormancy by witches, as nature would not stand for such an imbalance in power. Therefore, Klaus arrives in town with plans to break the curse and unleash his werewolf side by channelling the power of the full moon into the moonstone, sacrificing a vampire and a werewolf, and drinking the blood of the doppelgänger. The season is currently on air in Urdu on filmax channel in Pakistan. It became available on DVD and Blu-ray on August 30, 2011.", "chunked_long_answer": "by The CW for a full 22-episode season on February 16, 2010. The first episode premiered on September 9, 2010, at 8 p.m. ET. The season picks up immediately after the events of the season one finale. All the series regulars returned. Season two focuses on the return of Elena Gilbert's (Nina Dobrev) doppelgänger, Katherine Pierce, the introduction of werewolves, the sun and moon curse, and the arrival of the original vampires. Tyler Lockwood's (Michael Trevino) uncle, Mason Lockwood (Taylor Kinney), arrives in town searching for the moonstone, a family heirloom. Tyler later learns of his family's werewolf curse. Meanwhile,", "short_answers": [ "Season two" ] }

[ "Niketa Calame", "Sally Dworsky", "Moira Kelly", "Laura Williams" ]

[ { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "Broadway musical adaptation of the film, first played by singer Heather Headley. The character also appears in the television series \"The Lion Guard\", with Gabrielle Union replacing Kelly as the voice of Nala. Beyoncé is set to voice the character in the upcoming 2019 remake of the original film directed by Jon Favreau. Screenwriter Linda Woolverton conceived Nala \"as part of a gradual progression ... which have driven recent public conversation about what young girls should be able to expect from their cinematic role models.\" In early versions of the screenplay, Nala has a younger brother named Mheetu, who enjoys", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731082", "score": "1.2541664", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "voice of adult Nala.\" A straight woman character, Kelly described Nala as a sensible and nurturing yet authoritative character, while Amber Leab of Bitch Flicks described her as strong, independent and intelligent. According to Oh My Disney, Nala serves as \"the proverbial glue that keeps \"The Lion King\" together\", from whose perspective the audience watches the film because she \"says EXACTLY what we’re thinking\". Occupying the role of the film's female lead, Nala is \"The Lion King\"'s most important female character, who contributes to the film's \"small romance element\". Often identified as the film's deuteragonist, Taylor Orci of \"The Atlantic\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731094", "score": "1.2251923", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "footage from the first film was simply reused accordingly. Elton John's official website cites Kelly among the film's cast of actors who \"would grace any red carpet.\" Kelly's performance as Nala is responsible for introducing the actress to a younger audience. Previously, she had been better known for appearing in more adult-oriented live-action films at that time. In 2011, Kelly revealed that fans of the film rarely recognize her speaking voice as the voice of Nala, although Robert DeSalvo of NextMovie.com claims that the actress \"has a ... distinctive voice that \"The Lion King\" fans will instantly recognize as the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731093", "score": "1.220273", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Tajja Isen", "text": "Nala in a Toronto production of Disney's \"The Lion King\" and was nominated for an Equity Emerging Artist Award for that role. Since 2008, she has been working on releasing her first solo album. She cites Tori Amos, Kate Bush and Paul McCartney as some of her influences. She has a younger sister Nissae Isen who is also a voice actress. Tajja Isen Tajja Isen (born June 29, 1991 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian actress and singer-songwriter best known for voicing the title character in the television series \"Atomic Betty.\" She has several other voice credits, including the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7335404", "score": "1.2101599", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Javine Hylton", "text": "played Nala in a production of \"The Lion King\" in London's West End. In a potentially risky move, she opted to channel this experience of live singing into an audition for ITV's \"\", a reality television talent show in which young hopefuls sought to be picked for a place in a new manufactured group. Her gamble paid off as she was one of the last six contenders for a place in the girl group, but she missed out on a spot in what later became the chart-topping group Girls Aloud, and instead embarked on a solo singing career. In the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4580383", "score": "1.1878742", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "audition because the filmmakers were interested in hearing different voices at the time. Kelly believes the directors had been searching for a specific \"quality of voice ... a sort of authoritative voice but with a lot of warmth\" to compliment Nala's sensible yet nurturing personality. After attending a series of callbacks, during which Kelly returned to Disney several times to re-read the character's lines, Kelly was selected as one of two finalists. Kelly would not officially be offered the part until several months after her audition; Disney's first choice for the role remains undisclosed. Actor Matthew Broderick, voice of Simba,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731087", "score": "1.1808183", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "Lion King\", which is expected to be released in July 19, 2019. The same day Shahadi Wright Joseph was cast as young Nala in the film. In the Broadway musical adaptation of \"The Lion King\", the role of Nala was originated by Trinidadian-American singer Heather Headley. Her Broadway debut, at first auditioning for the role proved a challenge for the singer due to her \"Ragtime\" contract, which her agent was eventually successful in getting her released from. Director Julie Taymor felt that Nala's journey in the film was underdeveloped and among the story's weaker elements, and thus decided to \"strengthen\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731109", "score": "1.1569861", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "was preceded by the made-for-television film \"\" (2015). Set within the time gap in \"The Lion King II: Simba's Pride\", the show revolves around Nala and Simba's son Kion who, being their second-born cub after Kiara, has been tasked with forming the next Lion Guard, a group responsible for protecting the Pride Lands. Although a fan of the \"Lion King\" franchise, Union avoided watching previous \"Lion King\" films in preparation for the role because she wanted to \"put [her] own stamp\" on the character. On November 1, 2017, it was confirmed that would voice adult Nala in Jon Favreau's \"The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731108", "score": "1.1535227", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "India Scandrick", "text": "India Scandrick India Scandrick is an American Broadway actress and one of two girls who landed the role as young Nala in the Broadway musical \"The Lion King\".The experience was a hallmark in a career that spans 11 years. Her resume is thick with experiences, including television acting roles in Tyler Perry’s “House of Payne,” “Disney 365” and Fox tv Sleepy Hollow She also has appeared in films such as “The Greening of Whitney Brown” and other musicals like “A Christmas Carol” and “The Wiz.” The actress continues to stay busy these days.Shes a Theatre Arts Major at Clark Atlanta", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9903994", "score": "1.1375515", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "Nala is a fictional lioness, a character who appears in the Disney Lion King franchise. Introduced in the animated film The Lion King in 1994, Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film's sequels The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1½ (2004). In the original film, the adult Nala was voiced by American actress Moira Kelly. Young Nala's speaking voice is provided by actress Niketa Calame, while singers Laura Williams and Sally Dworsky provide the singing voices of young and adult Nala respectively.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "had already begun recording alongside another actress who had been cast as Nala before that actress was replaced with Kelly. Broderick was not informed that his original co-star had been recast, and only learned that Nala was voiced by Kelly at the film's premiere. The film's entire recording process took approximately three years to complete, during which Kelly's sessions were held in both the United States and Canada, while her co-stars Broderick and Jeremy Irons, voice of Scar, were recording in the United States and England, respectively. Each main cast member recorded their dialogue separately, which took Kelly some time", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731088", "score": "1.1319157", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "The Lion King", "text": "Nala, but she had not accepted the role yet due to a pregnancy. In April 2017, Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen joined the film as Timon and Pumbaa, respectively. Two months later, John Oliver was cast as Zazu. At the end of July 2017, had reportedly entered final negotiations to play Nala and contribute the soundtrack as well. The following month, Chiwetel Ejiofor entered talks to play Scar. Later on, Alfre Woodard and John Kani joined the film as Sarabi and Rafiki, respectively. On November 1, 2017, and Chiwetel Ejiofor were officially confirmed to voice Nala and Scar with Eric", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "895824", "score": "1.1260047", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Beyoncé", "text": "album-equivalent units, of which 70,000 were pure album sales. In film, Beyoncé will voice Nala in Jon Favreau's \"The Lion King\", which is expected to be released on July 19, 2019. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as \"one of the most compelling instruments in popular music\". Her vocal abilities mean she is identified as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child. Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" commented that her voice is \"velvety yet tart, with an insistent flutter and reserves of soul belting\". Rosen notes that the hip hop era highly influenced", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "863968", "score": "1.1123056", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Diamond White (singer)", "text": "Diamond White (singer) Diamond White is an American singer, and actress who, in 2007, starred in a Chicago-based production of \"The Color Purple\" that also toured nationally. She voices Frankie Greene in \",\" Fuli on the Disney Junior series \"The Lion Guard,\" and has had cameo appearances on \"The Haunted Hathaways\" and \"Sofia the First\" and a recurring role on \"Phineas and Ferb.\" In 2012, she was a contestant on the second season of the American version of \"The X Factor,\" finishing in fifth place. White was born in Detroit, Michigan. She played Young Nala in Disney's \"The Lion King\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16932552", "score": "1.1086633", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "end of the film, Nala gains Kovu as her son-in-law after he marries Kiara. In \"The Lion King 1½\" (2004), which focuses instead on Timon and Pumbaa's friendship, Nala's role is virtually identical to that of her appearance in \"The Lion King\" because filmmakers reused most of the character's footage from the first film. Nala didn't appear in an episode of \"Timon & Pumbaa\", despite that she is the queen at that time. Voiced by actress Gabrielle Union, Nala reprises her role as Queen of the Pride Lands in the television series \"The Lion Guard\", the 2016 premiere of which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731107", "score": "1.1040963", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "to get used to because she had grown accustomed to working with several other actors at a time on the sets of her live-action films. For \"The Lion King\", a director would often take the place of another actor for Kelly to act opposite of. Vocally, Kelly decided to approach the role as though she were reading to a child, explaining, \"it's kind of fun to play with different voices and try to color the lines for the child so they can imagine it more fully\", which she admitted is different than how the actress would approach a live-action role.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731089", "score": "1.0893584", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "positive reviews as well. Sara Franks-Allen of ScreenCrush wrote that \"If being a Disney princess is about being a good role model for little girls, then Nala has a lot in her favor\", elaborating, \"She's strong enough to take down Simba, ventures out on her own to find help for her pride and calls Simba out for ignoring his responsibilities.\" Meanwhile, Ella Ceron of \"Thought Catalog\" ranked Nala 14th on her list of \"The 16 Most Awesome Female Characters From Disney Movies\". Responsible for introducing the seasoned actress to a younger audience, Kelly's vocal performance as Nala has garnered critical", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731114", "score": "1.0886198", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "mind. However, John lobbied in favor of \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" being a love song performed as a duet by Nala and Simba, with which the filmmakers ultimately agreed. When asked by Disney if she was interested in reprising her role as Nala in \"The Lion King II: Simba's Pride\", Kelly immediately accepted, joking, \"Sure, you wanna do a third, fourth, fifth? I'm right there\". In the case of \"The Lion King \"1½, it took the actress only a few days to record her character's dialogue due to Nala's comparatively smaller role in the film; much of Nala's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731092", "score": "1.0738369", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Lisa Tucker (singer)", "text": "Kennedy High after she was voted off. Tucker was encouraged by her parents to audition for a production of \"The Little Princess\" at Orange County Children's Theater (OCCT). Despite the fact it was her first audition, she landed the lead role. At the age of ten, Tucker was referred by OCCT to Walt Disney Productions, who cast her as young Nala for the musical production of \"The Lion King\". It was her first paying job and Tucker said, \"I would have done it for free!\" Tucker played Nala for 11 months but had to stop due to child labor laws", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7164178", "score": "1.0705552", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "also ranked Nala eighth on the website's \"Definitive Ranking of Disney Cats\" list. In a 2014 interview, actor Eddie Redmayne admitted that Nala was his first \"celebrity crush\", having been specifically attracted to the character's \"sweet\" face and singing voice, referring to the experience as his \"sexual awakening\". Nala (The Lion King) Nala is a fictional character who appears in Disney's \"The\" \"Lion King\" franchise. Introduced in the animated film \"The Lion King\" in 1994, Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film's sequels \"\" (1998) and \"The Lion King 1½\" (2004), and serves as a recurring", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731116", "score": "1.0638056", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Susi Earnshaw Theatre School", "text": "and live entertainment agency. Pupils gain entry to the full-time school through auditions in drama, dance, singing and a personal interview. Famous past pupils of the school include six time Grammy Award winner Amy Winehouse, musical theatre star Alexia Khadime who played the role of Nala in the West End production of The Lion King, and in 2008, she became the first black female to play the role of Elphaba in the West End show Wicked, Amie Atkinson voted BBC Radio Musical Theatre Voice of The Year 2007, Jay Asforis of Simon Fuller group S Club 8, R&B Star Keisha", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11981007", "score": "1.0588818", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Lion King (2019 film)", "text": "antagonistic performance as Baron Mordo in \"Doctor Strange\" (2016). Other stars Eric Andre, Florence Kasumba, and Keegan-Michael Key will be the voices of Azizi, Shenzi and Kamari while JD McCrary and Shahadi Wright Joseph will be the voices of young Simba and young Nala, respectively. In November 2018, Amy Sedaris was announced as having been cast in a role created for the film. Production on the film commenced in mid-2017 in Los Angeles, California, utilizing \"virtual-reality tools\", per Visual Effects Supervisor Rob Legato. Virtual Production Supervisor Girish Balakrishnan said on his professional website that the filmmakers used motion capture and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19755605", "score": "1.0546815", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Girlband (Australian band)", "text": "in New Zealand and grew up in Australia. She graduated from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts and has toured with a number of musical theatre productions, including \"We Will Rock You\", Disney's \"The Lion King\" (as the lead character of Nala). She has also appeared in \"Anyone Can Whistle\" (Fay Apple), \"Songs for a New World\", \"West Side Story\" (Maria) and \"Prodigal\" (Maddy). In 2010 she joined the cast of \"Wicked\", alternating the lead role of Elphaba with Jemma Rix. She had been the standby for the role previously and had taken time out to have a baby.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8987482", "score": "1.0525773", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "son named Kion, who serves as the protagonist of \"The Lion Guard\" Nala is the most significant female character in \"The Lion King\". As the film was inspired by William Shakespeare's tragedy \"Hamlet\", Nala is considered to be \"The Lion King\"'s equivalent of Hamlet's love interest Ophelia, although differences remain between the two characters. Many early concepts first developed for Nala were eventually abandoned, including a brother and father for the character, as well as her being romantically pursued by Scar. While critical reception towards Nala has been generally mixed, Kelly's vocal performance has been praised. Nala appears in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731081", "score": "1.0444971", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "text": "the character's narrative for Broadway. Her role in the musical remains the same as the film except for a scene where during the song \"The Madness of King Scar\", Nala comes to Scar to urge him to do something about the drought in the Pride Lands, only for Scar to try and seduce her into becoming his queen and mother of his children. Nala refuses since she's already been betrothed to Simba, prince of the Pride Lands as an infant by their parents, Sarafina, Mufasa and Sarabi and flees the Pride Lands to find help. Critical reception towards Nala has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6731110", "score": "1.0427177", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Kissy Simmons", "text": "Kissy Simmons Kissy Simmons is an American actress. \"Kissy\" is short for Kissimmee, the Floridian city near Orlando about 80 miles from Floral City where she was born. She is best known for playing Nala in the Broadway production of \"The Lion King\" and as of 2011 is reprising the role in the Las Vegas production at Mandalay Bay beginning May 5, 2009. Simmons was state high-jump champion at Citrus High School in Florida, and attended the University of South Florida on a full track scholarship. She received a BA in speech communications before going on to a successful modeling", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10140742", "score": "1.0425528", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Shannon Tavarez", "text": "Shannon Tavarez Shannon Skye Tavarez (January 20, 1999 – November 1, 2010) was an American child actress and singer. She appeared in the Broadway theatre production of \"The Lion King\" by Walt Disney Theatrical, where she played the role of the young lion cub Nala. Tavarez was a resident of Bellerose, Queens, New York City, and attended P.S. 176. Cambria Heights She was chosen to play the role of Nala after a cattle call audition in 2008 at the Apollo Theater. She became one of two girls who split the role, with each girl performing four shows weekly. Several months", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15044438", "score": "1.0409875", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Shadowland (The Lion King)", "text": "on his own experience being exiled from South Africa during apartheid. Mancina arranged and produced the track himself. Nala contributes to two duets to the animated film: \"I Just Can't Wait to be King\" and \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\". Director Julie Taymor consistently found herself drawn to the South African musical influences Lebo brought to the production during rehearsals. Citing the film's lack of prominent female roles, the director longed to expand Nala's role into that of a more complex, three dimensional female character for the stage musical and felt that \"Shadowland\" would help develop her into a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18083205", "score": "1.0408831", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Perrette Pradier", "text": "in the French version of the Walt Disney Studios animated feature film, \"The Lion King\". Pradier died on 16 January 2013, aged 74, in Rueil-Malmaison, France. Perrette Pradier Perrette Pradier (17 April 1938 – 16 January 2013) was a French actress. She is best known for her work as a voice actress which earned her the nickname of \"Queen\" or \"High Priestess\" of dubbing. Pradier was born in Hanoi, French Indochina. Two years after making her film début, in 1961, she was awarded the Prix Suzanne Bianchetti as most promising new actress in France for her performance as \"Amenita\" in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2680707", "score": "1.0370233", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Renée Elise Goldsberry", "text": "played a replacement Nala in the Broadway production of \"The Lion King\", and was in the cast of the United States national tour of \"Dreamgirls\". She was nominated for a Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance, and won a \"New York\" magazine Best of 2005 Award, for her performance as Sylvia in the 2005 Shakespeare in the Park revival of \"Two Gentlemen of Verona\". Goldsberry later originated the role of Nettie Harris in \"The Color Purple\", the Broadway musical adaptation of the Pulitzer Prize-winning 1982 novel of the same name. She starred in the production from November 2005 to January", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3623006", "score": "1.0358464", "original_retrieval_index": 33 } ]

{ "title": "Nala (The Lion King)", "long_answer": "Nala is a fictional lioness, a character who appears in the Disney Lion King franchise. Introduced in the animated film The Lion King in 1994, Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film's sequels The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1½ (2004). In the original film, the adult Nala was voiced by American actress Moira Kelly. Young Nala's speaking voice is provided by actress Niketa Calame, while singers Laura Williams and Sally Dworsky provide the singing voices of young and adult Nala respectively.", "chunked_long_answer": "Nala is a fictional lioness, a character who appears in the Disney Lion King franchise. Introduced in the animated film The Lion King in 1994, Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film's sequels The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1½ (2004). In the original film, the adult Nala was voiced by American actress Moira Kelly. Young Nala's speaking voice is provided by actress Niketa Calame, while singers Laura Williams and Sally Dworsky provide the singing voices of young and adult Nala respectively.", "short_answers": [ "Laura Williams", "Moira Kelly", "Niketa Calame", "Sally Dworsky" ] }

[ "the British band Argent", "Petra", "Kiss" ]

[ { "title": "God Gave Rock and Roll to You", "text": "a big hit for the band in many parts of the world, including making the Top Ten in the United Kingdom and Germany. It reached number 21 on \"Billboard'\"s Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in the US, as well as its video receiving heavy rotation on music television channels. The version released as a single and on the soundtrack to \"Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey\" differs slightly from that played in the film. In the film, a 40-second guitar solo is played by Steve Vai. It was later included on Steve Vai's album \"The Elusive Light and Sound, Vol. 1\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8163957", "score": "1.0599054", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Petra (band)", "text": "the second record, among them former e vocalist Greg X. Volz (that band's name being a lower-case abbreviation of \"Emmanuel\"). Volz took the lead vocals on two songs and backed up several others. Among Volz's songs was a cover of the Argent anthem \"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\", which Myrrh had hoped to release as a radio single to the secular market. The song was immediately controversial – and revolutionary. \"It was the boldest statement anyone in Christian music had made until that time,\" said Ambassador Artist Agency president Wes Yoder. \"This was a radical notion, especially in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3812283", "score": "1.0552592", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Revenge (Kiss album)", "text": "on VH1 Classic, Simmons stated the importance of the song \"God Gave Rock 'N' Roll to You II\": \"It's not just a cover song for a soundtrack, but a testament to Eric Carr, and I think a lot of people don't realize that.\" The first single released from the album was \"God Gave Rock 'N' Roll to You II\", which was a big hit in the UK and Switzerland, reaching #4. It peaked at #21 on the US Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart and #18 on the Australian Singles Charts. \"Domino\" was the next single from the album, peaking at #26", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5023181", "score": "1.0410388", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Rock and Roll Heaven", "text": "Roll Heaven. Rock and Roll Heaven \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" is song written by Alan O'Day and Johnny Stevenson and popularized by The Righteous Brothers. It is a paean to several deceased singers such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Otis Redding, and has been rewritten a number of times to include other singers. The song was first recorded by the band Climax in 1973, but it failed to chart. It was then covered by The Righteous Brothers in 1974 and reached number three on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The Righteous Brothers recorded \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" a few", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16313670", "score": "0.9973595", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Rock and Roll Heaven", "text": "Rock and Roll Heaven \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" is song written by Alan O'Day and Johnny Stevenson and popularized by The Righteous Brothers. It is a paean to several deceased singers such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Otis Redding, and has been rewritten a number of times to include other singers. The song was first recorded by the band Climax in 1973, but it failed to chart. It was then covered by The Righteous Brothers in 1974 and reached number three on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The Righteous Brothers recorded \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" a few weeks after", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16313666", "score": "0.99624515", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)", "text": "Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life) \"Rock and Roll (I Gave You the Best Years of My Life)\" is a 1973 song written and originally performed by Australian singer Kevin Johnson, most famously covered by American singer Mac Davis. Johnson's version reached number four in Australia. The guitar solo in Johnson's version was played by Rory O'Donoghue. In Australia, the UK and Ireland, it was only Johnson's original version which charted. In Canada, Terry Jacks got it into the charts. No version of the song charted in New Zealand, even though the country's very", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20775219", "score": "0.9822889", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Petra (band)", "text": "the minds of the leaders of conservative churches.\" Other guest singers featured in the album were Steve Camp, Karen Morrison, and Austin Roberts. The recording process also was marked by disputes: the label refused Hartman's request to name the album \"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\" while a bluesy, crowd-favorite track written by Hartman about rejecting the pre-Christian self, \"Killing My Old Man\", was deemed too controversial and cut from the album (the song would later appear on the album \"Never Say Die\"). With a harder-edged sound reminiscent of Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple, \"Come and Join Us\" was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3812284", "score": "0.97890323", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song)", "text": "sing-along chorus, rocking beat and carpe diem attitude.\" For Sam Lansky of \"Idolator\", the songwriting of the song handled by Dr. Luke protege Jacob Kasher, David Hodges from Evanescence and Peter Svensson from The Cardigans, \"is a funny marriage of execrable alt-rock pedigree and genius pop pedigree.\" Lansky also noted that the song has \"a 'stomp-stomp-clap' loop that shamelessly apes Queen's 'We Will Rock You', strategically placed gang vocals and a post-chorus 'Hey!' hook so catchy it’s effectively burning holes in your brain.\" Lyrically, \"Rock n Roll\" is a \"boisterous\" declaration of rebellion on which the singer puts up her", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17441527", "score": "0.97449994", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Avril Lavigne (album)", "text": "before, and I even throw a little bit of Japanese in it.\" She also described the song called \"Rock n Roll\" as \"LOUD, impressive and it stands for so many other things than just music – that's really what it comes down to - and it's a song that I’m just putting the final touches to now.\" She also called her duet with Marilyn Manson as \"heavier\" and \"rock\". While responding what was her favourite song on the album, Lavigne answered, \"'Give You What You Like,' 'Hush Hush' and 'Bad Girl.'\" The album's opening track \"Rock n Roll\" is an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17457114", "score": "0.9672158", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "God Gave Rock and Roll to You", "text": "\"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\" is a 1973 song by the British band Argent and covered by both Petra, in 1977 and 1984, and Kiss in 1991, both with modified lyrics.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Rock n Roll Jesus (song)", "text": "Rock n Roll Jesus (song) \"Rock n Roll Jesus\" is the fifth single from Kid Rock's album of the same name. It was typical bravado-laced Kid Rock about sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll. The song was co-written by former lead guitarist Kenny Tudrick, who replaced Kenny Olson on the 2006 'Live' Trucker tour. The song and album title were attacked by some religious groups for being sacrilegious. The song along with \"All Summer Long\" and \"Son of Detroit\" were featured in the guitar game \"\". A live version was released on the Targer Version of Born Free in 2010.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12713962", "score": "0.9541266", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Ronnie Weiser", "text": "Ronnie Weiser Ronny Weiser (born 1946 in Milan, Italy), also known as Rockin' Ronny Weiser, is an American record producer and founder of rockabilly record label Rollin' Rock. In Milan, Ronny discovered American rock'n'roll and rockabilly watching an Elvis Presley film, \"Loving You\". Upon immigrating to the United States in the 1960s, he published a rockabilly fanzine called Rollin' Rock, which evolved into full-fledged record label Rollin' Rock. In 1970, Rollin' Rock started reissuing 1950s recordings, and eventually recorded and released new recordings by 1950s artists such as Ray Campi, Mac Curtis, Gene Vincent, Alvis Wayne, Charlie Feathers, Johnny Carroll,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12165972", "score": "0.9531206", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Rock and Roll Heaven", "text": "number four. The lyrics involving Jim Croce and Bobby Darin replaced Climax's lyrics for Buddy Holly (\"Peggy Sue\") and Ritchie Valens (\"Donna\"), both of whom died in a plane crash that had already been commemorated by another hit song, Don McLean's \"American Pie.\" Also, in 1981, when the Righteous Brothers appeared for a one song reunion on \"American Bandstand\", they performed \"Rock and Roll Heaven\", and made it longer including new lyrics as tributes to Elvis Presley, John Lennon, and Keith Moon. It was rewritten with new lyrics in 1991 to mourn the passing of Elvis Presley (Love Me Tender),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16313668", "score": "0.9509407", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Origins of rock and roll", "text": "singer Helen Ward. Other notable recordings using the words, both released in 1938, were \"Rock It for Me\" by Chick Webb, a swing number with Ella Fitzgerald on vocals featuring the lyrics \"... Won't you satisfy my soul, With the rock and roll?\"; and \"Rock Me\" by Sister Rosetta Tharpe, a gospel song originally written by Thomas Dorsey as \"Hide Me in Thy Bosom\". Tharpe performed the song in the style of a city blues, with secular lyrics, ecstatic vocals and electric guitar. She changed Dorsey's \"singing\" to \"swinging,\" and the way she rolled the \"R\" in \"rock me\" led", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3675746", "score": "0.9413273", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey: Music from the Motion Picture", "text": "Again\" was used for a television promo for the film. Both songs were released one month prior on Neverland's self-titled debut album. The version of \"God Gave Rock 'n Roll to You II\" is not that which plays at the film's end as it lacks the intro by Steve Vai and the sound of girls chanting the chorus as the song fades to end. The intro solo was released by Steve Vai in his compilation album \"The Elusive Light and Sound, Vol. 1\", along with all of the other small pieces performed by him during the movie. Pieced together versions", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10905649", "score": "0.93882936", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Rock You", "text": "was road tested in concert, played for the first time at the Alrosa Villa in Columbus, Ohio. Helix vocalist Brian Vollmer claims that he wrote a new verse for the song but was denied a co-writing credit. The track was produced by the band with Rodney Mills, who was brought in due to his earlier mixing work with 38 Special. A brand new acoustic studio version was recorded and released in 2010 on the band's \"Smash Hits...Unplugged!\" CD. This version was produced by Aaron Murray, Sean Kelly and Vollmer. The chorus of \"Rock You\" has lent itself to Vollmer's autobiography,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14571197", "score": "0.9323619", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Sister Rosetta Tharpe", "text": "by Decca, \"Rock Me,\" \"That's All,\" \"My Man and I\" and \"The Lonesome Road\" were instant hits, establishing Tharpe as an overnight sensation and one of the first commercially successful gospel recording artists. \"Rock Me\" influenced many rock-and-roll singers, such as Elvis Presley, Little Richard, and Jerry Lee Lewis. In 1942, the music critic Maurie Orodenker, describing Tharpe's \"Rock Me\", wrote that \"It's Sister Rosetta Tharpe for the rock-and roll spiritual singing.\" She had signed a seven-year contract with Reminder and was managed by Mo Galye. Her records caused an immediate furor: many churchgoers were shocked by the mixture of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2788292", "score": "0.92398596", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Who Loves You (song)", "text": "Who Loves You (song) \"Who Loves You\" is the title song of a 1975 album by The Four Seasons. It was composed by Bob Gaudio and Judy Parker and produced by Gaudio. It reached number 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in November 1975. After their release from Philips, the group signed with Motown and released one album and three singles for the organization in 1972 and 1973. All Motown recordings failed to chart in the U.S. and the company dropped the band. In August, \"Who Loves You\" entered the Hot 100 as Frankie Valli's \"Swearin' to God\" was sliding", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10268921", "score": "0.92362154", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "The Statesmen Quartet", "text": "The Statesmen used the phrase \"Rockin' and rollin'\" in a song, and Hovie Lister's frantic boogie-woogie piano, piano bench acrobatics, and hair shaken down in his eyes would have great influence on early rock and roll artists, particularly on Jerry Lee Lewis, who was a fan of gospel music and the Statesmen. On July 4, 1955, the Blackwood/Statesmen team traveled to Texas for an engagement that would feature several secular artists on the same program. Among them was Elvis Presley. Elvis was planning to sing his rock hits, but refrained out of respect of his gospel idols. The Statesmen exerted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5899701", "score": "0.92179346", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Wanda Jackson", "text": "rockabilly material when revivalists sought her out. She regularly toured Scandinavia, England, and Germany during the decade. Now embracing her rock-and-roll history, Jackson released the album \"Rockabilly Fever\" in 1984 (later issued by Rounder Records as \"Rock N' Roll Your Blues Away\" in 1986), her first secular album in a decade and her first recording of rock music in over twenty years. Cyndi Lauper acknowledged Jackson's classic rockabilly records were a major influence and inspiration for her during this period, and Jackson's fans also included a new generation of country music female vocalists, among them Rosanne Cash, Pam Tillis, Jann", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4051037", "score": "0.92169416", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Good Rocking Tonight", "text": "Sue, Sweet Georgia Brown, Caldonia, Elder Brown, and Deacon Jones. All of these characters had figured prominently in previous hit songs. The song has also been credited with being the most successful record to that point to use the word \"rock\" not as a euphemism for sex, but as a descriptive for the musical style, a connection which would become even clearer in 1954 when a version of \"Good Rockin' Tonight\" became Elvis Presley's second-ever single. While Brown missed out on the biggest hit version of his song, its success kicked off his own career, which included two #1 R&B", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8405931", "score": "0.9206865", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song)", "text": "Epic Records. Rock n Roll (Avril Lavigne song) \"Rock n Roll\" is a song by Canadian recording artist Avril Lavigne. It was released as the second single from her self-titled fifth studio album by Sony Music Entertainment on August 23, 2013. The song was written by Lavigne, David Hodges, Chad Kroeger, Jacob Kasher Hindlin, Rickard B. Göransson and Peter Svensson and was produced by Peter Svensson. \"Rock n Roll\" is an upbeat pop punk song, and lyrically it is a declaration of rebellion on which the singer puts up her \"middle finger to the sky\" to \"let 'em know that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17441545", "score": "0.918605", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Rock and Roll Music", "text": "Rock and Roll Music \"Rock and Roll Music\" is a 1957 hit single written and recorded by rock and roll star Chuck Berry. The song has been widely covered and is recognized as one of Berry's most popular and enduring compositions. In the fall of 1957, his recording reached number 6 on \"Billboard\" magazine's R&B Singles chart and number 8 on its Hot 100 chart. The song has been recorded by many well-known artists. The Beatles' 1964 recording topped singles charts in Europe and in Australia, and the Beach Boys had a U.S. top ten hit with the song in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4508079", "score": "0.9173663", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", "text": "I Love Rock 'n' Roll \"I Love Rock 'n' Roll\" is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows, who recorded the first released version. The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982. Merrill still plays the song live in Europe, Japan and most often in his home town New York City. The song was originally recorded and released by the Arrows in 1975 on Rak Records, with lead vocals, guitar, music & lyrics written by Alan Merrill and produced by Mickie Most. In an interview with Songfacts, Merrill said", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15325211", "score": "0.91705686", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Harry Hepcat", "text": "& roller from the 1950s. Had he been a little older back then, he would have been neck and neck with Bill Haley, Gene Vincent and even Elvis himself\" Finally, in Harry Hepcat's own words, \"I've devoted my life to this music. I've lived by the credo: Life without rock and roll is unthinkable.\" Harry Hepcat Harry Hepcat is a first-generation rock and roll artist, performing rock, blues, doo-wop and rockabilly over seven decades. He is noted as a singer, guitarist, band leader, songwriter, radio disc-jockey, writer, and media personality. A 1981 review stated, \"His honest sense of fun distinguishes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16309289", "score": "0.91651297", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Kevin Johnson (singer)", "text": "later recalled \"Because I'd signed with an American company I couldn't record here ... two years writing and bashing my head against a brick wall\". In September 1973 he issued \"Rock and Roll I Gave You the Best Years of My Life\". It peaked at No. 10 in Melbourne, and at No. 4 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart. The lyrics describe a musician recalling his childhood dream of being a star and follows his life through his musical work, with some close breaks until he is faced with the ultimate realisation that he is not destined to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9033243", "score": "0.9155339", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Mister Rock and Roll", "text": "1975. The album was produced by Gene Summers and the executive producer was Michael Cattin. Recording engineer and mixdown by Dave Garner. Musicians included Joe Cook, Al Struble, Glen Struble, Kenny Hargis, Dan Edwards, Eddie Wayne Hill, Joel Colbert, Joe Donnell, Leonard Walters, David (Dave) Martin, James McClung, Jack Castleberry, Charlie Mendias, Ernest Walker, C.B. Williams, Buddy Stephens and Larry Jannasch. Background vocals were provided by Dan Edwards, Al Struble, Glen Struble and Tom Cunningham. Gene Summers discography from \"Rockin' Country Style\", US<br> Gene Summers discography from \"Rocky Productions\", France<br> Gene Summers discography from \"Wangdangdula\" Finland<br> Gene Summers session data", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10934686", "score": "0.9145545", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Rock n Roll Jesus", "text": "of 5 stars, stating \"His good-hearted faith in rock & roll delivers a powerful kick. As he well knows—and Rock N Roll Jesus proves—roaring guitars, truckloads of attitude and an unquenchable lust for life make up for a multitude of sins.\" \"Billboard\" stated \"We may be more entertained at times by Rock's extramusical affairs, but the \"Devil\" should still be given his due as a clever and creative musical force.\" Allmusic was less enthusiastic, calling it \"big, bold, and brainless\" and stating, \"splashy and silly though it may be, at least it gets the basic sound right, even if it's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10562885", "score": "0.9133853", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Rock and roll", "text": "Rock and roll Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll or rock 'n' roll) is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s from musical styles such as gospel, jump blues, jazz, boogie woogie, and rhythm and blues, along with country music. While elements of what was to become rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until 1954. According to Greg Kot, \"rock and roll\" refers to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "342151", "score": "0.9133643", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Jeff Godwin", "text": "to Godwin, rock and roll music traces its origins back thousands of years. Its rhythms were written by Satan and his demons and have a subliminal power to control a listener's mind. The rhythms eventually found their way, via Africa, into blues, jazz and other forms of African American music before they appeared in rock music. In addition, rock music is loaded with references to sexual behavior of all kinds, and he believes it encourages fornication amongst youths and inspires lust. He also believe it inspires rage and it preaches \"rebellion, hatred, drug abuse, suicide, fornication and the dark things", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3872307", "score": "0.9097663", "original_retrieval_index": 39 } ]

{ "title": "God Gave Rock and Roll to You", "long_answer": "\"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\" is a 1973 song by the British band Argent and covered by both Petra, in 1977 and 1984, and Kiss in 1991, both with modified lyrics.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\" is a 1973 song by the British band Argent and covered by both Petra, in 1977 and 1984, and Kiss in 1991, both with modified lyrics.", "short_answers": [ "Kiss", "Petra", "the British band Argent" ] }

[ "General George Washington", "the king" ]

[ { "title": "Codorus State Park", "text": "employed as a deputy surveyor by the Penn Family. Stevenson organized wagons and supplies for the Forbes Campaign during the French and Indian War. When the British occupied Philadelphia and York became the capital of the Colonies, George Washington called on Stevenson to take charge of the supply lines. George Ross was a lawyer from Lancaster. During the American Revolutionary War, he served in the Provincial Assembly, the Provincial Conference and the Continental Congress. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He also introduced George Washington to the widow of his nephew, the flagmaker Betsy Ross. William Thompson emigrated from Ireland.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6005695", "score": "1.0449623", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Henry Ludington", "text": "Ridgefield in April 1777, of the American Revolutionary War. The volunteers were mostly from the towns of Kent and Carmel of that county (later Putman County). Ludington was affiliated with George Washington as an aide-de-camp. He worked with Washington and helped establish the initial \"secret service\" in America. Washington, in his campaign for American independence, conceived the idea of gathering patriots in a secret service of espionage to gather information on British troops and their activities so he could gain an advantage in his military movements. He sent a letter on February 4, 1777, to the military commander Nathaniel Sackett", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4283040", "score": "1.0112156", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "James Lovell (Continental Congress)", "text": "struggle for influence and command in the Continental Army. Lovell became a supporter of Horatio Gates in his lobbying quest for command. He encouraged Gates in reporting directly to Congress, in effect going over Washington's head. This reached its peak when Gates was given command of the Northern Department, replacing Philip Schuyler in the summer of 1777. The controversy also extended into his family along political lines as he was a fervent Whig as opposed to his father who was a Loyalist. Lovell was also a frequent correspondent with both John and Abigail Adams. In his correspondence to Abigail, he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3924410", "score": "1.0096357", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Lipscomb Norvell", "text": "where he had received considerable lands as a bounty for his war service. At the time of his death, he lived with his family in Nashville, Tennessee. He is believed to be the first Revolutionary War officer buried in the Nashville City Cemetery. One of his sons was U.S. Senator John Norvell of Michigan and his grandson, William Walker, the son of Mary Norvell Walker, was the filibuster in Nicaragua. Lipscomb Norvell Lipscomb Norvell (September 1756 – March 2, 1843) was an American military officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Norvell was the son of John", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13081195", "score": "0.9963939", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Jeremiah Wadsworth", "text": "up as much pork as he could (both to furnish the American army and to keep it out of the hands and stomachs of the British forces). Having served effectively in these assignments in Connecticut, Congress elected him Deputy Commissary General of Purchases on June 17, 1777, but he resigned in August. When Congress reorganized the supply system, he became Commissary General in April 1778, resigning in December 1779. Reaching the rank of colonel, he became commissary for Comte de Rochambeau's army until the war's end. In the summer of 1783, he went to Paris to report to the French", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4121762", "score": "0.9861033", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War", "text": "specially designated officers to assist him in conducting intelligence operations. The first to assume this role appears to have been Joseph Reed, who fulfilled the duties of \"Secretary, Adjutant General and Quarter Master, besides doing a thousand other little Things which fell incidentally.\" A later successor to Reed was Alexander Hamilton, who is known to have been deeply involved with the Commander-in-Chief's intelligence operations, including developing reports received in secret writing and investigating a suspected double agent. When Elias Boudinot was appointed Commissary General of Prisoners, responsible for screening captured soldiers and for dealing with the British concerning American patriots", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3917883", "score": "0.9812856", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau", "text": "appointed commander of land forces as part of the project code named Expédition Particulière. He was given the rank of Lieutenant General in command of some 7,000 French troops and sent to join the Continental Army under George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. Axel von Fersen the Younger served as his aide-de-camp and interpreter. The small size of the force at his disposal made him initially reluctant to lead the expedition. He landed at Newport, Rhode Island on July 10 but was held there inactive for a year due to his reluctance to abandon the French fleet blockaded by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3509992", "score": "0.9810679", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "James Randolph Reid", "text": "James Randolph Reid James Randolph Reid (August 11, 1750 – January 25, 1789) was an American soldier in the Revolutionary War. He later served as a delegate for Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress from 1787 until 1789. Reid was born in Hamilton Township in what was then York County, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton) in 1775 and joined the Continental Army as a lieutenant. He rose to the rank of major, and was 2nd in command of Congress' Own Regiment. After the war, Reid was one of the veterans who received a patent or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5286162", "score": "0.9796177", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Ward Circle", "text": "Leonard Crunelle at a cost of $50,000, the statue was unveiled on November 3, 1938 by Maj. Gen. Ward's great-great-great-granddaughter, Mrs. Lewis Wesley Feick. It shows Ward, the first Commander-in-Chief in the Revolutionary War, atop a granite pedestal in a Continental Army uniform. The pedestal of the statue bears the inscription: ARTEMAS WARD<br> 1727–1800<br> SON OF MASSACHUSETTS<br> GRADUATE OF HARVARD COLLEGE<br> JUDGE AND LEGISLATOR<br> DELEGATE 1780–1781 TO THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS<br> SOLDIER OF THREE WARS<br> FIRST COMMANDER OF THE PATRIOT FORCES Located on the west of the circle, the home of American University's School of Public Affairs was named for and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4907467", "score": "0.9791806", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "American Revolution", "text": "Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the king's army attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. The conflict then developed into a global war, during which the Patriots (and later their French, Spanish, and Dutch allies) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War (1775–83). Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism, and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington. ", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Alured Clarke", "text": "Pembroke, and received a pension from him until 1790, but Clarke and she had no children. Alured Clarke Field Marshal Sir Alured Clarke (24 November 1744 – 16 September 1832) was a British army officer. He took charge of all British troops in Georgia in May 1780 and was then deployed to Philadelphia to supervise the evacuation of British prisoners of war at the closing stages of the American Revolutionary War. He went on to be Governor of Jamaica and then lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada in which role he had responsibility for implementing the Constitutional Act 1791. He was then", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5337065", "score": "0.97715896", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "William Palfrey", "text": "American Revolution, and visited England in 1771. During the War of Independence, he served as an aide-de-camp to George Washington in March and April 1776, after which Hancock arranged to have him appointed paymaster-general in the Continental Army, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In November 1780, he was appointed consul-general in France by a unanimous vote of Congress, and embarked in a ship for that country, which was never heard of after she had left the capes. Lost at sea in December, 1780, while on special business to France by order of the Continental Congress. His grandson John G. Palfrey", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12099297", "score": "0.97696316", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Benjamin Chew", "text": "the extensive repairs necessary after the Battle of Germantown. While in Delaware, the Chews rented their house on Third Street to Don Juan de Miralles (the Spanish representative to the American government); the Marquis de Chastellux (principal liaison officer between the French Commander-in-Chief and George Washington); and to George and Martha Washington, from November 1781 to March 1782, during the Second Continental Congress. By 1783, the Chews concluded that the political situation was safe enough for their family to return to Philadelphia. They lived full-time in the house on South Third Street during the formation of the United States: the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1821791", "score": "0.9767413", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Morgan Lewis (governor)", "text": "Army. Lewis was then made a captain of a regiment of the New York militia. Once the 2nd New York militia regiment was organized, he was promoted to the rank of major. He was then appointed chief-of-staff to General Horatio Gates, with the rank of colonel, and accompanied him into Canada, and soon after congress appointed him quartermaster-general of the Northern Army. In 1775, he planned and executed the night attack on Stone Arabia, and was in command at the battle of Crown Point, where he was accompanied by New York Governor George Clinton. He was prominent throughout the campaign", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2894417", "score": "0.97665465", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Joseph Trumbull (commissary general)", "text": "appoint his nephew Walter Livingston as commissary for Schuyler's Northern Department. Trumbull was charged with corruption but an official inquiry cleared him of wrongdoing in December 1775. Trumbull resigned in 1777 when Congress took away some of his duties. Congress then appointed him to the Board of War, and he served from August 1777 until his resignation in April 1778 due to sickness. He died three months later in Lebanon and was buried in the East Cemetery. Joseph Trumbull (commissary general) Joseph Trumbull (March 11, 1737 – July 23, 1778), son of Governor Jonathan Trumbull of Connecticut, was the first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3835375", "score": "0.97500926", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "John Brown of Pittsfield", "text": "John Brown of Pittsfield John Brown (October 19, 1744 – October 19, 1780) of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, was a Revolutionary War officer, a state legislator, and a Berkshire County judge. He played key roles in the conquest of Fort Ticonderoga at the start of the war, during the American invasion of Canada in 1775-1776, and once again in 1777 during Lieutenant General John Burgoyne's invasion of the United States by way of Lake Champlain and the Hudson River. Brown was the first man to bring formal charges against Benedict Arnold, who was then a prominent American general. Brown died in battle", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8416229", "score": "0.97430414", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Robert H. Harrison", "text": "Robert H. Harrison Robert Hanson Harrison (1745 – April 2, 1790) was an American Army officer, attorney, and judge. A Continental Army veteran of the American Revolution, he is most notable for his service as George Washington's military secretary, the \"de facto\" chief of staff of Washington's headquarters for most of the war. Born in Charles County, Maryland, Robert Hanson Harrison was the son of Dorothy (Hanson) Harrison and Colonel Richard Harrison, who served in offices including justice of the peace and member of the Maryland House of Delegates. Little is known of the younger Harrison's early life and education,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5760757", "score": "0.97406703", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Richard Platt (military officer)", "text": "Richard Platt (military officer) Richard Platt (1754 - 1830.) was an aide-de-camp to Alexander McDougall during the Revolutionary War. Platt served as the chairman of the Committee of Arrangements in organizing New York's Federal Procession of 1788, which celebrated the ratification of the United States Constitution. Platt was also a member of the Society of the Cincinnati of the State of New York, for which he served as Treasurer alongside Alexander Hamilton, who served as the society's Vice President Platt served as the chairman of the Committee of Arrangements in organizing New York's Federal Procession of 1788, which celebrated the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20018215", "score": "0.9718158", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "John Cleves Symmes Jr.", "text": "John Cleves Symmes Jr. John Cleves Symmes Jr. (November 5, 1780 – May 28, 1829) was an American Army officer, trader, and lecturer. Symmes is best known for his 1818 variant of the Hollow Earth Theory, which introduced the concept of openings to the inner world at the poles. John Cleves Symmes Jr. was born in Sussex County, New Jersey, son of Thomas and Mercy (\"née\" Harker) Symmes. He was named for his uncle John Cleves Symmes, a delegate to the Continental Congress, a Colonel in the Revolutionary War, Chief Justice of New Jersey, father-in-law of US President William Henry", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1549907", "score": "0.97072536", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Thomas Mifflin", "text": "on March 4, 1767. They had no children. Early in the Revolutionary War, Mifflin left the Continental Congress to serve in the Continental Army. He was commissioned as a major, then became an \"aide-de-camp\" of George Washington. On August 14, 1775, Washington appointed him to become the army's first Quartermaster General, under order of Congress. Although it has been said that he was good at the job despite preferring to be on the front lines, questions were raised regarding his failure to properly supply Washington and the troops at Valley Forge, alleging that he had instead warehoused and sold supplies", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "421042", "score": "0.97035384", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "David Franks (aide-de-camp)", "text": "David Franks (aide-de-camp) David Salisbury Franks (1740–1793) was aide-de-camp for General Benedict Arnold during the American War of Independence. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he was living in Quebec with his parents when the American Revolution broke out. A Jew, Franks in 1775 was president of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal, the oldest Jewish congregation in Canada, but then less than a decade old (Franks' congregation should not be confused with a similarly named congregation in New York). According to the late historian Jacob Rader Marcus, Franks publicly defended the right of a protester to compare King George III", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3266332", "score": "0.9686203", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Washington's aides-de-camp", "text": "the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775. He traveled to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and took command of the Siege of Boston on July 3. His headquarters staff initially consisted of his military secretary, Joseph Reed, and one \"aide-de-camp\", Thomas Mifflin. The responsibilities of the headquarters staff included managing Washington's military correspondence, making copies of each day's General Orders (to be distributed to the commanding officer at each military post), and making copies of individual orders. The 19-year-old artist John Trumbull, who was skilled at drawing maps, was appointed an \"aide-de-camp\" on July 27, and served three", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13249558", "score": "0.96837306", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "George Baylor", "text": "George Baylor George Baylor (January 12, 1752 in New Market, Virginia – March 1784 in Bridgetown, Barbados) was an officer in the Continental Army, serving throughout the American Revolution. Baylor was first aide-de-camp to George Washington, and brought the news of the Battle of Trenton to the Continental Congress. He was later appointed to lead the 3rd Regiment of Continental Light Dragoons, which often acted as the escort for Martha Washington. While commanding his Dragoons in September 1778, his forces were attacked on the night of the 28th as they slept in local homes and barns on Overkill Road in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8201470", "score": "0.9668008", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Josiah Harmar", "text": "George Washington and Henry Lee during the war. Harmar was one of the officers of the Continental Army who served under Washington during the winter of 1777-78 at Valley Forge. Washington had a high opinion of Harmar during the Revolutionary War, writing that Harmar was one of the \"gentlemen...personally known to me as one of the best officers in the Army\". By the end of the war, Harmar was serving as adjutant to General Nathanael Greene, who commanded the Continental Army in the South. A lieutenant colonel at its conclusion, he was chosen by Congress in 1784 to relay the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1547096", "score": "0.96661055", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "George Washington Hockley", "text": "George Washington Hockley George Washington Hockley (1802 – June 6, 1854) was a Texas revolutionary who served as Secretary of War for the Republic of Texas. Hockley was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents were Thomas Hockley (1764 to 1805), a Philadelphia merchant, and his wife Mary Wescott (1764 to 1848). In the above-mentioned recollections of Mr. Howard, he states that then-Major Hockley was an executor of his aunt Patience Wescott of Philadelphia; she had owned 32,500 acres of land in Tipton County, Tennessee. Hockley, serving in the Texas Army as a colonel, was in charge of the artillery at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3552879", "score": "0.9665339", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Jonathan Gostelowe", "text": "Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He married Mary Duffield at Christ Church, Philadelphia on June 16, 1768. She died on May 13, 1770 at age 26, and was buried in Christ Church Burial Ground. He served in the 4th Artillery Regiment of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, attaining the rank of major. He was paid for supplying drums to the army, possibly items he made himself. In August 1778, he completed an inventory of all arms and materiel held by the Continental Army in southeastern Pennsylvania. This inventory included illustrations of thirteen standards (regimental flags), which may have", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17247477", "score": "0.9658762", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Alured Clarke", "text": "Alured Clarke Field Marshal Sir Alured Clarke (24 November 1744 – 16 September 1832) was a British army officer. He took charge of all British troops in Georgia in May 1780 and was then deployed to Philadelphia to supervise the evacuation of British prisoners of war at the closing stages of the American Revolutionary War. He went on to be Governor of Jamaica and then lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada in which role he had responsibility for implementing the Constitutional Act 1791. He was then sent to India where he became Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army, then briefly Governor-General of India", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5337058", "score": "0.96564806", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "David Henley", "text": "David Henley David Henley (February 5/12, 1748/9 – January 1, 1823) was a Continental Army officer during the American Revolutionary War, who served as George Washington's intelligence officer and prisoner of war commandant. He later served as the Agent for the United States Department of War for the Southwest Territory (later Tennessee) in the 1790s. Henley was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, the eldest child of Samuel and Elizabeth Cheever Henley. On January 8, 1776, he set fire to Charlestown which was occupied by the British. In that same year, he served a brigade-major under General William Heath, and briefly as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12647432", "score": "0.96495533", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Joseph Fay (politician)", "text": "the Battle of Bennington; Fay's brother John was the battle's first casualty. In 1780, Fay was appointed an assistant commissary, responsible for procuring, storing, and transporting food and other supplies for the military. In 1781 and 1782, Fay and Ira Allen negotiated with the British government in Canada on the subject of exchanging British prisoners held in Skenesborough. He was also involved with Ira and Ethan Allen in the Haldimand negotiations, which on the surface involved the government of Vermont possibly joining the British empire, but were likely designed to prevent the British in Canada from invading Vermont during the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19839119", "score": "0.96489024", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Elisha Lawrence", "text": "the Revolutionary War he was appointed by his county brigadier general of the Monmouth militia of the surveyed blazing line when wars loud conflict racked the brain. Now sheltered in the realms divine he treads heavens ever-peaceful plan lead on by softer, mercy’s mildest ray while fellow warriors hail him on his way.” The bottom of the stone reads, “By indulgence of the general’s family, his companions in arms erect this tribute of affection the first day of January 1800.” Elisha Lawrence Elisha Lawrence (1746July 23, 1799) was an American Federalist Party politician, who represented Monmouth County in the New", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9755187", "score": "0.96374065", "original_retrieval_index": 34 } ]

{ "title": "American Revolution", "long_answer": "Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the king's army attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. The conflict then developed into a global war, during which the Patriots (and later their French, Spanish, and Dutch allies) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War (1775–83). Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism, and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington. The Continental Congress determined King George's rule to be tyrannical and infringing the colonists' rights as Englishmen, and they declared the colonies free and independent states on July 2, 1776. The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy, and they proclaimed that all men are created equal.", "chunked_long_answer": "Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the king's army attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. The conflict then developed into a global war, during which the Patriots (and later their French, Spanish, and Dutch allies) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War (1775–83). Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism, and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington. ", "short_answers": [ "General George Washington", "the king" ] }

[ "September 24, 2017", "October 6, 2017", "October 6, 2017" ]

[ { "title": "ML (film)", "text": "period to tell the tale. ML (film) ML is a 2018 Philippine independent film written and directed by Benedict Mique Jr., starring Eddie Garcia as a retired METROCOM Colonel suffering from dementia, leading him to believe that he is still living in the days of the Marcos dictatorship. He mistakes a visiting student, played by Tony Labrusca as an activist resisting Marcos' Martial Law administration, and captures and torture the student, just as he did to activists back in the 1970s. The film was released on August 3, 2018 at the 14th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival. Along with Kip Oebanda's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20826170", "score": "0.83268744", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "ML (film)", "text": "ML (film) ML is a 2018 Philippine independent film written and directed by Benedict Mique Jr., starring Eddie Garcia as a retired METROCOM Colonel suffering from dementia, leading him to believe that he is still living in the days of the Marcos dictatorship. He mistakes a visiting student, played by Tony Labrusca as an activist resisting Marcos' Martial Law administration, and captures and torture the student, just as he did to activists back in the 1970s. The film was released on August 3, 2018 at the 14th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival. Along with Kip Oebanda's \"Liway\", it is one of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20826168", "score": "0.8143139", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "How High", "text": "on to something other than the sequel. The sequel has been greenlit by MTV and Universal 1440 Entertainment as of June 25, 2018. It is set to be a non-theatrical release. The film will take place in Atlanta. Production has started as of September 25, 2018. The film is starring Lil' Yachty. It will be released on DVD, Blu-ray and Digital HD in 2019. Redman has confirmed that him and Method Man are not reprising their roles in the sequel because \"the business wasn't right\". How High How High is a 2001 stoner film starring Method Man and Redman, written", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4411161", "score": "0.81011474", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "RoboCop (2014 film)", "text": "explore the concept is different.\" It was announced in October 2013 that the film would get an IMAX release in February 2014. Columbia Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer distributed the film in United States, Canada, and worldwide with the exclusion of United Kingdom, France, Germany, Switzerland and Austria, where StudioCanal handled distribution. On April 12, 2011, rumors stated that MGM was looking at A-list stars such as Tom Cruise, Johnny Depp, and Keanu Reeves to star in the lead role of Alex Murphy/RoboCop in the upcoming remake. On June 16, 2011, pictures of promotional art were released, as well as a sales", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16586481", "score": "0.77675635", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "RoboCop (2014 film)", "text": "film, respectively, for a tentative 2010 release. The film was delayed numerous times, and Padilha signed on in 2011. In March 2012, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (successor company to Orion Pictures until September 11, 2014, the studio that released the original film) announced an August 2013 release, but that was then changed to February 2014. The principal characters were cast from March to July 2012. Principal photography began in September 2012 in Toronto and Vancouver in Canada, with additional locations in Hamilton, in Canada, and Detroit in the United States. The film was released in the United States on February 12, 2014. \"RoboCop\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16586469", "score": "0.76692975", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Libertarian Party of New York", "text": "a State Representative to the LPNY. The most recent chapter to have chosen an election versus the Chair serving as Representative is the Libertarian Party of Queens County in March 2017. The Manhattan Libertarian Party (MLP) is a chapter of the Libertarian Party of New York established in 2000. The Manhattan LP was the host chapter of the 2012 Libertarian Party of New York convention, held January 21, 2012. The convention was attended by several candidates seeking the national Libertarian Party's presidential nomination, including former New Mexico governor Gary Johnson and New York attorney Carl E. Person. Sam Sloan and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6371310", "score": "0.75842893", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Ride Along (film)", "text": "released a full length trailer for the film. On the night of January 6, 2014, the film's first premiere was held at Atlantic Station in Atlanta. On January 13, the Los Angeles premiere was held at TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California. Following the two premieres, the film was released worldwide on January 17, 2014. The film's 3-day opening weekend gross was $41,516,170, at 2,663 US and Canadian theaters (an average $15,590 per theater gross), giving \"Ride Along\" the then-record for highest domestic opening weekend gross in the month of January, ahead of 2008's \"Cloverfield\". For the 4-day record-breaking MLK", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17217562", "score": "0.7550927", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Spawn (upcoming film)", "text": "character, titled \"Spawn\", scheduled for release in 2008. During an interview on the \"Scott Ferrall\" show on Sirius radio, McFarlane said: \"It's coming out no matter what. Even if I have to produce, direct and finance it myself, it's going to come out.\" McFarlane announced on August 23, 2009 that he had begun writing the screenplay for a new movie based on the character, saying that \"The story has been in my head for 7 or 8 years\", that \"The movie idea is neither a recap or continuation. It is a standalone story that will be R-rated. Creepy and scary\",", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20920573", "score": "0.7526063", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Come Over When You're Sober, Pt. 2", "text": "has unreleased music from him. In February 2018, Smokeasac tweeted a confirmation that the album is coming, but would be released when the \"time is right\". The release date was later confirmed to be November 9, 2018. On October 17, 2018, Lil Peep's estate confirmed on his social media that the lead single off the album,\"Cry Alone\", would be released on October 18, 2018. The day of the single release, the estate confirmed a release date for the album of November 9, 2018. A \"Cry Alone\" video shot in May 2017 in San Francisco by Max Beck was released the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20722334", "score": "0.74628866", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film)", "text": "The film was produced by Allspark Pictures and DHX Media, using traditional animation created with Toon Boom Harmony. It premiered in New York City on September 24, 2017, and was released on October 6, 2017 in the United States and Canada through Lionsgate. The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $52 million worldwide.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Dick Figures: The Movie", "text": "been announced. It is still unknown if Skudder and Keller will be reprising their roles or not. It is also unknown whether Mondo Media will distribute the sequel on its own or not. The film's soundtrack composed and created by Nick Keller using the software Apple Logic, including the complete score and the movie's closing credits theme, \"Dick Figures: The Movie: The Song\" performed by Ninja Sex Party, was released on September 16, 2013, one day before the film came out. Music from the original series can be heard in certain parts of the movie. The official \"Dick Figures: The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17559013", "score": "0.74251026", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Carrie (2013 film)", "text": "in early January 2013 the release date was moved to October 18, 2013. Sony held a \"First Look\" event at the New York Comic Con on October 13, 2013 that allowed attendees to view the film prior to the release date. The event was followed by a panel session with several members of the cast and crew. Trailers for the film included a phone number that offered promotions to the caller, as well as a recording of a simulated encounter with characters from the film. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 14, 2014. The Blu-ray features", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16416250", "score": "0.7412406", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Fanboys (film)", "text": "of the film and asked for (and was given) a cameo in the film. The film was originally to be released on August 17, 2007. The film was pushed back once more to January 2008 because director Kyle Newman was given more funding to shoot additional scenes that the original budget did not include. Getting the cast back together would only be possible in September 2007, thus the film's release date had to be moved to 2008. The film was again pushed back because the reshoots could not take place before November/December 2007. These reshoots were directed by Steven Brill", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1830303", "score": "0.73834914", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "RoboCop (2014 film)", "text": "would be developing in the future. An MGM poster displayed at the Licensing International Expo of June 2008 read, \"\"RoboCop\" coming 2010.\" The studio met with Darren Aronofsky to discuss the possibility of him directing the film. At the San Diego Comic-Con International 2008, Aronofsky was confirmed to direct the \"2010 \"RoboCop\"\" film, with David Self writing the script. The release date was postponed to 2011. At the San Diego Comic-Con in July 2009, MGM representatives stated only that the film would be pushed back to Summer 2010 or a later date, due to scheduling conflicts with the director (most", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16586478", "score": "0.7365431", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "The Legend of Spyro", "text": "going to direct the film, which would've made it the first theatrical film Dippe directed since \"Spawn\". This film was originally planned for released in theaters on Christmas 2009 for the United States and Canada, but it was delayed to April 10, 2010 for its North American release. It was later confirmed by Daniel Altiere himself that the movie had been officially cancelled due to decisions made by Activision to go in a different direction, which was later revealed in the form of \"Skylanders\". Critical reception of the games was mixed. IGN was highly impressed by \"A New Beginning\", citing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12970456", "score": "0.7347659", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Unleashed (2016 film)", "text": "world premiere at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 12, 2016. Level 33 Entertainment acquired the domestic distribution rights and released the film on August 25, 2017, in select theaters and through video on demand. \"Unleashed\" received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an 80% rating, based on 5 reviews. Frank Scheck of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" gave the film a positive review writing: \"Although it never quite lives up to the satirical possibilities of its high-concept premise, Unleashed delivers some mildly enjoyable laughs thanks to its engaging female lead and the exuberantly physical performances of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19734043", "score": "0.73417956", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "I Got the Hook-Up", "text": "Lorraine's boss Dalton and the FBI are also closing in. Master P announced in 2017 via Instagram he's looking for locations to film a sequel to the movie. Filming started in late July 2018 and completed in mid August 2018. The film stars Master P, AJ Johnson, Fatboy SSE, Romeo Miller, John Witherspoon and more. It is scheduled for release in May 2019. A soundtrack containing hip hop music was released on April 7, 1998 by No Limit Records. It peaked at #3 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and #1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. I Got the Hook-Up I Got", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8145577", "score": "0.73357296", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Ride Along 2", "text": "to gross $35.2 million in its opening weekend and $41 million for the four-day MLK Holiday weekend, lower than its predecessor's $48.6 million four-day MLK Holiday opening two years prior, but still finished first at the box office. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 14% based on 107 reviews, with an average rating of 3.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"\"Ride Along 2\" presents a cop-comedy sequel whose well-matched stars can't break the law of diminishing returns -- or lock up a script that unabashedly steals from the original.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17302468", "score": "0.7326039", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Pee-wee Herman", "text": "and months of being right on the verge of being announced…I thought something was going to go public yesterday, actually, and that you’d be the first person I’d be talking about this with. But I’m thinking there will be something made public very soon. It's going to get made shortly after the new year. I wish I could tell you about it right now, because…I mean, it's amazing. It's going to be amazing. It think it first got leaked four years ago or so that the movie was going to be made, and ever since then it's just been stalling", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2863662", "score": "0.73249596", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Warner Bros. Animation", "text": "day \"The Lego Movie\" was released, it was reported that Jared Stern and Michelle Morgan were hired to write \"The Lego Movie Sequel\". The sequel was announced to be released on May 26, 2017, but later that year, it was reported that a spin-off film featuring Batman from \"The Lego Movie\" might take the sequel's release date, pushing the sequel to May 18, 2018. Phil Lord and Christopher Miller returned to script and co-direct the sequel. Rob Schrab was set to direct the film, but was later replaced by Mike Mitchell due to \"creative differences\". On June 2016, the release", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3799463", "score": "0.7298387", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Fanboys (film)", "text": "and not by Newman. On January 14, The CineManiac reported that the film was being re-edited to remove the cancer plot from the film and replace much of it with raunchy, vulgar humor. Ain't It Cool News picked up the story and confirmed that the two different versions of the film (with and without the cancer subplot) were screened to different test audiences in Burbank, California, in January 2008 to see which one would rate higher. As for a new release date, Newman stated in a Movie Geeks United! interview that the film would hopefully come out in April 2008.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1830304", "score": "0.72927684", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "See No Evil 2", "text": "and Simmons reportedly performed all their own physical stunts. The trailer was released on July 25, 2014. In June 2014 it was reported the movie would not be released to theatres, instead being released to video on demand on October 17, 2014, followed by a Blu-ray release on October 21, 2014. The film received an approval rating of 60% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 5 reviews. William Bibbiani, writing for Crave Online, praised the film's adherence to traditional slasher movie conventions, saying that \"...it is indeed comforting to see that the standard, straight-up slasher yarn still has some", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15433630", "score": "0.72746265", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Darren Aronofsky's unrealized projects", "text": "directing the \"RoboCop\" remake. The film was finally released in 2010 and directed by David O. Russell. On July 9, 2008, The Hollywood Reporter reported that MGM was in talks with Aronofsky to direct the long time planned \"RoboCop\" remake that was first announced in 2005. Sixteen days later, it was announced during the San Diego Comic-Con International 2008 that Aronofsky would direct the film with David Self attached to write it, leaving the production of Paramount Pictures' \"The Fighter\". On June 12, 2009, it was reported that the film would be released in 2011. However, in July 2009, during", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19871940", "score": "0.72733074", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Pee-wee's Big Holiday", "text": "an update on the status of the film, saying: \"It's been months and months of being right on the verge of being announced... I thought something was going to go public yesterday, actually, and that you'd be the first person I'd be talking about this with. But I'm thinking there will be something made public very soon. It's going to get made shortly after the new year. I wish I could tell you about it right now, because... I mean, it's amazing. It's going to be amazing. It think it first got leaked four years ago or so that the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18676265", "score": "0.72674054", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Live by Night (film)", "text": "new openers \"Monster Trucks\", \"The Bye Bye Man\" and \"Sleepless\", as well as the wide releases of \"Silence\" and \"Patriots Day\". It was expected to gross around $10 million from 2,822 theaters in its four-day MLK opening weekend. It ended up debuting to $5.1 million (a four-day total of $6.2 million), finishing 11th at the box office. \"Deadline Hollywood\" attributed the film's poor opening to its crowded release weekend, as well as lack of critical praise and award buzz. 54% of its opening weekend attendance was male, while 88% was over the age of 25. The film grossed $1.8 million", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18260422", "score": "0.7264187", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Power Rangers (film)", "text": "Morphin Time!\", was released. Lionsgate debuted yet another trailer, which it called the \"All-Star Trailer\", on February 17. New TV spots were released on February 27, two about the Power Rangers, and one about Rita Repulsa. A clip was released on March 6, followed by two more on March 9. Thirty-seven stills were then released. Another TV spot was released on March 10. In the final week before the movie premiered, two more clips, as well as photos, were released. A Build-A-Bear Workshop Power Ranger product range was announced on March 9, 2017. Krispy Kreme released doughnuts to promote the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18294679", "score": "0.7259115", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Battle Royale (film)", "text": "New Line Cinema, with producers Neil Moritz and Roy Lee, intended to produce a new adaptation of \"Battle Royale\". Several Web sites echoed the news, including Ain't It Cool News, which claimed the remake would be \"an extremely Hard R – serious-minded Americanisation of BATTLE ROYALE.\" New Line tentatively set a release date of 2008. The next month, \"The New York Times\" reported on an Internet backlash against the remake. Through the article, Lee assured fans of his respect for the original work, claiming, \"This is the one I'm going to be the most careful with.\" He stated that, despite", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2059542", "score": "0.7247004", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "So Undercover", "text": "in early 2011. In March 2011, Exclusive Media Group, the film's studio announced that The Weinstein Company acquired the U.S. distribution rights for the film, and said that \"the film will be released in October 2011 when schools are back in session.\" However, the film was not released in October 2011, but instead in September 2011. In October 2012, the U.K. theatrical trailer was released, which announced a release date of December 7, 2012. Later, distributor Millennium Films announced they had acquired the U.S. distribution rights for the film, and said that the film would have a direct-to-video release in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15189340", "score": "0.72313946", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Major League Productions", "text": "album as it had described itself as a rock music label and this release was soul and funk, the album was sold in Europe and had main interest in Germany. In 2007, MLP's parent label Hyper UK was set up to create new and abstract releases by bands such as Smash. The label has registered under Major League Productions, but is advertised as a separate label. Once the label was established, it tried to expand its presence, focusing on larger artists and bands such as Thin Lizzy and Alex Harvey. The label then developed its online services by offering downloads", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17095550", "score": "0.7224599", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Future World (film)", "text": "and frees the sex slaves, who get revenge on Big Daddy Love Lord by attacking him. In May 2016, it was announced James Franco, Milla Jovovich, Twin Shadow and Margarita Levieva joined the cast of the film, with Franco directing alongside Bruce Thierry Chung, with Dark Rabbit Productions and AMBI Group, financing the film, with Monika Bacardi, Vince Jolivette and Jay Davis producing. That same month, Lucy Liu, Method Man, Suki Waterhouse, Jeffrey Wahlberg and Snoop Dogg joined the cast of the film. Principal photography began in May 2016, and wrapped in June 2016. It was released on May 25,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20428321", "score": "0.7221824", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film)", "long_answer": "The film was produced by Allspark Pictures and DHX Media, using traditional animation created with Toon Boom Harmony. It premiered in New York City on September 24, 2017, and was released on October 6, 2017 in the United States and Canada through Lionsgate. The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $52 million worldwide.", "chunked_long_answer": "The film was produced by Allspark Pictures and DHX Media, using traditional animation created with Toon Boom Harmony. It premiered in New York City on September 24, 2017, and was released on October 6, 2017 in the United States and Canada through Lionsgate. The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $52 million worldwide.", "short_answers": [ "October 6, 2017", "September 24, 2017" ] }

[ "1535", "Christopher Columbus" ]

[ { "title": "History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States", "text": "de Oñate. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt (Roanoke Island, 1585). The Spanish didn't just explore, they settled, creating the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at St. Augustine, Florida in 1565. Santa Fe, New Mexico also predates Jamestown, Virginia (of Pocahontas fame, founded in 1607) and Plymouth Colony (of \"Mayflower\", Pilgrims and Thanksgiving fame). In 1566 Pedro Menendez established Fort San Felipe on Santa Elena- which is present day Parris Island near Beaufort South Carolina. The fort was part of the Spanish King’s ongoing effort to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10816821", "score": "0.9838203", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Pacific Northwest", "text": "and including Juan Peréz and Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra as officers. On July 14, 1775, they landed on the Olympic Peninsula near the mouth of the Quinault River. On August 17, 1775, Heceta, returning south, sighted the mouth of the Columbia River and named it \"Bahia de la Asunción\". While Heceta sailed south, Quadra continued north in the expedition's second ship, \"Sonora\", reaching Alaska, at 59° N. In 1778 English mariner Captain James Cook visited Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island and also voyaged as far as Prince William Sound. In 1779, a third Spanish expedition, under the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "848648", "score": "0.9817848", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Hispanic and Latino Americans", "text": "confirmed European landing in the continental United States was by Juan Ponce de León, who landed in 1513 at a lush shore he christened \"La Florida\". Within three decades of Ponce de León's landing, the Spanish became the first Europeans to reach the Appalachian Mountains, the Mississippi River, the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains. Spanish ships sailed along the East Coast, penetrating to present-day Bangor, Maine, and up the Pacific Coast as far as Oregon. From 1528 to 1536, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and three fellows (including an African named Estevanico), from a Spanish expedition that foundered, journeyed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3791247", "score": "0.9797995", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "History of British Columbia", "text": "he did not make landfall or \"discover\" British Columbia. It was not until Captain James Cook's doomed third expedition that British Columbia was \"discovered\" when he anchored in Friendly Cove, modern-day Nootka Sound. In 1774, the Spanish navigator Juan José Pérez Hernández, a native of Mexico, sailed from San Blas, Nueva Galicia (modern-day Nayarit), with instructions to reach 60° north latitude to discover possible Russian settlements and take possession of the lands for the Spanish Crown. Hernández reached 55° north latitude, becoming the first European to sight the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island. He traded with the natives near", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2762918", "score": "0.97360384", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Maritime history of Colonial America", "text": "Americas. Spanish explorers also reached the present-day United States. The first confirmed landing in the continental US was by a Spaniard, Juan Ponce de León, who landed in 1513 at a lush shore he christened La Florida. The Spanish sent some settlers, creating the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565 and later Santa Fe, New Mexico, San Antonio, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Most Spanish settlements were along the California coast or the Sante Fe River in New Mexico. The first successful English colony was established in 1607,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10307208", "score": "0.97019786", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "San Juan Island", "text": "de Güemes Padilla Horcasitas y Aguayo, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo. One of the officers under Eliza's command, Gonzalo López de Haro, was the first European to discover San Juan Island. During the Wilkes Expedition, American explorer Charles Wilkes renamed the island \"Rodgers Island\"; the Spanish name remained on British nautical charts and over time became the island's official name. The island saw seasonal use for salmon fishing. The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) established the first permanent, non-native settlement on the island on December 13, 1853, with the intention of creating a sheep farm. The island was also occupied by Native", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2896109", "score": "0.9698339", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "James Colnett", "text": "the ocean and visit, trade, and make settlements anywhere not already occupied by a civilized nation. In 1789 a Spanish expedition under Estebàn José Martínez set sail from San Blas in order to occupy Nootka Sound. Arriving on 5 May 1789, the Spanish quickly built a few buildings and a small fort with the Spanish flag clearly displayed. Martinez formally occupied the land and began checking the papers of visiting vessels. Two American fur trading ships were already anchored in the sound, one of which was the \"Columbia Rediviva\", and more arrived later, including the \"Lady Washington\", under Robert Gray.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14198936", "score": "0.9689803", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Hispanophone", "text": "States. Other Spanish explorers of the United States make up a long list that includes, among others, Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón, Pánfilo de Narváez, Sebastián Vizcaíno, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Gaspar de Portolà, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Tristán de Luna y Arellano, and Juan de Oñate. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization attempt at Roanoke Island in 1585. The Spanish created the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. Santa Fe, New Mexico also predates Jamestown, Virginia (founded in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3670793", "score": "0.9667487", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "text": "exploratory expeditions along the coast as far north as Alaska. In 1774 Juan José Pérez Hernández was commissioned to explore the coast up to 60° N, but only made it as far as 55°30´ N. Off Langara Island in Haida Gwaii he made contact with the Haida, and on the homeward journey, the Nuu-chah-nulth. In 1775, a two-ship exploration expedition led by Spanish Captain Don Bruno de Heceta landed on the coast of today's Washington—the first European to have sailed this far north along the coast. The expedition re-asserted Spanish claims to all the coastal lands, including to the Russian", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3810545", "score": "0.96595764", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Spanish colonization of the Americas", "text": "Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and continuing control of vast territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America (including present day Mexico, Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States). It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492–1832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850–1950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century, and most during", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "José María Narváez", "text": "was the \"Northwest America\", built by John Meares at Nootka Sound the previous year. In his effort to assert Spanish sovereignty, Martínez seized the ship. On June 21, Martínez dispatched Narváez in the captured \"Northwest America\", renamed \"Santa Gertrudis la Magna\" (and later \"Santa Saturnina\"), to explore three inlets south of Nootka Sound — Clayoquot Sound, Barkley Sound, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Narváez sailed more than 25 leagues (about ) into the Strait of Juan de Fuca. By this time only a few non-natives had entered the Strait, and none as far as Narváez. By early July", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10205406", "score": "0.96027255", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Juan José Pérez Hernández", "text": "Juan José Pérez Hernández Juan José Pérez Hernández (born Joan Perés ca. 1725 – November 3, 1775), often simply Juan Pérez, was an 18th-century Spanish explorer. He was the first European to sight, examine, name, and record the islands near present-day British Columbia, Canada. Born in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, he first served as a \"piloto\" in western Spanish colonial North America on Manila galleons en route to and from the Philippines in the Spanish East Indies. In 1768, he was assigned to the Pacific port of San Blas, in the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present day Mexico), and acquired", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8713082", "score": "0.9601146", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Sebastian Cabot (explorer)", "text": "of North America (published in Antwerp, 1544) claiming to have discovered North America with his father in 1494, three years before his father's voyage. Sancho Gutierrez repeated this text in Castilian on his 1551 map. Placed next to the border of North America, the text reads: This land was discovered by Johannes Caboto, venetian and Sebastian Caboto, his son, in the year of the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ MCCCCXCIV, 24th of June in the morning. They put to it the name 'prima terra vista' and [...] This big island was named Saint John, as it was discovered on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2779701", "score": "0.96006024", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Miami-Dade County, Florida", "text": "was Miami's first recorded name. It is unknown whether he came ashore or made contact with the natives. Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and his men made the first recorded landing when they visited the Tequesta settlement in 1566 while looking for Avilés' missing son, shipwrecked a year earlier. Spanish soldiers led by Father Francisco Villarreal built a Jesuit mission at the mouth of the Miami River a year later but it was short-lived. After the Spaniards left, the Tequesta Indians were left to fend themselves from European-introduced diseases like smallpox. By 1711, the Tequesta sent a couple of local chiefs", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14697988", "score": "0.95902175", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Spanish Canadians", "text": "British Columbian coast in 1579, it was Juan Pérez who completed the first documented voyage, which took place in 1774. Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra explored the coast in 1775. In doing so, Pérez and de la Bodega reasserted the Spanish claim for the Pacific coast, first made by Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513. A major war between Spain and Britain over British Columbia could have begun via the Nootka Sound dispute in 1789. Spain at the time sent José Martínez to occupy Nootka Sound and establish exclusive Spanish sovereignty. During the summer of 1789 a number", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4163931", "score": "0.9586363", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Jamaica", "text": "landing point was Dry Harbour, called Discovery Bay, and St. Ann's Bay was named \"Saint Gloria\" by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land. One and a half kilometres west of St. Ann's Bay is the site of the first Spanish settlement on the island, Sevilla, which was established in 1509 and abandoned around 1524 because it was deemed unhealthy. The capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called \"St. Jago de la Vega\", around 1534 (at present-day St. Catherine). Spanish Town has the oldest cathedral of the British colonies in the Caribbean. The Spanish were forcibly evicted by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "212729", "score": "0.95842695", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Spanish Canadians", "text": "of the Virgin Mary in the other, he walked knee-deep into Ocean, and claimed possession of the Pacific Ocean and all adjoining lands (which included British Columbia) for Spain in the name of his Spanish sovereigns on September 13, 1513. Then a Greek born Spanish explorer Juan de Fuca in the service of the king of Spain, Philip II, explored the Strait of Anián in 1592, now known as the Strait of Juan de Fuca, between Vancouver Island, now part of British Columbia, Canada, and northwestern Washington state, United States. People from northwestern Spain known as Basques have been landing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4163928", "score": "0.95806503", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Hispanic and Latino Americans", "text": "Portolà, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Tristán de Luna y Arellano and Juan de Oñate, and non-Spanish explorers working for the Spanish Crown, such as Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo. In all, Spaniards probed half of today's lower 48 states before the first English colonization effort in 1585 at Roanoke Island off the East Coast. In 1565, the Spanish created the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States, at St. Augustine, Florida. Santa Fe, New Mexico was founded before Jamestown, Virginia (founded in 1607) and the New England Plymouth Colony (1620, of \"Mayflower\" and Pilgrims fame).", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3791249", "score": "0.9580362", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Hispanophone", "text": "nation's total population by the year 2050. Historically, a continuous Hispanic presence in the territory of the United States has existed since the 16th century, earlier than any other group after the Amerindians. Spaniards pioneered the present-day United States. The first confirmed European landing on the continent was that of Juan Ponce de León, who landed in 1513 on the shore he christened \"La Florida\". Within three decades of Ponce de León's landing, the Spanish became the first Europeans to reach the Appalachian Mountains, the Mississippi River, the Grand Canyon, and the Great Plains. Spanish ships sailed along the East", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3670791", "score": "0.95725685", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "text": "the Strait of Juan de Fuca, discovered an entrance to the Strait of Georgia, which prompted further investigation. In Acapulco, Malaspina took over two schooners, the \"Sutil\" and \"Mexicana\", placed them under the command of one of his officers, Dionisio Alcalá Galiano, and had them sail north to explore the Strait of Georgia. Galiano's expedition took place in 1792 at the same time as that of George Vancouver. The two expeditions met in the Strait of Georgia and worked together to map the waters and establish the insularity of Vancouver Island. Today, Spain's legacy endures as dozens of Spanish place", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3810550", "score": "0.95680165", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Bruno de Heceta", "text": "The \"Señora\", with second officer Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra at the helm, following its orders continuing further north up the coast, ultimately reaching a position at latitude 59° north on August 15, 1775, entering Sitka Sound near the present-day town of Sitka, Alaska. There, and near a Russian settlement on present day Kodiak Island, the Spaniards performed numerous \"acts of sovereignty\" claiming the territory. Bodega y Quadra named \"Puerto de Bucareli\" (present day Bucareli Bay, Alaska), \"Puerto de los Remedios\", and \"Cerro San Jacinto\" that was renamed Mount Edgecumbe three years later in 1778 by English explorer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8725275", "score": "0.9544705", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Exploration of North America", "text": "location is disputed. While it is true that Columbus visited Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in 1493, Ponce de Leon was the first known European to reach the present-day United States mainland. On September 25, 1513, Spanish conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean once he crossed the Isthmus of Panama. He claimed all the territory touching it for the Crown, later to affect colonization of Las Californias. Around 1519-1521, Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes explored the coasts of Newfoundland, Labrador and Nova Scotia, with a mission to create colonies. In 1524,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13837544", "score": "0.95377135", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Spanish diaspora", "text": "1493, he landed on the island, naming it \"San Juan Bautista\" in honor of Saint John the Baptist. The first Spanish settlement, Caparra, was founded on 8 August 1508 by Juan Ponce de León, born in Valladolid, Spain, a lieutenant under Columbus, who later became the first governor of the island. From the start of the conquest of Puerto Rico, Castilians ruled over the religious (Roman Catholicism) and political life. Some came to the island for just a few years and then returned to Spain, however many stayed. Puerto Rico's founding family were Castilians (Ponce de León family). Their home", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15117750", "score": "0.9536603", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "text": "settlements in the north. The two ships sailed together as far north as Point Grenville, named Punta de los Martires (or \"Point of the Martyrs\") by Heceta in response to an attack by the local Quinault Indians. He was the first European to sight the mouth of the Columbia River. By design, the two vessels separated with one continuing to what is today the border between Washington state and Canada. The other (now with second officer Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra at the helm) moved up the coast according to its orders, ultimately reaching a position at 59°", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3810546", "score": "0.9535421", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Martín de Argüelles", "text": "Martín de Argüelles Martín de Argüelles, Jr. (born 1566) was the first white child (first criollo) known to have been born in what is now the United States. His birthplace of St. Augustine, Florida (\"San Agustín, La Florida\") is the oldest continuously occupied, European-founded city in the United States. Argüelles was born in 1566 in the Spanish settlement of San Agustín, Spanish Florida. Martín's parents were Martín de Argüelles (Sr.) and Leonor Morales. His father, Martín Argüelles Sr., an Asturian \"hidalgo\", was one of the expeditioners who came to New Spain in the New World with Captain General Pedro Menéndez", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8527408", "score": "0.95282763", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Francisco de Eliza", "text": "Pacific Northwest to southern Alaska. The viceroy of New Spain, Juan Vicente de Güemes, Count of Revillagigedo, gave Eliza command of an expedition to reoccupy the Spanish establishment at Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island. The outpost, which the Spanish called Santa Cruz de Nuca, had been established by Esteban José Martínez in 1789 and then abandoned in October of the same year, after the \"Nootka Incident\", which triggered an international crisis between Spain and Great Britain known as the Nootka Crisis. The King of Spain, Carlos IV, issued the Royal Order of April 14, 1789, requiring the establishment at Nootka", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10191312", "score": "0.95261943", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Juan José Pérez Hernández", "text": "organized. Pérez participated as \"piloto\" of Heceta's ship, the \"Santiago\". Pérez died on the return journey, on November 3, 1775, between Monterey, California and San Blas. Juan Perez Sound off the east coast of Moresby Island in the Queen Charlotte Islands is named for him. Juan José Pérez Hernández Juan José Pérez Hernández (born Joan Perés ca. 1725 – November 3, 1775), often simply Juan Pérez, was an 18th-century Spanish explorer. He was the first European to sight, examine, name, and record the islands near present-day British Columbia, Canada. Born in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, he first served as a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8713087", "score": "0.9510481", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Isla de Mona", "text": "Fray Nicolás de Ovando was sent to \"Isla de la Mona\" to keep an eye, from a safe distance, on the native revolts occurring in Hispaniola. With a group of 2,000 Spanish settlers, Ovando was left in charge of creating a permanent settlement on the island. Due to its small size and location, the island proved inadequate to accommodate such a large settlement, and food became scarce as shipments from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico were received infrequently. Juan Ponce de León, who accompanied Columbus on his first two voyages, became the first ruling governor of Puerto Rico. In 1515, after", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2029207", "score": "0.95018244", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "History of the west coast of North America", "text": "north latitude on August 15, 1775, entering Sitka Sound near the present-day town of Sitka, Alaska. It is there that the Spaniards performed numerous \"acts of sovereignty,\" naming and claiming Puerto de Bucareli (Bucareli Sound), Puerto de los Remedios, and Mount San Jacinto (renamed Mount Edgecumbe by British explorer James Cook three years later). In 1790, Spanish explorer Salvador Fidalgo led an expedition that included visits to the sites of today's Cordova, Alaska and Valdez, Alaska, where acts of sovereignty were performed. Fidalgo went as far as today's Kodiak Island, visiting the small Russian settlement there. Fidalgo then went to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3810547", "score": "0.9501295", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Territorial evolution of North America since 1763", "text": "Spanish sent Bruno de Hezeta and Francisco Mourelle in the Santiago and Sonora sailed to what is now Vancouver Island and then south along the coast before continuing north as far as modern day Alaska. In 1778, Saint Pierre and Miquelon were attacked by a force led by Newfoundland's Governor John Montagu and then population deported by the British as retaliation for French support of the American Revolutionary War. The residents were sent to France and their homes were destroyed. In another attempt to assert Spanish authority over the Pacific coast the Spanish sent Ignatio de Arteaga in La Princesa", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13991370", "score": "0.9491428", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Spanish colonization of the Americas", "long_answer": "Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and continuing control of vast territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America (including present day Mexico, Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States). It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492–1832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850–1950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century, and most during the 18th century as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon Dynasty.", "chunked_long_answer": "Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and continuing control of vast territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America (including present day Mexico, Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States). It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492–1832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850–1950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century, and most during", "short_answers": [ "Christopher Columbus" ] }

[ "Japanese" ]

[ { "title": "Siah-Posh Kafirs", "text": "Siah-Posh tribe living in Hindukush mountains descended from the ancient Kambojas While discussing the Kambojas, H. H. Wilson and several other authorities also acknowledge that there is an apparent trace of their (\"Kambojas' \") name in the Camojis of Kafirstan (Nuristan) who may have retreated to the mountains before the advance of the Turk tribes. The physiognomic features and other physical characteristics of the Siah-Posh tribes resemble those of the Kamboj population of greater Panjab(Pakistan). Like the (\"unmixed\") Kamboj, they have fairly tall stature, fair-body color, light brown or some times green eyes, brown and some times blond hair, slender", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13186919", "score": "1.1256756", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Sib (anthropology)", "text": "Sib (anthropology) Sib is a technical term in the discipline of anthropology which originally denoted a kinship group among Anglo-Saxon and other Germanic peoples. In an extended sense, it then became the standard term for a variety of other kinds of lineal (matrilineal or patrilineal) or cognatic (i.e.,descended through links of both sexes) kinship groups. The word may also denote a member of such a group. American anthropologists often used the term 'sib' as the generic term for a category that breaks down into the sub-classifications of \"patri-sib\", referring to patrilineal clan descent, and \"matri-sib\", to refer to matrilineal clan", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14077945", "score": "1.0335556", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Sib Chandra Deb", "text": "Sib Chandra Deb Sib Chandra Deb ( \"Shib Chôndro Deb\") (also spelt Shib Chandra Deb, Shibchandra Deb, Shib Chander Deb) (20 July 1811 – 12 November 1890) was one of the leading Derozians, virtually the first generation of English-knowing Indians. He had joined Hindu College in 1825 and was subsequently drawn towards Derozio. Sivanath Sastri recalls that even in his old age he fondly recalled in detail what Derozio used to say. A brilliant student he won a scholarship while studying at Hindu College. As a student, he occasionally attended the meetings of the Brahmo Sabha established by Raja Rammohun", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8641255", "score": "1.0235415", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Sib (anthropology)", "text": "descent. Sib (anthropology) Sib is a technical term in the discipline of anthropology which originally denoted a kinship group among Anglo-Saxon and other Germanic peoples. In an extended sense, it then became the standard term for a variety of other kinds of lineal (matrilineal or patrilineal) or cognatic (i.e.,descended through links of both sexes) kinship groups. The word may also denote a member of such a group. American anthropologists often used the term 'sib' as the generic term for a category that breaks down into the sub-classifications of \"patri-sib\", referring to patrilineal clan descent, and \"matri-sib\", to refer to matrilineal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14077946", "score": "1.0155292", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Siah-Posh Kafirs", "text": "and straight or acquiline noses, high physical and mental tenacity and stamina etc. The \"Siah-posh\" Kafirs of the Hindukush ranges, who used to be collectively known as \"Kamoges\" or \"Kamojis\" (Sanskrit Kambojis or Kambojas) are stated to have been a remain of a considerable ancient people among whom were original Kashmerians and a greater part of Badakshan and Kabol as far as Deggan tribes...and on the southern face of the higher ridges of Himalaya extending to an unknown distance...Though whole of their pristine population being subjected to Muslim conquerors in the Middle Ages, and having mixed with them, they have", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13186920", "score": "1.0148928", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Bhimber", "text": "son of Raja Partab chand Katoch who came to Bhimber and established the state after marrying local ruler`s daughter in 1400 A.D. Chibs are direct descendents of Raja Chib Chand Katoch. In Chibs, the first who embraced Islam was Shadaab Khan who is famous as Hazrat Baba Shadi Shaheed. His Hindu name was Raja Dharm Chand Chib. The last ruler of Chibhal was Raja Sultan Khan (1800–1840). Bhimber has been important strategically. It lies on the route that was followed by the Mughal Emperors for their frequent visits to the Kashmir Valley. It is also known as \"Baab-e-Kashmir\" (Door to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8400871", "score": "1.0083466", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Yapese people", "text": "daughter can inherit the land. This land is separated by matrilineal kinship. Individuals and groups who have to rely on other people's lands are part of the serf caste. A patriclan is a political and economic unit while a patrilineage is a social unit of kinsmen. Yapese clans or sibs (\"genung\") are totemic and claim mythical ancestry and a mythical place of origin. Sib members are instructed not to eat the living counterpart of their mythical ancestress. Sibs are exogamous and consider each other as brothers and sisters. Each sib has a chief, and each village has a head chief", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19714372", "score": "1.0005628", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Sibpur Hindu Girls High School", "text": "Sibpur Hindu Girls High School Shibpur Hindu Girls High School is a Higher Secondary Girls school situated at Shibpur in Howrah of West Bengal,India. The school is affiliated with West Bengal Board of Secondary Education and West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. The school was founded by Jadunath Banerjee in the year of 1867. In the early days, initially the students studied free of cost, Some local philanthropists donated 4 annas to run this school . After a few years a minimum fees of 1 anna and 4 annas were charged for primary and secondary students. The Howrah Corporation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20333693", "score": "1.0003119", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Sibe people", "text": "and Kazakh. The different ethnicities of Northern Xinjiang have shared music culture and adopted elements from each other's music. Sibe people The Sibe or Xibo ( ; ) are a Tungusic people living mostly in Xinjiang, Jilin (bordering North Korea) and Shenyang in Liaoning. The Sibe form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China. The Sibe are known by several variations of their name. The self-appellation of the Sibe people is pronounced \"Śivə\", the official Chinese term is \"Xibo\", in Russian literature the terms \"sibin'ci\"/\"šibin'ci\" are used, while in English works the name \"Sibe\" has been established,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1521696", "score": "0.998441", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Maia Shibutani", "text": "Maia Harumi Shibutani was born on July 20, 1994, in New York City. She is the daughter of Chris Shibutani and Naomi Uyemura, both of Japanese descent, who met as Harvard musicians. She has an older brother, Alex Shibutani, who competes with her as her partner in the discipline of Ice Dance. She started figure skating at the age of 4 in 1998 in Old Greenwich, Connecticut, where she was a student at Greenwich Academy in Greenwich, Connecticut.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Sibe people", "text": "Sibe people The Sibe or Xibo ( ; ) are a Tungusic people living mostly in Xinjiang, Jilin (bordering North Korea) and Shenyang in Liaoning. The Sibe form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China. The Sibe are known by several variations of their name. The self-appellation of the Sibe people is pronounced \"Śivə\", the official Chinese term is \"Xibo\", in Russian literature the terms \"sibin'ci\"/\"šibin'ci\" are used, while in English works the name \"Sibe\" has been established, which corresponds to the written form. According to the Russian scholar Elena P. Lebedeva, the Sibe people originated as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1521687", "score": "0.9776064", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Sibi", "text": "the area are: Khajjak, Marghzani, Silachi, Saafi, Mizri, Dehpal, Barozai, and Luni. Major Jamot (Sindhi) tribes include: Soomro, Abro, Dayo, Mangrio, Mahar, and Solangi. Major Punjabi clans include: Bhatti Rajput, Rana Rajput, Arain, Malik, Butt, Choudary, Khokhar, and Mughal. Major Brahvi tribes include: Raisani, Bangulzai, GohramZai, Mohummad Shahi, and Lehri. Major Urdu speaking surnames may include: Quraishi, Sheikh, Siddiqui, Abbasi, Ansari, and Yousaf Zai. Siraiki's include Jamali, Machi, Hanbhi and Langah but almost all of them are ethnically diverse. Minorities include Hindus, Christians, and small groups of nomadic people who live mainly in the huts on western corner of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6917386", "score": "0.9774008", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Siah-Posh Kafirs", "text": "Siah-Posh Kafirs Siah-Posh (\"black-Robed\") Kafirs used to designate the major and dominant group of the Hindu Kush Kafirs inhabiting the Bashgul (\"Kam\") valley of the Kafiristan, now called Nuristan. They were so-called because of the color of the robes they wore. They were distinguished from the Sped-Posh (\"white-robed\") Kafirs (sometimes also called Lal-Posh or \"Red-robed\") by reason of the color of their dress as also because of their language, customs and other characteristics. The Siah-Posh Kafirs (Nuristanis) have sometimes been erroneously confused with Kalasha people, though they are not directly related to the Kalash of the neighboring Chitral Province in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13186914", "score": "0.9746793", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Sian (Kurdish tribe)", "text": "of south of Erbil city where most of Sian villages are distributed has helped the members of the tribe enjoy a mild climate and engage in fruitful farming such as growing wheat and barley and raising livestock. There is a Siyan tribe in Afghanistan , Iran and Pakistan. In Afghanistan and Iran the major branches of Siyan are Lashkarzai,Ladadzai,Kachkolzai,Alluzai,Bahanzai,Habibzai and Rehmanzai. While in Pakistan subbranches of Siyan are Jaddazai, Jangozai, Bandozai, Bakerzai,Arizai,Kamash,Aqoobani,Polaati, Ghamyni, Zehri Siyan, Aqoobani Siyan etc. The branches of the Siyan in Iraq are the Shemzini, Esdikerri, Dimsori, Salmemi, Kaci, and Piresni. According to Baluchistani Siyan, they were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13947901", "score": "0.96959436", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Arbab", "text": "Arbab Arbab () is a Persian word that means \"boss\", \"master\" and \"landlord\". It was a title used by tribal leaders in Middle East and South Asia. It is the title used by the heads of the Kasi Pashtun in Balochistan and Khalil, Momand, Daudzai and Gigyani tribe in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is also used by the Samma tribes like Sammo, Abro, and Jakhro tribes in Sindh. It is a common family name in Iran, Pakistan and some Arab countries. Arbabs are also very famous in Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Quetta Balochistan they are one of the most popular educated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7946197", "score": "0.9649317", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Sian (Kurdish tribe)", "text": "migrated approximately 200–350 years ago from Iranian Baluchistan (Sistan) to Pakistani Baluchistan.And they are settled in different Districts of Balochistan such as Awaran,Dalbandin,Khuzdar, Lasbela and Quetta. Sian (Kurdish tribe) Sian, Syan or Siyan (سيان in Kurdish) is a Kurdish tribe based in southern Erbil city of Iraqi Kurdistan. Members of the tribe live mainly in Gabaraka, Darbandy Gom, Sarbashakh, Jastan, Mekhmur, Deshti-Qeraj, Kandênawe, and Girdesor villages. The total population of Sian tribe members is estimated to be over 100000 thousands men and women. Sian tribe has had major role in Kurdish movements such that its members were always ative players", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13947902", "score": "0.9626465", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Shirin Tagab District", "text": "and eight caravanseries. Livestock and grain are the main items of transactions in the bazaar before the war. Because most of the central and northern districts in Faryab Province have a salty water supply, many civilians bring water from the Shirin Tagab bazaar. Shirin Tagab District Shirin-Tagab (meaning in Uzbek language: \"Sweet Water\", also known as Koh-i-Saiyād) is the district center in the Faryab Province, Afghanistan. The population was 65,800 in 2004. Ethnic composition includes 10% Pashtun, 10% Tajik and 80% Uzbek. This Turkmen populated township is 33 km to the south of Dawlatabad. The valley of Shirin-Tagab hosts many", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9440611", "score": "0.96061015", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Siah-Posh Kafirs", "text": "Pakistan. Prior to 1895, the Kafirs of Hindukush were classified into two groups as (i) Siah-Posh and (ii) Safed-Posh. But the British investigator George Scott Robertson who visited Kafiristan and studied the Kafirs for about two years (1889–1891) had improved upon the old classification and re-classified the Kafirs more scientifically into (1) Siah-Posh, (2) Waigulis, (3) Presungulis, or Viron people and (4) Ashkuns. The \"Ashukuns\" are probably allied to the Waigulis. The later three groups of the Kafirs used to be collectively known as Sped-Posh Kafirs. The Siah-Posh tribe was further sub-divided into (1) \"Siah-Posh Katirs\" (Kamtoz), (2) \"Siah-Posh Mumans\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13186915", "score": "0.96057117", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Shibpur", "text": "Shibpur Shibpur or Sibpur is a residential area located in the city of Howrah, West Bengal, India. It is well known for being the location of the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, the IIEST Shibpur and the Hazar Hath Kaali Temple. The famous Bengali linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji was born in Shibpur. During British Raj, its name was written as Seebpore. Recently, parts of administrative headquarters of the West Bengal government have been temporarily shifted to Mandirtala in Shibpur. The area was home to many royal landlords (jamindars) in Bengal. During the era of British rule in India,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4355659", "score": "0.9572605", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Siavi", "text": "probably is the oldest native Pashto speaking clan of Iran: Although the history of their arrival to Iran is not very clear, they most likely migrated from southern regions of what is now Afghanistan. According to the 2006 census, their population in the Siavi Village of Iran was only 138 members. Currently mainly in Khyberpukhtoonwa province in Pakistan, many of the clan members have settled in the Nizampur area of Nowshera District. Their population estimated to be around 1000 strong. As was the case with their settled era over many centuries in Iran, over many centuries of settlement in mainly", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17683262", "score": "0.9538936", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Abgaal", "text": "own form of Somali poetry. The guurow and shirib are unique poetical genres that are performed by the Abgaal and sometimes neighboring clans. Their poetry has distinctive dialect characteristics. For instance \"iyo\" with a long 'o' is a feature within their poetry. The most popular of Abgaal poetry is the shirib. The shirib are short songs that usually accompany dancing. They are sung during various gatherings such as family meetings, clan meetings, and celebrations. Ali Jimale Ahmed outlines the Hawiye clan genealogical tree in \"The Invention of Somalia\": Abgaal The Abgaal (Somali: Abgaal, Arabic: أبغال) are a Somali clan that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8389162", "score": "0.9533751", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Sibpur Hindu Girls High School", "text": "the roll strength is about 2500. The success rate in H.S exams in 1964 was 75% and in 1965 it was 80%. The school's main building is three-floored.There is no big playfound in this school. Subjects after the Madhyamik examination include:- Sibpur Hindu Girls High School Shibpur Hindu Girls High School is a Higher Secondary Girls school situated at Shibpur in Howrah of West Bengal,India. The school is affiliated with West Bengal Board of Secondary Education and West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education. The school was founded by Jadunath Banerjee in the year of 1867. In the early days,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20333700", "score": "0.95219094", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Siahan Range", "text": "are about 200 feet in height. Quicksands exist at some of the fords and there is perennial water in both defiles. The range possesses no permanent inhabitants; among the nomads who pasture their flocks on it are the Muhammad Hasnis, Nasrois, Bullozais, Sopaks and Hajizais of the Rakshan valley and a few people from Kuhak called Siahani. Some nomads from Kharan Plain also visit it, chiefly Rikis and Kuchai Siahpad and Taghapi Rakshanis. The range is crossed by numerous footpaths and trails, which are used by Balochistani people, including the Simmij, Sabzap, Kasag, Miani, Sorani, and Sechi. Commencing from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12983175", "score": "0.95147973", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Shibpur", "text": "good academic results every year. Shibpur Shibpur or Sibpur is a residential area located in the city of Howrah, West Bengal, India. It is well known for being the location of the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, the IIEST Shibpur and the Hazar Hath Kaali Temple. The famous Bengali linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji was born in Shibpur. During British Raj, its name was written as Seebpore. Recently, parts of administrative headquarters of the West Bengal government have been temporarily shifted to Mandirtala in Shibpur. The area was home to many royal landlords (jamindars) in Bengal. During the era", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4355670", "score": "0.95104617", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Sibe people", "text": "Traditionally, the Sibe were divided into \"hala\", male-led clans consisting of people who shared the same surname. Until modern times, the dwellings of the Sibe housed up to three different generations from the same family, since it was believed that while the father was alive no son could break the family clan by leaving the house. The Sibe in northeast China speak Chinese as their first language. In Xinjiang, descendants of the Qing dynasty military garrison speak the Xibe language, a southern Tungusic language that underwent morphophonological changes and the adoption of loanwords from Xinjiang languages including Chinese, Russian, Uyghur,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1521695", "score": "0.9468454", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Demographics of Somalia", "text": "their nomadic lifestyle in contrast to the sedentary Sab who are either agropastoralists or artisanal castes. The five noble clans are Darod, Dir, Hawiye, Isaaq and Rahanweyn. Of these, the Dir and Hawiye are regarded as descended from Irir Samaale, the likely source of the ethnonym \"Somali\". The Isaaq and Darod have separate agnatic (paternal) traditions of descent through Ishaak ibn Ahmed (Sheikh Ishak) and Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti (Sheikh Darod) respectively. Both Sheikh Ishak and Sheikh Darod are asserted to have married women from the Dir clan, thus establishing matrilateral ties with the Samaale main stem. \"Sab\" is the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7847385", "score": "0.9456003", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Naushera, Punjab", "text": "the best available account of the tribe, the Awans are indeed said to be of Arabian origin and descendants of Qutb Shah.\" Sir Lepel H. Griffin writes in his book \"The Panjab Chiefs\" (1865 Edition) that: Being a tribe of Arab origin, the local people follows Islamic culture and traditions. Unlike the other parts of Punjab where most people, follow the Indian form of the marriage ceremony, the marriages in Naushera are still arranged according to Islamic traditions and the wedding ceremony usually takes place at the mosques. Nikah is attended by close family members, relatives, and friends of groom", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11255922", "score": "0.94453895", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Siah-Posh Kafirs", "text": "valley from which they derive their name All Siah-Posh groups of Kafirs are regarded as of common origin. The Siah-Posh Katirs themselves admit of common origin and general relationship to each other. They all have a common dress and customs and they do not speak precisely same language, but the difference in their speech is more a difference of dialect than radical distinction of language. The Kati language or its dialects are spoken by various Siah-Posh communities. Nicholas Barrington et al. report that the Sped-Posh Kafirs (Waigulis and Presungulis) refer to all \"Siah-Posh Kafirs\" (including the Kamoz) as Katirs and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13186917", "score": "0.9422432", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Siah-Posh Kafirs", "text": "(or \"Madugals\"), (3) \"Siah-Posh Kashtoz\" (or \"Kashtan\"), (4) \"Siah-Posh Gourdesh\" (or \"Istrat\") and (5) \"Siah-Posh Kams (or Kamoze)\". The Siah-Posh Katirs (Kamtoz) further comprise (1) the Katirs who occupy twelve village of the lower Bashgul (Kam) country, (2) the Kti or Katawar Siah-Posh Kafirs live in the Kti valley possessing two village. (3) the Kulam Siah-Posh Katirs living in the Kulam country and controlling four villages. (4) and the Ramguli Katirs, the most numerous among the Siah-Posh Kafirs living in the most western part of Kafiristan on the Afghan frontier. The Ramgulis Katirs control twenty four village of the Ramgul", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13186916", "score": "0.93494517", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Tarim, Yemen", "text": "a little different, are the Mashaikh. Unlike the tribes, they did not raid nor were they raided. They also wore a different type of \"jambiya\", more designed for domestic use than aggression. Al Buraik still supply the bulk of the population of the Shabwa area. Most are settled but some are nomads grazing with the Kurab. Other Mashaikh are dotted around the hills and valleys. The most important are Al Amoodi of Budha, many being successful traders throughout the Middle East. Most tribesmen and Mashaikh are farmers, those in the mountains and the plateau almost entirely so. Further east or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6977597", "score": "0.93328744", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Maia Shibutani", "long_answer": "Maia Harumi Shibutani was born on July 20, 1994, in New York City. She is the daughter of Chris Shibutani and Naomi Uyemura, both of Japanese descent, who met as Harvard musicians. She has an older brother, Alex Shibutani, who competes with her as her partner in the discipline of Ice Dance. She started figure skating at the age of 4 in 1998 in Old Greenwich, Connecticut, where she was a student at Greenwich Academy in Greenwich, Connecticut.", "chunked_long_answer": "Maia Harumi Shibutani was born on July 20, 1994, in New York City. She is the daughter of Chris Shibutani and Naomi Uyemura, both of Japanese descent, who met as Harvard musicians. She has an older brother, Alex Shibutani, who competes with her as her partner in the discipline of Ice Dance. She started figure skating at the age of 4 in 1998 in Old Greenwich, Connecticut, where she was a student at Greenwich Academy in Greenwich, Connecticut.", "short_answers": [ "Japanese" ] }

[ "Powderham Castle", "Weston-super-Mare", "Dyrham Park", "Badminton House", "Corsham Court", "Limpley Stoke" ]

[ { "title": "The Remains of the Day (film)", "text": "The Remains of the Day (film) The Remains of the Day is a 1993 British-American drama film adapted from the Booker Prize-winning 1989 novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The film was directed by James Ivory and produced by Ismail Merchant, Mike Nichols, and John Calley. It stars Anthony Hopkins as Stevens and Emma Thompson as Miss Kenton, with James Fox, Christopher Reeve, and Hugh Grant in supporting roles. The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor (for Hopkins) and Best Actress (for Thompson). In 1999, the British Film Institute ranked \"The Remains", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4690355", "score": "1.3041443", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "The Remains of the Day", "text": "The Remains of the Day The Remains of the Day is a 1989 novel by the Nobel Prize-winning British author Kazuo Ishiguro. The story is told from a first-person point of view, as were Ishiguro's two previous novels. The narrator, Stevens, a butler, recalls his life in the form of a diary; the action progresses from the mid-1930s through to the present (~ 1970). Much of the novel is concerned with Stevens' professional and, above all, personal relationship with a former colleague, the housekeeper, Miss Kenton. The work received the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1989. A film adaptation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1212180", "score": "1.1929125", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "The Remains of the Day (film)", "text": "characters in Kazuo Ishiguro's novel: Congressman Lewis (who attends the pre-WW2 conference in Darlington Hall), and Mr Farraday, who succeeds Lord Darlington as master of Darlington Hall. The original score was composed by Richard Robbins. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score, but lost to \"Schindler's List\". The film achieves a 95% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 40 reviews with an 8.4/10 average rating. Its consensus states: \"Smart, elegant, and blessed with impeccable performances from Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson, \"The Remains of the Day\" is a Merchant-Ivory classic.\" Roger Ebert particularly praised the film", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4690368", "score": "1.190022", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "The Remains of the Day (film)", "text": "Academy Awards, but won none: The film is #64 at the British Film Institute's \"Top 100 British films\". The film was also nominated for the American Film Institute's \"100 Years...100 Passions\" list. The Remains of the Day (film) The Remains of the Day is a 1993 British-American drama film adapted from the Booker Prize-winning 1989 novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The film was directed by James Ivory and produced by Ismail Merchant, Mike Nichols, and John Calley. It stars Anthony Hopkins as Stevens and Emma Thompson as Miss Kenton, with James Fox, Christopher Reeve, and Hugh Grant", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4690370", "score": "1.1847597", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "The Remains of the Day (film)", "text": "of the Day\" the 64th greatest British film of the 20th century. In 1958 post-war Britain, Stevens, the butler of Darlington Hall, receives a letter from Miss Kenton, a recently-separated former colleague employed as the housekeeper some twenty years earlier. Lord Darlington has died a broken man, his reputation destroyed after he was exposed as a Nazi sympathizer, and his stately country manor has been sold to a retired United States Congressman, Mr. Jack Lewis. Stevens is granted permission to borrow his Daimler, and he sets off to the West Country to meet Miss Kenton. The film flashes back to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4690356", "score": "1.1586746", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "The Remains of the Day (musical)", "text": "The Remains of the Day (musical) The Remains of the Day is a musical written by Alex Loveless, based on the novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The original production, directed by Chris Loveless, premiered at the Union Theatre in London, playing from August 31, 2010 to September 25, 2010. In an interview, Ishiguro said, \"It struck me as an intriguing idea. ... I am a big believer in musicals and I see no reason why my novel shouldn't make a good one. Stephen Sondheim's \"A Little Night Music\" shows you can set an unlikely story to music.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15529888", "score": "1.1500602", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Remains of the Day (musical)", "text": "material they have, endowing it with rich emotion.\" Mixed to negative reviews included those in the \"Financial Times\", \"TimeOut\" and MusicOMH. The Remains of the Day (musical) The Remains of the Day is a musical written by Alex Loveless, based on the novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro. The original production, directed by Chris Loveless, premiered at the Union Theatre in London, playing from August 31, 2010 to September 25, 2010. In an interview, Ishiguro said, \"It struck me as an intriguing idea. ... I am a big believer in musicals and I see no reason why my", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15529891", "score": "1.1349053", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Remains of the Day (song)", "text": "Remains of the Day (song) \"Remains of the Day\" is one of the four main songs sung in the 2005 stop-motion animated film \"Tim Burton's Corpse Bride\". It was composed by Danny Elfman, along with all other music for the film. The song is the second one in the movie, and vital to the plot. The character Bonejangles (voiced by Danny Elfman) introduces the song with the following lyrics: \"What a story it is; a tragic tale of romance, passion and murder most foul\". Then, Bonejangles and other skeletons and corpses from the Land of the Dead sing the song", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8755097", "score": "1.0782077", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "The Remains of the Day (film)", "text": "script for \"The Handmaid's Tale\", which he has decided not to publish. When his script for \"The Remains of the Day\" was radically revised by the James Ivory-Ismail Merchant partnership, he refused to allow his name to be listed in the credits\" (125). Though no longer the director, Nichols remained associated with the project as one of its producers. A number of English country estates were used as locations for the film, partly owing to the persuasive power of Ismail Merchant, who was able to cajole permission for the production to borrow houses not normally open to the public. Among", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4690365", "score": "1.0762982", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "The Remains of the Day (film)", "text": "borrow houses not normally open to the public. Among them were Dyrham Park for the exterior of the house and the driveway, Powderham Castle (staircase, hall, music room, bedroom; used for the aqua-turquoise stairway scenes), Corsham Court (library and dining room) and Badminton House (servants' quarters, conservatory, entrance hall). Luciana Arrighi, the production designer, scouted most of these locations. Scenes were also shot in Weston-super-Mare, which stood in for Clevedon. The pub where Mr Stevens stays is the Hop Pole in Limpley Stoke; the shop featured is also in Limpley Stoke. The pub where Miss Kenton and Mr Benn meet", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Remains of the Day (film)", "text": "trapped in the hall, and is eventually freed by the two men, leaving both Stevens and Darlington Hall far behind. A film adaptation of the novel was originally planned to be directed by Mike Nichols from a script by Harold Pinter. Some of Pinter's script was used in the film, but, while Pinter was paid for his work, he asked to have his name removed from the credits, in keeping with his contract. Christopher C. Hudgins observes: \"During our 1994 interview, Pinter told [Steven H.] Gale and me that he had learned his lesson after the revisions imposed on his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4690364", "score": "1.068438", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "The Remains of the Day", "text": "of the novel, made in 1993 and starring Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson, was nominated for eight Academy Awards. The novel tells, in first-person narration, the story of Stevens, an English butler who has dedicated his life to the loyal service of Lord Darlington (who is recently deceased, and whom Stevens describes in increasing detail in flashbacks). The novel begins in the late 1950s, with Stevens receiving a letter from a former colleague, the housekeeper Miss Kenton, describing her married life, which Stevens believes hints at an unhappy marriage. Stevens' receipt of the letter coincides with his opportunity to revisit", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1212164", "score": "1.062599", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Emma Thompson", "text": "alongside a cast that also included Denzel Washington, Keanu Reeves, and Michael Keaton. Thompson was widely praised for the on-screen chemistry with Branagh and the natural ease with which she played the role marking another critical success for Thompson. Her performance earned a nomination for Best Female Lead at the Independent Spirit Awards. Thompson reunited with Merchant–Ivory and Anthony Hopkins to film \"The Remains of the Day\" (1993), a film which has been described as a \"classic\" and the production team's definitive film. Based on Kazuo Ishiguro's novel about a housekeeper and butler in interwar Britain, the story is acclaimed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1400538", "score": "1.0460082", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "The Day (1960 film)", "text": "The Day (1960 film) The Day is a 1960 short film co-written and directed by Peter Finch. It is a fictionalized documentary on a young boy's life on the Spanish island of Ibiza. Music by Sir Eugene Goossens, for string quartet, percussion and flute. A little Spanish boy (Antonion Costa) goes from his village with his donkey and cart to the city to bring the news of the birth of a child. Although Finch was best known as an actor, he had worked as a writer and director before, notably on stage. He also helped make the documentary \"Primitive Peoples\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16297197", "score": "1.0251782", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Remains of the Day (song)", "text": "vowed to remain there until her \"true love set her free.\" Remains of the Day (song) \"Remains of the Day\" is one of the four main songs sung in the 2005 stop-motion animated film \"Tim Burton's Corpse Bride\". It was composed by Danny Elfman, along with all other music for the film. The song is the second one in the movie, and vital to the plot. The character Bonejangles (voiced by Danny Elfman) introduces the song with the following lyrics: \"What a story it is; a tragic tale of romance, passion and murder most foul\". Then, Bonejangles and other skeletons", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8755099", "score": "1.0181861", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "The Day (2011 film)", "text": "The Day (2011 film) The Day is a 2011 Canadian post-apocalyptic film directed by Douglas Aarniokoski. The film stars Ashley Bell, Shannyn Sossamon, Dominic Monaghan, Shawn Ashmore and Cory Hardrict. The film premiered on , 2011 at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival. The film was released in in the United States on , 2012. It screened theatrically for and grossed $20,984. The Day follows a group of five survivors in a post-apocalyptic world as they travel through a bleak environment in an attempt to find food, shelter, and a safe place to stop running from tribes of savage cannibals", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15103717", "score": "1.0149791", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "The Day of the Wolves", "text": "The Day of the Wolves The Day of the Wolves is a 1971 heist movie starring Richard Egan and directed, written and produced by Ferde Grofe Jr. the son of the renowned composer who had previously worked in the Philippine film industry. It was the first movie to be made on location in the new town of Lake Havasu City, Arizona. This was the last feature film made by actress Martha Hyer and was also the last film made by actor Percy Helton who died about five months after filming wrapped (Helton's last released film was Legend of the Northwest,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12548194", "score": "1.0104352", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Walter Day", "text": "Wilson and John Sorflaten in 1982 and 1983 is considered the earliest known attempt to film a documentary on the burgeoning video game culture. That vintage footage was the original source material used widely throughout both and . Between 1973 and the early 1980s, Day enjoyed a brief career as an amateur ragtime pianist, publicly performing in Massachusetts (Beverly and Salem), New York State (Livingstone Manor and South Fallsburg), France (Avoriaz and Le Plagne), Switzerland (Brunnen, Leysin, St. Moritz and Arosa) and Fairfield, Iowa. He was self-taught and mastered the form by memorizing the songs, a feat that often took", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9178461", "score": "1.0084147", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "The Day (1960 film)", "text": "(1949). The film won awards at the 1961 Venice Festival of Children's Films, and Cork Festival in Ireland. Finch had hopes to direct a feature film, an adaptation of Derek Monsey's World War II novel \"The Hero\" but could not get the finance. The Day (1960 film) The Day is a 1960 short film co-written and directed by Peter Finch. It is a fictionalized documentary on a young boy's life on the Spanish island of Ibiza. Music by Sir Eugene Goossens, for string quartet, percussion and flute. A little Spanish boy (Antonion Costa) goes from his village with his donkey", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16297198", "score": "1.0077217", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Kazuo Ishiguro", "text": "unnamed Central European city. \"The Remains of the Day\" is set in the large country house of an English lord in the period surrounding World War II. \"An Artist of the Floating World\" is set in an unnamed Japanese city during the period of reconstruction following Japan's surrender in 1945. The narrator is forced to come to terms with his part in World War II. He finds himself blamed by the new generation who accuse him of being part of Japan's misguided foreign policy and is forced to confront the ideals of the modern times as represented by his grandson.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "866427", "score": "1.0056854", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "The Day (2011 film)", "text": "slashed by the leader’s daughter, who leaves her to die. At the farmhouse, Mary cremates Adam's remains, then starts to walk away only to encounter the leader’s daughter who pretends to be an innocent girl. As they both start walking, the girl reaches for a jagged blade to kill her but Mary is quicker and decapitates her, then continues walking away from the burning farmhouse. \"The Day\" is directed by Douglas Aarniokoski based on a screenplay by Luke Passmore. Filming took place in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, during the fall of 2010. \"The Day\" premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15103726", "score": "1.005518", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Ernest Day", "text": "Spy Who Loved Me\" (1977) and \"Moonraker\" (1979), and \"Rambo III\" (1988), among others. Day also directed television episodes, such as two episodes of \"The New Avengers\" and a 1978 episode of \"The Professionals\". Day directed the theatrical films \"Green Ice\" (1981) and \"Waltz Across Texas\" (1982). Ernest Day Ernest Day, B.S.C. (April 15, 1927 - November 16, 2006) was a British cinematographer and director of film and television, known for his collaborations with David Lean and Lewis Gilbert. He spent the majority of his career as a camera operator, often referred to Lean as his \"eyes\", and was the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19760448", "score": "1.005098", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Day of the Dead (1985 film)", "text": "and \"Dawn of the Dead\" with a 92% approval rating. On Metacritic the film holds a score of 60 out of 100 based on reviews from 13 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". \"Day of the Dead\" had its world premiere on June 30, 1985, and was given a limited release on July 3, 1985. The film saw its wide release on July 19, 1985. It opened to mixed reviews, with some critics complaining that the film was too dark, depressing, and slow. Roger Ebert, who reacted favorably to other films of Romero's \"Dead\" series, gave \"Day of the Dead\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "729358", "score": "1.0042754", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Buried (film)", "text": "the lid of the coffin, written by Paul earlier. The film was produced by Barcelona-based Versus Entertainment in association with The Safran Company and Dark Trick Films, with the support of Instituto de Crédito Oficial with the participation of Studio 37/Kinology and Icon Film Distribution. It was shot in a time period of over 16 days in Barcelona. One of director Rodrigo Cortés' inspirations was the film \"Rope\" directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The date of events in the film is stated as October 23, 2006, Ryan Reynolds' 30th birthday. \"Buried\" premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2010.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13710979", "score": "1.0024905", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Day of the Jackal (film)", "text": "Jackal\" was filmed in studios and on location in France, Britain, Italy and Austria. Zinnemann was able to film in locations usually denied to filmmakers—such as inside the Ministry of the Interior—due in large part to French producer Julien Derode's skill in dealing with authorities. During the massive annual 14 July parade down the Champs-Élysées, the company was allowed to film inside the police lines, capturing extraordinary closeup footage of the massing of troops, tanks, and artillery during the final Liberation Day sequence. During the weekend of 15 August, the Paris police cleared a very busy square of all traffic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9728381", "score": "1.0014303", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Day of the Wolves", "text": "since the music soundtrack was copyrighted since 1971). Accordingly, many publicly available online copies of the film on websites such as archive.com and Google Video have now been taken offline. The film has a small but growing cult status, fueled by a compelling storyline and contemporary rock music score. A documentary film (working title: \"When Hollywood Came to Havasu\") about the making of \"Day of the Wolves\" is in post production. An article in the Fall 2008 edition of \"MovieMaker Magazine\" titled \"Documenting a Cult Classic\" describes Grofe's role in the production of the documentary film. Reviews of \"The Day", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12548217", "score": "0.9985642", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Where the Day Takes You", "text": "Where the Day Takes You Where the Day Takes You is a 1992 American drama film directed by Marc Rocco. The film tells the story of teenage runaways trying to survive on the streets of Los Angeles. The film was nominated for the \"Critics Award\" at the Deauville Film Festival and won the Golden Space Needle Award at the Seattle International Film Festival. It stars Dermot Mulroney, Sean Astin, Balthazar Getty, Lara Flynn Boyle, Ricki Lake, James LeGros, Laura San Giacomo, David Arquette, Christian Slater, and Will Smith, in his film debut. The film was primarily shot on location in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10311432", "score": "0.99787104", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Laura Bialis", "text": "a partial amputee. While at USC, Bialis also produced and directed Daybreak Berlin. The film is based on the memoir of German-American artist Ilse-Margret Vogel, who was active in Berlin’s unofficial underground during World War II. Bialis met classmates Broderick Fox and Sarah Levy on the first day of USC film school in the fall of 1996. Nine months later, the three found themselves in the remote Lithuanian countryside, filming Holocaust survivor Judy Meisel as she searched for her father’s grave in an abandoned Jewish cemetery just outside the tiny shtetl town of Jasvene. Their work resulted in the team’s", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12039732", "score": "0.99322283", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "The Remains of the Day (film)", "text": "of Sir Geoffrey Wren is based loosely on that of Sir Oswald Mosley, a British fascist active in the 1930s. Wren is depicted as a strict vegetarian. Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax also appears in the film. Lord Darlington tells Stevens that Halifax approved of the polish on the silver, and Halifax himself later appears when Darlington meets secretly with the German Ambassador and his aides at night. Halifax was a chief architect of the British policy of appeasement from 1937 to 1939. The character of Congressman Jack Lewis in the film is a composite of two separate American", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4690367", "score": "0.9918523", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Every Day Except Christmas", "text": "the best lyrical qualities of the wartime films of Anderson's idol Humphrey Jennings.\" Every Day Except Christmas Every Day Except Christmas is a 37-minute documentary film filmed in 1957 at the Covent Garden fruit, vegetable and flower market, then located in the Covent Garden area of East central London. It was directed by Lindsay Anderson and produced by Karel Reisz and Leon Clore under the sponsorship of Ford of Britain, the first of the company's \"Look at Britain\" series. \"Every Day\" and other short, mostly documentary films made within two or three years, reflected the concept of Free Cinema, films", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6466255", "score": "0.9907019", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "The Remains of the Day (film)", "long_answer": "A number of English country estates were used as locations for the film, partly owing to the persuasive power of Ismail Merchant, who was able to cajole permission for the production to borrow houses not normally open to the public. Among them were Dyrham Park for the exterior of the house and the driveway, Powderham Castle (staircase, hall, music room, bedroom; used for the aqua-turquoise stairway scenes), Corsham Court (library and dining room) and Badminton House (servants' quarters, conservatory, entrance hall). Luciana Arrighi, the production designer, scouted most of these locations. Scenes were also shot in Weston-super-Mare, which stood in for Clevedon. The pub where Mr Stevens stays is the Hop Pole in Limpley Stoke; the shop featured is also in Limpley Stoke. The pub where Miss Kenton and Mr Benn meet is the George Inn, Norton St Philip.", "chunked_long_answer": "borrow houses not normally open to the public. Among them were Dyrham Park for the exterior of the house and the driveway, Powderham Castle (staircase, hall, music room, bedroom; used for the aqua-turquoise stairway scenes), Corsham Court (library and dining room) and Badminton House (servants' quarters, conservatory, entrance hall). Luciana Arrighi, the production designer, scouted most of these locations. Scenes were also shot in Weston-super-Mare, which stood in for Clevedon. The pub where Mr Stevens stays is the Hop Pole in Limpley Stoke; the shop featured is also in Limpley Stoke. The pub where Miss Kenton and Mr Benn meet", "short_answers": [ "Badminton House", "Corsham Court", "Dyrham Park", "Limpley Stoke", "Powderham Castle", "Weston-super-Mare" ] }

[ "1963" ]

[ { "title": "Free Bird", "text": "Free Bird \"Free Bird\", or \"Freebird\", is a power ballad performed by American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. The song was first featured on the band's debut album in 1973 and has been included on subsequent albums, including the unfaded-ending version of the original recording (featured on \"Skynyrd's Innyrds\"). Released as a single in November 1974, \"Free Bird\" entered the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on November 23 at No. 87 and became the band's second Top 40 hit in early 1975, peaking at No. 19 on January 25. A live version of the song reentered the charts in late 1976, eventually peaking", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4009336", "score": "0.9690939", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "A Bird came down the Walk", "text": "A Bird came down the Walk \"A Bird came down the Walk\" is a short poem by Emily Dickinson (1830–1886) that tells of the poet's encounter with a worm-eating bird. The poem was first published in 1891 in the second collection of Dickinson's poems. The poet encounters a bird on the walk who eats a worm, drinks a dew from the grass, and steps aside to let a beetle pass. The bird then glances about, apparently frightened. The poet offers the bird a crumb but the bird takes flight. The poet observes that the flight of the bird is \"softer\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15742635", "score": "0.95521647", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "A Bird came down the Walk", "text": "the bird taking flight lightly suggests the same potential ease of journey for the soul to heaven, in spite of imperfection, such as killing to eat, as the bird eats the angle worm. A Bird came down the Walk \"A Bird came down the Walk\" is a short poem by Emily Dickinson (1830–1886) that tells of the poet's encounter with a worm-eating bird. The poem was first published in 1891 in the second collection of Dickinson's poems. The poet encounters a bird on the walk who eats a worm, drinks a dew from the grass, and steps aside to let", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15742640", "score": "0.93531656", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "White Bird (song)", "text": "circumstances and yearning to be free. The song's repeated chorus is, \"White bird must fly or she will die.\" In a later interview, LaFlamme said: Where the 'white bird' thing came from ... We were like caged birds in that attic. We had no money, no transportation, the weather was miserable. We were just barely getting by on a very small food allowance provided to us. It was quite an experience, but it was very creative in a way. The song was arranged and produced by LaFlamme and sung as a duet between him and group member Patti Santos. A", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17642804", "score": "0.93359107", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "What a queer bird", "text": "What a queer bird \"What a queer bird\" is a poem of unclear origin. It first can be found in print in 1922, rapidly disseminating across dozens of publications in the United States that year. \"What a queer bird\" is a poem, folk song, or essay that may be sung as a round. It first can be found in print in 1922, rapidly disseminating across dozens of publications in the United States that year, but its precise origin is unclear. The words are as follows: In 1922, multiple United States publications attributed the poem or essay to \"a young Norwegian", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11656192", "score": "0.9167606", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "White Bird (song)", "text": "White Bird (song) \"White Bird\" is a 1969 song by San Francisco rock group It's a Beautiful Day, written by David LaFlamme and his then wife Linda LaFlamme (née Neska). \"White Bird\" was written in December 1967, in Seattle, Washington. Manager Matthew Katz had moved the band there to polish their act at a small Seattle ballroom before booking them into San Francisco nightclubs. Living in the attic of a Victorian house across the street from Volunteer Park, the band had inadequate food and no transportation during a dreary Seattle winter. The song evolved from the depression of the band's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17642803", "score": "0.90957", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Bird Song (Hampton Hawes album)", "text": "Bird Song (Hampton Hawes album) Bird Song is an album by American jazz pianist Hampton Hawes recorded at sessions in 1956 and 1958 but not released on the Contemporary label until 1999. The Allmusic review by Jim Todd states \"It's a mystery why these tracks from 1956 and 1958 went unreleased until 1999. They come from a key creative period in Hawes' career when he was enjoying new levels of commercial and critical acclaim. Regardless, the music has now been done justice in a well-mastered release that will please fans of Hawes and of bop piano in general\". On All", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18867798", "score": "0.8993343", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Last Holiday (1950 film)", "text": "staff, Bird comes into contact with Sir Trevor Lampington (Thesiger), the doctor after whom Lampington's disease was named. Lampington insists that Bird cannot possibly have the disease as he has no symptoms, and contacts the hospital to ask it to check. Just as the hospital discovers its error Bird enters and it is confirmed that he indeed was given the wrong diagnosis. Overjoyed, he is ready to begin life afresh with his new sweetheart, friends and business opportunities. In a twist ending, however, he is killed in a car accident on the way back to the hotel, while taking a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9225868", "score": "0.89725333", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Birds (Coldplay song)", "text": "Birds (Coldplay song) \"Birds\" is a song by British alternative rock band Coldplay. It was produced by the band's long-time record producer Rik Simpson along with Norwegian production duo Stargate. It appears as the second track on their seventh studio album, \"A Head Full of Dreams\" (2015). An official music video was also released by the band. The video was directed by Marcus Haney. It was set to the backdrop of the Colorado Desert's famous Salvation Mountain. The entire video was shot on a Super 8mm camera. The director wrote on Instagram: \"It's a tribute of thanks to the late", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19158037", "score": "0.89246774", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Surfin' Bird", "text": "The Rivingtons followed up their 1962 Billboard Hot 100 hit \"Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow\" with the similar \"The Bird's the Word\" in 1963. The Trashmen had not heard this version but saw a band called The Sorensen Brothers playing it. They decided to play the song that night at their own gig. During this first performance, drummer and vocalist Steve Wahrer stopped playing and ad-libbed the \"Surfin' Bird\" middle section. Despite not knowing \"The Bird's the Word\" was a Rivingtons song, the similarity to \"Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow\" was obvious and The Trashmen added the chorus to the end of their new track.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "White Bird (song)", "text": "shared the lead vocal with David LaFlamme, died at age 40, in a 1989 automobile accident. White Bird (song) \"White Bird\" is a 1969 song by San Francisco rock group It's a Beautiful Day, written by David LaFlamme and his then wife Linda LaFlamme (née Neska). \"White Bird\" was written in December 1967, in Seattle, Washington. Manager Matthew Katz had moved the band there to polish their act at a small Seattle ballroom before booking them into San Francisco nightclubs. Living in the attic of a Victorian house across the street from Volunteer Park, the band had inadequate food and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17642808", "score": "0.89066285", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Kicking Bird", "text": "Bird's death maintains that something may have been wrong with his heart that caused his death. Agent Haworth noted that the night before his death, Kicking Bird had been up late and told someone that \"his heart felt just like someone had hold of it pulling it out.\" The next morning, as was custom for almost all diseases, Kicking Bird went to the creek and came back after he felt better. Shortly after coming out of the water and having a cup of coffee, Kicking Bird died. This version fits descriptions in modern medical science of someone having a heart", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6540250", "score": "0.8894764", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Bird Song (MIA song)", "text": "Bird Song (MIA song) \"Bird Song\" is a song by British recording artist M.I.A. from her fifth studio album, \"AIM\" (2016). It served as the fourth single from the album. M.I.A. announced the release of the single on 1 August 2016, and that the producers include Diplo and Blaqstarr. The song was written by M.I.A. and Blaqstarr, and was the first collaboration between Diplo and M.I.A. since her 2010 album \"Maya\". The Blaqstarr version was officially released on 12 August 2016 while the release of the Diplo version was delayed due to clearance problems with Interscope, and eventually premiered on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19658323", "score": "0.88770103", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Free Bird", "text": "It has become something of a humorous tradition for audience members at concerts to shout \"Free Bird\" as a request to hear the song, regardless of the performer or style of music. For example, during the Nirvana 1993 MTV Unplugged in New York show, a shout-out for \"Freebird!\" eventually resulted in a lyrically slurred, if short, rendition of \"Sweet Home Alabama\". The phenomenon began earlier in the 1970s with The Allman Brothers Band's \"Whipping Post\" and Deep Purple's \"Smoke on the Water\" but then took off with \"Free Bird\" by 1979. On Skynyrd's first live album, 1976's \"One More from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4009341", "score": "0.88520837", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Theophilus Bird", "text": "William and son Theophilus alternatively spelled their family name as Bird or Bourne. The extensive Henslowe papers in the collection of Dulwich College contain many mentions of the elder Bird and members of his family. The younger Bird started out as a boy player acting female roles, as was customary at the time; he played Paulina in Massinger's \"The Renegado\" for Queen Henrietta's Men in 1625. He played Tota, the Queen of Fez, in Thomas Heywood's \"The Fair Maid of the West, Part 2\" around 1630, when he was 21 years old. Like most boy actors, Bird moved on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10343915", "score": "0.88293695", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Bird (1988 film)", "text": "the time of recording, so trumpet player Jon Faddis was hired to record his parts. Bird (1988 film) Bird is a 1988 American biographical film, produced and directed by Clint Eastwood from a screenplay by Joel Oliansky. The film is a tribute to the life and music of jazz saxophonist Charlie \"Bird\" Parker. It is constructed as a montage of scenes from Parker's life, from his childhood in Kansas City, through his early death at the age of 34. The film moves back and forth through Parker's history, blending moments to find some truth to his life. Much of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5713815", "score": "0.8823631", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Little Bird (The Beach Boys song)", "text": "Little Bird (The Beach Boys song) \"Little Bird\" is a song written by Dennis Wilson and Stephen Kalinich with uncredited contributions from Brian Wilson. It was first recorded by American rock band the Beach Boys and released on their 1968 album \"Friends\". It was also placed as the B-side of the album's \"Friends\" single. The single peaked at number 47 in the US and number 25 in the UK. Brian once said; \"Dennis gave us 'Little Bird' which blew my mind because it was so full of spiritualness. He was a late bloomer as a music maker. He lived hard", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7618249", "score": "0.881487", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "The Bird (Jerry Reed song)", "text": "The Bird (Jerry Reed song) \"The Bird\" is a song recorded by American country music singer Jerry Reed. Written by Hal Coleman and Barry Etris, this novelty song contains impressions of Willie Nelson's \"Whiskey River\" and \"On the Road Again;\" and George Jones' \"He Stopped Loving Her Today.\" It was released in October 1982 as the lead single from the album, \"The Bird\". The song peaked at No. 2 on the \"Billboard magazine\" Hot Country Singles chart just before Christmas. The song is told in first person from the point of view of a blue-collar worker who stops at a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11785758", "score": "0.88144743", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Bird in Flight", "text": "Both sides ran at 45RPM. Bird in Flight \"Bird in Flight\"/\"Tribal Look\" is the third single by Toyah, released on February 1, 1980, by Safari Records. Neither track was featured on an album at the time, though both were added to the 2002 reissue of \"Sheep Farming in Barnet\"//\"The Blue Meaning\", and also on the 2005 compilation album \"The Safari Singles Collection Part 1: 1979-1981\". In February \"New Musical Express\" wrote of \"Bird in Flight\": \"Surprisingly gentle song by the banshee from Birmingham. It has an insidious quality that slowly gets under your skin and is a good pop song.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9822068", "score": "0.88094187", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Song Bird", "text": "Song Bird Song Bird is the sophomore studio album of singer Deniece Williams released on October 28, 1977 by Columbia Records. The album rose to No. 23 on the Billboard Top R&B Albums chart. The album cut \"Baby, Baby My Love's All for You\" rose to nos. 13 & 32 upon the Billboard Hot R&B Songs and UK singles charts respectively. Williams went on to perform the album cut God Is Amazing at the 1984 Grammy Awards. As well the album cut We Have Love for You was sampled upon the 2000 track Remember Them Days by Beanie Siegel featuring", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13446199", "score": "0.87690043", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "English Freakbeat, Volume 1", "text": "advisory about the \"brown acid\" at Woodstock. Birds Birds were originally called \"the Thunderbirds\" and, after changing their name to \"the Birds\", brought a lawsuit against the Byrds when they arrived in England in 1965, in an unsuccessful attempt to get them to change their name. The album closes with both sides of their last 45, which was issued under the new name. The leaders of the band were Ron Wood, who next moved to the Jeff Beck Group before gaining international fame with the Faces and the Rolling Stones; and Kim Gardner, who joined The Creation. Side 1: Side", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11318523", "score": "0.87617147", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Blackbird (Beatles song)", "text": "to arise\" was about, you know, the black people's struggle in the southern states, and I was using the symbolism of a blackbird. It's not really about a blackbird whose wings are broken, you know, it's a bit more symbolic. Before his acoustic guitar set during the same US tour, McCartney explained that \"bird\" is British slang for girl, making \"blackbird\" a synonym for \"black girl\". The lyrics have invited similarly varied interpretations – as a nature song, a message in support of the Black Power movement, or a love song. Writing in the 1990s, Ian MacDonald dismissed the idea", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4720627", "score": "0.87494636", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "AIM (album)", "text": "of tracks on the album contain themes of borders and refugees. The song \"Freedun\" sparked a brief controversy when many listeners believed that the lyrics contained the word \"rape\", however the rapper was insistent that the word was actually \"rate\". The lyrics of \"Bird Song\" consist mainly of puns centred on the names of species of bird. Two versions of the track appear on the album. The version produced by Blaqstarr focusses heavily on sounds which have been likened to that of a kazoo, while the version produced by Diplo features more guitar sounds and less kazoo. In May 2016,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19626375", "score": "0.87427604", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "The Birds (band)", "text": "first calling themselves The Thunderbirds, they started out playing local clubs and a neighbourhood community centre, but they soon expanded to a larger club circuit. When they were hired to play on the same bill as Chris Farlowe, whose back-up band was also called The Thunderbirds, they shortened their name to The Birds – a decision which would have significant ramifications later. Their hard R&B sound was good enough to get them into a battle-of-the-bands contest held under the show \"Ready Steady Go!\". When the band made their first television appearance, they caught the eye of Decca record company executives.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4329672", "score": "0.8735442", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Bird (2017 film)", "text": "Bird (2017 film) Bird () is a 2017 Russian comedy-drama film, directorial debut of Ksenia Baskakova. The film's title is a pun; the lead characters surname is Ptitsyn, which is similar to the Russian word meaning bird. All her life, teenage girl Katya (Evdokia Malevskaya) has to change hospitals because of having tuberculosis. Therefore, Katya has practically no friends, and the girl sees practically nothing except for the hospital walls. One day, a popular rock musician named Oleg (Ivan Okhlobystin) is admitted next room. The girl and the musician develop a close friendship which is to change both of their", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20545568", "score": "0.87287617", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Come On Come On (Little Birdy song)", "text": "Come On Come On (Little Birdy song) \"Come On Come On\" is the first single from Little Birdy's second album \"Hollywood\" and was released on 16 September 2006. The single debuted at No. 18 on the Australia ARIA Singles Charts and polled at No. 11 on Triple J's Hottest 100 for 2006. “Come On Come On”, as with the other tracks on \"Hollywood\", was recorded in Los Angeles in 2006 with producer John King, one half of the production duo, The Dust Brothers (Beck, Beastie Boys) and engineer Clif Norrell (Weezer, REM, You Am I). \"Come On Come On\" is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8959291", "score": "0.8721467", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Big Bird", "text": "to the cassowary; he replied, \"I'm more of a condor.\" On the January 23, 1976 episode of \"Hollywood Squares\", Big Bird was asked what kind of bird he is and said he was a lark, causing host Peter Marshall to crack up. In the film \"Don't Eat the Pictures\", Osiris calls Big Bird an ibis. Big Bird appeared in a series 11 episode of \"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood\", in which he declares he is a \"golden condor\". Zoologist Mike Dickison suggested in his popular Pechakucha talk that Big Bird represents a unique species that evolved from the whooping crane. Big Bird", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1402002", "score": "0.8710218", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Rhoticity in English", "text": "a down-gliding sound: something like . In 1966, according to a survey that was done by William Labov in New York City, 100% of the people over 60 used for bird. With each younger age group, however, the percentage got progressively lower: 59% of 50- to 59-year-olds, 33% of 40- to 49-year-olds, 24% of 20- to 39-year-olds, and finally, only 4% of people 8–19 years old used . Nearly all native New Yorkers born since 1950, even those whose speech is otherwise non-rhotic, now pronounce \"bird\" as . However, Labov reports this vowel to be slightly raised compared to other", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18120423", "score": "0.8691274", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Bird (singer)", "text": "Bird (singer) Bird, stylized as bird (born December 9, 1975 as Yuki Kitayama (北山有紀)), is a Japanese singer. Kitayama graduated from the Notre Dame Academy, a girls-only high school in the Kansai region. She then attended Kansai University and graduated with a degree in sociology. While she was in university, she was a member of the school's light music club. After graduating, she spent a year in New York City. Returning to Osaka in the late 1990s, she started her singing career by singing at various jazz clubs. After achieving fame in the locality, she was discovered by record producer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12950851", "score": "0.8685732", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Bird Song (Hampton Hawes album)", "text": "more than enough brilliance here to satisfy listeners who recognize Hawes as one of the finest of the pianists who grew out of Bud Powell\". Bird Song (Hampton Hawes album) Bird Song is an album by American jazz pianist Hampton Hawes recorded at sessions in 1956 and 1958 but not released on the Contemporary label until 1999. The Allmusic review by Jim Todd states \"It's a mystery why these tracks from 1956 and 1958 went unreleased until 1999. They come from a key creative period in Hawes' career when he was enjoying new levels of commercial and critical acclaim. Regardless,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18867800", "score": "0.8678963", "original_retrieval_index": 32 } ]

{ "title": "Surfin' Bird", "long_answer": "The Rivingtons followed up their 1962 Billboard Hot 100 hit \"Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow\" with the similar \"The Bird's the Word\" in 1963. The Trashmen had not heard this version but saw a band called The Sorensen Brothers playing it. They decided to play the song that night at their own gig. During this first performance, drummer and vocalist Steve Wahrer stopped playing and ad-libbed the \"Surfin' Bird\" middle section. Despite not knowing \"The Bird's the Word\" was a Rivingtons song, the similarity to \"Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow\" was obvious and The Trashmen added the chorus to the end of their new track.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Rivingtons followed up their 1962 Billboard Hot 100 hit \"Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow\" with the similar \"The Bird's the Word\" in 1963. The Trashmen had not heard this version but saw a band called The Sorensen Brothers playing it. They decided to play the song that night at their own gig. During this first performance, drummer and vocalist Steve Wahrer stopped playing and ad-libbed the \"Surfin' Bird\" middle section. Despite not knowing \"The Bird's the Word\" was a Rivingtons song, the similarity to \"Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow\" was obvious and The Trashmen added the chorus to the end of their new track.", "short_answers": [ "1963" ] }

[ "Broken", "Broken Hill", "Broken Hill and Sydney" ]

[ { "title": "Wake in Fright", "text": "and VHS releases. After the original film and sound elements were rescued by editor Anthony Buckley in 2004, the film was digitally remastered and given a 2009 re-release at Cannes and in Australian theatres to widespread acclaim; it was issued commercially on DVD and Blu-ray later that year. Praised by critics for its direction and performances, \"Wake in Fright\" is now considered a pivotal film of the Australian New Wave and has earned a rare 100% approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. A televised miniseries remake of \"Wake in Fright\" premiered in 2017. John Grant is a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10000405", "score": "1.2675186", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "29. The DVD includes a 10-minute behind-the-scenes featurette containing brief interviews with key cast and crew members. Wake in Fright (miniseries) Wake in Fright is an Australian miniseries based on Kenneth Cook's 1961 novel of the same name, which first aired on Network Ten in October 2017. Directed by Kriv Stenders and written by Stephen M. Irwin, the series features an ensemble cast that includes Sean Keenan, Alex Dimitriades, Caren Pistorius, David Wenham, Anna Samson, Gary Sweet and Robyn Malcolm. It is the second filmed adaptation of Cook's novel, following Ted Kotcheff's 1971 film version. As with earlier versions of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20032094", "score": "1.2417101", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright", "text": "screened at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival on 15 May 2009 when it was selected as a Cannes Classic title by the head of the department, Martin Scorsese. \"Wake in Fright\" is one of only two films ever to screen twice in the history of the festival. Scorsese said, \"\"Wake in Fright\" is a deeply -- and I mean deeply -- unsettling and disturbing movie. I saw it when it premiered at Cannes in 1971, and it left me speechless. Visually, dramatically, atmospherically and psychologically, it's beautifully calibrated and it gets under your skin one encounter at a time, right", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10000418", "score": "1.2161", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright", "text": "shown to the general public for the first time at the Sydney Film Festival in June 2009, and in re-release has been called \"a classic Australian film which has achieved cult status\". Network Ten premiered a two-part miniseries based on the novel on October 8, 2017. Wake in Fright Wake in Fright (initially released as Outback outside Australia) is a 1971 psychological thriller film directed by Ted Kotcheff, written by Evan Jones and starring Gary Bond, Donald Pleasence, Chips Rafferty, Sylvia Kay and Jack Thompson. Based on Kenneth Cook's 1961 novel of the same name, the film follows a young", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10000425", "score": "1.1982543", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright", "text": "one of two Australian films to be nominated for the Grand Prix du Festival at the 24th Cannes Film Festival. Despite attracting positive reviews, the film was a commercial failure in Australia, in part due to minimal promotion by United Artists, as well as audiences being uncomfortable with its portrayal of outback life, including a controversial hunting scene involving real kangaroos being shot. By the 1990s, \"Wake in Fright\" had developed a cult reputation as Australia's great \"lost film\" because its master negative had gone missing, resulting in censored prints of degraded quality being used for its few television broadcasts", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10000404", "score": "1.1961979", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "Wake in Fright (miniseries) Wake in Fright is an Australian miniseries based on Kenneth Cook's 1961 novel of the same name, which first aired on Network Ten in October 2017. Directed by Kriv Stenders and written by Stephen M. Irwin, the series features an ensemble cast that includes Sean Keenan, Alex Dimitriades, Caren Pistorius, David Wenham, Anna Samson, Gary Sweet and Robyn Malcolm. It is the second filmed adaptation of Cook's novel, following Ted Kotcheff's 1971 film version. As with earlier versions of the story, the series depicts the psychological journey of John Grant, a schoolteacher who has been marooned", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20032067", "score": "1.1915069", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright", "text": "February 1972. \"Wake in Fright\" found a favourable public response in France, where it ran for five months, and in the United Kingdom. However, despite receiving such critical support at Cannes and in Australia, \"Wake in Fright\" suffered poor domestic box-office returns. Although there were complaints that the film's distributor, United Artists, had failed to promote the film successfully, it was also thought that the film was \"perhaps too uncomfortably direct and uncompromising to draw large Australian audiences\". During an early Australian screening, one man stood up, pointed at the screen and protested \"That's not us!\", to which Jack Thompson", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10000416", "score": "1.1799958", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "option for the original 1971 film version - if the deal stated that the adaptation rights were owned by a single entity in perpetuity, Moliere and Bowden would not be allowed to proceed with a series. The search for the option took three years, and eventually resulted in a copy being uncovered at the Estate of Dirk Bogarde (who had originally planned to produce an adaptation in 1963) in Paris, which indicated that the option only referred to a film version, allowing Moliere and Bowden - who had left Matchbox and co-founded Lingo Pictures with Jason Stephens of FremantleMedia Australia", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20032076", "score": "1.175159", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright", "text": "negatives of \"Wake in Fright\" in a shipping container labelled \"For Destruction\". He rescued the material, which formed the basis for the film's painstaking 2009 restoration. Evidently a 35mm print in excellent condition had also survived in the collection of the Library of Congress, which screened it in the library's Mary Pickford Theater in 2008, although its reported running time of only 96 minutes suggests this was an edited version. \"Wake in Fright\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc formats by Madman Entertainment on 4 November 2009, based on a digital restoration completed earlier that year. This restoration was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10000424", "score": "1.1675301", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "Principal photography for Wake in Fright took place in Broken Hill and Sydney. Beginning on March 5, 2017, the shoot lasted five weeks.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Wake in Fright", "text": "along with the protagonist played by Gary Bond. I'm excited that \"Wake in Fright\" has been preserved and restored and that it is finally getting the exposure it deserves.\" Roger Ebert reviewed the re-release and said \"It's not dated. It is powerful, genuinely shocking and rather amazing. It comes billed as a 'horror film' and contains a great deal of horror, but all of the horror is human and brutally realistic.\" Don Groves of SBS gave the film four stars out of five, claiming that \"\"Wake in Fright\" deserves to rank as an Australian classic as it packs enormous emotional", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10000419", "score": "1.1553296", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright", "text": "the hunt. At the 2009 Cannes Classic screening of \"Wake in Fright\", 12 people walked out during the kangaroo hunt. Director Ted Kotcheff, a professed vegetarian, has defended his use of the hunting footage in the film. For many years, the only known print of \"Wake in Fright\", found in Dublin, was considered of insufficient quality for transfer to DVD or videotape for commercial release. In response to this situation, \"Wake in Fright\"s editor, Anthony Buckley, began to search in 1994 for a better-preserved copy of the film in an uncut state. Eight years later, in Pittsburgh, Buckley found the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10000423", "score": "1.142167", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (novel)", "text": "a script by Evan Jones, and featured Gary Bond, Donald Pleasence and Chips Rafferty in the lead roles. The novel was also adapted for a two-part miniseries in 2017. Wake in Fright (novel) Wake in Fright (1961) is the debut novel by Australian author Kenneth Cook. John Grant is a young, bonded schoolteacher who has been assigned to work a gruelling two-year post as the schoolmaster of Tiboonda, an isolated, three-building township in the outback of western New South Wales. Upon finishing school in time for the six-week Christmas holiday season, Grant catches a train to the mining town of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19674071", "score": "1.1312829", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright", "text": "yelled back \"Sit down, mate. It is us.\" The un-restored version of \"Wake in Fright\" received a three stars (out of four) rating from the American film reviewer Leonard Maltin in his \"2006 Movie Guide\", while Brian McFarlane, writing in 1999 in \"The Oxford Companion to Australian Film\", said that it was “almost uniquely unsettling in the history of new Australian Cinema”. Askmen.com echoed these sentiments, citing that \"it's not hard to see why the dusty savagery and clown-faced surrealism of Ted Kotcheff's fourth feature was never shown on telly at the time.\" Following the film's restoration, \"Wake in Fright\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10000417", "score": "1.1283982", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright", "text": "new school year. A film version of \"Wake in Fright\", based on the 1961 novel by Kenneth Cook, was linked with the actor Dirk Bogarde and the director Joseph Losey as early as 1963. Morris West later secured the film rights and tried, unsuccessfully, to raise funding for the film's production. The rights were eventually bought by NLT and Group W, and Canadian director Ted Kotcheff was recruited to direct the film. At the time of production, Kotcheff had directed three films, \"Tiara Tahiti\" (1962), \"Life at the Top\" (1965) and \"Two Men Sharing\" (1969). After \"Wake in Fright\", Kotcheff", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10000413", "score": "1.1197449", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "- to enter active development by the end of 2015. By this time, Lingo Pictures had also entered a co-production deal for two series with Mark and Carl Fennessy of Endemol Shine Australia, and \"Wake in Fright\" was decided as the first of those two productions. Both would also receive international distribution through Endemol Shine International. The series was officially announced on September 6, 2016, with Kriv Stenders being revealed as director. Commenting on the relatively short period from development to principal photography (roughly fourteen months), Bowden explained that screenwriter Stephen M. Irwin - who was hired in January 2016", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20032077", "score": "1.1143714", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "Lee Jones, Anna Samson, Hannah Frederiksen and Jada Alberts - was announced. Many of the smaller supporting roles and extras were portrayed by locals with no professional acting experience. Keenan revealed that he was offered the part of John Grant while shooting another project; after being introduced to the film by a prop master who had found it on DVD in a charity shop, he studied both the novel and film, particularly the former, to get an understanding of his character. Wenham admitted that he expressed scepticism when he was offered the role of Jock Crawford, calling the reimagining \"a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20032082", "score": "1.113857", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (novel)", "text": "Wake in Fright (novel) Wake in Fright (1961) is the debut novel by Australian author Kenneth Cook. John Grant is a young, bonded schoolteacher who has been assigned to work a gruelling two-year post as the schoolmaster of Tiboonda, an isolated, three-building township in the outback of western New South Wales. Upon finishing school in time for the six-week Christmas holiday season, Grant catches a train to the mining town of Bundanyabba – known by the locals as \"The Yabba\" – to await a flight home to Sydney, where he hopes to spend his vacation swimming at the nearby beach.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19674062", "score": "1.1051518", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "- and Network Ten's Head of Drama Rick Maier were \"very fast and very good with feedback\". Although noting that \"Wake in Fright\" was primarily targeted at a contemporary Australian audience, she expressed confidence in the series finding success abroad, saying \"It's got a franchise, so it's known through the novel, which has never been out of print in 50 years and it's known through the film, which is very famous and not long ago the restored version was distributed through the US and a number of European countries. And [Endemol Shine CEO Cathy Payne] thinks the Outback setting and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20032078", "score": "1.1043054", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright", "text": "force, was bravely and inventively directed, and features superb performances. \" American critic Rex Reed, an early advocate of \"Wake in Fright\", praised the film's restoration as \"the best movie news of the year\", and said it \"may be the greatest Australian film ever made\". According to Australian musician and screenwriter Nick Cave, it is \"the best and most terrifying film about Australia in existence.\" The film has an approval rating of 100% and a rating average score of 8.7 out of 10 on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 51 reviews. The site's consensus states: \"A disquieting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10000420", "score": "1.0973237", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Fright Night (2011 film)", "text": "Ed, killed in \"Fright Night\", is alive in the \"sequel\"). Fright Night (2011 film) Fright Night is a 2011 American horror comedy film directed by Craig Gillespie, and produced by Michael De Luca and Alison Rosenzweig. A remake of Tom Holland's \"Fright Night\", the film's screenplay was adapted by Marti Noxon. The plot follows a teenage boy who discovers that his neighbor is actually a vampire, which culminates in a battle between the two. The film held its world premiere at The O2 in London on August 14, 2011. It was produced by DreamWorks Pictures and Reliance Entertainment, and was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14669934", "score": "1.0930737", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "instead ensured his safety during his stupor, composed a suicide note, and willingly stepped in the path of his rifle. Following Janette's advice, John is renewed by his experiences and returns to Tiboonda to start the new school year. Principal cast Supporting cast In 2012, Triptych Pictures producer Kristian Moliere and Helen Bowden of Matchbox Pictures approached the family of writer Kenneth Cook on the possibility of a televised adaptation of his 1961 novel \"Wake in Fright\". Although the response was enthusiastic, the pair was informed that they would only be allowed to begin production once they had found the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20032075", "score": "1.0922654", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Ted Kotcheff", "text": "the Drop of Another Hat\". In 1971, he directed the classic Australian film \"Wake in Fright\" (originally released in the USA in 1971 as \"Outback\", but re-released in 2012 with its original title). It won much critical acclaim in Europe, and was Australia's entry at the Cannes Film Festival. (In 2009, \"Wake in Fright\" was re-released on DVD and Blu-ray disc in a fully restored version.) Also in 1971, Kotcheff returned to television, directing the \"Play for Today\" production \"Edna, the Inebriate Woman\" for the BBC, which won him a British Academy Television Award for Best Director. In 2000, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3526681", "score": "1.0886002", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "original film had also adapted the kangaroo hunt as a pig hunt, but this was changed back to the former during filming. Ted Kotcheff, the director of the 1971 film, initially expressed surprise that another adaptation of Cook's novel was being made, questioning \"What are they going to do, use the book and make a serial? Is there something missing from the film?\" Following this comment, Kotcheff asked to give Stenders his \"congratulations and best wishes\". On March 4, 2017, the lead cast of \"Wake in Fright\" - Sean Keenan, David Wenham, Alex Dimitriades, Gary Sweet, Caren Pistorius, Robyn Malcolm,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20032081", "score": "1.0785229", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "in an isolated outback town. Although it occasionally makes closer references to the novel than the film, the overall story was largely reworked for the series to fit a contemporary setting. John Grant is a young schoolteacher stationed in Tiboonda, an isolated \"dry-town\" in the outback. After finishing the school year in time for the Christmas holidays, he begins driving to Sydney to take up a new teaching position at Neutral Bay, as well as seemingly get married to his girlfriend Robyn. John's car is damaged when it collides with a kangaroo, forcing him to take a stopover in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20032068", "score": "1.0756607", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Fright Night", "text": "2018, performed by the fringe theater troupe, The Rage of the Stage Players, and directed by Shoberg. In 1989, the film was unofficially remade in India as Kalpana House. Set at Christmastime, this version mirrors the original film, but the Peter Vincent character's occupation was changed to a priest, a few additional characters and scenes were added, and it includes several Bollywood-like musical numbers. The dialogue and credits are primarily in Malayalam, but all of the actors casually drift in and out of English. In May 2009, DreamWorks first announced that it would be overseeing a remake of \"Fright Night\",", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4005625", "score": "1.0732307", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "The second trailer was recalled by Ten following a complaint made by the law firm Lea-Shannon Legal on behalf of the Wake in Fright Trust, which owns the rights to the 1971 film, due to its misleading use of a quote by Martin Scorsese regarding his reaction to the film's screening at the Cannes Film Festival (\"It left me speechless\") to describe the series. Later airings of the trailer replaced Scorsese's comment with a quote from \"The Age\", which described the series as \"A stunning Australian drama\". Upon the broadcast of the first episode, \"The Daily Telegraph\" reported that the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20032084", "score": "1.0603762", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "the material were made in Irwin's script, notably the adaptation of the kangaroo hunt from the novel and film (which controversially featured footage of real kangaroos being shot) to a hunt for feral pigs. Although this was partially due to practical and ethical reasons regarding animal cruelty, Stenders felt that such a change \"just seemed to make perfect sense. The feral pig problem in Australia has become a devastating one that is seriously affecting rural communities, and the pig shoot provided us with the perfect setting and context for our version of the sequence\". Ironically, Evan Jones' script for the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20032080", "score": "1.0568445", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "A similarly enthusiastic response came from Denise Erikson of \"The New Daily\", who expressed that she was tempted to \"call this the best new Australian drama this year\", describing \"Wake in Fright\" as \"beautifully cast, well scripted, imaginatively shot and very well directed. A terrific music score drives the tension [...] a sparse script allow[s] the story to star and grip the audience\". Erikson felt that audiences unfamiliar with previous versions would not be hindered by the experience of watching the newer adaptation, \"because you won't waste time wondering which one is best. This first episode at least is simply", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20032087", "score": "1.0480101", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "text": "being overwrought, unnecessary or inferior to the novel and film. Writing for \"The Australian\", Graeme Blundell's assessment of the series was highly positive, asserting that Irwin and Stenders' adaptation successfully retained Cook's vision of the outback and mateship. He believed that this was in large part due to the \"polish[ed] and control[led]\" direction of the cast and \"the mise-en-scene [which] has you longing for a beer after only minutes\". Blundell also felt that the series stayed true to the producers' intentions of \"imagin[ing] a new story from a contemporary perspective\" while not \"[treading] on the footprint of the 1971 film\".", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20032086", "score": "1.0366441", "original_retrieval_index": 32 } ]

{ "title": "Wake in Fright (miniseries)", "long_answer": "Principal photography for Wake in Fright took place in Broken Hill and Sydney. Beginning on March 5, 2017, the shoot lasted five weeks.", "chunked_long_answer": "Principal photography for Wake in Fright took place in Broken Hill and Sydney. Beginning on March 5, 2017, the shoot lasted five weeks.", "short_answers": [ "Broken", "Broken Hill", "Broken Hill and Sydney" ] }

[ "Jack Gleeson" ]

[ { "title": "Joffrey Baratheon", "text": "\"Rolling Stone\" ranked the character #4 in their list of the \"40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time\". Author Martin described Joffrey as similar to \"five or six people that I went to school with ... a classic bully ... incredibly spoiled\". Joffrey Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon is a fictional character in the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its television adaptation \"Game of Thrones\". Introduced in 1996's \"A Game of Thrones\", Joffrey is the eldest son of Cersei Lannister from the kingdom of Westeros. He subsequently appeared", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5124079", "score": "1.136231", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "The Lion and the Rose", "text": "Walda Frey, Roose Bolton's new bride. Young actor Dean-Charles Chapman takes over the role of Tommen Baratheon as of this episode. In a cameo appearance, the Icelandic band Sigur Rós performed their rendition of \"The Rains of Castamere\" at King Joffrey's wedding, and again during the credits. With this episode, Iwan Rheon (Ramsay Snow) is promoted to series regular. Contrary to earlier press reports, Michael McElhatton (Roose Bolton) remained credited solely as a guest star in the episode. \"The Lion and the Rose\" was watched by an estimated 6.31 million people during its first hour. In the United Kingdom, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17928461", "score": "1.1258316", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Joffrey Baratheon", "text": "witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people, such as his uncle Tyrion Lannister and his one-time fiancée Sansa Stark. Joffrey is mostly a background character in the novels. He inherits his mother's traditional Lannister looks, and has blond hair and green eyes, and is believed by many to be very handsome. In public, Joffrey is allegedly the oldest son and heir of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister, both of whom entered into a political marriage alliance after Robert took the throne by force from the 'Mad King' Aerys II Targaryen. In reality, his biological father is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5124063", "score": "1.1048785", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Joffrey Baratheon", "text": "Joffrey finally marries Margaery. During his wedding feast in the gardens of the Red Keep, he presents an extremely offensive play of \"The War of the Five Kings, \" with each of the kings played by dwarves, to humiliate his uncle. He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, forcing the former to be his cupbearer. At the height of festivities, Joffrey is suddenly overcome by poison, and he dies. His uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested. It is confirmed, however, he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell, with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard, as she wanted to protect Margaery", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5124077", "score": "1.0815349", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Jack Gleeson", "text": "discovery\". Gleeson starred as Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\". He cites Joaquin Phoenix's portrayal of Commodus in \"Gladiator\" as an influence on his performance. He is a founder and artistic director of Collapsing Horse Theatre Company, which is based in Dublin. In 2012, Gleeson indicated an intention to retire from acting to pursue an academic career once his work on \"Game of Thrones\" was finished. In 2014, Gleeson confirmed he would be permanently retiring from acting after concluding his work in \"Game of Thrones\". In the same interview, he stated that while he had previously been", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16155961", "score": "1.0790272", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Myrcella Baratheon", "text": "ensure that House Martell will support Joffrey, Myrcella is betrothed to marry Prince Trystane Martell when they come of age and is sent to Dorne in \"A Clash of Kings.\" After Joffrey's death in \"A Storm of Swords,\" Princess Arianne Martell schemes to kidnap Myrcella and crown her queen of Westeros. The plan goes awry, however, and Myrcella is severely injured in the kidnapping. In the HBO television adaptation, she is portrayed by Aimee Richardson in seasons one and two, and by Nell Tiger Free in seasons five and six. Her fate is changed from the novels. Princess Myrcella is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14305148", "score": "1.0772966", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Arya Stark", "text": "identity. Arya Stark is portrayed by English actress Maisie Williams in the television adaption of the book series, this being Williams' first role as an actress. Williams was chosen from among 300 actresses across England. Arya accompanies her father Ned and her sister Sansa to King's Landing. Before their departure, Arya's half-brother Jon Snow gifts Arya a sword which she dubs \"Needle\". On the Kingsroad, Arya is sparring with a butcher's boy, Mycah, when Sansa's betrothed Prince Joffrey Baratheon attacks Mycah, prompting Arya's direwolf Nymeria to bite Joffrey. Arya shoos Nymeria away so she is not killed, but is furious", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17737989", "score": "1.0758324", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Game of Thrones (season 4)", "text": "Thenn which is now a title – of the Thenn people, a wildling clan. Two mysterious characters from Bran's storyline have also been cast: the Three-Eyed Crow, who is played by Struan Rodger, and a Child of the Forest, played by Octavia Alexandru. Roles that were recast for season 4 include Michiel Huisman as Daario Naharis. Huisman replaces Ed Skrein, who portrayed the character in season 3. Dean-Charles Chapman plays the role of Tommen Baratheon, King Joffrey's younger brother. Tommen was played by Callum Wharry in seasons 1 and 2. Chapman appeared as Martyn Lannister in two episodes of season", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17142226", "score": "1.0742552", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Joffrey Baratheon", "text": "anything he wants. He is also a coward when confronted by those who aren't afraid of him. Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father – in reality, he is the son of Jaime Lannister. After Robert's death, the Lannisters make Joffrey King against his father's will, and his mother uses him as a puppet. A cruel ruler, Joffrey makes a mistake when, against Cersei's and Sansa's wishes, he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned; instead, Joffrey has him executed. His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters' war effort as his uncle Jaime", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5124073", "score": "1.0702269", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Jack Gleeson", "text": "Jack Gleeson (born 20 May 1992) is an Irish former actor, best known for his portrayal of Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO television series Game of Thrones.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Joffrey Baratheon", "text": "his mother's twin brother, Jaime Lannister. He has a younger sister, Myrcella, and a younger brother, Tommen, both of whom are also products of Jaime and Cersei's incestuous relationship. Their sole biological grandparents, Tywin and Joanna Lannister, were also first cousins. Joffrey is an amoral sadist who disguises his cruelty with a thin veneer of charm. This is best epitomized by his response when his (then) betrothed offends him: Joffrey pronounces that his mother had taught him never to strike a woman, and so commissions a knight of the Kingsguard to hit her instead. He enjoys forcing people to fight", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5124064", "score": "1.0666173", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Tommen Baratheon", "text": "the brother of Joffrey and Princess Myrcella and is second in line for the throne. Tommen is Queen Cersei Lannister's youngest son and, like his siblings, he is also the son of Cersei's brother Jaime Lannister, but he is unaware of this, as he believes Robert Baratheon to be his father. Tommen is described as handsome, kind, and weak-willed, though he tries hard. He loves his kittens, and is kind hearted. Tommen is seven years old at the beginning of \"A Game of Thrones\" (1996). He is the youngest child of Cersei and Jaime Lannister. Tommen Baratheon is not a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14305139", "score": "1.0607072", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Blood of My Blood", "text": "Weiss also spoke about Arya, saying \"We were excited to do the play within the play, and it's a distorted fun house mirror representation of things we've already seen.\" Benioff continued, \"Part of Arya's amusement is just that she knows that they're getting so many details wrong, but she always regretted that she didn't have a chance to watch Joffrey die, and now she gets to. It's obviously a comic version of it, but that gives her great pleasure.\" Weiss also noted, \"Arya is slowly getting seduced by these performances, and Lady Crane, the actress that she's charged with killing,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19515149", "score": "1.0605506", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Joffrey Baratheon", "text": "is captured by the Starks and his uncles Renly and Stannis have challenged his claim to the Iron Throne. He frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa. His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his father's bastard children in King's Landing which would later lead to a riot where he is almost killed. When Stannis attacks King's Landing, Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting. When the battle eventually turns in Stannis' favor, Cersei calls her son into the safety of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5124074", "score": "1.0600855", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Queen dowager", "text": "of Ice and Fire\", and later the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\", the character Cersei Lannister became the queen mother to King Joffrey Baratheon after her husband Robert Baratheon was killed in a hunting accident, although she managed to strong-arm the position of regent as well, and was thus known as the \"queen regent\". The episode \"High Sparrow\", the new queen consort, Margaery Tyrell, mocks Cersei's loss of power by asking her to clarify whether she should addressed as queen mother or queen dowager. In the 2015 Indian movie and its sequel , actress Ramya Krishnan portrays the character \"Rajamatha", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2444779", "score": "1.0573918", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Gethin Anthony", "text": "Gethin Anthony Gethin David L. Anthony (born 9 October 1983) is an English television and film actor best known for his role as Renly Baratheon in \"Game of Thrones.\" Gethin attended Ashton Hayes Primary School, Ashton Hayes, Cheshire and Christ Church Primary School, New Malden, Surrey. He attended the Tiffin School in Kingston-Upon-Thames. He received a Scholarship to the British American Drama Academy in London from July to August 2004. Anthony studied English Literature at Oxford University's Balliol College and was President of the Oxford University Dramatic Society, before training at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. He played", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16416151", "score": "1.0547013", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Joffrey Baratheon", "text": "the throne room, he presents an extremely offensive play of \"The War of the Five Kings, \" with each of the kings played by dwarves, to humiliate his uncle. He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa, forcing the former to be his cupbearer. At the conclusion of the dinner, however, Joffrey's wine is poisoned, and he dies in an event known as \"The Purple Wedding,\" in which Tyrion is falsely accused and arrested by Cersei in \"A Storm of Swords\" (2000). It is later revealed that Lady Olenna Tyrell and Lord Petyr Baelish were the true perpetrators, with assistance from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5124071", "score": "1.053745", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Game of Thrones", "text": "of the last king of the original ruling dynasty, who was overthrown by Robert Baratheon – are running for their lives and trying to win back the throne. Daenerys becomes married to Khal Drogo (Jason Momoa), the leader of the nomadic Dothraki. Her retinue includes the exiled knight Ser Jorah Mormont (Iain Glen), her aide Missandei (Nathalie Emmanuel) and the sellsword Daario Naharis (Michiel Huisman). In January 2006, David Benioff had a phone conversation with George R. R. Martin's literary agent about the books he represented, and became interested in \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" as he had been", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12800950", "score": "1.0397385", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "The Door (Game of Thrones)", "text": "the Iron Fleet. He is subsequently chosen as King. Theon and Yara flee with the best ships of the Iron Fleet; Euron orders the Ironborn to begin construction of a new fleet. Jaqen H'ghar offers Arya Stark the assignment of killing an actress named Lady Crane, who is playing Cersei Lannister in a play recounting the deaths of Robert Baratheon and Ned Stark. Arya is noticeably distressed by the play's portrayal of Ned. Tyrion and Varys note that peace has fallen over Meereen since they forged their pact with the Masters. In order to preserve this, Tyrion summons the red", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19484578", "score": "1.036899", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Game of Thrones", "text": "Joffrey Baratheon, Harry Lloyd as Viserys Targaryen and Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon. Addy was, according to showrunners Benioff and Weiss, the easiest actor to cast for the series, being that his audition was on point. Some of the characters in the pilot were recast for the first season: Catelyn Stark was initially played by Jennifer Ehle, but the role was recast with Michelle Fairley. Daenerys Targaryen was also recast, with Emilia Clarke replacing Tamzin Merchant. The rest of the first season's cast was filled in the second half of 2009. Although many of the cast returned after the first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12800957", "score": "1.0313232", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Valar Dohaeris", "text": "is in negotiations to take a role that would remove him from King's Landing. He offers to smuggle her out if Sansa can keep quiet about the plan. Ros is careful to tell Shae to watch out for Sansa's well-being, especially when dealing with Lord Baelish. King Joffrey Baratheon and his betrothed Lady Margaery Tyrell travel through Flea Bottom in a caravan, when Margaery stops and exits her litter and goes to an orphanage to comfort the children. Joffrey, meanwhile, hides in his litter with the windows shut. At dinner with Cersei, Margaery, and Loras Tyrell, Joffrey trades insults with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17181170", "score": "1.0291244", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Baelor", "text": "by Maester Aemon: in the TV adaptation the Mad King is described as the son, rather than the grandson, of Aegon V (thus eliminating Jaehaerys II from the succession of kings). \"Baelor\" marks the first appearance of the German actress Sibel Kekilli, in the role of the prostitute Shae. Executive producer George R. R. Martin commented that she was extraordinary in her audition, in which she read the scene where Shae meets Tyrion in a tent the night before the battle of the Green Fork. According to Martin, \"a lot of beautiful young women read for Shae. [...] But there's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15676471", "score": "1.0290259", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Game of Thrones (season 1)", "text": "by Jennifer Ehle. On August 20, more casting announcements were made, including Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as Jaime Lannister and Tamzin Merchant as Daenerys Targaryen, as well as Richard Madden in the role of Robb Stark, Iain Glen as Ser Jorah Mormont, Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy, Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark and Maisie Williams as Arya Stark. On September 1 Lena Headey was announced as Cersei Lannister. On September 23, Martin confirmed that Rory McCann had been cast as Sandor Clegane. Isaac Hempstead-Wright was confirmed as Bran Stark on October 14, followed by an announcement of Jason Momoa as Khal Drogo", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15562739", "score": "1.0285604", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "The Queen's Justice", "text": "death by poison, over Cersei's original plans to execute her. After drinking poisoned wine, Olenna confesses to murdering Joffrey and asks Jaime to tell Cersei. Incensed, Jaime leaves Olenna to die alone. \"The Queen's Justice\" was written by the series' creators, David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Mark Mylod, his second of two episodes for this season. Mylod joined the series as a director in the fifth season, working on \"High Sparrow\" and \"Sons of the Harpy\". \"The Queen's Justice\" was the final episode for actress Indira Varma, who had played Ellaria Sand since the fourth season.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20240382", "score": "1.0281585", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "The Winds of Winter (Game of Thrones)", "text": "role in reflecting how the scenes played out on screen tonally, praising Ramin Djawadi's opening score. The Girona Cathedral in Girona, Spain stood in for the exterior shots of the Sept of Baelor. Dean-Charles Chapman, who portrayed King Tommen Baratheon, spoke about filming his death scene, saying \"I was jumping onto a crash mat. Height-wise, I think if I was standing on the floor, it was up to my chest. But the crash mat was pretty thick. I must have done that about 50 times. My face was pretty bruised up. My face took it a little bit.\" Eugene Simon,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19559366", "score": "1.0267621", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "A Song of Ice and Fire", "text": "the power struggle for the Iron Throne among the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in \"A Game of Thrones\". Robert's heir apparent, the 13-year-old Joffrey, is immediately proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother, Queen Cersei Lannister. When Lord Eddard \"Ned\" Stark, Robert's closest friend and chief advisor, discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin brother Jaime \"The Kingslayer\" Lannister, Eddard attempts to unseat Joffrey, but is betrayed and executed for treason. In response, Robert's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "157572", "score": "1.024003", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "The Lion and the Rose", "text": "the way to the wedding breakfast, Lord Varys informs Tyrion that Cersei knows about Shae and will soon tell their father, Tywin. Lord Mace Tyrell presents King Joffrey with a large gold goblet, and Tyrion gives him a rare book, before he is presented with the second Valyrian steel sword that Tywin had forged. Joffrey uses the sword to slice through the large book. In his chambers, Tyrion tries in vain to get Shae to leave, but succeeds only when he lies that he could never love a whore. Bronn escorts the forlorn Shae to the boat and later assures", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17928444", "score": "1.0214939", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "The Lion and the Rose", "text": "filmed. In Martin's script, after Joffrey is presented with the Valyrian steel sword, reforged from that of the executed Ned Stark's Ice, as a wedding gift by his father, he says \"I am no stranger to Valyrian steel.\" This remark prompts Tyrion Lannister, who was framed for the assassination attempt, to realize that Joffrey was actually behind it (as the books heavily imply); Tyrion then makes remarks to Joffrey, and later Sansa, insinuating that he knows this. Scenes that built on this disclosure remained in the final script. \"Had this made it to the screen, Robinson explains, \"it would have", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17928451", "score": "1.0202354", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Jorah Mormont", "text": "tells Tyrion that they need to convince the company to defect again. Jorah Mormont is portrayed by Scottish actor Iain Glen in the television adaption of the series of books. Ser Jorah Mormont is an exiled knight in the service of Daenerys Targaryen and the son of Jeor Mormont of the Night's Watch. To fund his wife's extravagant lifestyle, he sold poachers on his land to slave traders, which is illegal in the Seven Kingdoms. Rather than face punishment by Lord Stark, he fled to Essos and learned the lifestyle of the Dothraki who embrace him as one of their", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4597014", "score": "1.0193903", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Joffrey Baratheon", "text": "is taken into custody and his guards and household are murdered. Sansa kneels and begs for Joffrey to spare her father's life and give him a chance to confess the treason. Joffrey promises Sansa that if Eddard truly does confess, he would be merciful. Reluctant at first, Eddard begrudgingly accepts Joffrey as the rightful King in order to spare Sansa's life. However, Joffrey, though pleased by Eddard's \"confession\", says that he has no acceptance for traitors and instead beheads Eddard and later forces Sansa to look upon her father's head. Joffrey is briefly seen in \"A Clash of Kings\" (1998).", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5124068", "score": "1.0192859", "original_retrieval_index": 34 } ]

{ "title": "Jack Gleeson", "long_answer": "Jack Gleeson (born 20 May 1992) is an Irish former actor, best known for his portrayal of Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO television series Game of Thrones.", "chunked_long_answer": "Jack Gleeson (born 20 May 1992) is an Irish former actor, best known for his portrayal of Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO television series Game of Thrones.", "short_answers": [ "Jack Gleeson" ] }

[ "City of Bradford", "the North Riding of Yorkshire", "Scarborough", "Whitby" ]

[ { "title": "Kingdom (UK TV series)", "text": "were filmed on Holkham beach featuring the Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry, who have been based in nearby Watton. During September, scenes set in Stockport, Greater Manchester were filmed in King's Lynn and Halifax. Shooting concluded at the end of the month. Edward Hall returned to direct three episodes. In a preview, \"Radio Times\" described it as \"Sunday night television at its cosiest\", though called the plot of episode one \"feeble\". Comments by \"The Stage\" echoed this, calling the storyline a \"run of the mill affair\", but praised the locations and referred to the series as a whole", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9908903", "score": "0.98478", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Royal Family (documentary)", "text": "Royal Family (documentary) Royal Family is a documentary about the family of Queen Elizabeth II, and was aired on 21 June 1969. It was rebroadcast on ITV the following week. The film was commissioned by the Queen to celebrate the investiture of her eldest son, Charles, as Prince of Wales. The script was written by Antony Jay. The documentary was aired in Australia on 21 September 1969. The idea was to give the public a chance to see behind the scenes at Buckingham Palace, and show that the royal family were just like everyone else. On its broadcast, it was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15683904", "score": "0.9830507", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "The Crown (TV series)", "text": "Royal Naval College, Goldsmiths' Hall, Shoreham Airport, New Slains Castle, Balmoral Castle, Cruden Bay, Lyceum Theatre, Loseley Park, Hatfield House, The Historic Dockyard Chatham, Southwark Cathedral, Ardverikie House, Englefield House, and the Glenfeshie Estate. Filming on the second season began in early October 2016. Each episode of the first two seasons would shoot for about 22 days, with each costing about () to produce. The third season began filming in July 2018, and will shoot back-to-back with the fourth season. The show has been interpreted as perpetuating the idea that the Queen and Prime Minister Churchill had forced Princess Margaret", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18858313", "score": "0.97555846", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "The Royal Family (TV series)", "text": "The Royal Family (TV series) The Royal Family is an American sitcom that ran on CBS from September 18, 1991 until May 13, 1992. The series was created and executive produced by Eddie Murphy, as part of a development deal Murphy had with CBS, and produced by Paramount Television, the television arm of Paramount Pictures, with which Murphy had long been associated. The series starred Redd Foxx and Della Reese. Murphy had previously worked with Foxx and Reese in the 1989 film \"Harlem Nights\", which Murphy wrote and directed. The working title for the series was Chest Pains. The series", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8051187", "score": "0.95690566", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "The Royal Family (TV series)", "text": "scheduled to end, leaving two episodes unaired. The Royal Family (TV series) The Royal Family is an American sitcom that ran on CBS from September 18, 1991 until May 13, 1992. The series was created and executive produced by Eddie Murphy, as part of a development deal Murphy had with CBS, and produced by Paramount Television, the television arm of Paramount Pictures, with which Murphy had long been associated. The series starred Redd Foxx and Della Reese. Murphy had previously worked with Foxx and Reese in the 1989 film \"Harlem Nights\", which Murphy wrote and directed. The working title for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8051191", "score": "0.95535666", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "The Royal", "text": "The Royal The Royal is a British period medical drama produced by ITV and aired normally on Sundays in the early evening slot; episodes after 21 June 2009, were also broadcast on ITV HD. The show consisted of eight series of one-hour episodes and was broadcast on ITV from 2003 until the show was cancelled in 2011, with repeats continuing on ITV3. The show is set in the 1960s and focuses on the fictional \"St Aidan's Royal Free Hospital\", an NHS hospital serving the fictional rural seaside town of Elsinby and its surrounding area. The show began as a spin-off", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7065477", "score": "0.9531888", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "The Royal Today", "text": "day of shooting the series was Friday 16 November 2007. Named wards include: The Royal Today The Royal Today is a British medical soap opera, a spin-off of the similarly themed drama, \"The Royal\". The concept is that whilst \"The Royal\" is set in the late 1960s, \"The Royal Today\" featured the same hospital in the present day, with a new set of characters working in the same location. Each episode followed the events of a single day, and the show was broadcast daily (except for the weekends), so the series could be said to progress in real time. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9931444", "score": "0.9526965", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Royal World", "text": "The Royal World The Royal World is a reality television series set to air on MTV International which debuted in November 2018. The show was announced in July 2018 as a six-episode, hour-long program produced by Initial, part of the Endemol Shine Group. The executive producers are Orr Barker and Iestyn Barker of MTV, and Andrew Jackman of Initial. The show was filmed in the United Kingdom and features its cast members living together \"for one summer in the English countryside\". \"The Royal World\" is hosted by Archie Manners, a professional magician. It features a cast of ten men and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20927789", "score": "0.95192426", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Almost Royal", "text": "Royal\" began airing on E4 in the UK on August 9, 2014 and on The Comedy Channel in Australia on November 23, 2015. Almost Royal Almost Royal is a faux-reality television series on the BBC America network. It is their first original comedy series. It follows the lives of two clueless British aristocrats—Georgie and Poppy Carlton—visiting the United States for the first time. The series stars Ed Gamble and Amy Hoggart as Georgie and Poppy, respectively. It is produced by Burning Bright Productions and premiered on June 21, 2014. Although Georgie and Poppy are both portrayed by actors, the Americans", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18118174", "score": "0.9479606", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "The Royal", "text": "The show itself was shot within Whitby, Scarborough, City of Bradford and the North Riding of Yorkshire, and stars of The Royal included Ian Carmichael, Wendy Craig, Robert Daws, and Amy Robbins. The show itself generated its own spin-off, entitled The Royal Today, which used the same settings but in the present day.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Royal Arcade, London", "text": "chocolatiers to Her Majesty The Queen. The Royal Arcade has been used as a location for TV and film, including The Parent Trap (1998), \"Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day\" (2008), \"Balletboyz\" (2013) for Channel 4 and in 2016 \"Film Stars Don’t Die in Liverpool\". Parts of Agatha Christie’s Poirot episode \"The Theft of the Royal Ruby\" were also filmed there. Royal Arcade, London The Royal Arcade in London is an indoor covered shopping arcade that runs from 12 Albemarle Street to 28 Old Bond Street, with entrances at either end. It is Grade II listed. The Arcade was constructed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15485241", "score": "0.9459148", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "The Crown (TV series)", "text": "Helena Bonham Carter and Ben Daniels taking up the main roles. An estimated 25% of the first season was filmed at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, with the remainder filmed on location, altogether taking 152 days. Sets for private quarters, the interior of a private jet, the cabinet room, and the exterior of 10 Downing Street, were built at Elstree Studios, while Lancaster House, Wrotham Park and Wilton House were used to double as Buckingham Palace. Ely Cathedral stood in for Westminster Abbey, while locations in South Africa doubled as Kenya. Additional locations in the UK included Eltham Palace, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18858312", "score": "0.9433639", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Royal Family (documentary)", "text": "viewed by around two thirds of the population of the United Kingdom. It has not, however, been shown in its entirety for many years, with many believing that the royal family were concerned that they were giving the impression that they were too ordinary. The filming of the documentary, which was the first time that cameras had been allowed to film for television, includes footage of the Queen, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and their children Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward. In 2011, it was announced that clips from the documentary would be made available for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15683905", "score": "0.93969846", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Royal Cinema", "text": "the daytime, it operates as a film and television post-production studio. It hosts film festivals, including the European Union Film Festival, Caribbean Tales International Film Festival and Japanese Movie Week. The Royal is featured in the 2013 film \"The F Word\". Royal Cinema The Royal Cinema is an Art Moderne event venue and cinema in Toronto, Canada. It was built in 1939 and owned by Miss Ray Levinsky. When it was built in 1939, it was called The Pylon, with an accompanying large sign at the front of the theatre. It included a roller-skating rink at the rear of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18396015", "score": "0.9382131", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Gavin & Stacey", "text": "in Laburnam Way, Penarth in Wales. The opening episode features location shooting in Leicester Square in London which was filmed in 2006. After the debut of the show on BBC Three, a second series was soon commissioned. Speaking about the second series, Corden said \"It's the show that we wanted to make. If people like it, they like it: if they don't, they don't. That's a nice feeling, that's quite freeing... There's more of a journey and more of a story. We hope the viewers will feel like they've been taken on a little trip by it\", while Jones said", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10232946", "score": "0.93194175", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Kingdom (UK TV series)", "text": "Sandy Johnson. A making-of special was filmed for the ITV3 \"Behind the Scenes\" strand and was broadcast on 27 May 2007, immediately following the end of episode six on ITV. Filming of the second series was scheduled in two blocks: the first—directed by Andrew Grieve—ran from 2 July to 11 August and the second—directed by Edward Hall—from 20 August to 29 September. Shooting was again based in Swaffham. Norris took a break from filming in August to give birth to her daughter, returning to the set to complete her scenes in September. Series 3 commenced filming in July 2008. Scenes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9908902", "score": "0.92602235", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana", "text": "York; Brewster, New York; and New York City, as well as in England. That the ABC and CBS films debuted three days apart was not a coincidence. CBS had planned to show \"Royal Romance\" in December as a Hallmark-sponsored pre-Christmas film, but then moved the air date back to September, even before the official start of the new ratings season. ABC then jumped their movie ahead of CBS, so late in the game that \"TV Guide\" did not list it. When one reviewer asked to get a preview of either movie, he was told in one case \"Are you kidding?", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18877144", "score": "0.92460716", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work", "text": "abruptly leaving in an agitated mood was actually of her entering the shoot. The next day, the BBC issued a statement which pointed out the error and formally apologised to the Queen. Both Fincham and the Chief Creative Officer of RDF Media, Stephen Lambert, resigned as a result of the controversy. Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (also known as A Year with the Queen) is a fly on the wall documentary TV series made by the BBC and RDF Media which follows the British Royal Family over the course of a year. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14971341", "score": "0.9233404", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "The Royal Train", "text": "were filmed at Weybourne railway station. At the time of filming, both the railway and the station were undergoing restoration, preparatory to the reinstating of passenger services. The clip of the royal train used stock footage featuring a LNER Class A4 on a section of the East Coast Main Line near Burnmouth in the Scottish Borders. Cliff Cottage, which is located on the coastal road which leads to Burnmouth Harbour, may be viewed in the background. The locomotive used for the local train was Kitson 0-6-0 saddle tank \"Colwyn\", formerly of Stewarts & Lloyds in Corby. The locomotive is currently", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8270849", "score": "0.92214787", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "The Crown (TV series)", "text": "two seasons, alongside Matt Smith as Prince Philip, and Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret. For the third and fourth seasons, Olivia Colman will take over as the Queen, Tobias Menzies as Prince Philip, and Helena Bonham Carter as Princess Margaret. Filming for the series takes place at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, with location shooting throughout the United Kingdom and internationally. The first season was released on Netflix on November 4, 2016, with the second released on December 8, 2017. The series has been renewed for a third and fourth season, with the third intended to be released in 2019.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18858301", "score": "0.92114866", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "The Royal Train", "text": "others on the little hand cart have to work hard to keep ahead of the train. The Station Master changes the points to put the cart and train into a siding, and they all tumble out just as the real Royal Train is heard approaching. They have to parade just where they are by the line, which happens to be in front of a water trough, so when the train goes past they all get soaked. Outdoor scenes featuring the train were filmed at the North Norfolk Railway, which runs between Sheringham and Holt in North Norfolk with station scenes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8270848", "score": "0.9195102", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Kingdom (UK TV series)", "text": "was broadcast. It was filmed from July to September 2007 and broadcast from January to February 2008. The third series was commissioned in March 2008 and began broadcast on 7 June 2009. STV decided not to broadcast series 3. International distribution rights were bought by Portman Film and Television, which sold the series to 14 international networks by February 2007. Seven regional European Hallmark Channels broadcast it, with other showings on NRK in Norway, RÚV in Iceland, YLE in Finland, Rai Tre in Italy and één in Flanders. The Australian rights were picked up by the Seven Network, although the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9908909", "score": "0.91777337", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "The Royals (TV series)", "text": "August 16, 2018, it was announced that E! had canceled the series after four seasons. Additionally, it was reported that Lionsgate Television was shopping the series to other networks with discussions already underway for a pick-up by sister network Pop. However on September 24, 2018, it was announced that Lionsgate Television had failed to find a new home for the series and that it was now considered officially ended. The production uses Blenheim Palace as its fictional royal palace. In season two, the production also filmed at Allington Castle and Boughton Monchelsea Place in Kent. In September 2013, Hurley was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18445144", "score": "0.91230166", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "The Queen Victoria", "text": "night) and were shot at the BBC studios in Borehamwood. The interior scenes were shot a week after and took three days to film. Safety necessitated having the set re-created at the Elstree Film Studios stage facility that is designed and equipped to film fire scenes. EastEnders Production Manager Rona McKendrick says \"Potentially hazardous scenes like this always require specialist knowledge and we rely on their experience and advice to ensure that everything is achieved as safely as possible. We had a Stunt Team comprising Lee Sheward, our Stunt Co-ordinator and his team of Stunt Doubles. A Visual FX team", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5265419", "score": "0.90831023", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Royal Family (documentary)", "text": "public viewing as part of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations. It formed part of an exhibition called \"Queen: Art and Image\", which also featured photographs of the monarch from across the years. Clips were also shown as part of the BBC documentary \"The Duke at 90\" in 2011, to celebrate Prince Philip's 90th birthday. Royal Family (documentary) Royal Family is a documentary about the family of Queen Elizabeth II, and was aired on 21 June 1969. It was rebroadcast on ITV the following week. The film was commissioned by the Queen to celebrate the investiture of her eldest son, Charles,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15683906", "score": "0.9066913", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The King of Queens", "text": "TriStar Television (1998–2002), and Sony Pictures Television (2002–07). It was filmed at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California. The ninth and final season began airing on December 6, 2006, and concluded on May 14, 2007, with a double-length finale episode, making \"The King of Queens\" the last American live action sitcom that premiered in the 1990s to end its run. In May 2017, Kevin James and Leah Remini reunited in the 2016 television sitcom \"Kevin Can Wait\". The show ended on May 7, 2018. Doug and Carrie Heffernan are a working class couple living at \"3121 Aberdeen Street\" in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1811536", "score": "0.90339833", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Queen (2006 film)", "text": "changed about how the royal family should react to a new Britain, so must he as he may very well find himself in the same position of changing public opinion. The screenplay was written by Peter Morgan. It was produced by Pathé Pictures and Granada Productions (ITV Productions). Stephen Frears had a clause in his contract from \"The Deal\" that allowed him to direct any follow-ups or sequels, and he was officially announced as director in September 2003. The film was shot on location in the United Kingdom, in England in London, Halton House and Waddesdon Manor, in Buckinghamshire, Brocket", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8552692", "score": "0.90311193", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "That'll Teach 'Em", "text": "and Chile. The international rights are distributed by DRG. The first series of the show was filmed over 4 weeks in June, 2003, at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe. It featured 15 boys and 15 girls who had just sat their GCSEs. Joe McCready was expelled during the series and Nadia Freeman chose to leave the school voluntarily. Series 3 was filmed during August 2005 at St Joseph's College in Ipswich. The series returned to the setting of a 1950s grammar school, only this time, with an emphasis on pratical sciences and boys and girls being taught separately. Scott", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7524100", "score": "0.90066195", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Almost Royal", "text": "Almost Royal Almost Royal is a faux-reality television series on the BBC America network. It is their first original comedy series. It follows the lives of two clueless British aristocrats—Georgie and Poppy Carlton—visiting the United States for the first time. The series stars Ed Gamble and Amy Hoggart as Georgie and Poppy, respectively. It is produced by Burning Bright Productions and premiered on June 21, 2014. Although Georgie and Poppy are both portrayed by actors, the Americans with whom they interact are not aware of this. On December 4, 2014, the show was renewed for an eight-episode second season, which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18118171", "score": "0.8995911", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work", "text": "The promotion for the documentary caused a in 2007 when the BBC showed a group of journalists a trailer of the series including some shots that were edited in non-chronological order making it erroneously appear that Queen Elizabeth II had stormed out of a photo shoot with Annie Leibovitz after being asked to remove her 'crown'. On 11 July 2007, the controller of BBC One, Peter Fincham, told journalists at the BBC1 new season launch that the trailer showed the Queen \"losing it a bit and walking out in a huff\". However, the clip which appeared to show the Queen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14971340", "score": "0.89953834", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "The Royal", "long_answer": "The show itself was shot within Whitby, Scarborough, City of Bradford and the North Riding of Yorkshire, and stars of The Royal included Ian Carmichael, Wendy Craig, Robert Daws, and Amy Robbins. The show itself generated its own spin-off, entitled The Royal Today, which used the same settings but in the present day.", "chunked_long_answer": "The show itself was shot within Whitby, Scarborough, City of Bradford and the North Riding of Yorkshire, and stars of The Royal included Ian Carmichael, Wendy Craig, Robert Daws, and Amy Robbins. The show itself generated its own spin-off, entitled The Royal Today, which used the same settings but in the present day.", "short_answers": [ "City of Bradford", "Scarborough", "Whitby", "the North Riding of Yorkshire" ] }

[ "turlough", "turlough, or turlach", "A turlough, or turlach" ]

[ { "title": "Lough Lene", "text": "1995. Since then, a further outbreak of the crayfish fungus plague has once again led to the disappearance of the species from Lough Lene. Lough Lene Lough Lene (Irish: \"Loch Léinn\") is a lake situated in north County Westmeath, Ireland, between the villages of Castlepollard, Collinstown and Fore. It possesses a rich and varied history. It also boasts the existence of prehistoric burial sites, old ruins, many ancient village-type communal circular dwellings locally called ringforts, stiles, and mass paths. Lough Lene also has claims to being the home to kings and Vikings, such as Turgesius who had one of his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9394459", "score": "1.1621704", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Lough Sheelin", "text": "Lough Sheelin Lough Sheelin (), in standard Irish \"Loch Síleann\", is a limestone freshwater lough (lake) in Ireland located in County Westmeath, County Meath and County Cavan near the villages of Finnea (also spelled Finea) and Mountnugent and the town of Granard, (County Longford). The 1900-hectare lake is naturally populated by brown trout whose native stocks have been depleted in recent years. Phosphorus originating from intensive agricultural developments has caused a progressive enrichment of the Lough's waters which has led to a substantial decrease in the number of trout. The level of phosphorus in the lake is currently being monitored", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11136546", "score": "1.1356657", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Lake-burst", "text": "Lake-burst A lake-burst () is a phenomenon referred to in Irish mythology, in which a previously non-existent lake comes into being, often when a grave is being dug. Part of the lake-burst stories may originate in sudden hydrographic changes around limestone-based inland plains or turloughs. Other so-called lake-bursts refer to marine estuaries, bays and inlets, such as Galway Bay, Strangford Lough, Dundrum Bay, Belfast Lough, Waterford Harbour and the mouth of the River Erne. Some of these coastal districts were renowned for the drowned prehistoric forests, which gave rise to several flood-myths. Medieval bards had a special genre of lake-burst", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4083474", "score": "1.1261154", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Mushroom stones", "text": "such as The Burren, are studded with lakes containing many partly-submerged Carboniferous limestone erratics. A requirement for limestone solution is that water must essentially be ‘acidic’ (pH below 7). Yet, a study of six wavestone sites in Ireland, namely Ballard Bridge, Cornaseer, Creevagh, Gortlecka, Killinaboy and Rinnamona, found that nearby lakes, in which the wavestones are said to have formed, are ‘alkaline' (pH above 7) with a pH range from 7.6 to 8.5. In fact, the water in three of the lakes, Loughs Gealáin and Ree, and Rinnamona Lough, is so alkaline that marl (lime mud) is being precipitated. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7419747", "score": "1.1218276", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Geography of Ireland", "text": "into disuse, the soil began to leach and become more acidic, producing a suitable environment for the growth of heather and rushes. The debris from these plants accumulated and a layer of peat formed. One of the largest expanses of Atlantic blanket bog in Ireland is to be found in County Mayo. Raised bogs are most common in the Shannon basin. They formed when depressions left behind after the ice age filled with water to form lakes. Debris from reeds in these lakes formed a layer at the bottom of the water. This eventually choked the lakes and raised above", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1369009", "score": "1.1150802", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Mushroom stones", "text": "County Offaly, which marks the position of what must have been the north-western edge of ancient Lough Boora, on whose shores the first people of the Irish midlands camped in Mesolithic times 8,500 or so years ago. This ancient lake disappeared long ago, swamped by the growing expanse of bog, which buried not only the lake itself, but preserved the campsites of the early midlanders. No scientific evidence has been published to verify that the Irish wavestones have formed in lakes. Furthermore, no wavestones have been described from present-day lakes in Ireland, which is puzzling as parts of the country,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7419746", "score": "1.1141775", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Lough Sheelin", "text": "of the song \"Lough Sheelin Eviction\", made popular by the Wolfe Tones. The song is purportedly based on an account of an eviction witnessed by Dr. Thomas Nulty, Roman Catholic bishop of Meath, in 1848 in his first year as a priest in the diocese. Lough Sheelin Lough Sheelin (), in standard Irish \"Loch Síleann\", is a limestone freshwater lough (lake) in Ireland located in County Westmeath, County Meath and County Cavan near the villages of Finnea (also spelled Finea) and Mountnugent and the town of Granard, (County Longford). The 1900-hectare lake is naturally populated by brown trout whose native", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11136548", "score": "1.1065606", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Turlough (lake)", "text": "or joints in the rock become widened to such an extent that eventually all of the rain falling on the limestone disappears underground, and the water moves through the rock openings ranging from cracks a few millimetres wide to large cave passages. The limestone is then said to be \"karstified\". To the east of the Shannon, the limestone is often covered by great thicknesses of glacial drift deposited during the last glacial period, but in many areas to the west of the Shannon where the limestone is pure and the drift cover is thin, there is no proper surface river", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6335897", "score": "1.1015973", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Lough Owel", "text": "both in Westmeath, and from there through the town of Clara (County Offaly) into the Shannon. The Viking chieftain Turgesius was drowned in Lough Owel by Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid in 845. Since 1996 the lough has received international protection as a Ramsar site. It is noted for its birdlife and is also well known amongst anglers, and holds a few char along with brown trout. Lough Owel Lough Owel () is a mesotrophic lough in the Midlands of Ireland, situated north of Mullingar, the county town of Westmeath. It has a maximum depth of 22m. Water from Lough", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3118952", "score": "1.0996648", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Turlough (lake)", "text": "A turlough, or turlach, is a type of disappearing lake found mostly in limestone areas of Ireland, west of the River Shannon. The name comes from the Irish tuar, meaning \"dry\", with the suffix -lach, meaning \"a place\" (in an abstract sense). The -lach suffix is often mistakenly spelled and/or thought to refer to the word loch, the Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Scots word for \"lake\". The landforms are found in Irish karst (exposed limestone) areas.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Lake-burst", "text": "Loch Lurgan\" or Galway Bay) on \"Tir Find\" and \"Loch Cera\" or \"Findloch\" over the borders of Irrus. Interesting enough, several major lakes and outlets, such as Lough Corrib, Lough Derg (Shannon), Shannon Estuary and Killary Harbour are not mentioned in any known myth. This may imply that at least some lake-bursts mentioned have been wrongly identified with smaller lakes, where, in fact, they were referring to one of the major lakes. Lough Derg (Ulster), moreover, was identified in the Life of Saint Patrick as the location of the purgatory. Lake-burst A lake-burst () is a phenomenon referred to in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4083478", "score": "1.0993159", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Lough Owel", "text": "Lough Owel Lough Owel () is a mesotrophic lough in the Midlands of Ireland, situated north of Mullingar, the county town of Westmeath. It has a maximum depth of 22m. Water from Lough Owel feeds the Royal Canal, a canal crossing Ireland from Dublin to the River Shannon. Access to the lake can be gained from a carpark and pier to the south of the N4 Mullingar to Longford route. Lough Owel and Lough Ennell are two of many lakes that form the River Brosna drainage basin. The Brosna is a tributary of the Shannon, flowing through Mullingar and Kilbeggan,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3118951", "score": "1.0984933", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Kindrum Lough", "text": "spanioclema\". The latter species is considered endemic to County Donegal. Kindrum Lough is part of the Kindrum Lough Special Area of Conservation. Kindrum Lough Kindrum Lough () is a freshwater lake in the northwest of Ireland. It is located in north County Donegal on the Fanad Peninsula. Kindrum Lough is about northwest of Portsalon. It measures about long west–east and wide. Kindrum Lough is fed mainly by the Cashlan Stream entering at its southeastern end. The lake drains southwards into Mulroy Bay. Kindrum Lough is oligotrophic. Fish species in Kindrum Lough include brown trout, Arctic char, three-spined stickleback and the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19318997", "score": "1.0948559", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Lough Derg (Shannon)", "text": "\"Nitellopsis obtusa\", an invasive alga in the family Characeae (stoneworts), was first recorded in Ireland in this lough in 2016. The North-East Shore is listed as a Special Area of Conservation. Lough Derg (Shannon) Lough Derg, historically Lough Dergart (), is a freshwater lake in the Shannon River Basin, Ireland. It is the third-biggest on the island of Ireland (after Lough Neagh and Lough Corrib). It is a long, narrow lake, with shores in counties Clare (south-west), Galway (north-west), and Tipperary (to the east). It is the southernmost of three large lakes on the River Shannon; the others being Lough", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3829949", "score": "1.0856284", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Little Limestone Lake", "text": "the largest and most outstanding example of a marl lake in the world. It is a turquoise body of water that changes colour as calcite in the water dissolves or precipitates depending on temperature. When the water is warm, calcite comes out of the solution and forms microscopic crystals, which give the water its milky white colour. The source of the calcite is underground water, which flow into the lake in significant quantity. Little Limestone Lake Little Limestone Lake is a lake located in Little Limestone Lake Provincial Park in northern Manitoba, Canada, about north of Winnipeg, and north of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13673730", "score": "1.0773576", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Kindrum Lough", "text": "Kindrum Lough Kindrum Lough () is a freshwater lake in the northwest of Ireland. It is located in north County Donegal on the Fanad Peninsula. Kindrum Lough is about northwest of Portsalon. It measures about long west–east and wide. Kindrum Lough is fed mainly by the Cashlan Stream entering at its southeastern end. The lake drains southwards into Mulroy Bay. Kindrum Lough is oligotrophic. Fish species in Kindrum Lough include brown trout, Arctic char, three-spined stickleback and the critically endangered European eel. Two rare plant species have been recorded from the lake: slender naiad (\"Najas flexilis\") and a stonewort, \"Nitella", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19318996", "score": "1.0770376", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Lough Mask", "text": "Lough Mask Lough Mask (Irish: \"Loch Measca\") is a limestone lough (lake) of 20,500 acres (83 km²) in Counties Galway and Mayo, Ireland, north of Lough Corrib. Lough Mask is the middle of the three lakes, which empty into the Corrib River, through Galway, into Galway Bay. Lough Carra flows into Lough Mask, which feeds into Lough Corrib through an underground stream which becomes the River Cong. Lough Mask is the fourth largest lake, by area, in Ireland and the sixth largest lake in the island of Ireland. The eastern half of Lough Mask is shallow and contains many islands.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3895978", "score": "1.075422", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Annaghmore Lough", "text": "plover. Other species include teal, shoveler, wigeon, mallard, pochard, goldeneye, lapwing and curlew. The lake and surrounding fens form the Annaghmore Lough (Roscommon) Special Area of Conservation. Annaghmore Lough Annaghmore Lough is a freshwater lake in the west of Ireland. It is located in County Roscommon in the catchment of the upper River Shannon. Annaghmore Lough is located about northwest of Strokestown. It lies at the centre of a group of small glacial lakes. Fish species in Annaghmore Lough include perch, roach, rudd, pike, tench, three-spined stickleback and the critically endangered European eel. The fen on the lake's north shore", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19357024", "score": "1.0709486", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Killarney shad", "text": "Killarney shad The Killarney shad (\"Alosa killarnensis\"), also called the goureen, is a freshwater fish in the family \"Clupeidae\", endemic to a single lake in Ireland, Lough Leane in County Kerry. Research has shown that it is a landlocked subspecies of the anadromous, twait shad (\"Alosa fallax\"), arriving in the lake after the Last Glacial Maximum about 10,000 years ago. This fish is at risk from eutrophication and the introduction of alien species of fish to the lake and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated it as \"critically endangered\". Lough Leane in the Killarney National Park, southwestern", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14225625", "score": "1.0708758", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Lough Atedaun", "text": "It is also part of the Corofin Wetlands Special Protection Area. Lough Atedaun Lough Atedaun () is a freshwater lake in the Mid-West Region of Ireland. It is located in The Burren of County Clare. Lough Atedaun measures about long and wide. It is about north of Ennis near the village of Corofin. Lough Atedaun lies along the River Fergus which flows in from neighbouring Inchiquin Lough. Nearby Lough Cullaun also flows in to Lough Atedaun. The lake is highly eutrophic. Fish species in Lough Atedaun include perch, rudd, pike, stone loach and the critically endangered European eel. The lake", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19255995", "score": "1.0701123", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Lough Hyne", "text": "Lough Hyne Lough Hyne (Irish: \"Loch Oighinn\") is a marine lake in West Cork, Ireland, about 5 km southwest of Skibbereen. It was designated as Ireland's first Marine Nature Reserve in 1981. Lough Hyne was probably a freshwater lake until about four millennia ago, when rising sea levels flooded it with saline ocean water. The lake is now fed by tidal currents that rush in from the Atlantic through Barloge Creek. The stretch between the creek and the lake is known as \"The Rapids.\" The lake's small size, only 0.8 km by 0.6 km, creates an unusual habitat of highly", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10448191", "score": "1.0699596", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Lough Conway", "text": "the south. Lough Conway Lough Conway () is a very small freshwater lake in northwest Ireland. The origin of the lake name is unknown, but () has the meaning \"”. Lough Conway is located in Kiltubbrid parish in the county Leitrim. It connects with Drumaleague Lough by a navigable stretch of the Shannon–Erne Waterway. This elliptical shaped very lake is small, covering a surface-area of about and measures from the north-east to south-west shore, with wide. Fish present in Lough Conway include Pike. The pike population is the \"native Irish strain\" ( meaning 'Irish Pike') not the other European Pike", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20013462", "score": "1.0694414", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Cloonacleigha Lough", "text": "Cloonacleigha Lough Cloonacleigha Lough is a freshwater lake in the northwest of Ireland. It is located in south County Sligo and forms part of the course of the Owenmore River. Cloonacleigha Lough measures about long and wide. It lies about south of Sligo and west of Ballymote. Fish present in Cloonacleigha Lough include pike. A number of duck species winter in the area of the lake including teal, wigeon, mallard, tufted duck and goldeneye. Wader bird species include lapwing, curlew and Greenland white-fronted goose. Other bird species found in the area of the lake include mute swan and great crested", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19297363", "score": "1.0683919", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Lough Conway", "text": "Lough Conway Lough Conway () is a very small freshwater lake in northwest Ireland. The origin of the lake name is unknown, but () has the meaning \"”. Lough Conway is located in Kiltubbrid parish in the county Leitrim. It connects with Drumaleague Lough by a navigable stretch of the Shannon–Erne Waterway. This elliptical shaped very lake is small, covering a surface-area of about and measures from the north-east to south-west shore, with wide. Fish present in Lough Conway include Pike. The pike population is the \"native Irish strain\" ( meaning 'Irish Pike') not the other European Pike strain (", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20013460", "score": "1.0679004", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Caves of the Tullybrack and Belmore hills", "text": "m deep. It has been determined that the water from this hole emerges at Carrickbeg Rising. Grid ref: H096465. The rocks of this sinkhole consist of Dartry Limestone, Knockmore Limestone and chert. The site has been designated a PASSI. Little Reyfad is at the base of a shakehole. A series of descents (7 m) leads to a floor of broken chert, followed by a further 3 metre difficult descent to another base, which is blocked with a rock and gravel. Grid ref: H09444666. The rocks of this sinkhole are composed of Dartry Limestone and Knockmore Limestone with inclusions of chert.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13650659", "score": "1.0669712", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Killarney National Park", "text": "lie across the geological boundary. The presence of limestone causes both of the lakes to be slightly richer in nutrients than the Upper Lake. There are many caves in the limestone at lake level, created by wave action combined with the dissolution effect of the lakes' acidic water on the exposed rock. These caves are largest on the northern shore of Muckross Lake. From the Meeting of the Waters a narrow channel called the Long Range leads to the Upper Lake, the smallest of the three lakes. This lake is located in rugged mountain scenery in the upper Killarney/Black Valley", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4510509", "score": "1.064805", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Lough Ennell", "text": "of managed waters. Brown trout and pike are the main catches. In recent times it appears that stocks of both game and course fish in the lake have been declining, there is speculation locally as to the reason for this. Lough Ennell Lough Ennell () is a lake near the town of Mullingar, County Westmeath, Ireland. It is situated beside the N52 road, off the Mullingar/Kilbeggan road. It is approximately long by wide, with an area of about . It has a huge area of shallow water with nearly two-thirds of its area being less than 25 feet (8 m)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3671300", "score": "1.0640846", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Lough Fern", "text": "Lough Fern Lough Fern () is a freshwater lake in the northwest of Ireland. It is located in north County Donegal near the town of Milford. Lough Fern is about south of Milford, on the R246 road, and north of Letterkenny. It measures about long and wide. The lake has two islands at its northern end, including one crannog. Lough Fern is fed mainly by the River Leannan entering at its southern end and also by a stream entering at the northern end. The lake drains eastwards into the continuation of the Leannan, which in turn enters Lough Swilly at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18978583", "score": "1.0629232", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Lough Ramor", "text": "most recent site study conducted by the Government Department of the Environment describes the Lough Ramor area as a hollow in the Silurian strata that covers most of eastern County Cavan. Lough Ramor is a very shallow lake with a pH of 7.5 and a maximum depth of six metres. The water is nutritionally poor but is periodically enriched, resulting in algal blooms. Being situated on a different rock type than other Cavan lakes it differs also in appearance. Much of the shore has semi-natural woodland of alder, willows and hazel. The stands near Virginia were originally planted. Hazel and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6360293", "score": "1.0624366", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Enagh Lough", "text": "Enagh Lough Enagh Lough () is a pair of lakes called East lake and Westlake, situated between Judges Road and Temple Road in Maydown, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Under the surface at the bottom of the lake there is ice age water. The Honourable The Irish Society have leased the fishing rights to the local Strathfoyle Community Association as many local residents use the area for angling and walking. Enagh Lough is an outstanding area of natural beauty, with vivid wildlife including red squirrels and Pipistrelle bats, both of which are fast becoming scarce in Northern Ireland. Also situated on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10060131", "score": "1.0598068", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Turlough (lake)", "long_answer": "A turlough, or turlach, is a type of disappearing lake found mostly in limestone areas of Ireland, west of the River Shannon. The name comes from the Irish tuar, meaning \"dry\", with the suffix -lach, meaning \"a place\" (in an abstract sense). The -lach suffix is often mistakenly spelled and/or thought to refer to the word loch, the Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Scots word for \"lake\". The landforms are found in Irish karst (exposed limestone) areas.", "chunked_long_answer": "A turlough, or turlach, is a type of disappearing lake found mostly in limestone areas of Ireland, west of the River Shannon. The name comes from the Irish tuar, meaning \"dry\", with the suffix -lach, meaning \"a place\" (in an abstract sense). The -lach suffix is often mistakenly spelled and/or thought to refer to the word loch, the Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Scots word for \"lake\". The landforms are found in Irish karst (exposed limestone) areas.", "short_answers": [ "A turlough, or turlach", "turlough", "turlough, or turlach" ] }

[ "Raúl Eduardo Esparza" ]

[ { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 11)", "text": "28. She played , the new assistant district attorney for a four-episode arc. \"SVU\" executive producer Baer described her character as \"a funny adrenaline junkie who loves to be in the middle of everything and shares a past with Stabler. She's been married before and has a lot of secrets.\" She began filming her scenes in March. Her performances were not well received by television critics. Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" concluded her first episode as, \"an episode filled with such clunky dialogue and improbable details that by the end, she seemed like a 'special victim' herself\". Wentworth Miller guest", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13476259", "score": "1.1541018", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 16)", "text": "Rifkin returns to \"SVU\" portraying defense attorney Marvin Exley in an episode which aired in October, \"Producer’s Backend\". Exley represents Tensley (portrayed by Stevie Lynn Jones), a young Hollywood celebrity in conflict with the law. Brian d'Arcy James stars as the top-level producer who gave Tensley a score. Dana Wheeler-Nicholson also guest stars as Tensley's mother. Delaney Williams returns to \"SVU\" as Counselor John Buchanan in the episode, \"Pornstar's Requiem\". Buchanan represents a student accused of raping a pornstar. Buchanan may have a difficult case but there are certain elements that play in his and his clients favor. He makes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18030341", "score": "1.1438006", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)", "text": "as ADA Barba), also struggles to keep the case from turning into a media frenzy. Kathryn Erbe guest starred in the episode \"\" as her \"\" character, Detective Alexandra Eames, who is now working for a joint City/Federal Homeland Security Task Force (and promoted to Lieutenant), Eames crosses paths with the SVU squad when their investigation of a sex trafficking ring uncovers a connection to terrorists. Erbe will likely guest star in more episode later in the season. Warren Leight tweeted Erbe would be in the fourth episode of the season. Tom Sizemore, Hamish Linklater, and Alex Karpovsky guest starred", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16203075", "score": "1.1316277", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Donald Cragen", "text": "be much more actively involved.\" When \"Law & Order: SVU\" first aired, Dave Mason, television editor for \"Ventura County Star\", said Cragen was \"played brilliantly\" by Florek, and called the relationship between Cragen and Stabler the strongest aspect of the series. Alan Sepinwall, television columnist for \"The Star-Ledger\", said the Cragen character \"showed off more personality\" in the film \"Exiled\" and on \"Special Victims Unit\" than the character exhibited in the original \"Law & Order\". Donald Cragen Donald Cragen is a fictional character played by Dann Florek in the American crime drama television series \"Law & Order\" and its spinoff", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5091100", "score": "1.1285625", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Alexandra Cabot", "text": "reappearance on \"SVU\", Cabot returns to New York and resumes her work in the district attorney's office as the homicide bureau chief (replacing Tracey Kibre from \"\") in the \"Law & Order\" spinoff \"Conviction\". She plays a tough but understanding supervisor to a young group of ADAs. Her attitude and personality in this role were much different from those of the young ADA who prosecuted cases in \"SVU\". Cabot's departure from witness protection and return to New York as a bureau chief was not explained during the show's airing, as she was a last-minute addition to the cast and most", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5497149", "score": "1.1273086", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 2)", "text": "played a police officer accused of spousal rape, was the first of two guest appearances \"SVU\" for Nestor Serrano. Amy Carlson guest-starred as his wife. In the thirteenth episode, \"Victims,\" Eric Roberts guest-starred as a vigilante ex-cop. His character killed sex offenders known to be spreading HIV every time they raped. In this episode, after a visit to a crime scene exposes him to the blood of an HIV-positive victim, Elliot Stabler begins taking antiretrovirals, which is mentioned in the next episode, \"Paranoia,\" in which Khandi Alexander guest-starred as a police officer who secretly works for internal affairs. In episode", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11344184", "score": "1.1232674", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Comic Perversion", "text": "as her character Erin Lindsay. It was said, \"Sophia Bush, who plays Det. Erin Lindsay on the new NBC drama, is traveling to New York this coming week to shoot a scene for Law & Order: SVU with star Mariska Hargitay.\" The Comic's Comic wrote about Silverman's casting, \"Jonathan Silverman plays Josh Galloway, a stand-up comedian who makes a name for himself with rape jokes and a crime for himself in alleged rapes in tonight’s episode, “Comic Perversions.”\" It was posted on Skyler Day's website \"Skyler is bringing her character “Renee Clark” back to Law & Order: SVU on February", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20107868", "score": "1.114873", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)", "text": "LaRay Harvey portrayed Sam Randall, Detective Tutuola's ex-wife's brother in the episode. Despite Sam's former criminal record and various stints behind bars, Fin doesn't think Sam is their man and asks his SVU partners for help getting to the bottom of the case. Theo Rossi also guest stars in the episode as Enrique Rodriguez, a working-class Catholic who is determined to seek justice for his sister when he finds that she was part of a church cover-up. Jane Kaczmarek guest starred in the episode \"Beautiful Frame\", as Suffolk County District Attorney Pamela James, who lands the same murder case as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16203080", "score": "1.1128772", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 13)", "text": "Down\", in which he played Jake Stanton, a former all-star quarterback caught up in a sting operation with an underage prostitute. Stanton is represented by famed defense attorney Bayard Ellis (Andre Braugher). Beth Chamberlin guest starred as Georgia Stanton, the wife of Treat Williams' Jake Stanton. Real-life football pros Jerry Rice and Warren Sapp also made special appearances. Kevin Pollak guest starred in the episode \"Theatre Tricks\", playing a judge who finds himself on the wrong side of the law. Pollak tweeted on December 2, 2011; \"Big ass props to the crew and cast of \"Law & Order: SVU\" for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15610200", "score": "1.1079595", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Raúl Esparza", "text": "Raúl Eduardo Esparza (born October 24, 1970) is an American stage and television actor, singer, and voice artist, best known for his role as New York Assistant District Attorney (ADA) Rafael Barba in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. He has received Tony nominations for his role as Philip Salon in the Boy George musical Taboo in 2004; Robert, an empty man devoid of connection in the musical comedy Company in 2006; a lazy and snarky man in Harold Pinter's The Homecoming; and an aggressive volatile movie producer in David Mamet's Speed the Plow. He played the role of Riff", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 19)", "text": "of \"SVU\" (\"Something Happened\"). Walters played the rape victim, Laurel Linwood, who knows she was raped but can't remember what happened. Going played Laurel's sister, Leah, who is brought in to help fill in the blanks. On September 20, 2017, it was announced Sam Waterston would guest star in an upcoming episode of \"SVU\" as his \"Law & Order\" character, Jack McCoy. Waterston was re-united with show runner/EP Michael S. Chernuchin, who also held the same position at the time Waterston joined the original series in 1994; Chernuchin is credited as the creator of the McCoy character. This also marked", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20154812", "score": "1.1059172", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Rafael Barba", "text": "Esparza is \"most familiar to TV viewers as Manhattan Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba on 'Law & Order: SVU.'\" According to Esparza, Barba's \"flashy, high-fashion suits ... and snappy suspenders\" are popular online, with Kate Stanhope of \"TV Guide\" adding that the character's \"designer duds have been a hit with fans\". Esparza has been credited in 115 episodes of \"SVU\" (appearing in 85) as Barba, making him the 2nd longest serving ADA in the \"Law & Order\" franchise history after Jack McCoy. Rafael Barba Rafael Barba is a fictional character portrayed by Raúl Esparza, who joined the cast of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16911868", "score": "1.1052594", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 4)", "text": "last full season to star Stephanie March as ADA Alexandra Cabot. Previous seasons had shown Christopher Meloni and Mariska Hargitay in every episode. The first episode to break this trend was \"Rotten\" which showed Detective Benson working primarily with Detective Tutuola. Actor Chad Lowe who had previously guest starred in the returned to the set of \"SVU\". However, instead of reprising his character, he directed the season finale. The episode \"Dominance\" introduced the CSU Captain Judith Siper played by actress and life science executive Caren Browning. Browning continued to appear in this role for the eight seasons that followed. As", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10214179", "score": "1.1001307", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit", "text": "Paxton (Christine Lahti) and Jo Marlowe (Sharon Stone) until the conclusion of season eleven. Gillian Hardwicke served as the SVU ADA during season twelve. In season thirteen, both Cabot and Novak returned as ADAs. From the beginning of season fourteen, ADA Rafael Barba had been SVU's prosecutor, until leaving halfway through season nineteen. \"Chicago Justice\"'s Peter Stone became SVU's ADA after \"Chicago Justice\" was canceled after only one season. In season 13, other big changes happened when Stabler left in the season twelve finale. Detectives Nick Amaro and Amanda Rollins joined the team filling the void left by Stabler. Amaro", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1614729", "score": "1.0995672", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit", "text": "to $500,000 per episode. Based out of the New York City Police Department's 16th precinct in Manhattan, \"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\" delves into the dark side of the New York underworld as the detectives of a new elite force, the Special Victims Unit (SVU for short), investigate and prosecute various sexually-oriented crimes including rape, pedophilia, and domestic violence. They also investigate the abuses of children, the disabled and elderly victims of non-sexual crimes who require specialist handling. All the while trying to balance the effects of the investigation on their own lives. Its stories also touch on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1614723", "score": "1.0943681", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 16)", "text": "finale of \"Desperate Housewives\", of which she was part of the cast from 2004 to 2012. The episode marks Vaughn's final television prior to his death on November 11, 2016. Andre Braugher returned to \"SVU\" as his season 13–14 recurring character defense attorney Bayard Ellis in the episode entitled \"Perverted Justice\". Ellis tried and set a jailed-father accused of raping his daughter, free, after she recants her testimony against him. \"House's\" Robert Sean Leonard guest stars as ADA Kenneth O’Dwyer, who goes head-to-head with Ellis in court over the case. Alongside Braugher and Leonard, Dann Florek made a guest appearance", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18030346", "score": "1.0894403", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Justice Denied (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)", "text": "and ensure no one is wrongfully imprisoned. Cragen says the Conviction Integrity Unit will start with the SVU and Haden is the attorney in charge. Benson and Haden meet for drinks and decide to end their relationship in order to protect the integrity of the SVU and avoid a conflict of interest. \"Justice Denied\" was written by (teleplay and story) and showrunner/executive producer, Warren Leight (story), and directed by Michael Slovis. This episode was the final episode of the thirteenth season for both recurring guest stars Andre Braugher and Harry Connick, Jr., who portrayed defense attorney Bayard Ellis and Executive", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16434552", "score": "1.0864284", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 9)", "text": "filming in April 2007 making it the first episode of the ninth season produced. In \"Savant\", a child played by Paulina Gerzon becomes the key to solving a case when the SVU learns about her extremely sensitive hearing. Children's author Robert Black praised \"SVU\"'s ability to find good child actors and said that Gerzon \"was fantastic as a girl with Williams Syndrome, even having to deliver her lines through a set of oversized false teeth.\" This episode also showed Vincent Spano reprising his role as FBI Agent Dean Porter. In \"Harm\", Elizabeth McGovern played Dr. Faith Sutton, a doctor who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10903029", "score": "1.0837107", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Kim Greylek", "text": "and that District Attorney Jack McCoy (Sam Waterston) let her leave immediately. After the departure of Diane Neal, who portrayed ADA Casey Novak from the fifth to ninth season of \"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\", Michaela McManus was approached to replace her. McManus, who departed \"One Tree Hill\" for the role, was cast as a series regular in the capacity of Assistant District Attorney. On the casting, creator and executive producer of \"SVU\" Dick Wolf claimed, \"We look forward to [McManus] working with Neal [Baer], Ted [Kotcheff] and me to create another interesting and memorable character in the \"Law", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12717547", "score": "1.0836582", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)", "text": "his friend. Navarro hinted at his appearance on Twitter prior before \"TV Guide\" announced it, \"On my way to NYC to hang out with Detective Benson for a day,\" he tweeted about star Mariska Hargitay. Jeffrey Tambor guest starred in \"Funny Valentine\" as well, in a role that's a change of pace for the actor. Tambor has been cast as Ben Cohen, an attorney hired to defend a popular hip-hop artist after his arrest by the SVU. While Tambor's TV characters are often quite bizarre, Cohen is described as being no-nonsense and perhaps a bit overconfident in the popularity of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16203084", "score": "1.0832608", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Lost Reputation", "text": "said of moving on from \"Criminal Minds\", \"[...] last year I decided that I wanted to challenge myself, and doing these episodes of \"Law & Order: SVU\" has proven me right.\" Brewster noted of her character, BC ADA Foster, \"I'm despised by the detectives,\" she says with a laugh, adding \"I've been able to work with everybody, but especially with Mariska Hargitay!\" Brewster added that she would be praying to the \"Nielsen gods\" on Sept. 26. \"I'm so torn because I'm such a fan of both shows,\" she says. \"I just hope both shows get great ratings!\" On September 25,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16776294", "score": "1.082774", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Justice Denied (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)", "text": "Assistant District Attorney David Haden in four episodes, respectively. In an interview close to the episodes original airing, Connick, Jr. enjoyed his time on \"SVU\", stating; \"The greatest thing for me is that I became friends with Mariska [Hargitay], she's an incredible woman, has an amazing family, and I really feel that although my time on \"SVU\" has come to an end, that I made a really good life-long friend, and if I have the good fortune of coming back I'd be very happy about that and if not, I feel really proud of the work I've done thus far", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16434553", "score": "1.0798295", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 19)", "text": "SVU squad to three female suspects with possible motives. Cleveland Cavaliers point guard Isaiah Thomas, made a cameo appearance as himself in an October episode (\"Complicated\") of \"SVU\". Thomas' cameo appearance occurs in the midst of a missing persons investigation. Mike Faist, a Tony Award-nominated actor starring as Connor Murphy in Broadway musical \"Dear Evan Hansen\", guest starred as a young man struggling with the long-ago disappearance of his sister in \"Complicated\". \"The Walking Dead\" alum, Brighton Sharbino guest starred as a teenager who disappears when her classmates make her the subject of a cyberbullying attack. Madison Pettis also guest", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20154810", "score": "1.0792782", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 1)", "text": "season's penultimate episode, \"Nocturne,\" Kent Broadhurst played Lawrence Holt, a piano teacher who molests his students. Wilson Jermaine Heredia played Evan, Holt's student and victim, who knows more about Holt's crimes than he lets on. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 1) , an American police procedural television series, premiered on September 20, 1999 on NBC. Created by Dick Wolf, it is the first spin-off of \"Law & Order\" and follows the detectives of a fictionalized version of the New York City Police Department's Special Victims Unit, which investigates sexually based offenses. \"SVU\" originally aired on Monday", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9824939", "score": "1.0783234", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)", "text": "ADA Barba (Raúl Esparza). However, while James arrests an SVU rape victim for the crime, Barba and the SVU team like a different suspect for the murder. The trials start simultaneously and both prosecutors must fight for a conviction before the other can destroy their case. In \"Beautiful Frame\", Yvonne Zima portrayed a rape victim in an SVU case who is arrested for the murder of her ex-boyfriend. Suffolk County DA Pam James (Kaczmarek) lands the case and swiftly brings charges against the young woman. Detective Benson questions the circumstances of the arrest and gathers enough evidence for ADA Barba", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16203081", "score": "1.0763177", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 7)", "text": "guest starred as a young mother who has abandoned at least two babies in order to cover up incest. This was one of the more memorable roles for the actress according to a 2011 interview in which she said \"When I did \"Law & Order: SVU\", Mariska Hargitay was particularly good to me and I actually enjoyed diving into a dark place for that character.\" The sixteenth episode \"Gone\" showed three teenage boys on trial for the murder of a teenage girl whose body was never found. Susan Saint James guest starred as their attorney, marking her first television role", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9808303", "score": "1.0743867", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Above Suspicion (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)", "text": "a movie, a three-act movie.\" Including the guest stars from the finale, \"Rhodium Nights\", Paget Brewster was first cast in the season premiere openers as , who is the prosecutor on the murder case against Cragen. Brewster hires the SVU squad's interim captain, , portrayed by Adam Baldwin. Sue Simmons plays herself in this episode. Leight said, \"It’s a big scandal within the world we’ve created, there’s a dead hooker in the captain’s bed, and we go to a newscaster to help us understand the story,\" said show runner/executive producer Warren Leight, \"Sue opens the episode doing a news standup", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16797785", "score": "1.0719339", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 3)", "text": "York-based show with giving him the opportunity to regularly act in theatre. Four cast members of \"SVU\" who would recur in subsequent years first appeared in the third season. In \"Counterfeit,\" Robert John Burke began playing when it is believed that the Special Victims Unit has been guilty of misconduct. Peter Hermann first played Defense Attorney Trevor Langan in \"Monogamy,\" the episode on which Hermann and Hargitay, who would later marry, first met. The show later hinted in future seasons a light romantic flame between them. In \"Surveillance,\" Joel de la Fuente first appears as the Technical Assistance Response Unit", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9784777", "score": "1.0711079", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 11)", "text": "their contracts for two more seasons. Christine Lahti played the new executive assistant district attorney, , for five episodes, starting with the first episode through to the fourth episode. She returned briefly in the eighth episode, where she clashed with Cabot. Neal Baer said \"She's from Appeals and she's tired of having rape cases overturned because of misidentifications. She's coming to clean things up\". Stephanie March returned temporally for ten episodes starting with the fifth episode playing ADA Alexandra Cabot, while \"SVU\" attempted to find a permanent ADA. Sharon Stone joined the cast in the twenty-first episode \"Torch\" on April", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13476258", "score": "1.0706918", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 11)", "text": "starred in the first episode as a police officer named Nate Kendall, who saves a rape victim in the beginning of the episode and helps SVU solve the case. In the second episode Eric McCormack played the CEO of a \"sugar daddy\" dating website named Vance Shepard. Scott Foley played a real-estate developer with severe alcoholism in the fourth episode \"Hammered\". He said that the interesting role attracted him to the show with: \"the character was fully developed with addictions and problems both personally and professionally. Plus... it's \"SVU\", come on!\" His character is suspected of murdering an abortion doctor.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13476260", "score": "1.0706873", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Raúl Esparza", "long_answer": "Raúl Eduardo Esparza (born October 24, 1970) is an American stage and television actor, singer, and voice artist, best known for his role as New York Assistant District Attorney (ADA) Rafael Barba in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. He has received Tony nominations for his role as Philip Salon in the Boy George musical Taboo in 2004; Robert, an empty man devoid of connection in the musical comedy Company in 2006; a lazy and snarky man in Harold Pinter's The Homecoming; and an aggressive volatile movie producer in David Mamet's Speed the Plow. He played the role of Riff Raff on Broadway in the revival of The Rocky Horror Show and the role of Caractacus Potts in the Broadway musical Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.", "chunked_long_answer": "Raúl Eduardo Esparza (born October 24, 1970) is an American stage and television actor, singer, and voice artist, best known for his role as New York Assistant District Attorney (ADA) Rafael Barba in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. He has received Tony nominations for his role as Philip Salon in the Boy George musical Taboo in 2004; Robert, an empty man devoid of connection in the musical comedy Company in 2006; a lazy and snarky man in Harold Pinter's The Homecoming; and an aggressive volatile movie producer in David Mamet's Speed the Plow. He played the role of Riff", "short_answers": [ "Raúl Eduardo Esparza" ] }

[ "on Flag Day in 1954", "1954", "Flag Day in 1954" ]

[ { "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "text": "the phrase \"under God\" violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, but to Lincoln and his contemporaries, \"under God\" meant \"God willing\", so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd. Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "699965", "score": "1.2819989", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "text": "not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words \"of America\" were added a year later. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time, in the following form, on June 22, 1942: Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of \"under God\" to the pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea. He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "699950", "score": "1.2158747", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "text": "Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948, he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words \"under God\" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words \"under God\", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said \"that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom.\" Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings. In 1951, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "699951", "score": "1.213024", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "text": "Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance. In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words \"under God\" after the words \"one nation.\" Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "699952", "score": "1.2012538", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "text": "upheld the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of \"Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District\". In a 2–1 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a \"ceremonial and patriotic nature\" and did not constitute an establishment of religion. Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that \"the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution.\" On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "699970", "score": "1.1983619", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Becket Fund for Religious Liberty", "text": "Both cases were resolved in favor of the current Pledge language. Most recently the Becket Fund helped the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District in New Jersey. A group of atheists challenged the words \"under God\" who considered the phrase a violation of the Establishment Clause. The case was taken to the Superior Court of New Jersey where the phrase \"under God\" was once again ruled constitutional. The atheist group did not appeal. Another Becket Fund client is a mosque in Murfreesboro, Tennessee that was denied the right to use its building by a local court after complaints that the mosque was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7257363", "score": "1.1924151", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "In God We Trust", "text": "School District brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers \"second-class citizens\". He noted; \"As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2143570", "score": "1.1880232", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Pledge Protection Act", "text": "of his daughter, promised to appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. The first decision of the Ninth Circuit was handed down on June 26, 2002, declaring that the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance violated the Establishment Clause. The 'Pledge Protection Act' would be introduced into the House of Representatives for the first time on July 8, 2002, as part of the 107th Congress. Had the bill been successfully enacted into law, the decision of the Ninth Circuit would have stood, and the inclusion of \"under God\" in the Pledge remained unconstitutional. The law would have", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11504523", "score": "1.1801934", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance", "text": "the dedication of our Nation and our people to the Almighty.\" The matter of the Pledge's constitutionality simmered for decades below the public eye. In 1992, the Chicago-based Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals decided the first challenge to the constitutionality of the words \"under God\", ruling in \"Sherman v. Community Consolidated School District 21\" that the use of the words \"under God\" in the Pledge did not violate the Establishment Clause. On June 26, 2002, in a case (\"Newdow v. United States Congress\") brought by an atheist father objecting to the Pledge being taught in his daughter's school, the Ninth", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6952328", "score": "1.179116", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Pledge of Allegiance (United States)", "text": "the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools. The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942. The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954, when the words \"under God\" were added.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Michael Newdow", "text": "states was filed on behalf of his daughter against inclusion of the words \"under God\" in public schools' recitals of the United States' Pledge of Allegiance. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found that the phrase constitutes an endorsement of religion, and therefore violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, the decision was later overruled by the Supreme Court of the United States on procedural grounds, citing that Newdow did not have custody of his daughter and therefore did not have the right to bring suit on her behalf,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2867125", "score": "1.1735883", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow", "text": "the Endorsement Test, and the Coercion Test. In doing so, the Court concluded recitation of the Pledge with the words \"under God\" included violated the Establishment Clause. Fernandez asserted in his partial dissent that the religious content of the \"under God\" addition is so small that it is de minimis—so trivial as to be properly beneath judicial notice. Public and congressional reaction to the Ninth Circuit's decision was decidedly negative. About 150 Members of Congress stood on the front steps of the Capitol and recited the Pledge including the words \"under God\"; and the Senate passed a non-binding resolution affirming", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2672591", "score": "1.1555626", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow", "text": "in March 2000 against the Elk Grove Unified School District. Newdow sued as the \"next friend\" on behalf of his daughter, who was enrolled in the Elk Grove public schools. He said the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance amounted to an unconstitutional establishment of religion and that, as such, the daily recitation of the Pledge with the offending words interfered with his right to inculcate his daughter with his religious beliefs. U.S. Magistrate Judge Peter A. Nowinski found the Pledge was constitutional. The District Court accepted the magistrate's finding and dismissed the case on June 21, 2000.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2672589", "score": "1.1547657", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "text": "in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag. They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance. In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase \"under God\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "699966", "score": "1.1449331", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Michael Newdow", "text": "pledge is unconstitutional when recited in public schools. On March 11, 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of \"Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District\". On page 60 of the ruling the court writes: \"We hold that the California Education Code - 52720 and the School District's policy having teachers lead students in the recitation of the Pledge, and having those who do not wish to participate do so with impunity, do not violate the Establishment Clause. Therefore we reverse the decision", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2867127", "score": "1.1422071", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance", "text": "Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco ruled the addition of \"under God\" an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism. Shortly after the ruling's release, Judge Alfred T. Goodwin, author of the opinion in the 2–1 ruling, signed an order staying its enforcement until the full Ninth Circuit court could decide whether to hear an appeal. The day after the ruling, the Senate voted in favor of the Pledge as it stood. The House followed suit, accepting a similar resolution. The Senate vote was 99–0 (Senator Jesse Helms could not attend, but had been expected to vote \"yes\"); the House 416–3 with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6952329", "score": "1.140445", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Michael Newdow", "text": "three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit to remove both \"under God\" from the Pledge of Allegiance (Roe v. Rio Linda Union School District), and \"In God We Trust\" from United States currency. The Ninth Circuit rejected Newdow's challenge. In a decision published March 11, 2010, the court held that its earlier decision in \"Aronow\", which \"held the national motto is of a \"patriotic or ceremonial character,\" has no \"theological or ritualistic impact,\" and does not constitute \"governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise,\" foreclosed Newdow's argument. In an opinion concurring only in the judgment, even the extremely liberal Judge Stephen Reinhardt", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2867132", "score": "1.1308454", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Secular movement", "text": "advocates for more prayer and religion in American government. As America's secular demographic has grown and become more visible and active, a number of lawsuits have been brought to challenge references to God and religion in government. These cases have had limited success. In 2002, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the inclusion of the words \"under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance violated the Establishment Clause of the United States Constitution. That ruling was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in \"Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow\", 542 U.S. 1 (2004). The Supreme Court ruled", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18604311", "score": "1.1280677", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Australian nationality law", "text": "wording was available in the form of a non-religious Affirmation for those who preferred. In 1986 the wording was changed to: In 1994 the Oath was replaced with a Pledge of Commitment to Australia: All new citizens have the choice of making the pledge with (Pledge 1) or without (Pledge 2) the words 'under God'. There are cases where citizens need to show documentary evidence of their citizenship. Employers are required to check working rights when providing a job, so an Australian citizen needs to show evidence of their citizenship. According to the Department of Immigration and Border Protection this", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5631333", "score": "1.1041296", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "text": "exercise. In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit, ruling that \"… the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message.\" The case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase \"under God\" in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers \"second-class citizens.\" In a twenty-one page decision, Bauman wrote, \"Under [the association", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "699972", "score": "1.0883608", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "text": "a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary. A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13, 2011. In September 2013, a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts. In May 2014, Massachusetts' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists, saying that the words \"under God\" represent a patriotic, not a religious,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "699971", "score": "1.0847081", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance", "text": "requiring the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance. The judge said he was bound by 2002 precedent of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decision even though it had been vacated by the Supreme Court. Judge Karlton held that the words \"one nation under God\" violate the right to be \"free from a coercive requirement to affirm God\". On November 30, 2005, the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, an organization claiming to defend religious rights for people of all faiths, appealed the case to the Ninth Circuit and filed a brief that declared, object to the ruling that the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6952326", "score": "1.0836735", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "Michael Newdow", "text": "Michael Newdow Michael Arthur Newdow (born June 24, 1953) is an American attorney and emergency medicine physician. He is best known for his efforts to have recitations of the current version of the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools in the United States declared unconstitutional because of its inclusion of the phrase \"under God\". He also filed and lost a lawsuit to stop the invocation prayer at President Bush's second inauguration and in 2009 he filed a lawsuit to prevent references to God and religion from being part of President Obama's inauguration. Newdow is an atheist and an ordained minister", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2867122", "score": "1.0822494", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance", "text": "the Court also ruled that \"A religion is not established in the usual sense merely by letting those who choose to do so say the prayer that the public school teacher leads.\" Rather, the Court found fault with the teacher-led prayer because the State of New York had financed a religious exercise in requiring the teacher-led recitation of the prayer. Nevertheless, neither the parents nor the Court made the same assertion regarding the Pledge of Allegiance. The dissenting justice in the 2002 \"Under God\" ruling stated that the ruling conflicted with the Supreme Court's explicit stance that the phrase \"under", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6952335", "score": "1.077788", "original_retrieval_index": 41 }, { "title": "In God We Trust", "text": "a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit to remove both \"under God\" from the Pledge of Allegiance (\"Roe v. Rio Linda Union School District\"), and \"In God We Trust\" from United States currency. The Ninth Circuit rejected Newdow's challenge. In a decision published March 11, 2010, the court held that its earlier decision in \"Aronow\", which \"held the national motto is of a \"patriotic or ceremonial character,\" has no \"theological or ritualistic impact,\" and does not constitute \"governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise,\" foreclosed Newdow's argument. In an opinion concurring only in the judgment, even the extremely liberal Judge Stephen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2143568", "score": "1.0750551", "original_retrieval_index": 42 }, { "title": "Pledge of Allegiance", "text": "pew, the church's pastor, George MacPherson Docherty, delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled \"A New Birth of Freedom.\" He argued that the nation's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose. He noted that the Pledge's sentiments could be those of any nation: \"There was something missing in the pledge, and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life.\" He cited Lincoln's words \"under God\" as defining words that set the US apart from other nations. President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "699955", "score": "1.0717295", "original_retrieval_index": 43 }, { "title": "George MacPherson Docherty", "text": "George MacPherson Docherty George MacPherson Docherty (May 9, 1911 – November 27, 2008) was a Scottish-born American Presbyterian minister and principal initiator of the addition of the words \"under God\" to the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States. Docherty was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1911. After graduation from Glasgow University and a three-year pastorate at Aberdeen's North Kirk, he set sail from Southampton to the United States in 1950. Docherty succeeded Peter Marshall as the pastor of the historic New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington D.C., just a few blocks from the White House.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8819949", "score": "1.0716715", "original_retrieval_index": 44 }, { "title": "David Niose", "text": "against atheists. In February 2015 a New Jersey Superior Court Judge dismissed the suit ruling that \"...the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message.\" This followed a ruling of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in May 2014, where in a unanimous decision ruled the court declared that the daily recitation of the phrase “under god” in the US Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the plaintiffs' equal protection rights under the Massachusetts Constitution. Critical of the Religious Right, Niose argues that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16228109", "score": "1.0707889", "original_retrieval_index": 45 }, { "title": "Discrimination against atheists", "text": "apply to witness oaths. Several American atheists have used court challenges to address discrimination against atheists. Michael Newdow challenged inclusion of the phrase \"under God\" in the United States Pledge of Allegiance on behalf of his daughter, claiming that the phrase amounted to government endorsement of discrimination against atheists. He won the case at an initial stage, but the Supreme Court dismissed his claim, ruling that Newdow did not have standing to bring his case, thus disposing of the case without ruling on the constitutionality of the pledge. Respondents to a survey were less likely to support a kidney transplant", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8841416", "score": "1.0632386", "original_retrieval_index": 46 }, { "title": "Oath of Allegiance (Australia)", "text": "removed the renunciation requirement and the requirement for candidates to state their names, the wording becoming: In 1994, the Keating Government replaced the oath with a Pledge of Commitment to Australia and removed the reference to the Crown: The prospective citizen has the option of making the pledge with or without the words \"under God\". There have been no changes since. Oath of Allegiance (Australia) In Australia, an Oath of Allegiance or an Affirmation of Allegiance are oaths of allegiance required to be made to the monarch of Australia in some situations. Oaths of Allegiance are usually made on a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10881080", "score": "1.0593003", "original_retrieval_index": 47 } ]

{ "title": "Pledge of Allegiance (United States)", "long_answer": "The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools. The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942. The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954, when the words \"under God\" were added.", "chunked_long_answer": "the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools. The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942. The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954, when the words \"under God\" were added.", "short_answers": [ "1954", "Flag Day in 1954", "on Flag Day in 1954" ] }

[ "senators" ]

[ { "title": "National Assembly (Burundi)", "text": "president of the republic. He took office on 26 August 2005. National Assembly (Burundi) The National Assembly is the lower chamber of Parliament in Burundi. It consists of 100 directly elected members (or deputies) and between 18 and 21 co-opted members who serve five-year terms. Deputies are elected in 17 multi-member constituencies using a party-list proportional representation system in accordance with the d'Hondt method. Political parties and lists of independent candidates must receive over 2% of the vote nationally to gain representation in the National Assembly. As a country that has been devastated by civil war and persistent ethnic violence", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5686287", "score": "0.98748124", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Elections in Namibia", "text": "Elections in Namibia Elections in Namibia gives information on election and election results in Namibia. Namibia elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The Parliament is bicameral in nature. Until 2014 the National Assembly had 78 members of which 72 were elected by direct popular vote using the proportional representation and a maximum of 6 non-voting members are appointed by the president. The members are elected for a five-year term. Since then the number of elected seats to the National Assembly", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4505164", "score": "0.9841693", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Elections in Zimbabwe", "text": "Elections in Zimbabwe The Zimbabwe government consists of an elected head of state, the president, and a legislature. The presidential term lasts for 5 years, and is elected by majority, with a second round if no candidate receives a majority in the first round. The Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Assembly and Senate. Following the 2013 constitution, the House of Assembly has 270 members. 210 are elected for five-year terms by single-member constituencies. Furthermore, the constitution specifies that for the two first parliaments, there are 60 additional seats reserved for women, 6 seats per province, which are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4418796", "score": "0.9702714", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Elections in Burundi", "text": "Elections in Burundi Elections in Burundi gives information on election and election results in Burundi. Burundi elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The National Assembly (\"Assemblée nationale\") has 118 members, elected for a five-year term by proportional representation with a 2% barrier. The Senate (\"Sénat\") has 49 members, elected for a five-year term by electoral colleges of communal councilors. Extra seats in both chambers can be added to ensure that ethnic and gender quotas are met. Burundi has a multi-party system, with two or three strong parties and a third party", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4390372", "score": "0.9691462", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Elections in Belarus", "text": "Independent States (CIS) recognised the election as legitimate. Elections in Belarus Belarus elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly (\"Нацыянальны сход\", \"Nacyyanal'ny skhod\") has two chambers. The House of Representatives (\"Палата прадстаўнікоў\", \"Palata Pradstawnikow\") has 110 members elected in single-seat constituencies elected for a four-year term. The Council of the Republic (\"Савет рэспублікі\", \"Saviet Respubliki\") has 64 members, 56 members indirectly elected and eight members appointed by the president. Belarus is a state in which the president, currently", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4381712", "score": "0.9675753", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "2011 Argentine provincial elections", "text": "members of the provincial Judiciary Council. The ticket for Governor and Vice-Governor is elected by simple majority on a direct election, for a 4-year period. They can be re-elected for a single consecutive time, either in the same order or in alternating positions. The unicameral legislature, the Chamber of Deputies, is renewed every four years. The provincial deputies can be re-elected. The legislative election is direct in a single district: the most voted party gains 16 seats (60%) and the remaining 11 seats are proportionally divided among the following party lists, by D'Hondt method, without threshold. The main candidates for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15385574", "score": "0.9653245", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Politics of Albania", "text": "four-year term on the basis of direct, universal, periodic and equal suffrage by secret ballot. As of Article 45 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to vote, the People of Albania exercise their power through their elected representatives in the Parliament. When the Parliament is elected, the first session shall be held no later than 20 days after the completion of elections with the President as the speaker. There are 15 permanent committees. Extraordinary meets can be called by the President, by the Chairperson of the Parliament, by the Prime Minister or by the one fifth of the members.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "767765", "score": "0.9649667", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Constitution of Ivory Coast", "text": "direct universal suffrage for a 5-year term concurrently with the president. It passes on legislation typically introduced by the president, although it also can introduce legislation. The judicial system culminates in the Supreme Court. The High Court of Justice is competent to try government officials for major offenses. There is also an independent Constitutional Council which has seven members appointed by the president that is responsible for, amongst other duties, the determination of candidate eligibility in presidential and legislative elections, the announcement of final election results, the conduct of referendums, and the constitutionality of legislation. Ivory Coast is divided into", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13675323", "score": "0.96165884", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Elections in Lithuania", "text": "in the parliament and coalition governments are common. The head of the state - the president - is elected to a five-year term in a majority vote, with the president eligible for up to two terms in office. More than 1500 municipal council members are elected in local elections to four-year terms, with the majority of the seats allocated using proportional representation and the mayors elected directly by residents in a majority vote. The Lithuanian representatives in the European Parliament, currently numbering 11, are elected using proportional representation every five years. 12 referendums have been organized in Lithuania, initiated by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4505011", "score": "0.9610983", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "text": "In 1911, the House of Representatives passed House Joint Resolution 39 proposing a constitutional amendment for direct election of senators. The original resolution passed by the House contained the following clause:", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Elections in Uzbekistan", "text": "Elections in Uzbekistan Uzbekistan elects on national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The Supreme Assembly (\"Oliy Majlis\") has 150 members in the Legislative Chamber, elected for a five-year terms and 100 members in the Senate; 84 members elected at the sessions of district, regional and city deputies, and 16 members appointed by the president. Most parties are excluded. Uzbekistan is a state dominated by the supporters of a head of state – the president. Opposition parties are allowed, but are widely considered", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4484957", "score": "0.9587463", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Elections in the Netherlands", "text": "The elections for the Island councils for the special municipalities of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba take place at the same date as the provincial elections; for the first time in 2015. The Senate is elected indirectly, by the provincial councillors (who are themselves chosen in direct elections). It is composed as follows: The 2014 Dutch municipal election saw a success for local parties, who increased their share to 30% of the votes. The Christian Democratic Appeal remained the largest party nationally, earning 14% of the votes. D66 and SP also saw significant rises compared to the 2010 elections, getting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3197080", "score": "0.95734733", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "National Assembly (Burundi)", "text": "National Assembly (Burundi) The National Assembly is the lower chamber of Parliament in Burundi. It consists of 100 directly elected members (or deputies) and between 18 and 21 co-opted members who serve five-year terms. Deputies are elected in 17 multi-member constituencies using a party-list proportional representation system in accordance with the d'Hondt method. Political parties and lists of independent candidates must receive over 2% of the vote nationally to gain representation in the National Assembly. As a country that has been devastated by civil war and persistent ethnic violence since its independence in 1962, Burundi's new constitution (approved in a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5686284", "score": "0.9572026", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Constitution of Vanuatu", "text": "the Prime Minister directly elected by Parliament; the Supreme Court; and the Court of Appeal. Bislama, English, and French are declared to be the country's \"official languages\", with English and French as the \"principal languages of education\". The electoral franchise is guaranteed as \"universal, equal and secret\", and in principle is extended to all adults aged 18 years or older. Members of the National Council of Chiefs are to be \"elected by their peers\". An unusual feature of the Constitution is that the President is elected by an electoral college, made up of members of Parliament and the chairpersons of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14062211", "score": "0.95612997", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Constitution of Italy", "text": "is elected by direct and universal suffrage by voters over the age of eighteen. There are 630 deputies, twelve of which are elected in the overseas constituencies, while the number of seats among the other electoral districts is obtained by dividing the number of citizens residing in the territory of the Republic by six hundred eighteen and by distributing the seats proportionally to the population in every electoral district, on the basis of whole shares and highest remainders. All voters over the age of twenty-five are eligible to be deputies. The Senate of the Republic is elected by direct and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4466378", "score": "0.9555593", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Elections in Bulgaria", "text": "Elections in Bulgaria Bulgaria elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term directly by the people. The National Assembly (\"Narodno Sabranie\") has 240 members, elected for a four-year term by proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies with a 4% threshold. Bulgaria has a multi-party system, in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each to form governments. Parliamentary elections have been held in Bulgaria since 1879. There was a period when partisan politics was banned from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4390343", "score": "0.95515764", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "2019 Panamanian general election", "text": "2019 Panamanian general election General elections are scheduled to be held in Panama on 5 May 2019. Due to constitutional term limits, Incumbent President Juan Carlos Varela will be ineligible for a second consecutive term. Of the 71 members of the National Assembly, 26 will be elected in single-member constituencies and 45 by proportional representation in multi-member constituencies. Each district with more than 40,000 inhabitants forms a constituency. Constituencies elect one MP for every 30,000 residents and an additional representative for every fraction over 10,000. In single-member constituencies MPs are elected using the first-past-the-post system. In multi-member constituencies MPs are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20975245", "score": "0.9549353", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Elections in Belarus", "text": "Elections in Belarus Belarus elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly (\"Нацыянальны сход\", \"Nacyyanal'ny skhod\") has two chambers. The House of Representatives (\"Палата прадстаўнікоў\", \"Palata Pradstawnikow\") has 110 members elected in single-seat constituencies elected for a four-year term. The Council of the Republic (\"Савет рэспублікі\", \"Saviet Respubliki\") has 64 members, 56 members indirectly elected and eight members appointed by the president. Belarus is a state in which the president, currently Alexander Lukashenko, dominates. Opposition parties are allowed, but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4381693", "score": "0.95334566", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Elections in Myanmar", "text": "Elections in Myanmar Myanmar is a unitary republic, with elected representatives at the national and, state or region levels. On the national level, the head of state, the President, is elected indirectly through an Electoral College. According to the 2008 constitution, the term durations of the legislature, the President, and the Cabinet are five years. Voting occurred in all constituencies, excluding seats appointed by the military, to select Members of Assembly to seats in both the upper house (the House of Nationalities) and the lower house (the House of Representatives) of the Assembly of the Union, and State and Region", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4505120", "score": "0.95179343", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Elections in Sri Lanka", "text": "Elections in Sri Lanka Elections in Sri Lanka gives information on election and election results in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The Parliament has 225 members, elected for a five-year term, 196 members elected in multi-seat constituencies through proportional representation system where each party is allocated a number of seats from the quota for each district according to the proportion of the total vote that party obtains in the district. The other 29 which is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3645566", "score": "0.951624", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Politics of Albania", "text": "municipal councils. The President is elected through a secret vote and without debate by the Parliament by a majority of three-fifths majority of all its members, for 5 years. The Constitution sets a limit to a maximum of two terms in office. The Parliament is elected to a four-year term in twelve multi-seat constituencies analogous to the 12 county borders, with amendments to achieve a uniform number of eligible voters in each constituency to within 3%. Within the constituencies, seats are elected by closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of 3% for parties and 5% for alliances. Seats", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "767771", "score": "0.94944024", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Zagreb", "text": "representative body of the citizens of the City of Zagreb elected for a four-year term on the basis of universal suffrage in direct elections by secret ballot using proportional system with d'Hondt method in a manner specified by law. There are 51 representatives in the City Assembly, among them president and vicepresidents of the assembly are elected by the representatives. Prior to 2009, the mayor was elected by the City Assembly. It was changed to direct elections by majoritarian vote (two-round system) in 2009. The mayor is the head of the city administration and has two deputies (directly elected together", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "662582", "score": "0.9488079", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Elections in Rwanda", "text": "and two from Kigali) and three members elected by mini-committees, two representing youth (elected by the National Youth Council) and one representing disabled people (elected by the Federation of the Associations of the Disabled. The Senate has 26 members, of which 14 are indirectly elected and 12 are appointed. The 14 indirectly elected members consist of 12 members elected by local councils and two university lecturers elected by university staff. The 12 appointed members include eight appointed by the President and four appointed by the Forum of Political Organisations. Four national referendums have been held in Rwanda; the first in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4505412", "score": "0.94769657", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Elections in Bulgaria", "text": "its De Facto independence in 1878: Several regional referendums have been held as well. Elections in Bulgaria Bulgaria elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term directly by the people. The National Assembly (\"Narodno Sabranie\") has 240 members, elected for a four-year term by proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies with a 4% threshold. Bulgaria has a multi-party system, in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each to form governments. Parliamentary elections have been held", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4390346", "score": "0.9468699", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Parliament of Albania", "text": "As of 9 September 2017, the Chairperson of the Parliament is Gramoz Ruçi. The Constitution of Albania mandates that the Parliament consists of not less than 140 members, elected by a direct elected secret ballot for four-year terms. The electoral system is closed list proportional representation. There are 12 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the 12 administrative regions of the country. Parliamentary elections are held within 60 days to 30 days before the end of the mandate and not later than 45 days after dissolution. As specified by the current electoral legislation in Albania, 140 members of the Parliament are elected", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6446672", "score": "0.94552946", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Elections in Madagascar", "text": "Elections in Madagascar Elections in Madagascar gives information on election and election results in Madagascar. Madagascar elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people, by absolute majority through a two-round system. The Parliament has two chambers. The National Assembly (\"Antenimieram-Pirenena/Assemblée Nationale\") has 151 members, elected for a five-year term in single-member and two-member constituencies. In single-member constituencies, representatives are elected by simple majority, in the two-member constituencies, closed party lists are used, with the two seats distributed using a highest averages method.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4505094", "score": "0.9449034", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Elections in Croatia", "text": "on 1 July 2013. The President of Croatia is elected for a five-year term by a direct vote of all citizens in a majority system, requiring runoff elections if no candidate wins more than 50 percent of votes in the first round. Members of Parliament are elected for a four-year term in ten multi-seat constituencies, with additional members elected in special constituencies reserved for the Croatian diaspora and national minorities. As of November 2011, legislation provides for the election of 151 members of the unicameral parliament (including three representatives of the Croatian diaspora and eight representatives of national minorities). Out", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3645614", "score": "0.9448166", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Elections in Venezuela", "text": "Elections in Venezuela Elections in Venezuela are held at a national level for the President of Venezuela as head of state and head of government, and for a unicameral legislature. The President of Venezuela is elected for a six-year term by direct election plurality voting, and is eligible for re-election. The National Assembly \"(Asamblea Nacional)\" has 165 members \"(diputados)\", elected for five-year terms using a mixed member majoritarian system. Elections also take place at state level and local level. Since 1998 elections in Venezuela have been automated (using touch-screen DRE voting machines which provide a Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3637925", "score": "0.94454277", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Cape Verde", "text": "1999 — defines the basic principles of its government. The president is the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a 5-year term. The prime minister is the head of government and proposes other ministers and secretaries of state. The prime minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president. Members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote for 5-year terms. Three parties now hold seats in the National Assembly — MPD (36), PAICV (25) and the Cape Verdean Independent Democratic Union (UCID) (3). The judicial system consists of a Supreme Court", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12370264", "score": "0.94404894", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Suriname", "text": "for a five-year term by a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly. If at least two-thirds of the National Assembly cannot agree to vote for one presidential candidate, a People's Assembly is formed from all National Assembly delegates and regional and municipal representatives who were elected by popular vote in the most recent national election. The president may be elected by a majority of the People's Assembly called for the special election. As head of government, the president appoints a sixteen-minister cabinet. A vice president, is normally elected for a five-year term at the same time as the president, by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "364818", "score": "0.9422556", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "long_answer": "In 1911, the House of Representatives passed House Joint Resolution 39 proposing a constitutional amendment for direct election of senators. The original resolution passed by the House contained the following clause:", "chunked_long_answer": "In 1911, the House of Representatives passed House Joint Resolution 39 proposing a constitutional amendment for direct election of senators. The original resolution passed by the House contained the following clause:", "short_answers": [ "senators" ] }

[ "Broadway", "October 15, 1997", "July 8, 1997", "November 13, 1997" ]

[ { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "text": "honors, including six Tony Awards, one for Best Musical and Best Direction of a Musical, making director Julie Taymor the first woman to earn such an honor. The show opened in the West End's Lyceum Theatre on October 19, 1999, and is still running after more than 7,500 performances. The cast of the West End production were invited to perform at the Royal Variety Performance in 1999 and 2008, in the presence of senior members of the British Royal Family. In September 2014, \"The Lion King\" became the top-earning title in box-office history for both stage productions and films, surpassing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6528839", "score": "1.1329651", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "text": "the new theatre. The cast featured 53 artists, of whom all were South African. The opening night in Johannesburg was celebrated with key persons involving the creation of the musical and American talk show host Oprah Winfrey who had recently opened an educational academy for girls in Johannesburg The show closed on February 17, 2008. The show was translated into Japanese and staged by the Shiki Theatre Company. The Tokyo production began in 1998 and continues to the present day at the Shiki Theatre HARU. The production achieved its 10,000th performance on July 15, 2015. The show played at the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6528869", "score": "1.1131208", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "text": "for nearly four years at the Princess of Wales Theatre. The show was directed by the original director Julie Taymor and premiered on April 25, 2000. The Lion King ran until January 2004 when it had its final performance. This first Canadian staging comprised 1,560 performances and was seen by 2.9 million people according to David Mirvish, whose Mirvish Productions theater and management company owns and operates the theater. The \"\" star Raymond Ablack starred as Young Simba In 2001. The show returned for a five-week engagement that began in April 2011, as part of the North American tour The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6528862", "score": "1.0983766", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "text": "Capitol Theatre in Sydney, Australia, from October 16, 2003, until June 26, 2005. The production then ran at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne from July 28, 2005, until June 4, 2006. \"The Lion King\" returned to Sydney's Capitol Theatre on December 12, 2013. The musical had a Korean production from October 28, 2006, to October 28, 2007, at the Charlotte Theater in Seoul, where it ran for 330 performances. In August 2008, a production opened in Taipei, Taiwan, closing on August 24, 2009. The show had a limited run at Shanghai's Grand Theatre from July to September 2006. This production", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6528870", "score": "1.0888164", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "text": "This production won several Moliére Awards and closed on July 25, 2010, after being watched by over a million people. On October 20, 2011, the first Spanish production opened at Teatro Lope de Vega in Madrid, where it is still running after more than 2,900 performances. In Basel, Switzerland, the musical was performed for the first time from March 12, 2015, until October 11, 2015. Beginning in June 2007, \"The Lion King\" debuted its first-ever performance on the African continent in Johannesburg, South Africa at the Teatro at Montecasino. \"The Lion King\" was the first production to take place in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6528868", "score": "1.0844188", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "text": "musical had a Mexican limited run (in English) between January 3 and January 27, 2008, in Mexico City, as part of the U.S. national tour. In May 2014, it was confirmed a new production of the musical, this time in Spanish. The production ran from May 7, 2015 to January 14, 2018 at the Teatro Telcel in Mexico City for 950 performances. Carlos Rivera returned to the role of Simba, which he also took in Spain four years earlier. The lyrics of the songs of this production differed from the European Spanish one. South-African actress Shirley Hlahatse was chosen as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6528863", "score": "1.0553267", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "text": "March 2015. The West End cast of the show performed twice at the traditional Royal Variety Performance: in 1999 (led by Josette Bushell-Mingo) and 2008 (led by Brown Lindiwe Mkhize). In both performances, the song \"Circle of Life\" was performed. The company also performed at the show \"Strictly Come Dancing\" special \"Strictly African Dancing\", broadcast in 2005, led once again by Mkhize and performed the same song. The German production has been playing in Hamburg at the Theater in Hafen since December 2001 and had its 5000th performance on January 14, 2014. Access to the theater is by ferry, where", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6528866", "score": "1.0283766", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "text": "was led by Buyi Zama and was performed in English, though a couple of Chinese elements were added to the story. From June 14, 2016, until October 8, 2017, \"The Lion King\" returned to China, in a new production that was staged at the 1,200 capacity Walt Disney Grand Theatre, in the Shanghai Disney Resort, where it ran for 500 performances. This production was performed in Mandarin and led by Ntsepa Pitjeng. On March 28, 2018, the first international tour officially opened at the Solaire Resort & Casino in Manila, with confirmed stops in Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and South", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6528871", "score": "1.0236782", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Ragtime (musical)", "text": "in \"The New York Times\" was headlined \"A diorama with nostalgia rampant.\" It led the 1998 Tony Awards with thirteen Tony Award nominations, but Disney's \"The Lion King\" won as Best Musical. The musical won awards for Best Featured Actress (McDonald), Original Score, Book, and Orchestrations. According to \"The New York Times\", \"The chief competition for \"The Lion King\" was \"Ragtime\", a lavish musical.\" The \"New York Times\" also noted that \"The season was an artistic success as well, creating one of the most competitive Tony contests in years, with a battle in almost every category capped by the titanic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16042110", "score": "1.0209053", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "text": "The musical debuted on July 8, 1997 in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the Orpheum Theatre and was an instant success before premiering on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theater on October 15, 1997 in many previews with the official opening on November 13, 1997. On June 13, 2006, the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins, where it is still running after more than 6,700 performances. It is Broadway's third longest-running show in history and the highest grossing Broadway production of all time, having grossed more than $1 billion.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "text": "as Pride Rock, the stampede, and the grasslands) were converted to less costly configurations for the touring productions. The sun during the opening is reduced in size for the shorter-lasting tours. Stage sizes are also smaller, and the size of the pit orchestra is decreased. A Las Vegas production opened at Mandalay Bay on May 15, 2009, with previews beginning May 5, 2009. The Las Vegas cast performed on the ninth season of the American dance competition \"Dancing With the Stars\" on September 23, 2009. Led by Buyi Zama, the cast performed \"Circle of Life\". When this production closed, on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6528860", "score": "1.018984", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "text": "the record previously held by \"The Phantom of the Opera\". \"The Lion King\" musical has grossed nearly as of 2017. As the sun rises, Rafiki the mandrill calls the animals to Pride Rock. She greets King Mufasa and Queen Sarabi before presenting their cub to the gathered animals (\"Circle of Life\"). Elsewhere, Mufasa's brother, Scar, laments his lost chance at becoming King. Back at her baobab tree, Rafiki paints an image of the cub and asks the spirits to conjure the new prince's name: Simba. Time passes and Simba grows into a lively young cub (\"Grasslands Chant\"). Mufasa shows Simba", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6528840", "score": "1.0096767", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "The Lion King (franchise)", "text": "Directed by Julie Taymor, produced by Disney Theatrical Productions, and written by the co-director of the original film, Roger Allers, with writer Irene Mecchi. The musical features actors in elaborate animal costumes, and complex puppetry, created by Taymor and Michael Curry. The musical is divided in two acts and has music by Elton John and lyrics by Tim Rice, along with the musical score created by Hans Zimmer with choral arrangements by Lebo M. The musical incorporates several changes and additions to the storyline as compared to the film, as well as adding more songs. The musical became a success", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14153146", "score": "1.0095005", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "text": "the boats are decorated in the colors of the musical and are named after characters in the musical (such as \"Nala\" and its sister ship \"Rafiki\"). A Dutch production of the show was produced by Joop van den Ende Theaterproducties/Stage Entertainment and Disney Theatrical Group and played at the Circustheater in Scheveningen and ran from April 4, 2004, until August 27, 2006, replaced by another Disney musical, \"Tarzan\". A revival of the show's Dutch production began performances in the same Circustheater in October 2016. The show's French production debuted in Paris on September 22, 2007, in Stage Entertainment's Théâtre Mogador.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6528867", "score": "1.0048834", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Ace (musical)", "text": "with \"The Lion King\". Parts of \"Ace\" were shown at the National Alliance for Musical Theatre's (NAMT) Festival of New Musicals in New York in September 2005. Cheyenne Jackson starred as Ace, with Christiane Noll featured. The musical debuted at The Repertory Theatre of St. Louis, Missouri, September 6 through October 1, 2006. It was directed by Stafford Arima and choreographed by Andrew Palermo. It then played at Playhouse in the Park in Cincinnati, Ohio, from October 17 through November 17, 2006. This production was also directed by Arima and choreographed by Palermo. Another production by the same team played", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8946771", "score": "1.0012798", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "text": "Rafiki, marking the first time in years a completely new actress was elected for that role. A Brazilian production was confirmed to debut in São Paulo in March 28, 2013. Auditions took place in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Salvador. The cast contained mainly Brazilian actors and seven South African actors. The Portuguese lyrics were translated by Brazilian singer Gilberto Gil. Actress Phindile Mkhize, who had previously performed in many of the show's productions, was selected as Rafiki for this production, leaving in October 2013 and being replaced by Ntsepa Pitjeng. The show closed its doors on December 14,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6528864", "score": "1.0011288", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "The Legend of the Lion King", "text": "songs from the movie. The show debuted in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom on July 8, 1994; taking place in the same theater that is currently being used for Mickey's PhilharMagic show in Fantasyland. The Legend of The Lion King replaced the 3-D movie \"Magic Journeys\", which was shown in the Fantasyland Theater for 6 years from December 1987 through December 1993. This show featured what Disney describes as “Disney Humanimals” which are “larger-than-life figures that look just like their animated film counterparts”. The Mufasa Disney Humanimal measured seven feet long from tail to tip, six feet tall, and was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16204054", "score": "0.99036705", "original_retrieval_index": 45 }, { "title": "62nd Tony Awards", "text": "cast of \"The Lion King\" opened the show with a performance \"Circle of Life\", celebrating the show's 10th anniversary. The cast of \"Grease\", featuring Max Crumm and Laura Osnes as Danny and Sandy, then performed \"Grease\" and \"We Go Together\". Patti LuPone performed \"Everything's Coming Up Roses\" with Boyd Gaines and Laura Benanti from \"Gypsy\". This was followed by the cast of \"South Pacific\" in a medley of \"There Is Nothin' Like A Dame\", \"Some Enchanted Evening\", and \"(I'm in Love with) a Wonderful Guy\". Daniel Evans and Jenna Russell sang \"Move On\" from \"Sunday in the Park with George\".", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10929206", "score": "0.98826295", "original_retrieval_index": 47 }, { "title": "Touring Broadway Awards", "text": "manager of \"The Lion King\" Best New Musical: \"Wicked\" Best Play: \"Golda's Balcony\" Author: William Gibson Best Production Design: \"Wicked\" Scenic Design: Eugene Lee Costume Design: Susan Hilferty Lighting Design: Kenneth Posner Best Musical Score: \"Wicked\" Music and Lyrics: Stephen Schwartz Best Direction: Jack O'Brien for \"Hairspray\" Best Choreography: Ann Reinking for \"Chicago\" Best Long-Running Musical: \"Les Misérables\" Best New Musical: \"Monty Python's Spamalot\" Best Play: \"Doubt\" Author: John Patrick Shanley Best Production Design: \"Monty Python's Spamalot\" Scenic and Costume Design: Tim Hatley Lighting Design: Hugh Vanstone Best Musical Score: \"The Light in the Piazza\" Music and Lyrics: Adam Guettel", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10077351", "score": "0.9809726", "original_retrieval_index": 56 }, { "title": "Varsity Show", "text": "of the 107th Annual Varsity Show. He later received a Tony Award nomination for his performance of Harpo in \"The Color Purple\". He also originated the role of Simba in the national tour of \"The Lion King\". In 2008, the award was presented to Tom Kitt (CC '96) and Brian Yorkey (CC '93). For their musical \"Next To Normal,\" featuring music by Kitt and book/lyrics by Yorkey, the pair won the 2009 Tony Award for Best Original Score and the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. While at Columbia, the duo wrote the music, lyrics, and book to the 100th Annual", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6582607", "score": "0.9736779", "original_retrieval_index": 58 }, { "title": "New Amsterdam Theatre", "text": "millions of dollars, to restore it to its original use and grandeur. The roof garden remained closed when inspectors discovered that it could not meet modern building codes. The New Amsterdam was officially reopened on April 2, 1997. In November 1997, after the premiere of the film \"Hercules\" and a limited engagement of a concert version of \"King David\", Disney's stage version of \"The Lion King\" opened. On June 4, 2006, \"The Lion King\" closed in The New Amsterdam Theatre, moving two blocks uptown to the Minskoff Theatre on June 13, 2006. \"Mary Poppins\" began previews at the New Amsterdam", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5132783", "score": "0.9704752", "original_retrieval_index": 63 }, { "title": "Julie Taymor", "text": "Julie Taymor Julie Taymor (born December 15, 1952) is an American director of theater, opera and film. In 1997 her adaptation of \"The Lion King\" debuted, becoming the most successful stage musical of all time – 24 global productions have been seen by more than 90 million people. Having played over 100 cities in 19 countries, The Lion King's worldwide gross exceeds that of any entertainment title in box office history. It received 11 Tony Award nominations, earning Taymor Best Director and Costume Designer, and was honored more than 70 major arts awards worldwide. Taymor was born in Newton, Massachusetts,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1987873", "score": "0.97006786", "original_retrieval_index": 64 }, { "title": "Lyceum Theatre, London", "text": "The theatre has been home to the musical theatre version of \"The Lion King\" since 1999. To celebrate the 10th anniversary of the production, which has grossed over £289 million and been seen by more than eight million people, 250 former cast members gathered onstage, together with designer-director Julie Taymor. Prime Minister David Cameron and actor James Earl Jones, who voiced the role of King Mufasa in the original Disney animated film, attended the performance. Sources: Lyceum Theatre, London The Lyceum Theatre (pronounced ly-CEE-um) is a 2,100-seat West End theatre located in the City of Westminster, on Wellington Street, just", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5836475", "score": "0.9685464", "original_retrieval_index": 68 }, { "title": "Tarzan (musical)", "text": "Edgar Rice Burroughs, attended the opening night party, as did Phil Collins. The production was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Lighting Design of a Musical (Natasha Katz). Due to poor ticket sales, the show closed on July 8, 2007 after 35 previews and 486 performances. The musical follows the plot of the Disney film, with a few minor changes. Terk, who was a female in the film, is a male in the musical. The major character of Tantor the elephant is cut from the musical. Off of the West African coast, a young English couple and their newborn", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7369161", "score": "0.96666664", "original_retrieval_index": 71 }, { "title": "The Wiz", "text": "Iglehart as the Lion, Orlando Jones (succeeded by Colman Domingo) as The Wiz, and LaChanze as Aunt Em and Glinda. A major British revival of the musical was produced in 2011 by the Birmingham Repertory Theatre (however performed at the New Alexandra Theatre due to The REP's refurbishment) in a co-production with the West Yorkshire Playhouse, re-locating Kansas to present day Birmingham This production was directed by Josette Bushell-Mingo, with choreography by Paul J. Medford. The first German-speaking production will be produced in Linz/Austria in the new Musiktheater Linz. The production will be directed and choreographed by Kim Duddy. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2490470", "score": "0.9649786", "original_retrieval_index": 73 }, { "title": "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)", "text": "financially successful entertainment event until \"The Lion King\" surpassed it in 2014. By 2011, it had been seen by over 130 million people in 145 cities across 27 countries, and continues to play in London and New York. In 1984, Lloyd Webber contacted Cameron Mackintosh, the co-producer of \"Cats\" and \"Song and Dance\", to propose a new musical. He was aiming for a romantic piece, and suggested Gaston Leroux's book \"The Phantom of the Opera\" as a basis. They screened both the 1925 Lon Chaney and the 1943 Claude Rains motion picture versions, but neither saw any effective way to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2076454", "score": "0.94357735", "original_retrieval_index": 96 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1987 musical)", "text": "Jackson Browne, Roger Daltrey and Nathan Lane played the Scarecrow, Tin Man and Lion, respectively. Debra Winger was the Wicked Witch. A cast album was made that includes more of the music from the show than the 1989 RSC recording as well as some dialogue. The Madison Square Garden, New York production opened in May 1997 for 48 performances. Co-produced by the Paper Mill Playhouse, it used a shorter version of the show, 90 minutes long, and score designed for younger audiences. Directed by Paper Mill artistic director Robert Johanson, the cast included Roseanne Barr as the Wicked Witch of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12306815", "score": "0.94252765", "original_retrieval_index": 97 }, { "title": "The Lion King (franchise)", "text": "in the presence of senior members of the British Royal Family. Other productions within the U.S. include a Los Angeles production at the Pantages Theatre, at Charlotte in the Blumenthal Performing Arts Center, and a Las Vegas production at Mandalay Bay. International productions include a British at the Lyceum Theatre in London, a Canadian at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto, a Mexican in Mexico City, and a South African in Johannesburg, among others. The first ever UK tour opened at Bristol Hippodrome on August 31, 2012. Two video games based on the first film have been released. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14153148", "score": "0.93982744", "original_retrieval_index": 99 }, { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", "text": "of the original. This was followed by a spin-off television series, \"Sing Me a Story with Belle\". An IMAX version of the film was released in 2002, and included \"Human Again\", a new five-minute musical sequence that was previously included in the 1994 musical. That same year, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". After the success of the 3D re-release of \"The Lion King\", the film was reissued in 3D in 2012. A live-action adaptation of the film directed by Bill Condon was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1208634", "score": "0.9394349", "original_retrieval_index": 100 }, { "title": "Kat and the Kings", "text": "apartheid force them to use the rear entrance) and a recording contract. The show was inspired by the memories of Salie Daniels, the real-life Kat who appeared as the narrator in the original production. After touring South Africa, the show was invited to the Tricycle Theatre in Kilburn in November 1997, and returned to that venue prior to its opening in the West End. Directed by Kramer and choreographed by Loukmaan Adams and Jody Abrahams, it opened on March 23, 1998 at the Vaudeville Theatre, where it ran for slightly more than four months. In addition to Daniels, the cast", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9980802", "score": "0.93436754", "original_retrieval_index": 109 } ]

{ "title": "The Lion King (musical)", "long_answer": "The musical debuted on July 8, 1997 in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the Orpheum Theatre and was an instant success before premiering on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theater on October 15, 1997 in many previews with the official opening on November 13, 1997. On June 13, 2006, the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins, where it is still running after more than 6,700 performances. It is Broadway's third longest-running show in history and the highest grossing Broadway production of all time, having grossed more than $1 billion.", "chunked_long_answer": "The musical debuted on July 8, 1997 in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the Orpheum Theatre and was an instant success before premiering on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theater on October 15, 1997 in many previews with the official opening on November 13, 1997. On June 13, 2006, the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins, where it is still running after more than 6,700 performances. It is Broadway's third longest-running show in history and the highest grossing Broadway production of all time, having grossed more than $1 billion.", "short_answers": [ "July 8, 1997", "November 13, 1997", "October 15, 1997" ] }

[ "1939", "August 25, 1939" ]

[ { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1933 film)", "text": "by Carl W. Stalling. The film was originally made in Technicolor, but because it was made without proper licensing from the Technicolor Corporation (which limited use of its 3-strip process to Disney), it never received a theatrical release. A tornado sweeps through the plains of Kansas, lifting Dorothy and Toto. The two tumble into Oz, landing on the Scarecrow. After freeing him from his pole, the trio stroll together, soon finding a Tin Woodman and oiling him. After the four watch mating rituals of various animals set to strains of Camille Saint-Saëns's \"The Swan\", they are welcomed into the Emerald", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11231254", "score": "0.98083085", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "it left the stage and an unsuccessful motion picture made in 1978, starring Diana Ross as Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow. In 1985, Walt Disney Productions released the live-action fantasy film \"Return to Oz\", which starred (and introduced) Fairuza Balk as a young Dorothy Gale. Based loosely on \"The Marvelous Land of Oz\" (1904) and \"Ozma of Oz\" (1907), it fared rather poorly with critics who were unfamiliar with the \"Oz\" books and was not successful at the box office, although it has since become a popular cult film, with many considering it a more loyal and faithful", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888823", "score": "0.9494394", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "written at the age of 10, was titled \"Over the Rainbow\". In a 2009 retrospective article about the film, \"San Francisco Chronicle\" film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared that the film's \"entire Munchkinland sequence, from Dorothy's arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road, has to be one of the greatest in cinema history – a masterpiece of set design, costuming, choreography, music, lyrics, storytelling, and sheer imagination.\" On the film critic aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 98% based on 111 reviews, with an average score of 9.4/10. The site's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888809", "score": "0.94095445", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because \"I've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them.\" Another musical number cut before release occurred right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard. This was a reprise of \"Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead\" (blended with \"We're Off to See the Wizard\" and \"The Merry Old Land of Oz\") with the lyrics altered to \"Hail! Hail! The Witch is Dead!\" This started with the Witch's guard saying \"Hail to Dorothy! The Wicked Witch", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888798", "score": "0.9394035", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "in his or her costume so that they could correctly apply the same costume and makeup each day of production. Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch. She became unhappy when the witch's persona shifted from sly and glamorous (thought to emulate the wicked queen in Disney's \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\") into the familiar \"ugly hag\". She turned down the role and was replaced on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started, by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton. Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888773", "score": "0.93301344", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)", "text": "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1910 American silent fantasy film and the earliest surviving film version of L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\", made by the Selig Polyscope Company without Baum's direct input. It was created to fulfill a contractual obligation associated with Baum's personal bankruptcy caused by \"The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays\", from which it was once thought to have been derived. It was partly based on the 1902 stage musical \"The Wizard of Oz\", though much of the film deals with the Wicked Witch of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7239046", "score": "0.9285008", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "the 3D version received a PG rating for \"Some scary moments\", although no change was made to the film's original story content. The 2D version still retains its G rating. The film was rereleased on January 11 and 14, 2015, as part of the \"TCM Presents\" series by Turner Classic Movies. The film was first shown on television on November 3, 1956, by CBS, as the last installment of the \"Ford Star Jubilee\". The film was released multiple times for the home-video commercial market (on a limited scale) on Super 8 film (8 mm format) during the 1970s. These releases", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888814", "score": "0.9260751", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month. An encore of this event was released in theaters on November 17, 2009. An IMAX 3D theatrical re-release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20, 2013, as part of the film's 75th anniversary. Warner Bros. spent $25 million on advertising. The studio hosted a premiere of the film's first IMAX 3D release on September 15, 2013, from the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre (formerly Grauman's Chinese Theatre, the site of the film's Hollywood premiere)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888812", "score": "0.92097294", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "Harlow as a loan from MGM. The tale is almost certainly untrue, as Harlow died in 1937, before MGM had even purchased the rights to the story. Despite this, the story appears in many film biographies (including Temple's own autobiography). The documentary \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The Making of a Movie Classic\" states that Mervyn LeRoy was under pressure to cast Temple, then the most popular child star, but at an unofficial audition, MGM musical mainstay Roger Edens listened to her sing and felt that an actress with a different style was needed; a 50th anniversary documentary for the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888767", "score": "0.918766", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in cinema history, it is the best-known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming (who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production). It stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale, alongside Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, Frank Morgan, Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton, with Charley Grapewin, Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick, Terry (billed", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Muppets' Wizard of Oz", "text": "a singer somewhere beyond her small Kansas town. Swept up by a tornado, in her trailer home with pet prawn Toto, she lands in Oz and embarks on a journey to meet the Wizard who can help make her dreams come true. The film was co-produced by The Muppets Studio, Touchstone Television, and Fox Television Studios, in association with The Jim Henson Company. Right after Disney bought the rights to The Muppets in 2004, pre-production on \"The Muppets' Wizard of Oz\" took place throughout February 2004, and filming occurred during September 2004. ABC made several changes to the film after", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4588192", "score": "0.9160259", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "critical consensus reads, \"An absolute masterpiece whose groundbreaking visuals and deft storytelling are still every bit as resonant, \"The Wizard of Oz\" is a must-see film for young and old.\" At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film received the maximum score of 100 out of 100, based on 4 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\", which, as of August 2017, is matched only by five other films. Although the 1949 reissue used sepia tone, as in the original release, beginning with the 1955 re-issue, and continuing until the film's 50th anniversary VHS release in 1989, the opening Kansas", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888810", "score": "0.9155444", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "European markets, the film has also been released multiple times on the Video CD format since the 1990s in Asia. The first DVD release was on March 26, 1997, by MGM/Turner and contained no special features or supplements. It was re-released by Warner Bros. for its 60th anniversary on October 19, 1999, with its soundtrack presented in a new 5.1 surround sound mix. The DVD also contained a behind-the-scenes documentary, \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz: The Making of a Movie Classic\", produced in 1990 and hosted by Angela Lansbury, which was originally shown on television immediately following the 1990 telecast", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888817", "score": "0.91468424", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "sequences. This left the final, mostly serious portion of the film with no songs, only the dramatic underscoring. One song that was almost deleted was \"Over the Rainbow\". MGM had felt that it made the Kansas sequence too long, as well as being far over the heads of the target audience of children. The studio also thought that it was degrading for Garland to sing in a barnyard. LeRoy, uncredited associate producer Arthur Freed and director Fleming fought to keep it in, and they all eventually won. The song went on to win the Academy Award for Best Song of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888790", "score": "0.9092384", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14. \"The Wizard of Oz\" is the source of many quotes referenced in contemporary popular culture. Noel Langley, Florence Ryerson, and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay, but uncredited contributions were made by others. The songs were written by Edgar \"Yip\" Harburg (lyrics) and Harold Arlen (music). The musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart. Dorothy Gale lives with her Cairn Terrier dog Toto on the Kansas farm of her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. Toto bites witchy neighbor Miss Almira", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888751", "score": "0.90809166", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "The Making of The Wizard of Oz", "text": "and 1940s at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The book took two years to be created. Aljean Harmetz researched the film and the studio and interviewed the surviving cast, crew and MGM staff. From the acquisition of the music to the scripts, casting, and filming, Harmetz's book provides readers with a detailed re-creation of how the studio produced this film. It was reissued in paperback in 1984, and again with a new preface by the author for the film's 50th anniversary in 1989. Another reissue was released, again with a new preface, shortly before the film's theatrical re-release in 1998, and another reissue is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5675581", "score": "0.9066112", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "is dead!\" and dissolved to a huge celebration of the citizens of the Emerald City singing the song as they accompany Dorothy and her friends to see the Wizard. Today, the film of this scene is also lost and only a few stills survive, along with a few seconds of footage used on several reissue trailers. The entire audio still exists and is included on the two-CD Rhino Record deluxe edition of the film soundtrack. In addition, a brief reprise of \"Over the Rainbow\" was intended to be sung by Garland while Dorothy is trapped in the Witch's castle, but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888799", "score": "0.9055518", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "attention was given to the use of color in the production, with the MGM production crew favoring some hues over others. Consequently, it took the studio's art department almost a week to settle on the final shade of yellow used for the yellow brick road. LeRoy had always insisted that he wanted to cast Judy Garland to play Dorothy from the start; however, evidence suggests that negotiations occurred early in pre-production for Shirley Temple to be cast as Dorothy, on loan from 20th Century Fox. A persistent rumor also existed that Fox, in turn, was promised Clark Gable and Jean", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888766", "score": "0.9048666", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "in Hollywood. It was the first to play at the new theater and served as the grand opening of Hollywood's first 3D IMAX screen. It was also shown as a special presentation at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. This re-release grossed $5.6 million at the North American box office. In 2013, in preparation for its IMAX 3D release, the film was submitted again to the MPAA for re-classification. According to MPAA rules, a film that has been altered in any way from its original version must be submitted for re-classification, as the 3-D conversion fell within that guideline. Surprisingly,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888813", "score": "0.9047394", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz on television", "text": "of Oz: The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History). The reason that the film did not air in December 1963 has never been stated, but some say that it was because of John F. Kennedy's assassination, others say room needed to be made for more Christmas themed specials and that the movie fit in better during January. For whatever reason, the movie continued to air early in the year rather than late in the year from 1964 until the 1990s. Last airing on CBS until 1976. Moved to NBC in 1968, at this time, the showings were moved from midwinter to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9390179", "score": "0.9038254", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "that had been written by Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg. Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf submitted a script and were brought on board to touch up the writing. They would be responsible for making sure the story stayed true to the Baum book. However, producer Arthur Freed was unhappy with their work and reassigned it to Langley. During filming, Victor Fleming and John Lee Mahin revised the script further, adding and cutting some scenes. In addition, Jack Haley and Bert Lahr are known to have written some of their own dialogue for the Kansas sequence. The final draft of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888761", "score": "0.90279907", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "better suit Dorothy's initial meeting with the Scarecrow (initially, it was to contrast with his lively manner in Thorpe's footage), and was rerecorded as such. At first thought to be lost for over seven decades, a recording of this original version was rediscovered in 2009. Cukor did not actually shoot any scenes for the film, merely acting as something of a \"creative advisor\" to the troubled production, and, because of his prior commitment to direct \"Gone with the Wind\", he left on November 3, 1938, when Victor Fleming assumed directorial responsibility. As director, Fleming chose not to shift the film", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888780", "score": "0.90236163", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget, not including promotional costs, which made it MGM's most expensive production at that time. The 1956 television broadcast premiere of the film on the CBS network reintroduced the film to the public; watching it became an annual tradition and, according to the Library of Congress, it is the most seen film in movie history. It was among the first 25 films that inaugurated the National Film Registry list in 1989. It is also one of the few films on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. The film is among the top ten in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888750", "score": "0.8999109", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "for the sequence in which the group is journeying to the Witch's castle. Due to time constraints, the song was cut from the final theatrical version. The film footage for the song has been lost, although silent home film footage of rehearsals for the number has survived. The sound recording for the song, however, is intact and was included in the two-CD Rhino Records deluxe edition of the film soundtrack, as well as on the VHS and DVD editions of the film. A reference to \"The Jitterbug\" remains in the film: the Witch remarks to her flying monkeys that they", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888797", "score": "0.8983971", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "sequences were shown in black and white instead of the sepia tone as originally printed. (This includes television showings.) The MGM \"Children's Matinees\" series rereleased the film twice, in both 1970 and 1971. It was for this release that the film received a G rating from the MPAA. For the film's then-upcoming 60th anniversary, Warner Bros. Pictures released a \"Special Edition\" on November 6, 1998, digitally restored with remastered audio. In 2002, the film had a very limited re-release in U.S. theaters, earning only $139,905. On September 23, 2009, the film was rereleased in select theaters for a one-night-only event", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888811", "score": "0.8943987", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "to MGM records, during the film's initial release, it earned $2,048,000 in the US and Canada and $969,000 in other countries throughout the world, resulting in total earnings of $3,017,000. While these were considerable earnings, the high production cost, in association with various distribution and other costs, meant the movie initially recorded a loss of $1,145,000 for the studio. It did not show what MGM considered a profit until a 1949 re-release earned an additional $1.5 million (about $ million today). However, for all the risks and cost that MGM undertook to produce the film, it was considered at least", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888802", "score": "0.89322877", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "play the little girl who Baum originally intended his Dorothy to be. Russell Maloney of \"The New Yorker\" wrote that the film displayed \"no trace of imagination, good taste, or ingenuity\" and declared it \"a stinkeroo,\" while Otis Ferguson of \"The New Republic\" wrote, \"It has dwarfs, music, Technicolor, freak characters, and Judy Garland. It can't be expected to have a sense of humor, as well – and as for the light touch of fantasy, it weighs like a pound of fruitcake soaking wet.\" Still, the film placed seventh on \"Film Daily\"'s year-end nationwide poll of 542 critics naming the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888807", "score": "0.89299226", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz on television", "text": "was that CBS no longer began the movie before normal prime time. Before 1976, when run on a day other than Sunday, NBC took back the 7 p.m. Eastern / 6 p.m. Central time slots from affiliates to run the movie early enough so children could see it before bedtime. Also, prior to 1968, CBS always took the 6 p.m. hour to run the movie early. Logic was that times have changed and children now stay up a little later than they did in the past. From then on, if shown in a Sunday 6 to 8 or 7 to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9390181", "score": "0.8929405", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1987 musical)", "text": "the book for the adaptation. This hews even more closely to the film's screenplay than the 1945 MUNY version and attempts to recreate the film's atmosphere and some of its special effects. A young girl, Dorothy Gale, lives on a farm in Kansas with her Aunt Em, Uncle Henry and little dog Toto. Feeling unappreciated, she dreams of a far away place (\"Over the Rainbow\"). Miss Gulch, their unpleasant neighbor, serves Dorothy with a summons to take Toto away. He escapes from her bicycle basket, and Dorothy runs away from home with him. On the road, they find a showman,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12306799", "score": "0.8918847", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "text": "attributes, including a wizard from Omaha, \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" has universal appeal.\" The film was one inductee of a group of 25 films that inaugurated in 1989 the National Film Registry list, based on at least it being declared by the Library of Congress as the most viewed film on television syndication. In June 2007, the film was listed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. The film placed at number 86 on Bravo's \"100 Scariest Movie Moments\". In 1977, Aljean Harmetz wrote \"The Making of The Wizard of Oz\", a detailed description of the creation of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2888829", "score": "0.8908131", "original_retrieval_index": 39 } ]

{ "title": "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "long_answer": "The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in cinema history, it is the best-known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming (who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production). It stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale, alongside Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, Frank Morgan, Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton, with Charley Grapewin, Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick, Terry (billed as Toto), and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in cinema history, it is the best-known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 children's book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming (who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production). It stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale, alongside Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, Frank Morgan, Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton, with Charley Grapewin, Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick, Terry (billed", "short_answers": [ "1939" ] }

[ "May 1, 2018" ]

[ { "title": "The Hidden Oracle", "text": "at the Harvard Book Store on the day of publication. \"The Hidden Oracle\" was released in the United States by Disney-Hyperion on May 3, 2016. An audiobook, narrated by Robbie Daymond, was published on the same date by Books on Tape. On May 4, Thorndike Press published a large-print edition in hardcover. The book also received e-book and paperback versions, and has been translated into 19 languages. For the first printing, Disney-Hyperion offered different gifts that varied according to where the book was purchased: a letter from Apollo to Zeus at Barnes & Noble, an illustrated map of Apollo's trials", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19522202", "score": "1.1301713", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "The Trials of Apollo", "text": "It will be released in October 2019, and the story will be set in the Bay Area, most likely around Camp Jupiter. A companion book titled \"From Percy Jackson: Camp Half-Blood Confidential\" was released on May 2, 2017. The Trials of Apollo The Trials of Apollo is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure and mythological fiction novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel to the \"Heroes of Olympus\" series. It is set in the same world as other Riordan tales, and references characters and happenings from earlier series. A supplementary book, \"Camp Half-Blood Confidential\", has also", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19606684", "score": "1.1262963", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland", "text": "on Pyralidae and Pterophoridae, and volume 8 on Geometridae. At the same time they took over the remaining stock of the previous seven volumes of the series. From 1 January 2013, Apollo Books announced that all Harley Books titles and the majority of the Apollo Books titles, have been taken over by the Dutch publisher Brill Publishers. The change was necessary to ensure that the book series can continue to be published in the years ahead Eleven volumes were originally planned in total. So far, volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 10 have been published. Volumes 4,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10188730", "score": "1.1030109", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Midnighter and Apollo", "text": "secondary role in comparison to Midnighter has been somewhat criticized. The title was first announced as a six-issue series in June 2016. The first issue was announced for an October 5, 2016 release. On writing the series, Orlando stated that \"\"Midnighter and Apollo\" is the book we need right now. Comics’ most iconic queer couple face down a new enemy and show us that we can never give in to fear, hatred, and evil—and they do it with their own brand of action-movie wit and punching.\" One of the things Orlando wanted to explore when writing the series is examining", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19921849", "score": "1.1027765", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Camp Half-Blood chronicles", "text": "in the horizon. The book was released on October 7, 2014. \"The Trials of Apollo\" is a five-part series of books written by Rick Riordan. It chronicles the life of Apollo after his being made mortal by Zeus as a punishment for his actions during the Second Gigantomachy. The first book \"The Hidden Oracle,\" was published on May 3, 2016. It also features most of the characters from \"The Heroes of Olympus\" and \"Percy Jackson and the Olympians\" series. \"The Hidden Oracle\" is the first book in \"The Trials of Apollo\" series. It features Apollo as a 16 year old", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10212690", "score": "1.071798", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Trials of Apollo", "text": "The Trials of Apollo The Trials of Apollo is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure and mythological fiction novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel to the \"Heroes of Olympus\" series. It is set in the same world as other Riordan tales, and references characters and happenings from earlier series. A supplementary book, \"Camp Half-Blood Confidential\", has also been released in addition to the main series. The first book in the series, \"The Hidden Oracle\", was released on May 3, 2016. The second book in the series, \"The Dark Prophecy\", was released on May 2, 2017.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19606674", "score": "1.0702835", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness (comics)", "text": "Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness (comics) Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness is a graphic novel released in September of 2005 along with the Coheed and Cambria . It is written by Claudio Sanchez, illustrated by Christopher Shy, and published by Evil Ink Comics The story of Good Apollo takes a step outside the science fiction narrative of the first three chapters and examines the life of the Writer, a character who is crafting the lives of the protagonist Claudio and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6917933", "score": "1.0689808", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Midnighter and Apollo", "text": "Midnighter and Apollo Midnighter and Apollo is a six-issue American comic book limited series published by DC Comics. It is written by Steve Orlando and illustrated by Fernando Blanco, with covers by ACO. The series debuted on October, 2016 and finished in March, 2017. The story takes some time after the end of \"Midnighter\", with Midnighter and Apollo having gotten back together. Following a battle with demons, Apollo's soul is dragged to Hell and Midnighter attempts to bring him back. The series was announced shortly after the cancellation of \"Midnighter\", that came with the end of \"The New 52\" continuity", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19921847", "score": "1.0565202", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "The Amory Wars", "text": "has been abandoned), and the graphic novel \"Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through The Eyes Of Madness\" illustrated by Christopher Shy, which tells the story of the first volume of Chapter 4. The first issue of \"The Second Stage Turbine Blade\" is now out of print, and the second is in limited supply. The \"Good Apollo\" graphic novel is no longer in print and are limited as well. Recently, The Amory Wars Sketchbook, an intro piece, has been sold in limited release. During an interview, Claudio explained that the whole series would be re-done chronologically", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8422853", "score": "1.0557576", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "The Trials of Apollo", "text": "The Burning Maze is the third book in the series. It is scheduled to be released on May 1, 2018.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Apollo's Arrow", "text": "Apollo's Arrow Apollo’s Arrow: The Science of Prediction and the Future of Everything is a non-fiction book about prediction written by Canadian author and mathematician David Orrell. The book was initially published in Canada by HarperCollins in 2007, and was a national bestseller. It was published in the United States as \"The Future of Everything: The Science of Prediction\", and translated versions were also published in Japan, South Korea and China. The book was taught as part of a university course in “Forecasting via Mathematical Modeling” at Gustavus Adolphus College in 2009. In this book, Orrell explains the science of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19695140", "score": "1.0497427", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "The Hidden Oracle", "text": "Daymond’s performance, saying that \"Riordan's funny writing and Daymond's narration make sure the listener is always on Apollo's side as he learns how to manage without his godly gifts.\" \"The Hidden Oracle\" won the Goodreads Choice Award for the Middle Grade and Children's Fiction of 2016. The second book of \"The Trials of Apollo\" is titled \"The Dark Prophecy\" and was announced by Riordan on May 5, 2016. The cover and the first chapter were released on December 22, 2016. \"The Dark Prophecy\" was released on May 2, 2017 and sold 63,000 copies in the first week. The Hidden Oracle", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19522208", "score": "1.0486326", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "The Hidden Oracle", "text": "in the new series. Because Apollo is the god of poetry, the name of each chapter would be a \"bad haiku\". The cover, illustrated by John Rocco, was revealed on October 10, 2015; it shows the two versions of Apollo in an alley of New York City. Two months later, on December 10, the third chapter was made available for free download by \"USA Today\". The first chapter was released along with the collection of short stories \"Demigods & Magicians\" on April 5, 2016. In addition, three trailers were released on YouTube to promote the book. A launch event occurred", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19522201", "score": "1.0474766", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Apollo (comics)", "text": "Apollo (comics) Apollo is a fictional character, a comic book superhero who first appeared in the \"Stormwatch\" series, but is best known for his role in \"The Authority\". While visually distinct, Apollo is cast in the mould of the Superman archetype. Apollo is notable for being among the first openly gay superheroes in print, although several years behind Marvel Comics' Northstar. He married fellow The Authority member Midnighter and both adopted Jenny Quantum. Warren Ellis introduced the character shortly after taking over writing duties on the \"Stormwatch\" title, when he had Apollo and Midnighter encounter the then-active Stormwatch team. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5226963", "score": "1.0411644", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "The Burning Maze", "text": "& Roman Myths & Legends bestseller list and the Kindle ebook at 1 on the Teen & Young Adult Sword & Sorcery Fantasy eBooks list. The next week, the book was the 6th sold among fiction novels on Amazon. It debuted at 5 on the \"USA Today\" bestseller list. On \"The Wall Street Journal\" fiction bestseller list, the book debuted at 2. In the first week of release, \"The Trials of Apollo\" series was 2 on \"The New York Times\" bestseller list. In the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth nations, English-language editions in hardcover were also released May 1 by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20698757", "score": "1.0399466", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness (comics)", "text": "the cryptic message \"You're Burning Star IV.\" He also tells Claudio to listen to the Vishual (Chase) and that \"all worlds from here must burn,\" implying that it is the Crowing's duty to destroy the Keywork. Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness (comics) Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness is a graphic novel released in September of 2005 along with the Coheed and Cambria . It is written by Claudio Sanchez, illustrated by Christopher Shy, and published by Evil Ink Comics The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6917946", "score": "1.0335317", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "The Hidden Oracle", "text": "the help of Percy and the other campers, Apollo defeats the statue by hitting it with a plague-enchanted arrow. The next morning, Leo Valdez and Calypso return to Camp Half-Blood, and the two offer to help Apollo in his quest to rescue the Oracle of Trophonius from Triumvirate Holdings. In October 2015, during the promotional tour for \"The Sword of Summer\", the first book in the \"Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard\" series, Rick Riordan announced that he was working on a new series of five books based on Apollo. The first novel was titled \"The Hidden Oracle\" and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19522199", "score": "1.0331846", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Midnighter and Apollo", "text": "the characterization department has only continued to increase since the first issue - for a title called Midnighter and Apollo, the latter character still doesn't feel as wonderfully defined as his dark, brooding and witty counterpart. But if having too much Midnighter is the worst complaint I can give, I think this book is still in the running for one of the best superhero titles of the week.\" The series has also been nominated for Outstanding Comic Book in 28th GLAAD Media Awards. Midnighter and Apollo Midnighter and Apollo is a six-issue American comic book limited series published by DC", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19921858", "score": "1.0316911", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "The Burning Maze", "text": "Grover Underwood, Apollo goes to the Labyrinth in search of the Oracle of Erythaea, the next Oracle to be rescued. The novel was published in hardcover, audiobook, ebook, and large-print editions and the cover was illustrated by John Rocco. \"The Burning Maze\" received positive reviews from critics, who praised Apollo's narration and the book's humor. It was a bestseller on Amazon. The book opens two days after the close of the preceding novel, \"The Dark Prophecy\". During this period, Apollo, Meg McCaffrey, and Grover Underwood have been navigating the Labyrinth. They escape from attacking strixes sent by the third emperor", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20698750", "score": "1.0302709", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Beyond Apollo", "text": "in 1973. Beyond Apollo Beyond Apollo is a science fiction novel by American writer Barry N. Malzberg, first published in 1972 in a hardcover edition by Random House. Malzberg credits the inspiration for the novel to \"I Have My Vigil\", a 1969 short story by fellow science fiction writer Harry Harrison. The novel's protagonist is Harry M. Evans, the lone survivor of the disastrous first manned expedition to the planet Venus. Evans provides details of the doomed expedition as a novel in progress, and he proves to be a remarkably unreliable narrator, constantly changing the particulars of his story as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6271107", "score": "1.0285265", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "The Dark Prophecy", "text": "ended, wherein Apollo continues his search as a human teenager to restore the Oracles of Ancient Greece that have gone dark in order to regain his immortality. Along with Meg McCaffrey, he journeys to the Oracle of Trophonius in Indianapolis and later settles his personal feud with Commodus, the second Emperor of the Triumvirate Holdings. The novel received positive reviews from critics for its slow pace, humor and diverse characters. During its first week of release, \"The Dark Prophecy\" sold about 63,000 copies, reaching the top of \"The New York Times\" and \"Publishers Weekly\" bestseller lists. Six weeks after losing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19522210", "score": "1.0235364", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Beyond Apollo", "text": "Beyond Apollo Beyond Apollo is a science fiction novel by American writer Barry N. Malzberg, first published in 1972 in a hardcover edition by Random House. Malzberg credits the inspiration for the novel to \"I Have My Vigil\", a 1969 short story by fellow science fiction writer Harry Harrison. The novel's protagonist is Harry M. Evans, the lone survivor of the disastrous first manned expedition to the planet Venus. Evans provides details of the doomed expedition as a novel in progress, and he proves to be a remarkably unreliable narrator, constantly changing the particulars of his story as it progresses.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6271104", "score": "1.0219882", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Maine Township, Cook County, Illinois", "text": "High School along with Gemini, which was originally known as East Maine Junior High School. This was during the baby-boom where area school enrollment was at an all-time high. Although today Apollo is now a primary school, the school is considerably larger than the other primary schools in the district. Apollo School is also the site for the district administrative offices and the TLC after school program. Over the years, some of the schools have closed and reopened due to population fluctuation and school building renovations. Today, the district contains a total of seven schools, and all school buildings in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9696334", "score": "1.0182059", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Trials of Apollo", "text": "reaches Camp Half-Blood, he sees that Nero sent a colossal statue of himself to destroy the camp. After regaining a few of his former powers, Apollo destroys the statue and promises to find Meg again. Just as the fight ends, Leo and Calypso (aboard Festus) arrive at the camp. The three realize that they must travel to free the next oracle. \"The Dark Prophecy\" is the second book in the series. It was released on May 2, 2017. The book continues the story of Apollo as the mortal Lester, as he leaves the safety of Camp Half-Blood and journeys across", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19606680", "score": "1.0176686", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "North Apollo, Pennsylvania", "text": "North Apollo, Pennsylvania North Apollo is a borough in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,297 at the 2010 census. North Apollo is located along the Kiskiminetas River in southern Armstrong County at (40.593301, -79.557793). It is bordered by the borough of Apollo to the south and by the borough of East Vandergrift across the river to the west. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , of which is land and , or 9.22%, is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,426 people, 583 households, and 430", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1203011", "score": "1.014775", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "The Hidden Oracle", "text": "human teenager and thrown down from Olympus to New York City as a punishment by his father Zeus. Joined by the demigod Meg McCaffrey, Apollo goes to Camp Half-Blood, where he discovers that he will have to regain control of the five oracles of Ancient Greece in order to receive pardon from Zeus. The novel received positive reviews from critics, who praised Apollo's narration and the book's humor. During its first week of release, \"The Hidden Oracle\" sold about 62,000 copies, reaching the top of \"The New York Times\" and \"Publishers Weekly\" bestseller lists. It won the 2016 Goodreads Choice", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19522193", "score": "1.0136229", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Apollo-Ridge School District", "text": "Apollo-Ridge School District The Apollo-Ridge School District is a small rural public school district. Apollo-Ridge School District encompasses approximately spanning small portions of two counties. In Armstrong County it covers the Boroughs of Apollo and North Apollo and Kiskiminetas Township. In Indiana County it covers Young Township. According to 2000 federal census data, it serves a resident population of 11,202. In 2009, the district residents’ per capita income was $15,287, while the median family income was $39,070. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010. Per District officials,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13433300", "score": "1.0098805", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Ian Sales", "text": "the non-fiction category. His self-published novella \"Adrift on the Sea of Rains\", the first book of the Apollo Quartet, was described by the Guardian national newspaper as \"one of the most outstanding self-published books of the year\". It won the 2012 BSFA Award in the short fiction category, and was a finalist for the 2012 Sidewise Award for Alternate History Best Short-Form. The second book of the quartet, \"The Eye With Which The Universe Beholds Itself\", was published in early 2013, and the third book,\"Then Will The Great Ocean Wash Deep Above\", in late 2013. The final book of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17281132", "score": "1.0071304", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume Two: No World for Tomorrow", "text": "Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume Two: No World for Tomorrow Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume Two: No World for Tomorrow (often shortened to No World For Tomorrow), is the fourth studio album by American progressive rock band Coheed and Cambria, released on October 23, 2007. The album is a direct sequel to their previous album, \"\". The album comprises part four of band's \"Amory Wars\" narrative. It is the only album to feature Taylor Hawkins on drums, following the departure of Josh Eppard. The album is often marketed by the shortened title \"No World for Tomorrow\".", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10126172", "score": "1.0068358", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Apollo's Fire (book)", "text": "Apollo's Fire (book) Apollo's Fire: Igniting America's Clean Energy Economy is a 2007 book by Washington State Governor Jay Inslee and researcher Bracken Hendricks. Inslee first proposed an Apollo-scale program, designed to galvanize the nation around the urgent goal of solving the environmental and energy crisis, in the \"Seattle Post-Intelligencer\" in 2002. Eventually Inslee co-authored \"Apollo's Fire\", in which he says that through improved Federal policies the United States can wean itself off of its dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuel, create millions of Green-collar worker jobs, and stop global warming. Along these lines, he has been a prominent", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16808803", "score": "1.0057031", "original_retrieval_index": 32 } ]

{ "title": "The Trials of Apollo", "long_answer": "The Burning Maze is the third book in the series. It is scheduled to be released on May 1, 2018.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Burning Maze is the third book in the series. It is scheduled to be released on May 1, 2018.", "short_answers": [ "May 1, 2018" ] }

[ "a Border Collie", "Border Collie" ]

[ { "title": "Hawridge Windmill", "text": "Nana in the book \"Peter Pan\" and the model for the illustrations of the dog in the first edition of \"Peter Pan\" was Porthos, the Barries' St Bernard. When Porthos subsequently died the Barries replaced him with Luath, a Landseer (black and white Newfoundland) dog whose behaviour was studied by the actor who played Nana in the first stage production of \"Peter Pan\". The costume worn in this production was also black and white. The Mill was dubbed 'a poor man's Garsington' by those who also frequented Garsington Manor near Oxford, the artists' retreat of Lady Ottoline Morrell also a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15959145", "score": "0.9517735", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Snow Dogs", "text": "a couple and get married. She has become his receptionist and is pregnant, and Nana and Demon have four puppies named Avalanche, Little Aleutia, Chinook, and Demon Jr. Back in Miami, Ted's cousin Rupert (Sisqó) becomes the new celebrity dentist, now with his face on every city bus. In some scenes, the faces of the dogs are partially animated to give them human expressions like winking or smiling. The animatronic version of Demon was created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop and performed by David Barclay. The film's budget was US$33 million. Canmore, Alberta, Canada was used to film the fictional", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5371007", "score": "0.9327705", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Wiener-Dog (film)", "text": "\"Cancer.\" Nana receives a call from her granddaughter Zoe, who is on her way to visit for the first time in several years, along with her boyfriend Fantasy, a conceptual artist. Once Zoe arrives, she asks for money in order to pay for Fantasy's new art project. Nana agrees to give her the money. While filling out the check, Zoe confides in her Nana, wondering if Fantasy is cheating on her. Once Zoe leaves, Nana goes outside and sits with Wiener-Dog, where she dreams about a younger version of herself coming back to show her what her life could have", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18871873", "score": "0.93230677", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Peter Pan (1954 musical)", "text": "and joins in with all of them (\"1, 2, 3\") watched by the dog Nana, their nursemaid. When Mr. Darling comes in to have his tie tied, he questions having a dog as a nursemaid, but Mrs. Darling defends her. The previous week, while the children slept, Nana saw a boy in the room who flew out of the window before she could catch him, leaving behind his shadow, which Mrs. Darling has put away in a drawer. In spite of this, Mr. Darling insists on Nana spending the night downstairs. Mrs. Darling and the children sing a lullaby (\"Tender", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9960085", "score": "0.8816668", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "NANA Regional Corporation", "text": "Iñupiat people of northwest Alaska, and Teck Alaska, Inc. (Teck), a U.S. subsidiary of Teck Resources Limited, a diversified mining and metals company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. NANA owns the land on which Red Dog Mine is situated, and NANA shareholders receive direct and indirect benefits from development at the mine. Under federal law, NANA and its majority-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures and partnerships are deemed to be \"minority and economically disadvantaged business enterprise[s]\" (43 USC 1626(e)). NANA Regional Corporation's subsidiaries include: NDC owns companies that operate in engineering and construction; resource development; facilities management and logistics; real estate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7558268", "score": "0.8738636", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Red Dog mine", "text": "are exactly coincident with the boundaries of the NANA Regional Corporation. The borough, which is approximately the size of Indiana, has only 11 communities and a population of only 7,208 people, 84% of which are native or part native, and 40% of which report speaking native at home. No roads connect the communities. The nearest permanent settlements to the mine, roughly west and south respectively, are the villages of Kivalina, population 377, and Noatak, population 428, at the 2000 census. Although native populations have historically used areas around the mine and port for seasonal food-gathering there are no permanent residents", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11291337", "score": "0.8617722", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Snowboard Kids 2", "text": "Snow Town. The fastest character in the game tied with Tommy, Mr. Dog has trouble navigating simple turns or jumping trivial gaps in the course, probably due to his weight. When the Shoot Game is beat, he will be unlocked. The game is set in Snow Town, which is the hometown of the protagonists, and follows the lives of Slash, Nancy, Jam, Linda, Tommy and Wendy. The Story Mode shows their daily lives, as they try to arrive at school on time, work part-time delivering newspapers, or take part on trick festivals; as well as the adventures that lead them", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6271878", "score": "0.85097003", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "NANA Regional Corporation", "text": "are never again in question. NANA-owned lands are managed by the NANA Lands and Regional Affairs Department. NANA lands are part of the largest, unexplored on-shore basin in North America. The land is mineral-rich and NANA works with its partners to develop the resources to the benefit of its shareholders. NANA states that subsistence is the highest and best use of their lands and all projects must be in alignment with that priority. NANA is land-owner of the Red Dog Mine. The mine was developed in 1982 under an innovative operating agreement between NANA, a Native corporation owned by the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7558267", "score": "0.84935623", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "NANA Development Corporation", "text": "gas operations and associated services. Subsidiaries in the petroleum sector include the following: NANA invests in the Alaska-based motion picture industry: Red Dog Mine, the largest zinc mine in the world, is located on land owned by NANA north of the Arctic Circle and is developed by NANA in partnership with Teck Cominco. Other NANA subsidiaries which serve the mining sector include: NANA Development Corporation NANA Development Corporation headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska, is owned by NANA Regional Corporation—an Alaska Native Corporation formed under provisions of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANSCA)—and functions as the latter's business arm. In 1968,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14981654", "score": "0.8390169", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Snow Dogs", "text": "Ted travels to Tolketna to claim his inheritance from Lucy: seven Siberian Huskies and a Border Collie named Nana. In Tolketna, he discovers his roots. Totally out of his element, Ted experiences challenges he has never dreamed of: blizzards, thin ice, foxes, skunks, bears, an intimidating, crusty old mountain man named James \"Thunder Jack\" Johnson, and the aggressive, defiant lead dog, Demon. All of this happens with the buzzing excitement of the Arctic Challenge Sled Dog Race, which is only two weeks away.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Snow Buddies", "text": "truck heading to Ferntiuktuk, Alaska. Upon arrival, the Buddies meet Shasta, a Siberian Husky puppy whose 11-year-old owner is determined to win the Alaskan sled dog race because of what happened to his father. The puppies decide to help Shasta pursue his dreams as well as get to the air port, located at the finish line. Unfortunately, as Shasta has no parents, this puts the puppies in a predicament as there is nobody to teach them how to become snow dogs. Shasta manages to persuade a legendary dog named Talon, who had taught Shasta's father, into teaching the puppies into", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11374187", "score": "0.83235276", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Snow Dogs", "text": "Snow Dogs Snow Dogs is a 2002 American adventure comedy film directed by Brian Levant and starring Cuba Gooding Jr. and James Coburn (in one of his final roles). The film was released in the United States on January 18, 2002 by Walt Disney Pictures. The film is inspired by the book \"\" by Gary Paulsen. Dr. Ted Brooks is a dentist in Miami, Florida. Every city bus carries an advertisement for his dental practice \"Hot Smile\" with his picture. One day, Ted receives a letter from Alaska, naming him as the only heir of Lucy Watkins, a resident of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5371000", "score": "0.8297461", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Santa Buddies", "text": "the living room after being taught by Mudbud to roll in the dirt, Rosebud gets an extreme Christmas makeover, and Buddha's meditation statue is turned into a snowman as Puppy Paws explains that the snowman is \"what citizens of the North Pole meditate in front of\". The Buddies want Puppy Paws to leave. But they learn that Puppy Paws isn't hurting them as they are hurting themselves and decide to treat him with compassion. Puppy Paws gets taken away by dog catcher Stan Cruge (Christopher Lloyd), who takes him to the pound. There, Puppy Paws meets a puppy named Tiny", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12887638", "score": "0.82853925", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "The Snowman and the Snowdog", "text": "\"The Snowman\", used to live. Once in the open countryside, it is now in a housing estate. One sunny Summer's day, a young boy named Billy and his mother arrive at the house, which they have just moved into. Billy helps his elderly dog from the removal van and they enter the property. As autumn arrives, it becomes apparent that Billy's dog has died and the family bury him in the back garden. With Christmas approaching, Billy writes to Father Christmas in the form of a hand-drawn picture; the one and only thing he asks for is another dog to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16992638", "score": "0.82564557", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Snow Dogs", "text": "the film. Two of the dogs came from Kortar Kennels, in Ontario. The animatronic effects were designed and built by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The special effects were provided by The Secret Lab, the special effects division of Disney. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 24% based on 82 reviews. The site's consensus reads \"A mediocre live-action children's movie, \"Snow Dogs\" is filled with cliched dialogue, tiresome pratfalls, and stale fish-out-of-water jokes.\" It grossed $115 million worldwide against a $33 million budget. John Debney won the ASCAP Award in 2003 for the soundtrack. \"Snow Dogs\" was referenced", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5371009", "score": "0.8222757", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Balto (film)", "text": "a rest, the grandmother tells a story about Nome, Alaska back in 1925, shifting the film from live-action to animation. Balto (Bacon), a wolfdog hybrid, lives on the outskirts of Nome with his adoptive father, a snow goose named Boris (Hoskins) and two polar bears, Muk and Luk (Collins). Being half-wolf, Balto is shunned by dogs and humans alike. His only friends in town are a red husky named Jenna (Fonda)-- whom Balto has a crush on-- and her owner, Rosy (Juliette Brewer). He is frequently challenged by the town's favorite sled dog, Steele (Cummings), a fierce and arrogant Alaskan", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4569821", "score": "0.8165701", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Angel Tales", "text": "was very curious and adventurous which led to her losing her tail and dying by electrocution. She now has \"electraphobia\": a fear of electricity and \"technophobia\": a fear of technology, electronics or anything powered by electricity. In season 2, she is promoted to Intermediate rank and she develops feelings for Gorō. Nana is a Junior rank guardian angel. She was a dog in her past life and her hairstyle represents a dog's ears. Nana has a tomboyish personality and is hyperactive, like a puppy. She enjoys walks but tends to get lost. When Nana was a dog, she died in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5582343", "score": "0.81535923", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "North of the Yukon", "text": "used anymore, to which Scrooge objects (\"Yes, but in weather like this only dogs can take you where you have to go.\"). Upon saying this, an old sled dog pops out the snow. The old dog's name is Barko. The owner explains that Barko was once the North's greatest champion, but now he's old and stricken with rheumatism. It is then revealed that the other dog team is Soapy Slick's champion racing team (as the owner tells Donald this, Slick and his team pass). Scrooge remembers how Barko helped deliver serum to Nome (a reference to the 1925 serum run", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9286065", "score": "0.8141484", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Red Dog mine", "text": "Red Dog mine. Construction of the road, port site, and mine began in July 1987. Mine operations commenced in December 1989. Under the terms of the Teck Cominco/NANA agreement, NANA received royalties of 4.5% until the capital costs of the mine were recovered, which occurred in late 2007. At this point, the royalty due to NANA increased to 25%, and will increase by an additional 5% every year, to a maximum of 50%. Under the terms of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANSCA), which created NANA and the other native corporations in Alaska, NANA must share approximately", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11291332", "score": "0.8137003", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Snowsnaps", "text": "Snowsnaps Snowsnaps () is a Canadian CGI–animated television series. It is a preschool-aimed spinoff of the 2015 film \"Snowtime!\" (\"La Guerre des Tuques 3D\"), itself an animated remake of the 1984 live-action \"The Dog Who Stopped the War\" (\"La Guerre des Tuques\") movie. Produced by Carpediem Film & TV in collaboration with animation studio Singing Frog and broadcaster Corus Entertainment, the series premiered September 1, 2018 in Canada on Télétoon, Disney La Chaîne and Treehouse TV. A preschool-oriented spinoff of \"Snowtime!\" was announced to be in development in November 2015. \"Snowsnaps\" was officially unveiled during the 2016 Cartoon Forum in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20872456", "score": "0.8126004", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Danny's Nanny", "text": "issue No. 2696 (19 March 1994). A frequent tagline was, \"Danny's nanny has a wet nose, fur and a tail. That's because Danny's Nanny is a dog!\" In general, Nanny is a cynical, long-suffering dog who rarely speaks to humans in the strip. However, Nanny lets us know her thoughts via thought balloons. Apart from crisis scenarios, there is little love lost between Danny and Nanny, each of whom enjoys seeing the other played for a fool. Danny's Nanny Danny's Nanny was a comic strip in The Beano drawn by David Mostyn. It features the young toddler and his nanny,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8075768", "score": "0.81002164", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Merry Dog", "text": "Merry Dog Merry Dog is a short animated film by Walter Lantz Productions, and is the sixth of the Pooch the Pup theatrical cartoons. It is Christmas time, and Santa Claus flies across the evening sky in his reindeer-drawn sleigh. Down on the snowy terrain, Pooch rides on a dachshund-pulled sled, and sings a jazzy version of the song \"Jingle Bells\". On the way, a hungry husky spots and starts to pursue the dog. Pooch arrives at a house. Opening the door and letting him in is his friend the girl coonhound. The husky also arrives just outside but struggles", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17718925", "score": "0.8096999", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Peter Pan (1924 film)", "text": "Nana the dog pouring out Michael's medicine and giving him a bath, and Nana bursting into the home at which a party is being given, to warn Mr. and Mrs. Darling that Peter Pan and the Darling children are flying around the nursery. Like the original play and several other versions, and unlike the 1953 Disney film, the 1924 version makes it clear that Wendy harbors a romantic attachment to Peter, but Peter only thinks of her as his mother. The film omits the scene \"An Afterthought\", which Barrie wrote after the play was staged, and in which Peter returns", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6987280", "score": "0.80954057", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Bratz Kidz", "text": "and gets trapped in the mirror. Cloe - Cloe wants a puppy, so her parents tell her if she does a good job dogsitting Mrs. Winters' dog, she can have her own puppy. Cloe gets a shock when she gets the dog back home and finds out he can talk. Then after that, Cloe brings Taco back to Mrs. Winters. Finally, Cloe gets a puppy. Meygan - Meygan's older sister, Tanya and her friend Callie take her to the carnival, but boss her around and only do the things they want to do. Meygan wishes for everyone to go away,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9348489", "score": "0.8081048", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "The Snowman and the Snowdog", "text": "remaining snow to build a little snowdog, next to the Snowman, with mismatching socks on sticks for ears, gloves for spots and the discarded tangerine for a nose. Night time approaches, and Billy goes to bed and drifts off to sleep. As midnight arrives, he is awoken by a dog barking in the back garden. Billy looks out of his bedroom window, and is astonished to notice the Snowdog waggling an ear at him. As Billy rushes downstairs, he finds, to his surprise, that his cold companions have miraculously come to life. The Snowdog, sniffing around in the snow, uncovers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16992641", "score": "0.8071896", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Snowboard Kids 2", "text": "beating Story mode. Coach, voiced by Kōichi Tōchika (Japanese), Mike Muratre (English): This penguin is an arduous Snowboard teacher, and is shown in an episode of Story mode as the kids' snowboard teacher, as well as the \"master trickster\" of Snow Town. He is the NPC you race against when in Training Mode. He is a trick type with stats equal to Wendy and Nancy. Beating the Trick game unlocks him. Mr. Dog, voiced by Kōichi Tōchika (Japanese), Ari Rossi (English) Mr. Dog is a well-known kind old man. Like in the previous game, he runs the board shops in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6271877", "score": "0.80710965", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Dog Who Stopped the War", "text": "reason to hurt each other!) became a popular slogan against the Iraq war in 2003. An animated remake, \"Snowtime! (La Guerre des tuques 3D)\", was released in 2015. The Dog Who Stopped the War The Dog Who Stopped the War (, \"The Toque War\") is a French Canadian drama film from Quebec, directed by André Melançon. The film was the first in the \"Tales for All (Contes pour tous)\" series of children's movies created by Les Productions la Fête. The film involves a huge snowball fight between the children of a small town in Quebec during winter vacation who split", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10478846", "score": "0.80629593", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Santa Buddies", "text": "(Kaitlyn Maher) who is wishing for a Christmas miracle and sings a song about miracles, which teaches Puppy Paws about the true meaning of Christmas. The Buddies, along with an elf dog named Eddy (Richard Kind), come to the rescue. Eddy tells Cruge that he knows the dog catcher always wanted a puppy for Christmas, but his mother was allergic to dogs and never got one, which made Cruge hate Christmas and become a dog catcher. With help from an elf named Eli (Danny Woodburn), Christmas spirit returns, the Christmas Icicle stops melting, and the North Pole is back in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12887639", "score": "0.80534446", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Nanalan'", "text": "second season. In 2004, select episodes were released across several DVDs in the United States. In 2016, the series went viral with a resurgence in popularity on websites such as Tumblr and YouTube for its bizarre nature. The show focuses on Mona, a three-year-old puppet girl with a big imagination and a tendency to repeat short words or phrases while also pronouncing them incorrectly. Each episode begins with Mona's mother dropping her daughter off at Nana's house and ends with her picking Mona up. Mona, Nana, and Nana's pet dog Russell spend the day exploring, learning, and visiting Nana's next-door", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5042034", "score": "0.8013718", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Red Dog mine", "text": "In 1968, at Bakers urging, a U.S. Geological Survey geologist sampled rocks and stream sediments in the region, including samples from the future site of the Red Dog mine, and named Red Dog Creek after Bob Baker's dog, an Irish Terrier (Tailleur; USGS Open File 70-319). In the mid-1970s, after investigations by BLM-contracted geologists confirmed significant mineralization, interest in the region from major mining companies and NANA intensified. Significant exploration, soon including drilling, of deposits in the region began in 1975 (Alaska Minerals Yearbook 1978-1979). In 1980 the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) became law and NANA officially", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11291330", "score": "0.79611874", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Snow Dogs", "long_answer": "Ted travels to Tolketna to claim his inheritance from Lucy: seven Siberian Huskies and a Border Collie named Nana. In Tolketna, he discovers his roots. Totally out of his element, Ted experiences challenges he has never dreamed of: blizzards, thin ice, foxes, skunks, bears, an intimidating, crusty old mountain man named James \"Thunder Jack\" Johnson, and the aggressive, defiant lead dog, Demon. All of this happens with the buzzing excitement of the Arctic Challenge Sled Dog Race, which is only two weeks away.", "chunked_long_answer": "Ted travels to Tolketna to claim his inheritance from Lucy: seven Siberian Huskies and a Border Collie named Nana. In Tolketna, he discovers his roots. Totally out of his element, Ted experiences challenges he has never dreamed of: blizzards, thin ice, foxes, skunks, bears, an intimidating, crusty old mountain man named James \"Thunder Jack\" Johnson, and the aggressive, defiant lead dog, Demon. All of this happens with the buzzing excitement of the Arctic Challenge Sled Dog Race, which is only two weeks away.", "short_answers": [ "Border Collie", "a Border Collie" ] }

[ "non-ferrous" ]

[ { "title": "Ferroaluminum", "text": "Ferroaluminum Ferroaluminum (FeAl) is a ferroalloy, consisting of iron and aluminium. The metal usually consists of 40% to 60% aluminium and applications of ferroaluminum include the deoxidation of steel, hardfacing applications, reducing agent, thermite reactions, AlNiCo magnets, and alloying additions to welding wires and fluxes. The alloy is also known for the ability to manufacture low melting point alloys and it's ability to carry out aluminothermic welding. Ferroaluminum does not currently have a CAS Registry Number. The presence of iron in aluminum helps in the decrease of casting defects. improves tensile, yield, hardness, and maintains strength at high temperatures. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20937385", "score": "1.0361408", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Non-ferrous metal", "text": "metal tin. It is used in residential, commercial, industrial industry. Material selection for a mechanical or structural application requires some important considerations, including how easily the material can be shaped into a finished part and how its properties can be either intentionally or inadvertently altered in the process. Depending on the end use, metals can be simply cast into the finished part, or cast into an intermediate form, such as an ingot, then worked, or wrought, by rolling, forging, extruding, or other deformation process. Although the same operations are used with ferrous as well as nonferrous metals and alloys, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6550167", "score": "0.9746963", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "5083 aluminium alloy", "text": "5083 aluminium alloy 5083 aluminium alloy is an aluminium alloy with magnesium and traces of manganese and chromium. It is highly resistant to attack by seawater and industrial chemicals. Alloy 5083 retains exceptional strength after welding. It has the highest strength of the non-heat treatable alloys, but is not recommended for use in temperatures in excess of 65°C. For AA 5083 alloy, the stages of porous structure development are substantially identical with that of pure aluminum, although an increase in oxide growth rate and high conductance of the oxide film were observed. Alloy 5083 is commonly used in: Uses requiring", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11026517", "score": "0.9726962", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Aluminium alloy", "text": "Aluminium alloy Aluminium alloys (or aluminum alloys; see spelling differences) are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. The typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and zinc. There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into the categories heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable. About 85% of aluminium is used for wrought products, for example rolled plate, foils and extrusions. Cast aluminium alloys yield cost-effective products due to the low melting point, although they generally have lower tensile strengths than wrought alloys. The most important cast aluminium alloy system", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8406768", "score": "0.96797657", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "5083 aluminium alloy", "text": "a weldable moderate-strength alloy having good corrosion resistance are commonly utilizing alloy 5083. 5083 aluminium alloy 5083 aluminium alloy is an aluminium alloy with magnesium and traces of manganese and chromium. It is highly resistant to attack by seawater and industrial chemicals. Alloy 5083 retains exceptional strength after welding. It has the highest strength of the non-heat treatable alloys, but is not recommended for use in temperatures in excess of 65°C. For AA 5083 alloy, the stages of porous structure development are substantially identical with that of pure aluminum, although an increase in oxide growth rate and high conductance of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11026518", "score": "0.96428263", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Aluminium", "text": "Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10521", "score": "0.954807", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Aluminium", "text": "(not avgas), and laboratory cultures can degrade aluminium. However, these life forms do not directly attack or consume the aluminium; rather, the metal is corroded by microbe waste products. Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. The chief ore of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10578", "score": "0.9476576", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Aluminium alloy inclusions", "text": "Aluminium alloy inclusions An inclusion is a solid particle in liquid aluminium alloy. It is usually non-metallic and can be of different nature depending on its source. Inclusions can create problems in the casting when they are large and in too high concentration. Here are examples of problems related to inclusions: In contact with ambient air, liquid aluminium reacts with the oxygen and form an oxide film layer (gamma-AlO). This layer becomes thicker with time. When aluminium is moved, this oxide film gets mixed inside the melt. In primary aluminium production, aluminium carbides (AlC) originates from the reduction of alumina", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14577821", "score": "0.94268185", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "6105 aluminium alloy", "text": "6105 aluminium alloy 6105 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium-silicon family (6000 or 6xxx series). It is one of the least common of the alloys in this series. While most wrought aluminium alloys are covered by multiple standards (from any mixture of ASTM, EN, ISO, and national standard bodies), 6105 is only dealt with in \"ASTM B221: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes\". It is formed by extrusion, and supplied in heat treated form. It can alternately referred to by the UNS designation A96105. The alloy composition of 6105 aluminium", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18498564", "score": "0.93984497", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Non-ferrous metal", "text": "Generally more expensive than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. aluminium), higher conductivity (e.g. copper), non-magnetic property or resistance to corrosion (e.g. zinc). Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and steel industries. For example, bauxite is used as flux for blast furnaces, while others such as wolframite, pyrolusite and chromite are used in making ferrous alloys.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "1060 aluminium alloy", "text": "significantly alloyed metals. It can be strengthened by cold working, but not by heat treatment. Alternate designations include Al99.6 and A91060. It is described in the following standards: The alloy composition of 1060 aluminium is: 1060 aluminium alloy 1060 aluminium alloy is an aluminium-based alloy in the \"commercially pure\" wrought family (1000 or 1xxx series). It is fundamentally very similar to 1050 aluminium alloy, with the difference coming down to 0.1% aluminium by weight. However, while both 1050 and 1060 are covered by the same ISO standard, they are covered by different ASTM standards. As a wrought alloy, it is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18440371", "score": "0.9386949", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "6463 aluminium alloy", "text": "6463 aluminium alloy 6463 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium-silicon family (6000 or 6xxx series). It is related to 6063 aluminium alloy (Aluminum Association designations that only differ in the second digit are variations on the same alloy), but unlike 6063 it is generally not formed using any processes other than extrusion. It cannot be work hardened, but is commonly heat treated to produce tempers with a higher strength but lower ductility. Like 6063, it is often used in architectural applications. Alternate designations include AlMg0.7Si(B) and A96463. The alloy and its various tempers are covered by the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18498638", "score": "0.9373569", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Metalloid", "text": "being considered nonmetallic in character. Classifying aluminium as a metalloid has been disputed given its many metallic properties. It is therefore, arguably, an exception to the mnemonic that elements adjacent to the metal–nonmetal dividing line are metalloids. Stott labels aluminium as a weak metal. It has the physical properties of a metal but some of the chemical properties of a nonmetal. Steele notes the paradoxical chemical behaviour of aluminium: \"It resembles a weak metal in its amphoteric oxide and in the covalent character of many of its compounds ... Yet it is a highly electropositive metal ... [with] a high", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "874526", "score": "0.9291316", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "2024 aluminium alloy", "text": "2024 aluminium alloy 2024 aluminium alloy is an aluminium alloy, with copper as the primary alloying element. It is used in applications requiring high strength to weight ratio, as well as good fatigue resistance. It is weldable only through friction welding, and has average machinability. Due to poor corrosion resistance, it is often clad with aluminium or Al-1Zn for protection, although this may reduce the fatigue strength. In older systems of terminology, this alloy was named 24ST.Al 2024 is commonly extruded, and also available in alclad sheet and plate forms. It is not commonly forged (the related 2014 aluminium alloy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8939026", "score": "0.9269186", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "3003 aluminium alloy", "text": "3003 aluminium alloy 3003 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-manganese family (3000 or 3xxx series). It can be cold worked (but not, unlike some other types of aluminium alloys, heat-treated) to produce tempers with a higher strength but a lower ductility. Like most other aluminium-manganese alloys, 3003 is a general-purpose alloy with moderate strength, good workability, and good corrosion resistance. It is commonly rolled and extruded, but typically not forged. As a wrought alloy, it is not used in casting. It is also commonly used in sheet metal applications such as gutters, downspouts, roofing, and siding. Alternate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18446734", "score": "0.92605984", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "3003 aluminium alloy", "text": "designations include 3.0517 and A93003. 3003 aluminium and its various tempers are covered by the ISO standard 6361 and the ASTM standards B209, B210, B211, B221, B483, B491, and B547. The alloy composition of 3003 aluminium is: 3003 aluminium alloy 3003 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-manganese family (3000 or 3xxx series). It can be cold worked (but not, unlike some other types of aluminium alloys, heat-treated) to produce tempers with a higher strength but a lower ductility. Like most other aluminium-manganese alloys, 3003 is a general-purpose alloy with moderate strength, good workability, and good corrosion resistance.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18446735", "score": "0.92578435", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "6082 aluminium alloy", "text": "6082 aluminium alloy 6082 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium-silicon family (6000 or 6xxx series). It is one of the more popular alloys in its series (alongside alloys 6005, 6061, and 6063), although it is not strongly featured in ASTM (North American) standards. It is typically formed by extrusion and rolling, but as a wrought alloy it is not used in casting. It can also be forged and clad, but that is not common practice with this alloy. It cannot be work hardened, but is commonly heat treated to produce tempers with a higher strength but lower", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18498542", "score": "0.9257835", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "5154 aluminium alloy", "text": "5154 aluminium alloy 5154 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium family (5000 or 5xxx series). As an aluminium-magnesium alloy, it combines moderate-to-high strength with excellent weldability. 5154 aluminium is commonly used in welded structures such as pressure vessels and ships. As a wrought alloy, it can be formed by rolling, extrusion, and forging, but not casting. It can be cold worked to produce tempers with a higher strength but a lower ductility. It is generally not clad. Alternate names and designations include AlMg3.5, N5, and A95154. The alloy and its various tempers are covered by the following", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18444861", "score": "0.9237067", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "5454 aluminium alloy", "text": "5454 aluminium alloy 5454 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium family (5000 or 5xxx series). It is closely related to 5154 aluminium alloy. As an aluminium-magnesium alloy, it combines moderate-to-high strength with excellent weldability. Like 5154, 5454 aluminium is commonly used in welded structures such as pressure vessels and ships. As a wrought alloy, it can be formed by rolling, extrusion, and forging (although forging is not common), but not casting. It can be cold worked to produce tempers with a higher strength but a lower ductility. It is generally not clad. Alternate names and designations include", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18445009", "score": "0.92180806", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "3004 aluminium alloy", "text": "3004 aluminium alloy 3004 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-manganese family (3000 or 3xxx series). It is similar to the 3003 alloy, except for the addition of approximately 1% magnesium. It can be cold worked (but not, unlike some other types of aluminium alloys, heat treated) to produce tempers with a higher strength but a lower ductility. Like most other aluminium-manganese alloys, 3003 is a general-purpose alloy with moderate strength, good workability, and good corrosion resistance. It is commonly rolled and extruded, but typically not forged. As a wrought alloy, it is not used in casting. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18441105", "score": "0.92164594", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "6063 aluminium alloy", "text": "Typically, after welding, the properties near the weld are those of 6063-0, a loss of strength of up to 30%. The material can be re-heat-treated to restore a higher temper for the whole piece. 6063 aluminium alloy AA 6063 is an aluminium alloy, with magnesium and silicon as the alloying elements. The standard controlling its composition is maintained by The Aluminum Association. It has generally good mechanical properties and is heat treatable and weldable. It is similar to the British aluminium alloy HE9. 6063 is the most common alloy used for aluminium extrusion. It allows complex shapes to be formed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9055594", "score": "0.92096347", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "6463 aluminium alloy", "text": "following standards: The alloy composition of 6463 aluminium is: Typical material properties for 6463 aluminum alloy include: 6463 aluminium alloy 6463 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium-silicon family (6000 or 6xxx series). It is related to 6063 aluminium alloy (Aluminum Association designations that only differ in the second digit are variations on the same alloy), but unlike 6063 it is generally not formed using any processes other than extrusion. It cannot be work hardened, but is commonly heat treated to produce tempers with a higher strength but lower ductility. Like 6063, it is often used in architectural", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18498639", "score": "0.9208423", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "5454 aluminium alloy", "text": "3.3537, N51, and A95454. The alloy and its various tempers are covered by the following standards: The alloy composition of 5454 aluminium is: Typical material properties for 5454 aluminum alloy include: 5454 aluminium alloy 5454 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium family (5000 or 5xxx series). It is closely related to 5154 aluminium alloy. As an aluminium-magnesium alloy, it combines moderate-to-high strength with excellent weldability. Like 5154, 5454 aluminium is commonly used in welded structures such as pressure vessels and ships. As a wrought alloy, it can be formed by rolling, extrusion, and forging (although forging is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18445010", "score": "0.92076695", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "6162 aluminium alloy", "text": "6162 aluminium alloy 6162 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium-silicon family (6000 or 6xxx series). It is related to 6262 aluminium alloy in that Aluminum Association designations that only differ in the second digit are variations on the same alloy. It is similar to 6105 aluminium alloy, both in alloy composition and the fact that it is only really used in extrusions. However, as a wrought alloy, it can also be formed by rolling, forging, and similar processes, should the need arise. It is supplied in heat treated form. It can be referred to by the UNS", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18498568", "score": "0.92023164", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "6262 aluminium alloy", "text": "6262 aluminium alloy 6262 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium-silicon family (6000 or 6xxx series). It is related to 6162 aluminium alloy (Aluminum Association designations that only differ in the second digit are variations on the same alloy), but sees much more widespread use. It is notably distinct from 6162, and most other aluminium alloys, in that it contains lead in its alloy composition. It is typically formed by extrusion, forging, or rolling, but as a wrought alloy it is not used in casting. It can also be clad, but that is not common practice with this", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18498614", "score": "0.919325", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Ferroaluminum", "text": "by digestion of bauxite with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at about 240 °C. Second, the aluminium oxide is subjected to a Hall electrolytic process together with cryolite to obtain aluminium that will then be combined with iron to create the ferroaluminum. Last, after the solidification of the metal, milling and sieving processes are carried out, which obtains the suitable particle size for its applications. Ferroaluminum Ferroaluminum (FeAl) is a ferroalloy, consisting of iron and aluminium. The metal usually consists of 40% to 60% aluminium and applications of ferroaluminum include the deoxidation of steel, hardfacing applications, reducing agent, thermite reactions, AlNiCo magnets,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20937387", "score": "0.9183836", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Aluminium alloy", "text": "alloys used for cylinder blocks are A356, 319 and to a minor extend 242. 6061 aluminum and 6351 aluminium are widely used in breathing gas cylinders for scuba diving and SCBA.Alloys Aluminium alloy Aluminium alloys (or aluminum alloys; see spelling differences) are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. The typical alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and zinc. There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into the categories heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable. About 85% of aluminium is used for wrought products, for example rolled plate, foils", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8406792", "score": "0.9166496", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Post-transition metal", "text": "of the post-transition metals. The small radius of the aluminium ion combined with its high charge make it a strongly polarizing species, prone to covalency. Aluminium in pure form is a soft metal (MH 3.0) with low mechanical strength. It has a close-packed structure (BCN 12) showing some evidence of partially directional bonding. It has a low melting point and a high thermal conductivity. Its strength is halved at 200 °C, and for many of its alloys is minimal at 300 °C. The latter three properties of aluminium limit its use to situations where fire protection is not required, or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18023092", "score": "0.91608346", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "6005 aluminium alloy", "text": "6005 aluminium alloy 6005 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium-silicon family (6000 or 6xxx series). It is closely related, but not identical, to 6005A aluminium alloy. The main difference between the two alloys is that 6005 has a higher minimum composition percentage of aluminium than 6005A (while having essentially the same maximum). The most common forming method is extrusion. It can also be forged or rolled, but as a wrought alloy it is not used in casting. It cannot be work hardened, but is commonly heat treated to produce tempers with a higher strength at the expense", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18488769", "score": "0.91563636", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "2219 aluminium alloy", "text": "2219 aluminium alloy 2219 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-copper family (2000 or 2xxx series). It can be heat-treated to produce tempers with higher strength but lower ductility. The aluminium-copper alloys have high strength, but are generally less corrosion resistant and harder to weld than other types of aluminium alloys. To compensate for the lower corrosion resistance, 2219 aluminium can be clad in a commercially pure alloy such as 1050 or painted. This alloy is commonly formed by both extrusion and forging, but is not used in casting. The 2219 aluminium alloy in particular has high fracture", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18446695", "score": "0.91498786", "original_retrieval_index": 34 } ]

{ "title": "Non-ferrous metal", "long_answer": "Generally more expensive than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. aluminium), higher conductivity (e.g. copper), non-magnetic property or resistance to corrosion (e.g. zinc). Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and steel industries. For example, bauxite is used as flux for blast furnaces, while others such as wolframite, pyrolusite and chromite are used in making ferrous alloys.", "chunked_long_answer": "Generally more expensive than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. aluminium), higher conductivity (e.g. copper), non-magnetic property or resistance to corrosion (e.g. zinc). Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and steel industries. For example, bauxite is used as flux for blast furnaces, while others such as wolframite, pyrolusite and chromite are used in making ferrous alloys.", "short_answers": [ "non-ferrous" ] }

[ "in the Gospel of Luke" ]

[ { "title": "Lord's Prayer", "text": "not in all. Older English translations of the Bible, based on late Byzantine Greek manuscripts, included it, but it is excluded in critical editions of the New Testament, such as that of the United Bible Societies. It is absent in the oldest manuscripts and is not considered to be part of the original text of –. The Catholic Church has never attached it to the Lord's Prayer, but has included it in the Roman Rite Mass as revised in 1969, not as part of the Our Father but separated from it by a prayer called the embolism spoken or sung", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "245095", "score": "0.9616158", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Lord's Prayer", "text": "in 52 oriental languages, most of them not previously found in such collections, translated by the brethren of the Serampore Mission and printed at the mission press there in 1818. There are similarities between the Lord's Prayer and both biblical and post-biblical material in Jewish prayer especially Kiddushin 81a (Babylonian). \"Our Father which art in heaven\" (אבינו שבשמים, Avinu shebashamayim) is the beginning of many Hebrew prayers. \"Hallowed be thy name\" is reflected in the Kaddish. \"Lead us not into sin\" is echoed in the \"morning blessings\" of Jewish prayer. A blessing said by some Jewish communities after the evening", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "245123", "score": "0.9437007", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Prayer", "text": "(e.g. ) is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray. The Lord's Prayer is a model for prayers of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity. In medieval England, prayers (particularly the \"paternoster\") were frequently used as a measure of time in medical and culinary recipe books. Christians generally pray to God or to the Father. Some Christians (e.g., Catholics, Orthodox) will also ask the righteous in heaven and \"in Christ,\" such as Virgin Mary or other saints to intercede by praying on their behalf (intercession of saints). Formulaic closures include \"through our Lord Jesus Christ, Your Son, who lives and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "337732", "score": "0.9380002", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Lord's Prayer", "text": "a doxology, a later addendum appearing in some manuscripts of Matthew. Initial words on the topic from the \"Catechism of the Catholic Church\" teach that it \"is truly the summary of the whole gospel\". The prayer is used by most Christian churches in their worship; with few exceptions, the liturgical form is the Matthean. Although theological differences and various modes of worship divide Christians, according to Fuller Seminary professor Clayton Schmit, \"there is a sense of solidarity in knowing that Christians around the globe are praying together ... and these words always unite us.\" In biblical criticism, the prayer's absence", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "245092", "score": "0.9197833", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Lord's Prayer", "text": "the Lord's Prayer with the doxology, sometimes without. Most Protestants append it to the Lord's Prayer. In the course of Christianization, one of the first texts to be translated between many languages has historically been the Lord's Prayer, long before the full Bible would be translated into the respective languages. Since the 16th century, collections of translations of the prayer have often been used for a quick comparison of languages. The first such collection, with 22 versions, was \"Mithridates de differentis linguis\" by Conrad Gessner (1555; the title refers to Mithridates VI of Pontus who according to Pliny the Elder", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "245120", "score": "0.90374005", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Christian prayer", "text": "Christian prayer Prayer is an important activity in Christianity, and there are several different forms of \"Christian prayer\". \"Christian prayers\" are diverse: they can be completely spontaneous, or read entirely from a text, like the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. The most common prayer among Christians is the \"Lord's Prayer\", which according to the gospel accounts (e.g. ) is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray. \"The Lord's Prayer\" is a model for prayers of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity. A broad, three stage characterization of prayer begins with vocal prayer, then moves on to a more structured form", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13655984", "score": "0.9024397", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Lord's Prayer", "text": "the prayer, the priest sings \"For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever and unto ages of ages.\" Latin Church Roman Catholics do not use the doxology when reciting the Lord's Prayer, because it is not part of their received liturgical tradition and is not found in the Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome. Since 1970 it is included in the Roman Rite Mass as an independent item, not as part of the Lord's Prayer. The Anglican Book of Common Prayer sometimes gives", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "245119", "score": "0.8957018", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Prayer, meditation and contemplation in Christianity", "text": "Prayer, which according to the gospel accounts (e.g. ) is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray. The Lord's prayer is a model for prayers of adoration, confession and petition in Christianity. The first centuries of Christianity witnessed an intense growth in religious literature and these often included prayers. The prayers recorded in early Christian literature can be categorized into six types: petition (including intercession), thanksgiving, blessing (or benediction), praise, confession and finally a small number of lamentations. The first five of these types have persisted throughout the centuries and been expressed in a large number of Christian prayers. However", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3899401", "score": "0.87149435", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Lord's Prayer", "text": "in the Gospel of Mark together with its occurrence in Matthew and Luke has caused scholars who accept the two-source hypothesis (against other document hypotheses) to conclude that it is probably a \"logion\" original to Q. Standard edition of Greek text <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> Patriarchal Edition 1904 <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> Roman Missal There are several different English translations of the Lord's Prayer from Greek or Latin, beginning around AD 650 with the Northumbrian translation. Of those in current liturgical use, the three best-known are: The square brackets", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "245093", "score": "0.87045354", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Lord's Prayer", "text": "Two versions of this prayer are recorded: the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount, and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when \"one of his disciples said to him, 'Lord, teach us to pray, as John taught his disciples.'\"", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Lord's Prayer (Sister Janet Mead song)", "text": "The Lord's Prayer (Sister Janet Mead song) \"The Lord's Prayer\" is a rock setting of the Lord's Prayer with music by Arnold Strals recorded in 1973 by the Australian nun Sister Janet Mead. Mead was known for pioneering the use of contemporary rock music in celebrating the Roman Catholic Mass and for her weekly radio programs. This recording could be considered one of the links in the development of what would become known as contemporary Christian music. The recording was produced by Martin Erdman and originally released by Festival Records in Australia. After reaching number three on the charts in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9672933", "score": "0.86692053", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Lord's Prayer", "text": "in three of the texts below indicate the doxology often added at the end of the prayer by Protestants and, in a slightly different form, by the Byzantine Rite (\"For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory: of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen.\"), among whom the prayer proper is usually recited by the cantors and congregation in unison, and the doxology by the priest as the conclusion of the prayer. The Anglican Book of Common Prayer adds it in some services but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "245094", "score": "0.8611715", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Christianity", "text": "According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church: \"Prayer is the raising of one's mind and heart to God or the requesting of good things from God.\" The Book of Common Prayer in the Anglican tradition is a guide which provides a set order for church services, containing set prayers, scripture readings, and hymns or sung Psalms. With around 2.4 billion adherents, split into three main branches of Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox, Christianity is the world's largest religion. The Christian share of the world's population has stood at around 33% for the last hundred years, which means that one", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "61812", "score": "0.8600604", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Jesus Prayer", "text": "of his heart\". In the Jesus Prayer can be seen the Eastern counterpart of the rosary, which has developed to hold a similar place in the Christian West. The prayer's origin is most likely the Egyptian desert, which was settled by the monastic Desert Fathers and Desert Mothers in the 5th century. A formula similar to the standard form of the Jesus Prayer is found in a letter attributed to John Chrysostom, who died in AD 407. This \"Letter to an Abbot\" speaks of \"Lord Jesus Christ, son of God, have mercy\" and \"Lord Jesus Christ, son of God, have", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "741581", "score": "0.85953104", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Lord's Prayer", "text": "Shema includes a phrase quite similar to the opening of the Lord's Prayer: \"Our God in heaven, hallow thy name, and establish thy kingdom forever, and rule over us for ever and ever. Amen.\" There are parallels also in . Rabbi Aron Mendes Chumaceiro has said that nearly all the elements of the prayer have counterparts in the Jewish Bible and Deuterocanonical books: the first part in (\"Look down from heaven and see, from your holy and beautiful habitation ... For you are our Father ...\") and (\"I will vindicate the holiness of my great name ...\") and (\"I will", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "245124", "score": "0.85749006", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Christian prayer", "text": "regarded prayer as an essential part of their lives (; ; ). As such, the apostles frequently incorporated verses from Psalms into their writings. for example is borrowed from and other psalms. Thus, due to this emphasis on prayer in the early church. lengthy passages of the New Testament are prayers or canticles (see also the Book of Odes), such as the Prayer for forgiveness (), the Lord's Prayer, the Magnificat (), the Benedictus (), Jesus' prayer to the one true God (), exclamations such as, \"Praise be to the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ\" (), the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13655988", "score": "0.8547138", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Prayer of Manasseh", "text": "Common Prayer used by the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. The prayer appears in ancient Syriac, Old Slavonic, Ethiopic, and Armenian translations. In the Ethiopian Bible, the prayer is found in 2 Chronicles. Prayer of Manasseh The Prayer of Manasseh is a short work of 15 verses recording a penitential prayer attributed to king Manasseh of Judah. The majority of scholars believe that the Prayer of Manasseh was written, in Greek, in the first or second century BC. Another work by the same title, written in Hebrew and containing distinctly different content, was found among the Dead", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3055731", "score": "0.84223056", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Prayer in the Hebrew Bible", "text": "Prayer in the Hebrew Bible Prayer in the Hebrew Bible is an evolving means of interacting with God, most frequently through a spontaneous, individual, unorganized form of petitioning and/or thanking. Standardized prayer such as is done today is non-existent, though beginning in Deuteronomy, the Bible lays the groundwork for organized prayer, including basic liturgical guidelines, and by the Bible's later books, prayer has evolved to a more standardized form, although still radically different from the form practiced by modern Jews. Individual prayer is described by the \"Tanakh\" two ways. The first of these is when prayer is described as occurring,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5653648", "score": "0.83886373", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Church bell", "text": "by the Jewish practice of praying thrice daily found in the Old Testament, specifically in , which suggests \"evening and morning and at noon,\" and , in which Daniel prays thrice a day. As such, the \"Catechism of the Catholic Church\" states that the Early Church prayed the Lord's Prayer thrice a day, supplanting the former Amidah predominant in the Hebrew tradition. In the \"Book of Common Prayer\", the \"Daily Office\", which is central to Anglican spirituality, also includes the Lord's Prayer, along with \"a selection from the Psalter, readings from the Holy Scriptures, [and] one or more canticles.\" Some", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3741822", "score": "0.83847916", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Lord's Prayer", "text": "that therefore the question is of no real consequence. Similar phrases are found in and . \"For thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory, For ever and ever. Amen.\" The doxology of the prayer is not contained in Luke's version, nor is it present in the earliest manuscripts of Matthew, representative of the Alexandrian text, although it is present in the manuscripts representative of the later Byzantine text. Most scholars do not consider it part of the original text of Matthew. New translations generally omit it. The first known use of the doxology, in a less lengthy form", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "245117", "score": "0.83750665", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Lord's Prayer", "text": "the Book of Job. In modern times, various composers have incorporated \"The Lord's Prayer\" into a musical setting for utilization during liturgical services for a variety of religious traditions as well as interfaith ceremonies. Included among them are: American songwriter and arranger Brian Wilson set the text of the Lord's Prayer to an elaborate close-harmony arrangement loosely based on Malotte's melody. Wilson's group, The Beach Boys, would return to the piece several times throughout their recording career, most notably as the B-side to their 1964 single \"Little Saint Nick.\" American singer Christina Aguilera incorporated the prayer into her cover version", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "245127", "score": "0.8351704", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Lord's Prayer", "text": "a second, revised edition was published in 1715 by John Chamberlain. This 1715 edition was used by Gottfried Hensel in his \"Synopsis Universae Philologiae\" (1741) to compile \"geographico-polyglot maps\" where the beginning of the prayer was shown in the geographical area where the respective languages were spoken. Johann Ulrich Kraus also published a collection with more than 100 entries. These collections continued to be improved and expanded well into the 19th century; Johann Christoph Adelung and Johann Severin Vater in 1806–1817 published the prayer in \"well-nigh five hundred languages and dialects\". Samples of scripture, including the Lord's Prayer, were published", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "245122", "score": "0.83152187", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Prayer, meditation and contemplation in Christianity", "text": "is meditation (also called \"inward prayer\" or \"discursive prayer\") and the third level is contemplative prayer in which a much closer relationship with God is cultivated. Prayer is an integral element of the Christian faith and permeates all forms of Christian worship. Prayer in Christianity is the tradition of communicating with God, either in God's fullness or as one of the persons of the Trinity. Christian prayers are diverse and may vary among Christian denominations. They may be public prayers (e.g. as part of liturgy) or private prayers by an individual. The most common prayer among Christians is the Lord's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3899400", "score": "0.83147526", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Sinner's prayer", "text": "Sinner's prayer The Sinner's Prayer (also called the Consecration Prayer and Salvation Prayer) is an evangelical Christian term referring to any prayer of repentance, prayed by individuals who feel convicted of the presence of sin in their lives and have the desire to form or renew a personal relationship with God through Jesus Christ. It is a popular phenomenon in evangelical circles. It is not intended as liturgical like a creed or a confiteor, but rather, is intended to be an act of \"initial\" conversion to Christianity. While some Christians see reciting the sinner's prayer as the moment defining one's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7681733", "score": "0.83008146", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Lord's Prayer", "text": "(\"for yours is the power and the glory forever\"), as a conclusion for the Lord's Prayer (in a version slightly different from that of Matthew) is in the Didache, 8:2. It has similarities with —\"Yours, O LORD, is the greatness and the power and the glory and the victory and the majesty, for all that is in the heavens and in the earth is yours. Yours is the kingdom, O LORD, and you are exalted as head above all.\" In the Byzantine Rite, a similar doxology is sung within the context of the Divine Liturgy. Following the last line of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "245118", "score": "0.8279923", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Sinner's prayer", "text": "heart\". The \"Sinner’s Prayer\" takes various forms, all of which have the same general thrust. Since it is considered a matter of one's personal will, it can be prayed silently, aloud, read from a suggested model, or repeated after someone modeling the prayer role. There is no formula of specific words considered essential, although it usually contains an admission of sin and a petition asking that Jesus enter into the person's heart (that is to say, the center of their life). The use of the sinner's prayer is common within some Protestant denominations, such as Baptist Churches and Methodist Churches,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7681735", "score": "0.82601833", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Prayer", "text": "reigns with You, in the unity of the Holy Spirit, God, through all the ages of ages,\" and \"in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit.\" It is customary among Protestants to end prayers with \"In Jesus' name, Amen\" or \"In the name of Christ, Amen.\" However, the most commonly used closure in Christianity is simply \"Amen\" (from a Hebrew adverb used as a statement of affirmation or agreement, usually translated as \"so be it\"). In the Western or Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, probably the most common is the Rosary; In the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "337733", "score": "0.82539064", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Christian prayer", "text": "Believers' Prayer (), \"may this cup be taken from me\" (), \"Pray that you will not fall into temptation\" (), Saint Stephen's Prayer (), Simon Magus' Prayer (), \"pray that we may be delivered from wicked and evil men\" (), and Maranatha (). Elements of the oldest Christian prayers may be found in liturgies such as the Roman Catholic Mass, the Orthodox Divine Liturgy, the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, and the Lutheran Book of Worship. Many denominations that adhere to a liturgical tradition use specific prayers geared to the season of the Liturgical Year, such as Advent, Christmas, Lent", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13655989", "score": "0.8211739", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Prayer in the New Testament", "text": "Prayer in the New Testament Prayer in the New Testament is presented as a positive command (; ). The People of God are challenged to include Christian prayer in their everyday life, even in the busy struggles of marriage () as it brings people closer to God. Jesus encouraged his disciples to pray in secret in their private rooms, using the Lord's Prayer, as a humble response to the prayer of the Pharisees, whose practices in prayer were regarded as impious by the New Testament writers (). Throughout the New Testament, prayer is shown to be God's appointed method by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3899262", "score": "0.821033", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Jesus Prayer", "text": "Jesus Prayer The Jesus Prayer (or The Prayer) is a short formulaic prayer esteemed and advocated especially within the Eastern churches: \"Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, a sinner.\" The prayer has been widely taught and discussed throughout the history of the Orthodox Church. The ancient and original form did not include the words, \"a sinner\", which were added later. It is often repeated continually as a part of personal ascetic practice, its use being an integral part of the eremitic tradition of prayer known as Hesychasm. The prayer is particularly esteemed by the spiritual fathers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "741578", "score": "0.8198281", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Lord's Prayer", "long_answer": "Two versions of this prayer are recorded: the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount, and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when \"one of his disciples said to him, 'Lord, teach us to pray, as John taught his disciples.'\"", "chunked_long_answer": "Two versions of this prayer are recorded: the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount, and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when \"one of his disciples said to him, 'Lord, teach us to pray, as John taught his disciples.'\"", "short_answers": [ "in the Gospel of Luke" ] }

[ "Senate Republican Conference", "Senate Democratic Caucus" ]

[ { "title": "National Congress of Brazil", "text": "common for politicians to switch parties and the proportion of congressional seats held by each party would often change. However, a decision of the Supreme Federal Court has ruled that the seats belong to the parties and not to the politicians, and that one can only change parties and retain his seat in a very limited set of cases. Consequently, politicians who abandon the party for which they were elected now face the loss of their Congressional seat. Each house of the Brazilian Congress elects its President and the other members of its directing board from among its members. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3202597", "score": "0.9835965", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "ERepublik", "text": "name then they become the leaders of the party and they can choose their party candidates for congress (if party is ranked in the top 5 nationally) or presidency. On the fifth of every month eRepublik holds presidential elections, on the fifteenth the party presidential elections and on the twenty-fifth the congressional elections. Days before the presidential vote the top five parties will select a person to run for president, and then it is decided by a vote by the populace. The congress elections are more complicated than the rest. The party presidents of the top 5 parties select a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11841984", "score": "0.98008084", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Page of the United States House of Representatives", "text": "of the House, and for minority Pages the decision is made by the minority leader. It is a general rule that only one nominee is permitted per representative, except for party leadership (although during the 104th Congress, Duke Cunningham successfully lobbied for the joint appointment of twin sisters from Encinitas, California and Gene Taylor successfully lobbied for the appointment of three Pages from the Gulf Coast during the 109th Congress after Hurricane Katrina). During the 110th Congress, Rep. Anna Eshoo (D) was allowed to appoint a set of twins as Democratic Pages during the second summer session. Also during the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15341102", "score": "0.9788584", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "text": "are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by secret ballot. The Speaker-elect is also chosen in a closed-door session although they are formally installed in their position by a public vote when Congress reconvenes. Like the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Richard Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16376177", "score": "0.97254324", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Federal government of Brazil", "text": "to each state's population, but each state is eligible for a minimum of eight seats and a maximum of 70 seats. The result is a system weighted in favor of smaller states that are part of the Brazilian federation. Currently, 15 political parties are represented in Congress. Since it is common for politicians to switch parties, the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly. To avoid that, the Supreme Federal Court ruled in 2007 that the term belongs to the parties, and not to the representatives. Brazilian courts function under civil law adversarial system. The Judicial branch", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15975616", "score": "0.96089655", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "2014 State of the Union Address", "text": "The decision was made by House Speaker John Boehner and Republican Senate Leader Mitch McConnell. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen of Florida, the first Cuban-American person elected to Congress, gave a second response, delivering most of McMorris Rodgers' response in Spanish. In addition, Utah Senator Mike Lee gave an address in response to Obama's speech on behalf of the Tea Party Express. Kentucky Senator Rand Paul released his own address on YouTube and Facebook. He had previously given a response on behalf of the Tea Party Express in 2013. The four Republican responses were interpreted as a sign of the party's ideological", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17732472", "score": "0.95705533", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Prime Minister of Spain", "text": "into a two-party system between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and the People's Party, the two major parties usually adopt some aspects of the minor party platforms in an effort to attract them into parliamentary pacts to edge out their rival party in the event that no party is able to command an absolute majority of the Congress by themselves. The monarch is normally able to announce his nominee on the day following a general election. The monarch's order nominating a Prime Ministerial candidate is countersigned by the Speaker of the Congress, who then presents the nominee before the Congress", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1641100", "score": "0.9548792", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election", "text": "will furnish a report to be approved by majority vote by both House and Senate voting separately. Instead of the whole Congress canvassing the votes, a committee comprised evenly between the Senate and the House of Representatives will canvass the votes at the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City, the home of the House of Representatives. Senator Aquilino Pimentel III and House Majority Leader Neptali Gonzales II will co-chair the proceedings instead of Senate President Franklin Drilon and the House Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. Previously, the Senate President and the House Speaker played this role. The composition of the joint", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19471705", "score": "0.95165753", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Party leader", "text": "have been elected by popular vote since 1913. They currently include President of the Senate Mike Pence, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate Orrin Hatch, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Senate Majority Whip John Cornyn on the Republican side, and Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer, Senate Minority Whip Dick Durbin. The Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives are elected by their respective parties in the House by secret ballot. The Republican Party is currently represented in the House by Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy and Majority Whip Steve Scalise, whereas the Democratic Party is represented", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9709927", "score": "0.9512447", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Party leaders of the United States Senate", "text": "The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate, and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Political power in the United States over time", "text": "Political power in the United States over time Since 1855 the United States Congress has been dominated by a two party system comprised on one side by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party on the other. While other political parties over time have and may still exist, no other parties have possessed the support, organization and historical legacy these two parties do. Over the past 100 years the Democratic party has held power nearly twice as long as the Republicans in both the Senate and the House. And the Democratic party has had control of the White House and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17578307", "score": "0.94738144", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Indian National Congress", "text": "is elected by the PCCs and members of the AICC; however, this procedure has often been by-passed by the Working Committee, which has elected its own candidate. The Congress Parliamentary Party (CPP) consists of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. There is also a Congress Legislative Party (CLP) leader in each state. The CLP consists of all Congress Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in each state. In cases of states where the Congress is single-handedly ruling the government, the CLP leader is the Chief Minister. Other directly affiliated groups include: the National Students Union of India", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1324784", "score": "0.9470452", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Congress of the Philippines", "text": "Representatives. To determine the winning parties in the party-list election, a party must surpass the 2% election threshold of the national vote; usually, the party with the largest number of votes wins the maximum three seats, the rest two seats. If the number of seats of the parties that surpassed the 2% threshold is less than 20% of the total seats, the parties that won less than 2% of the vote gets one seat each until the 20% requirement is met. In what could be a unique setup, the two houses of Congres meet at different places in Metro Manila,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1972938", "score": "0.9393699", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Eduardo Suárez Mujica", "text": "38 Stat. 1228). The statute reads as follows. Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the thanks of Congress to their excellencies be, and they are hereby, presented to their excellencies Señor Domício da Gama, Señor Rómulo S. Naón, and Señor Eduardo Suárez for their generous services as mediators in the controversy between the Government of the United States of America and the leaders of the warring parties in the Republic of Mexico. That the President of the United States is hereby authorized and requested to cause to be", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15228528", "score": "0.9366703", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives", "text": "Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives Party leaders and whips of the United States House of Representatives, also known as floor leaders, are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by secret ballot. With the Republicans holding a majority of seats and the Democrats holding a minority, the current leaders are: Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, Majority Whip Steve Scalise, Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, and Minority Whip Steny Hoyer. Unlike in Westminster style legislatures or as with the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader's duties and prominence vary depending upon the style and power of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16376174", "score": "0.9355851", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Congress of the Republic of Peru", "text": "run for but may run for such party as a guest. Each candidate is assigned a number within the list. The citizenry thus votes for the party of their preference directly. Additionally, voters may write two specific candidates' number on the ballot as their personal preference. The newly elected congress takes office on the 26th of July of the year of the election. Congressmen may not be tried or arrested without prior authorization from Congress from the time of their election until a month after the end of their term. Congressmen must follow the Congress' code of ethics which is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4680350", "score": "0.93379045", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Congressional canvass for the 2010 Philippine presidential election", "text": "and Manny Villar) and vice president (Loren Legarda and Mar Roxas) are banned from attending the proceedings. Senators Miriam Defensor Santiago and Francis Escudero recused themselves for actively supporting candidates for president and vice president (Defensor Santiago herself was a guest senatorial candidate of four parties), while Estrada, who also recused himself, will only sit to provide quorum. Each political party is entitled to two lawyers who may file motions before Congress. On May 25, while the Senate approved the rules governing the proceedings quickly, House members took an hour to approve the rules. Joel Villanueva of CIBAC party-list predicted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14586579", "score": "0.9297756", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election", "text": "congressional canvassing committee was announced on May 24, 2016. Members of Congress who ran for president (Grace Poe and Miriam Defensor Santiago) and vice president (Alan Peter Cayetano, Francis Escudero, Gregorio Honasan, Bongbong Marcos, Leni Robredo and Antonio Trillanes) are banned from attending the proceedings. Each political party is entitled to two lawyers who may file motions before Congress. All presidential candidates and 4 vice presidential candidates (except Honasan and Trillanes) have lawyers for the canvassing period. On May 25, before the start of canvassing, Didagen Dilangalen, lawyer of Bongbong Marcos, requested for separate canvassing of presidential and vice presidential", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19471706", "score": "0.92883337", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Congressional canvass for the 2010 Philippine presidential election", "text": "COCs. Instead of the whole Congress canvassing the votes, a committee comprised evenly between the Senate and the House of Representatives will canvass the votes at the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City, the home of the House of Representatives. The Senate President and the Speaker will co-chair the proceedings; previously, the majority leaders of both houses played this role. House Speaker Prospero Nograles announced the composition of the House delegation on May 21, as Senate Majority Floor Leader Juan Miguel Zubiri announced theirs on May 24. Members of Congress who ran for president (Noynoy Aquino, Richard Gordon, Jamby Madrigal,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14586578", "score": "0.9279484", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Two-party system", "text": "parties but alliances of several smaller parties. Other smaller parties not aligned with either NDA or UPA exist, and overall command about 20% of the 2009 seats in the Lok Sabha and had further increased to 28% in 2014 general elections Most Latin American countries also have presidential systems very similar to the US often with winner takes all systems. Due to the common accumulation of power in the Presidential office both the official party and the main opposition became important political protagonists causing historically two-party systems. Some of the first manifestations of this particularity was with the liberals and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "430584", "score": "0.92759395", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Politics of India", "text": "and their core values play a major role in the politics of India. Both the executive branch and the legislative branch of the government are run by the representatives of the political parties who have been elected through the elections. Through the electoral process, the people of India choose which representative and which political party should run the government. Through the elections any party may gain simple majority in the lower house. Coalitions are formed by the political parties, in case no single party gains a simple majority in the lower house. Unless a party or a coalition have a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "191167", "score": "0.9273343", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "17th Congress of the Philippines", "text": "from the first to third year of the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte; this will be the end of tenure for senators elected in 2013. The 17th Congress was officially opened by President Duterte together with the joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Both chambers of Congress are divided into parties and blocs. While members are elected via parties, blocs are the basis for committee memberships. Only members of the majority and minority blocs are accorded committee memberships. This is how blocs are determined: In the speakership election, several members abstained from voting. They, along with the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19485182", "score": "0.9269874", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Congressional canvass for the 2010 Philippine presidential election", "text": "that once the certificates of canvass from the incumbent Congressman was defeated will be checked, \"expect these defeated lawmakers to raise hell.\" Speaker Nograles, himself beaten in the Davao City mayoralty election (he is term-limited to run for congressman this election), assured that the new president and vice president will be proclaimed simultaneously. Congress adjourned after approval of the rules and will reconvene on the afternoon of May 26. On May 26, all Commission on Elections commissioners, Smartmatic executives and information technology experts where present before the joint canvassing committee. The Congressmen asked the commissioners on the matter of \"two\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14586580", "score": "0.92672926", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Indian National Congress", "text": "responsible for directing political campaigns at local and state levels, and assisting the campaigns for parliamentary constituencies. Each PCC has a working committee of twenty members, most of whom are appointed by the party president, the leader of the state party, who is chosen by the national president. Those elected as members of the states' legislative assemblies form the Congress Legislature Parties in the various state assemblies; their chairperson is usually the party's nominee for Chief Ministership. The party is also organised into various committees, and sections; it publishes a daily newspaper, the \"National Herald\". Despite being a party with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1324782", "score": "0.9265117", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Politics of the United States", "text": "office as an independent. Each state has significant discretion in deciding how candidates are nominated, and thus eligible to appear on the election ballot. Typically, major party candidates are formally chosen in a party primary or convention, whereas minor party and Independents are required to complete a petitioning process. The modern political party system in the United States is a two-party system dominated by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. These two parties have won every United States presidential election since 1852 and have controlled the United States Congress since 1856. The Democratic Party generally positions itself as left-of-center", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "437989", "score": "0.92624784", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Party leader", "text": "Mike Pence, likewise holds a leadership role as both the second-highest executive officer as well as being the President of the Senate. The legislative branch, otherwise known as the United States Congress, is made up of the upper chamber, the Senate, and the lower chamber, the House of Representatives, with party-elected leaders in each. The leader of the party with most the representation (sometimes called the party-in-power) in each case is known as the majority leader, whereas the leader of the opposing party with the most members is known as the minority leader. Party leaders in the United States Senate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9709926", "score": "0.92066866", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "15th Congress of the Philippines", "text": "floor leader is automatically the chair of the Committee on Rules. The Speaker, Deputy Speakers and the Floor Leaders are \"ex officio\" members of all committees; the majority floor leader is automatically the chair of the Committee on Rules. Unlike at the beginning of the 14th Congress, the election of the presiding officers for both houses proceeded without incident as Quezon City representative Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. of the Liberal Party was elected as Speaker of the House of Representatives while Juan Ponce Enrile of PMP was re-elected Senate President. Alan Peter Cayetano of the Nacionalistas and Albay representative Edcel Lagman", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14057116", "score": "0.92023337", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress: 1789-1989", "text": "view and specific numbers for the partisan divide in each House. The map and pie chart on the lower left show the geographical pattern and partisan make-up of the Senate. The blue states have two Republican senators, red states two Democrats, and striped states one each. On the page opposite of the map page is a state by state list of all who served in the House and Senate, including replacements by special election or appointment, with their proper state and congressional district number and party affiliation (note in the Eightieth House illustration two representatives from both Arizona and New", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15756717", "score": "0.9171865", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "United States India Political Action Committee", "text": "us that they will stay out of the way.\" After Narendra Modi was elected Prime Minister of India, USINPAC spearheaded a campaign to schedule a Joint Session of Congress with Modi. In September, Speaker of the House John Boehner invited Modi \"to address a Joint Meeting of Congress after mid-term elections, at a time of his choosing,\" with signed notes of support from 100 bipartisan members of Congress. USINPAC supported grassroots campaigns behind the Domestic Prosperity and Global Freedom Act and H.R. 2771 (the Expedite Our Economy Act) in 2014, as well as the Senate companion bill S. 2494 (Natural", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10970024", "score": "0.91596377", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Indian National Congress", "text": "Narasimha Rao. This includes the peace process with Pakistan, and the exchange of high-level visits by leaders from both countries. The party has tried to end the border dispute with the People's Republic of China through negotiations. Relations with Afghanistan have also been a concern for Congress. During Afghan President Hamid Karzai's visit to New Delhi in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of schools, health clinics, infrastructure, and defence. India is now one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan. When in power between 2004 and 2014, Congress worked on India's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1324795", "score": "0.91394544", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Party leaders of the United States Senate", "long_answer": "The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate, and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate. These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate, and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference.", "short_answers": [ "Senate Democratic Caucus", "Senate Republican Conference" ] }

[ "Tosca" ]

[ { "title": "Madama Butterfly", "text": "it in the summer of that year. The original version of the opera, in two acts, had its premiere on 17 February 1904 at Teatro alla Scala in Milan. It was poorly received, despite such notable singers as soprano Rosina Storchio, tenor Giovanni Zenatello and baritone Giuseppe De Luca in lead roles; this was due in part to a late completion by Puccini, and thus inadequate time for rehearsals. Puccini revised the opera, splitting Act II into two (with the Humming Chorus as a bridge to what became Act III) and making other changes. Success ensued, starting with the first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "489408", "score": "1.0525769", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Suor Angelica", "text": "Suor Angelica Suor Angelica (Sister Angelica) is an opera in one act by Giacomo Puccini to an original Italian libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. It is the second opera of the trio of operas known as \"Il trittico\" (\"Triptych\"). It received its world premiere at the Metropolitan Opera on December 14, 1918. The opera opens with scenes showing typical aspects of life in the convent – all the sisters sing hymns, the Monitor scolds two lay-sisters, everyone gathers for recreation in the courtyard. The sisters rejoice because, as the mistress of novices explains, this is the first of three evenings that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5166661", "score": "1.0484825", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Suor Angelica", "text": "sources Suor Angelica Suor Angelica (Sister Angelica) is an opera in one act by Giacomo Puccini to an original Italian libretto by Giovacchino Forzano. It is the second opera of the trio of operas known as \"Il trittico\" (\"Triptych\"). It received its world premiere at the Metropolitan Opera on December 14, 1918. The opera opens with scenes showing typical aspects of life in the convent – all the sisters sing hymns, the Monitor scolds two lay-sisters, everyone gathers for recreation in the courtyard. The sisters rejoice because, as the mistress of novices explains, this is the first of three evenings", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5166666", "score": "1.0397857", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Giacomo Puccini", "text": "primary composition in 1887 and orchestration in 1888. \"Edgar\" premiered at La Scala on 21 April 1889 to a lukewarm response. The work was withdrawn for revisions after its third performance. In a Milanese newspaper, Giulio Ricordi published a defense of Puccini's skill as a composer, while criticizing Fontana's libretto. A revised version met with success at the Teatro del Giglio in Puccini's native Lucca on 5 September 1891. In 1892, further revisions reduced the length of the opera from four acts to three, in a version that was well received in Ferrara and was performed in Turin and in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "163994", "score": "1.0102644", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Albert Dubosq", "text": "bohème\", Act II. Premiered on 25 October 1900 under the supervision of the composer and publisher Tito Ricordi, this production enjoyed thirty performances in its first run alone and would keep the stage until 1949. Significantly, Puccini and Riccordi were so enthralled by Dubosq’s effort that they had it photographed and incorporated in Riccardo Salvadori’s new design for Act II of Puccini’s masterpiece. After \"La Bohème\", Dubosq received a string of commissions from the Monnaie: Several of this stagings were created by Dubosq in close collaboration with the stage director Charles De Beer and costume designer (and symbolist painter) Fernand", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19656637", "score": "1.0039897", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Giacomo Puccini", "text": "the opera, \"Ch'ella mi creda\", has become a staple of compilation albums by operatic tenors. It is said that during World War I, Italian soldiers sang this aria to maintain their spirits. The 2008 Italian film, \"Puccini e la fanciulla\" (\"Puccini and the Girl\"), is based on the period of his life when he was composing the opera. Puccini completed the score of \"La rondine\", to a libretto by Giuseppe Adami in 1916 after two years of work, and it was premiered at the Grand Théâtre de Monte Carlo on 27 March 1917. The opera had been originally commissioned by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "164010", "score": "0.9924966", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Giacomo Puccini", "text": "referred to her well publicised affair with Arturo Toscanini. This version was in two acts; after its disastrous premiere, Puccini withdrew the opera, revising it for what was virtually a second premiere at Brescia in May 1904 and performances in Buenos Aires, London, the USA and Paris. In 1907, Puccini made his final revisions to the opera in a fifth version, which has become known as the \"standard version\". Today, the standard version of the opera is the version most often performed around the world. However, the original 1904 version is occasionally performed as well, and has been recorded. After", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "164007", "score": "0.9890559", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "La rondine", "text": "Sources La rondine La rondine (\"The Swallow\") is a comic opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Giuseppe Adami, based on a libretto by Alfred Maria Willner and . It was first performed at the Grand Théâtre de Monte Carlo (or the Théâtre du Casino) in Monte Carlo on 27 March 1917. In autumn 1913, the directors of Vienna's Carltheater commissioned Puccini to compose a Viennese operetta. After confirming that it could take the form of a comic opera with no spoken dialogue in the style of \"Der Rosenkavalier\", \"only more entertaining and more organic,\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5161075", "score": "0.9828192", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "La rondine", "text": "La rondine La rondine (\"The Swallow\") is a comic opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Giuseppe Adami, based on a libretto by Alfred Maria Willner and . It was first performed at the Grand Théâtre de Monte Carlo (or the Théâtre du Casino) in Monte Carlo on 27 March 1917. In autumn 1913, the directors of Vienna's Carltheater commissioned Puccini to compose a Viennese operetta. After confirming that it could take the form of a comic opera with no spoken dialogue in the style of \"Der Rosenkavalier\", \"only more entertaining and more organic,\" he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5161055", "score": "0.980234", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Tosca", "text": "Tosca (Italian pronunciation: [ˈtoska; ˈtɔska]) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa. It premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome on 14 January 1900. The work, based on Victorien Sardou's 1887 French-language dramatic play, La Tosca, is a melodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800, with the Kingdom of Naples's control of Rome threatened by Napoleon's invasion of Italy. It contains depictions of torture, murder and suicide, as well as some of Puccini's best-known lyrical arias.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "La fanciulla del West", "text": "of significant criticism, the majority of academics and musicians agree in calling it a magnum opus, particularly lauding its craftmanship. The conductor of the work's premiere, Arturo Toscanini, called the opera a \"great symphonic poem\". \"La fanciulla del West\" was commissioned by, and first performed at, the Metropolitan Opera in New York on 10 December 1910 with Met stars Enrico Caruso and Emmy Destinn for whom Puccini created the leading roles of Dick Johnson and Minnie. However, after Puccini saw Gilda dalla Rizza as Minnie at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo in 1921, he remarked, \"At last I have seen my", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3305885", "score": "0.9752614", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "La fanciulla del West", "text": "La fanciulla del West La fanciulla del West (\"The Girl of the West\") is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by and , based on the play \"The Girl of the Golden West\" by the American author David Belasco. \"Fanciulla\" followed \"Madama Butterfly\", which was also based on a Belasco play. The opera has fewer of the show-stopping highlights that are characteristic of other Puccini works, but is admired for its impressive orchestration and for a score that is more melodically integrated than is typical of his previous work. \"Fanciulla\" displays influences from composers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3305883", "score": "0.9731531", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Tosca", "text": "and instructed Mugnone (who had survived a theatre bombing in Barcelona), that in an emergency he was to strike up the royal march. The unrest caused the premiere to be postponed by one day, to 14 January. By 1900, the premiere of a Puccini opera was a national event. Many Roman dignitaries attended, as did Queen Margherita, though she arrived late, after the first act. The Prime Minister of Italy, Luigi Pelloux was present, with several members of his cabinet. A number of Puccini's operatic rivals were there, including Franchetti, Pietro Mascagni, Francesco Cilea and Ildebrando Pizzetti. Shortly after the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "489371", "score": "0.97123027", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "La rondine", "text": "and subsequently performed there on 22 March 1994. As part of a 1958 celebration marking the centenary of Puccini's birth, the Teatro di San Carlo at Naples, Italy, staged a revival of \"La rondine\", at that time one of Puccini's least-performed operas. The revival was well-received, with audiences and critics deeming it a success. Modern day performances In Europe since the 1990s stagings have included the première of the third version at Teatro Regio di Torino (1994), as well as performances at La Scala (1994), Leeds Opera North (1994, 2001), Oper Bonn and Ludwigshaven State Opera House (1995), Teatro del", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5161060", "score": "0.96695995", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "La fanciulla del West", "text": "June 1911 at the Teatro Costanzi; at the Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires on 25 July 1911; and in Melbourne on 11 June 1912 at Her Majesty's Theatre. It is presented from time to time, but is not performed nearly as often as Puccini's other mature operas. The Metropolitan Opera presented the work in its 2010/11 season to mark the work's 100th anniversary. \"Inside the Polka Saloon\" A group of Gold Rush miners enter the \"Polka\" saloon after a day working at the mine (\"Hello! Hello! Alla 'Polka'\"). After a song by traveling minstrel Jake Wallace (\"Che faranno i vecchi miei\"),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3305887", "score": "0.952252", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Manon Lescaut (Puccini)", "text": "Manon Lescaut (Puccini) Manon Lescaut is an opera in four acts by Giacomo Puccini, composed between 1890 and 1893. The story is based on the 1731 novel \"L'histoire du chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut\" by the Abbé Prévost. In 1884 an opera by Jules Massenet entitled \"Manon\", and based on the same novel, was premiered and has also become popular. The libretto is in Italian, and was cobbled together by five librettists whom Puccini employed: Ruggero Leoncavallo, Marco Praga, Giuseppe Giacosa, Domenico Oliva and Luigi Illica. The publisher, Giulio Ricordi, and the composer himself also contributed to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5151859", "score": "0.9493435", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Gianni Schicchi", "text": "the composer had set aside this proposal to concentrate on the project which became \"La fanciulla del West\", although he did not wholly abandon the idea of a multiple-opera evening. His next idea in this vein, some years later, was for a two-opera bill, one tragic and one comic; he later expanded this to include a third opera with a mystic or religious tone. By November 1916 Puccini had completed the \"tragic\" element, which became \"Il tabarro\", but he still lacked ideas for the other two works. He considered staging \"Il tabarro\" in combination with his own early work \"Le", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5166613", "score": "0.94758326", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Zanetto", "text": "Venice, 1920 at the Teatro Regio in Turin, and 1940 at the Teatro Comunale in Florence. More recently, the opera was performed at the New Jersey State Opera in 1988, the Teatro Comunale in Florence in 1996 (with Sonia Ganassi as Zanetto), the Teatro Astor in Savona in 2003, the Teatro Goldoni in Livorno in 2007, and New York's Carnegie Hall in 2007 (in a concert performance with Jennifer Larmore as Zanetto). A new production was staged during the summer of 2012 at Opera Holland Park in London, when it was paired with \"Gianni Schicchi\" by Puccini. The setting of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14310843", "score": "0.9430259", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Madama Butterfly", "text": "States in 1906, first in Washington, D.C., in October, and then in New York in November, performed by Henry Savage's New English Opera Company (so named because it performed in English-language translations). In 1906, Puccini wrote a third version, which was performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. In 1907, Puccini made several changes in the orchestral and vocal scores, and this became the fourth version, which was performed in Paris. In 1907, Puccini made his final revisions to the opera in a fifth version, which has become known as the \"Standard Version\" and is the one which is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "489410", "score": "0.9407001", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Giacomo Puccini", "text": "bohème\", a four-act opera based on the 1851 book by Henri Murger, \"La Vie de Bohème\". \"La bohème\" premiered in Turin in 1896, conducted by Arturo Toscanini. Within a few years, it had been performed throughout many of the leading opera houses of Europe, including Britain, as well as in the United States. It was a popular success, and remains one of the most frequently performed operas ever written. The libretto of the opera, freely adapted from Murger's episodic novel, combines comic elements of the impoverished life of the young protagonists with the tragic aspects, such as the death of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "163999", "score": "0.9400538", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Gianni Schicchi", "text": "was completed in September 1917, and Puccini turned his full attention to \"Gianni Schicchi\", although the war news and the 1918 influenza pandemic, in which Puccini lost a sister, distracted him from his work. The first draft was completed on 20 April 1918, and Puccini continued to refine and orchestrate it through the summer of 1918. With the trilogy complete, Puccini had to decide on a place for the premiere. In 1918, travel was risky and uncertain. Puccini received an offer from Buenos Aires which he refused, unwilling to have so complex a work first performed overseas in his absence.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5166616", "score": "0.93784726", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Manon Lescaut (Puccini)", "text": "death of his vain and selfish lover, des Grieux collapses across her body (Manon, des Grieux: \"Fra le tue braccia, amore\"). The opera is scored for piccolo (doubling 3rd flute), two flutes, two oboes, cor anglais, two clarinets, bass clarinet, two bassoons, four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, bass tuba, timpani, triangle, drum, tam-tam, bass drum, cymbals, glockenspiel, celesta, harp, and strings, together with offstage flute, offstage cornet, offstage bell, offstage drum, and offstage sleigh bells. Manon Lescaut (Puccini) Manon Lescaut is an opera in four acts by Giacomo Puccini, composed between 1890 and 1893. The story is based on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5151877", "score": "0.9367469", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Turandot (Busoni)", "text": "Puccini's opera differs considerably from Gozzi's play. Ashbrook and Powers note that several skillful changes in the 'falling action' of the plot (Busoni's Act 2) enabled Busoni to avoid the pitfalls which plagued Puccini's attempt to set Act 3 of his version of the story. Bertolt Brecht also prepared a version of the story (1953–54). Notes Turandot (Busoni) Turandot is a 1917 opera with spoken dialogue and in two acts by Ferruccio Busoni. Busoni prepared his own libretto, in German, based on the play by Count Carlo Gozzi. The music for Busoni's opera is based on the incidental music, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11694891", "score": "0.93674004", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Gianni Schicchi discography", "text": "Gianni Schicchi discography This is a list of the recordings of \"Gianni Schicchi\", the third of a group of three one-act operas by Giacomo Puccini collectively known as \"Il trittico\"; the other operas are \"Il tabarro\" and \"Suor Angelica\". The three were premiered at the Metropolitan Opera on 14 December 1918, and for the next three years were always played together. After 1921, however, Puccini agreed that the operas could be performed separately. \"Gianni Schicchi\" became the most popular and most frequently performed of the three, often paired with other works such as Maurice Ravel's \"L'heure espagnole\" and Richard Strauss's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15127958", "score": "0.9364097", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Giacomo Puccini", "text": "Vienna's Carltheater; however, the outbreak of World War I prevented the premiere from being given there. Moreover, the firm of Ricordi had declined the score of the opera – Giulio Ricordi's son Tito was then in charge and he described the opera as \"bad Lehár\". It was taken up by their rival, Lorenzo Sonzogno, who arranged the first performance in neutral Monaco. The composer continued to work at revising this, the least known of his mature operas, until his death. \"La rondine\" was initially conceived as an operetta, but Puccini eliminated spoken dialogue, rendering the work closer in form to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "164011", "score": "0.9364027", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Festival Puccini", "text": "Festival Puccini The Festival Puccini (Puccini Festival) is an annual summer opera festival held in July and August to present the operas of the famous Italian composer Giacomo Puccini. The Festival is located in Torre del Lago, Italy, a town located between Lago di Massaciuccoli and the Tyrrhenian Sea, from the beaches of Viareggio on the Tuscan Riviera and from Pisa and Lucca, Puccini's birthplace. In presenting four or five performances of up to four operatic productions each season, the Festival attracts about forty thousand spectators to its open-air theatre, the \"Teatro dei Quattromila\" (so named for its seating capacity,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7939524", "score": "0.9338745", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Giacomo Puccini", "text": "remained under treatment for months. During the medical examinations that he underwent it was also found that he was suffering from a form of diabetes. The accident and its consequences slowed Puccini's completion of his next work, \"Madama Butterfly\". The original version of \"Madama Butterfly\", premiered at La Scala on 17 February 1904 with Rosina Storchio in the title role. It was initially greeted with great hostility (probably largely owing to inadequate rehearsals). When Storchio's kimono accidentally lifted during the performance, some in the audience started shouting: \"The butterfly is pregnant\" and \"There is the little Toscanini\". The latter comment", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "164006", "score": "0.93359673", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Manon Lescaut (Puccini)", "text": "fail to win the hearts of the public. Why shouldn't there be two operas about Manon? A woman like Manon can have more than one lover.\" He added, \"Massenet feels it as a Frenchman, with powder and minuets. I shall feel it as an Italian, with a desperate passion.\" The first performance of \"Manon Lescaut\" took place in the Teatro Regio in Turin on 1 February 1893; it was Puccini's third opera and his first great success. The opera was first performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New York on 18 January 1907 in the presence of the composer with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5151862", "score": "0.9333821", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Edgar (opera)", "text": "Edgar (opera) Edgar is an operatic \"dramma lirico\" in three acts (originally four acts) by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Ferdinando Fontana, freely based on the play in verse \"La Coupe et les lèvres\" by Alfred de Musset. The first performance was given at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan on 21 April 1889. The opera was not a success. Puccini repeatedly revised it, before eventually giving up in frustration, declaring the work irredeemable. \"Edgar\", Puccini's second opera, was composed on a commission from the publisher Ricordi after the successful reception of his first stage work, \"Le Villi\".", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5166246", "score": "0.92913854", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Tosca", "text": "d'arte\" and \"E lucevan le stelle\". The work remains popular today: according to Operabase, it ranks as fifth in the world with 540 performances given in the five seasons 2009/10 to 2013/14. By the end of the 19th century the classic form of opera structure, in which arias, duets and other set-piece vocal numbers are interspersed with passages of recitative or dialogue, had been largely abandoned, even in Italy. Operas were \"through-composed\", with a continuous stream of music which in some cases eliminated all identifiable set-pieces. In what critic Edward Greenfield calls the \"Grand Tune\" concept, Puccini retains a limited", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "489384", "score": "0.9280314", "original_retrieval_index": 36 } ]

{ "title": "Tosca", "long_answer": "Tosca (Italian pronunciation: [ˈtoska; ˈtɔska]) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa. It premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome on 14 January 1900. The work, based on Victorien Sardou's 1887 French-language dramatic play, La Tosca, is a melodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800, with the Kingdom of Naples's control of Rome threatened by Napoleon's invasion of Italy. It contains depictions of torture, murder and suicide, as well as some of Puccini's best-known lyrical arias.", "chunked_long_answer": "Tosca (Italian pronunciation: [ˈtoska; ˈtɔska]) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa. It premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome on 14 January 1900. The work, based on Victorien Sardou's 1887 French-language dramatic play, La Tosca, is a melodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800, with the Kingdom of Naples's control of Rome threatened by Napoleon's invasion of Italy. It contains depictions of torture, murder and suicide, as well as some of Puccini's best-known lyrical arias.", "short_answers": [ "Tosca" ] }

[ "Sauron" ]

[ { "title": "Glorfindel", "text": "Glorfindel is the most powerful recruitable hero from Lothlórien, who is available to the player only after having accumulated a great amount of influence. Glorfindel can also be found in the \"Lord of the Rings Online\" (LotRO), as a non player character (NPC) giving several quests to the players that visit him. In the game, he is in a white robe with purple belt, his hair is blonde, and he gives hope (a game mechanic) to the players around him. The Games Workshop tabletop strategy battle game of The Lord of the Rings features two versions of Glorfindel: In one", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "740318", "score": "1.0980754", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)", "text": "with its whip, pulling him down after it. The distraught party leave Moria, entering Lothlórien, and meeting Galadriel (Jennifer Hale). She takes Frodo to see the Mirror of Galadriel, where he sees images of the coming War of the Ring. Frodo offers her the One Ring and although she is tempted, she turns it down, explaining that his resistance to its evil is because he has never tried to use it to control others. The party leave Lothlórien via the river Anduin. Boromir tries to convince Frodo to take the Ring to Gondor to use it as a weapon against", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5259564", "score": "1.0821451", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age", "text": "heir to the throne of Gondor. Aragorn protected the hobbits on their journey to Rivendell, and upon their arrival, Elrond formed a Fellowship with the goal of bringing the Ring to Mordor to destroy it. The Fellowship is composed of Frodo, Sam, Merry, Pippin, Aragorn, Gandalf, a silvan elf from Mirkwood named Legolas, a dwarf from Erebor named Gimli, and a man from Gondor named Boromir, son of Denethor, Steward of Gondor. The game begins with Berethor (voiced by Rhys Lloyd), a captain in the Citadel Guard of Gondor, travelling to Rivendell to find Boromir at the behest of Denethor.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3995587", "score": "1.0745168", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring", "text": "Gandalf, Sam, Merry, Pippin, elf Legolas, dwarf Gimli, Boromir of Gondor, and Strider, who is revealed to be Aragorn, Isildur's heir and the rightful King of Gondor. Bilbo gives Frodo his sword, Sting. The Fellowship of the Ring sets off, but Saruman's magic forces them to travel through the Mines of Moria, much to Gandalf's displeasure. The Fellowship discovers that the dwarves within Moria have been slain, and they are attacked by Orcs and a cave troll. They defeat them, but are confronted by an ancient demon called a Balrog. Gandalf casts the Balrog into a vast chasm, but it", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1485882", "score": "1.0723873", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings", "text": "the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle-earth. From quiet beginnings in the Shire, a hobbit land not unlike the English countryside, the story ranges across Middle-earth, following the course of the War of the Ring through the eyes of its characters, not only the hobbits Frodo Baggins, Samwise \"Sam\" Gamgee, Meriadoc \"Merry\" Brandybuck and Peregrin \"Pippin\" Took, but also the hobbits' chief allies and travelling companions: the Men, Aragorn, a Ranger of the North, and Boromir, a Captain of Gondor; Gimli, a Dwarf warrior; Legolas Greenleaf, an Elven", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "402219", "score": "1.061804", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Scandinavian folklore", "text": "this story, a magic ring owned by a dwarf named Andvari is stolen. When Loki, the god of Deceit and tricks, steals the ring, Andvari shouts \"I curse you for this! The ring will carry my curse forever. All who possesses the ring will be destroyed!\" This only leads to death and destruction, and later Fafnir morphs into a serpentdragon, whose outer body matches his inner evil created by the ring. This theme seems to carry over into the story behind the character Gollum. Also, there is a parallel between the Nordic legend of \"Frotha-Firth\" who stood as a peacemaker,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2658974", "score": "1.0537583", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring", "text": "Gandalf never arrives, and they are instead aided by a ranger named Strider, a friend of Gandalf's, who escorts them to Rivendell. The hobbits are ambushed by the Ringwraiths, and one stabs Frodo with a cursed Morgul blade. Arwen, an elf and Strider's lover, comes to Frodo's aid and successfully takes him to Rivendell, where he is healed. Frodo meets Gandalf, who escaped Isengard on the back of a giant Eagle. Arwen's father, Lord Elrond, holds a council that decides the Ring must be destroyed in Mount Doom. While the members argue, Frodo volunteers to take the Ring, accompanied by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1485881", "score": "1.051811", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Magic ring", "text": "the story grew into \"The Lord of the Rings\" the matter expanded, borrowing from Germanic and Norse mythology for many of its themes, creatures, and names. Of twenty magical Rings of Power, four are described in some detail: the extremely powerful and dangerous \"One Ring\" around which the plot revolves; and three rings worn by Gandalf the wizard and the elves Elrond and Galadriel. Seven Rings of Power were given to the dwarves in an only slightly successful attempt to corrupt them. Humans prove to be more susceptible; each of the nine Nazgûl were once great lords of men who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6763687", "score": "1.0513439", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)", "text": "by Tom Kane) visiting Frodo (Steve Staley) and explaining the significance and history of the Ring. Frodo suggests it be destroyed, and Gandalf explains only the fires that created it are powerful enough to do so; the fires of Mount Doom, deep in Mordor. As Gandalf cannot take the Ring himself, for fear it would corrupt him, Frodo volunteers to do so. An eavesdropping Samwise Gamgee (voiced by Scott Menville in PC & PS2, but Cliff Broadway in Xbox) volunteers to join Frodo and Gandalf agrees, telling them they must head to Rivendell and speak to Elrond. He also tells", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5259556", "score": "1.0426211", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Sauron", "text": "With Sauron's assistance, the Elven-smiths forged the Rings of Power, which conferred great power upon their bearers. He then secretly forged the One Ring in the volcanic Mount Doom in Mordor. This \"One Ring to rule them all\" had the power to dominate the other Rings and enslave their wearers to Sauron's will. The Rings of Power were extremely potent, however; to create an instrument that could dominate even them, Sauron was forced to transfer a great part of his native power into it. Yet \"while he wore it, his power on earth was actually enhanced\".", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)", "text": "Gandalf, Legolas, Gimli and Boromir) are controllable, each with their own strengths, weaknesses and growth charts. During combat, the player has the choice to fully control each member of their active party (up to four characters), or instead, control only the main player character, and have the other three controlled by the AI. The game is presented against the background of the history of the One Ring. At the dawn of the Second Age, after the defeat of the Dark Lord, Morgoth, the elves of Eregion forged the nineteen Rings of Power to help themselves, the dwarves and men rule", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5259548", "score": "1.0373768", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: War in the North", "text": "who explain the Hobbit Frodo Baggins (Yuri Lowenthal), is in possession of the One Ring, which must be destroyed by casting it into fires of Mount Doom. A fellowship of nine has thus been formed to carry the Ring to its destruction. The trio ask how they may help, and Gandalf explains the immediate concern is Agandaûr, as his mission and location are unknown. Elrond speculates he may be planning an attack on Rivendell, and, as such, it is likely he has gone to the Ettenmoors to strengthen his army with trolls. The trio head to investigate the Ettenmoors, where", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14397771", "score": "1.0371253", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Lord of the Rings (musical)", "text": "Arwen's father, Lord Elrond, calls a Council of Elves, Men and Dwarves at which it is decided that Frodo will carry the Ring to Mordor. The Fellowship of the Ring sets out from Rivendell: Frodo and his three fellow Hobbits, Aragorn, the human warrior Boromir, the Elf Legolas, the Dwarf Gimli, and the great wizard Gandalf the Grey. Arwen and the people of Rivendell invoke the holy power of the star Eärendil to protect and guide the Fellowship on its journey (\"Star of Eärendil\"). In the ancient, ruined Dwarf-mines of Moria, Gandalf confronts a Balrog, a monstrous creature of evil,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10276310", "score": "1.0363126", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Gandalf", "text": "gave him the Elven Ring of Power called Narya, the Ring of Fire, containing a \"red\" stone for his aid and comfort. Tolkien explicitly links Gandalf to the element fire later in the same essay: As one of the Maiar, Gandalf would have participated in the Music of the Ainur at the creation of the world. However he does not attain any prominence until the Valar settle in Valinor. In Valinor, Gandalf was known as Olórin. As recounted in the \"Valaquenta\" in \"The Silmarillion\", he was one of the Maiar of Valinor, specifically, of the people of the Vala Manwë;", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "639621", "score": "1.0361243", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age", "text": "On the outskirts of Rivendell, he is attacked by the Nazgûl, but is rescued by Idrial (Lori Phillips), an elf in the service of Galadriel. As they travel through the forest, they see a murder of crebain and Idrial deduces Saruman (Christopher Lee) has betrayed the elves leaving Middle-earth for the Grey Havens. Seeing her convoy under attack by Isengard orcs, she and Berethor intervene. They then head to Caradhras to seek any further survivors, and there meet Elegost (Chris Edgerly), a Dúnedain ranger hunting Warg. They learn the Fellowship tried to pass over Caradhras recently, but were prevented from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3995588", "score": "1.035796", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Rings of Power", "text": "of three remaining realms of the Eldar. Vilya was used by Elrond in Rivendell, Nenya by Galadriel in Lothlórien, and Narya by Círdan in Lindon. When the Istari, or wizards, arrived about , Círdan gave Narya to Gandalf, who bore it until the end of the Third Age. During the period of \"The Lord of the Rings\", the Three were borne by Elrond, Galadriel, and Gandalf; but until the end of the book their rings are not seen. Only Frodo, the bearer of the One, sees Galadriel's ring, and only when she draws his attention to it. At the end", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "734598", "score": "1.0346026", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)", "text": "Later, he acquires a dagger, and finally, he can use the short sword Sting. Frodo can also throw stones, and can turn invisible for limited periods of time by using the One Ring. Aragorn is initially armed with a basic longsword, but later acquires Andúril. He also possesses a bow, and he can kick out at enemies. Gandalf uses his sword Glamdring and has several magical abilities, such as a fire attack, chain lightning and healing. The player can also switch to first-person view at any time during the game. This can help targeting when Frodo is throwing stones or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5259544", "score": "1.0337232", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Ring of Fire (anthology)", "text": "former 1970s \"Lothlorian Commune\" and had been enticed away from Pharmacology graduate school by a hippy \"Chick\" named Lisa, who is Faramir's (Frank Stone) mother as acknowledged son of Stoner. In the free love community of Lothlorien, whether \"Elrond\" (Ronald Stone) \"\"might be\" his is a question he has long abandoned, but it is genetically certain that the \"Stop sign red\" colored hair of \"Gwaihir\" (Gerry Stone) makes him someone else's boy, who is nonetheless being raised as one of his own. As this story opens, a glum Stoner is introduced to Dr. James Nichols by Mike Stearns, and the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5293156", "score": "1.0324507", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Círdan", "text": "Valinor. In \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy, directed by Peter Jackson, Círdan appears in the beginning of the first movie, and when the fellowship arrives in Lothlorien. He appears mostly as he is described in the book, but lacks a beard. His first appearance is during Galadriel's monologue at the start of the first movie, in a brief shot of the three Elven ringbearers. He appears for a second time in the scene at the end of when Frodo, Galadriel, Elrond, Celeborn, Gandalf, and Bilbo board the ship at the Grey Havens. He has no speaking role. Círdan", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1842950", "score": "1.0315629", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest", "text": "able to temporarily fend them off, but Frodo (Yuri Lowenthal) is stabbed with a Morgul blade. The party continue towards Rivendell, closely pursued by the Nazgûl, and with Frodo \"passing into shadow.\" They soon encounter Arwen (Jennifer Hale), who takes Frodo and rides on ahead. She crosses the river Bruinen and as the Nazgûl attempt to cross after her, she uses elven magic to cause the river to rise, washing them away. She enters Rivendell, taking Frodo to her father, Elrond (Jim Piddock), who heals him. Meanwhile, a council has been called between the Free Peoples of Middle-earth to determine", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13410179", "score": "1.0293732", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)", "text": "Boromir, a silvan elf from Mirkwood named Legolas (Michael Reisz) and a dwarf from Erebor named Gimli (James Horan). They set out, and attempt to cross Caradhras, but a snowstorm causes an avalanche, closing the pass. They reluctantly decide the only way past the Misty Mountains is to go under them, via the dwarven mines of Moria. In Moria, they fight off orcs as they pass through the chambers. Near the exit, they are attacked by a Balrog. Gandalf stands against it, defeating it by destroying the bridge on which it is standing. However, as it falls, it catches Gandalf", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5259563", "score": "1.0271559", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Éomer", "text": "One Ring to be destroyed in Mount Doom, leading to his downfall. After Théoden's funeral, Éomer stays in Minas Tirith to help Aragorn, now crowned King Elessar of the Reunited Kingdom, rebuild his kingdom. Éomer met Lothíriel of Dol Amroth during his stay in Gondor, and they were soon wed. She bore him a son named Elfwine, known as \"Elfwine the Fair\", who eventually succeeded Éomer as King of the Mark. Éomer's sword, a gift from his father, Éomund, was called Gúthwinë (, \"battle friend\"). In the 1978 animated adaptation of \"The Lord of the Rings\" by Ralph Bakshi, Éomer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "730579", "score": "1.0248305", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Glorfindel", "text": "of \"Glorfindel\" was portrayed as a dark-haired elf-woman, played by Alma Ferovic. Glorfindel, as depicted by Jarl Benzon, appears on a trading card in The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game, based on the Jackson films. Glorfindel is also playable in the older Middle-earth Collectible Card Game. Here he is one of the most powerful characters outside the circle of the Wizards and Haven-elves (Elrond, Galadriel and Círdan). He also is a playable hero unit in the real-time strategy game, \"\", also based on the Jackson films, where his hair is silver-blond (as opposed to his eponymous colour golden-blond)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "740316", "score": "1.0211161", "original_retrieval_index": 41 }, { "title": "Middle-earth objects", "text": "the Kings of Gondor and Arnor, descendants of Aragorn and Arwen, or it went with Arwen to her grave in Cerin Amroth. It was one of the older artefacts to exist in Middle-earth (it may have been the oldest), for it had been forged by Finrod in Valinor before the Exile of the Noldor. The ring is noticeably visible on the hand of Aragorn in Peter Jackson's adaptation \"\" when he extends his hand toward Gríma Wormtongue in a gesture of reconciliation (which is not accepted). In the extended version, the ring is described in more detail, and it is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11833674", "score": "1.0202394", "original_retrieval_index": 43 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)", "text": "in pursuit of Merry and Pippin. This brings them to Fangorn Forest, where they encounter a wizard. Initially believing it to be Saruman, they soon realize it is Gandalf, who has been resurrected by the Valar. Merry and Pippin are also safe, having escaped their captors and come under the protection of the ent Treebeard. Meanwhile, Gandalf explains there is now an alliance between the two towers of Barad-dûr in Mordor and Orthanc in Isengard, home of Saruman, who has sent out legions of Uruk-hai and orcs to ravage the countryside of Rohan, whose king, Théoden, has been rendered virtually", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6041806", "score": "1.0198243", "original_retrieval_index": 46 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)", "text": "the Witch-king with a Morgul-blade. The party reach Rivendell, where Frodo is healed. The Council of Elrond then form a fellowship of nine to bring the Ring to Mordor to destroy it; Frodo (who will carry the Ring), Sam, Merry, Pippin, Gandalf, Aragorn, Boromir, Legolas and Gimli. Attempting to cross the mountain Caradhras, a snowstorm causes an avalanche, closing the pass. The party reluctantly decide the only way past the Misty Mountains is to go under them, via the goblin mines of Moria. They arrive at the Doors of Durin, but are attacked by the Watcher. After slaying the creature,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6041803", "score": "1.0196929", "original_retrieval_index": 47 }, { "title": "Middle-earth dwarf characters", "text": "throughout the War of the Ring, fighting at the Hornburg, Pelargir, and Pelennor Fields. His friendship with Legolas and love for Galadriel earned him the title of \"Elf-friend\". He was played by John Rhys-Davies in Peter Jackson's film series \"The Lord of the Rings\". The royal family of the Longbeards included its kings; Thorin Oakenshield and many of his Company (namely Balin & Dwalin, Fíli & Kíli, Óin & Glóin, and Ori, Nori & Dori); and Gimli of the Fellowship of the Ring; all listed above. The following are miscellaneous members of the royal family. Borin ( − 2711) was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13166114", "score": "1.0157971", "original_retrieval_index": 51 }, { "title": "The Lord of the Rings: War in the North", "text": "and gems. Andriel uses a staff and a shield, or a staff and a single-handed weapon. Her staff also serves as her long-range weapon. Her skills are built around offensive and defensive spell casting. She can also create potions from alchemy ingredients collected in the field, and her special ability allows her to find secret passages marked with hidden elven glyphs. All characters have a light and a heavy attack, and all three can roll, block and sprint. Players can also perform critical strikes; when a yellow indicator appears over the head of an enemy a heavy attack will produce", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14397755", "score": "1.014443", "original_retrieval_index": 54 }, { "title": "Three Rings", "text": "was sent to the Elven-king Gil-galad far away in Lindon, where it was later given to Elrond, who bore it through the later years of the Second Age and all of the Third. As Gil-galad was the High King of the Noldor elves at the time of the rings' distribution it was thought that he was best fit to care for the most powerful of the three Elven rings. Three Rings In Tolkien's mythology, the Three Rings are magical artifacts forged by the Elves of Eregion. After the One Ring, they are the most powerful of the twenty Rings of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2624207", "score": "1.0142702", "original_retrieval_index": 56 }, { "title": "Middle-earth objects", "text": "as a token when he sought Finrod's help in the quest for the Silmaril. The ring was passed from Beren to a line of his descendants through many generations, beginning with Beren's son Dior. It was then transferred to Dior's daughter Elwing and her son Elros. Elros took the ring with him when he left Middle-earth to found Númenor in , becoming its first king. It was an heirloom of the kings of Númenor until Tar-Elendil gave the ring to his eldest daughter Silmariën, who was not eligible to succeed him on the throne. She in turn gave the ring", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11833671", "score": "1.0125322", "original_retrieval_index": 60 } ]

{ "title": "Sauron", "long_answer": "With Sauron's assistance, the Elven-smiths forged the Rings of Power, which conferred great power upon their bearers. He then secretly forged the One Ring in the volcanic Mount Doom in Mordor. This \"One Ring to rule them all\" had the power to dominate the other Rings and enslave their wearers to Sauron's will. The Rings of Power were extremely potent, however; to create an instrument that could dominate even them, Sauron was forced to transfer a great part of his native power into it. Yet \"while he wore it, his power on earth was actually enhanced\".", "chunked_long_answer": "With Sauron's assistance, the Elven-smiths forged the Rings of Power, which conferred great power upon their bearers. He then secretly forged the One Ring in the volcanic Mount Doom in Mordor. This \"One Ring to rule them all\" had the power to dominate the other Rings and enslave their wearers to Sauron's will. The Rings of Power were extremely potent, however; to create an instrument that could dominate even them, Sauron was forced to transfer a great part of his native power into it. Yet \"while he wore it, his power on earth was actually enhanced\".", "short_answers": [ "Sauron" ] }

[ "AM 5778", "5778" ]

[ { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "Hebrew calendar The Hebrew or Jewish calendar (, ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, \"yahrzeits\" (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm readings, among many ceremonial uses. In Israel, it is used for religious purposes, provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes, although the latter usage has been steadily declining in favor of the Gregorian calendar. The present Hebrew calendar is the product of evolution, including a Babylonian", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179383", "score": "1.0444071", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Seder Olam Rabbah", "text": "in \"anno\" 68 CE, rather than in 70 CE. In this and related cases, a difference between the traditional Jewish year and a scientific date in a Gregorian year or in a proleptic Julian calendar date results from a disagreement about when the event happened—and not simply a difference between the Jewish and Gregorian calendars (See the \"Missing Years\" in the Jewish Calendar and below, \"Excursus: Jewish Chronology in the Scroll of Antiochus\"). In Jewish thought the counting is usually considered to be to the creation of the world, as has been emphasized in many ancient texts dealing with creation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9535864", "score": "1.0115931", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "932d 2h 31 2/18m or 1d 2h 31 2/18m later after removing complete weeks. Allowing for the current difference of thirteen days between the civil and Julian calendars, the Julian date is 13+(248x0d 5h 47 4/18m) earlier, which is 72d 21h 28 16/18m earlier. Convert back to the civil calendar by applying the formula. So, in 20874 CE, the Jewish year is due to begin 87d 2h 31 2/18m later than in 2026 CE and 1d 2h 31 2/18m later in the week. In 20874 CE, therefore, the Jewish year is due to begin at 11.30 3/18 A.M. on Friday,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179501", "score": "1.0058709", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "moon resulting from tidal friction because astronomy was not sufficiently developed in the 12th century (when Maimonides wrote his book) to detect this. 723–730. Hebrew calendar The Hebrew or Jewish calendar (, ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, \"yahrzeits\" (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm readings, among many ceremonial uses. In Israel, it is used for religious purposes, provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes, although the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179503", "score": "0.9949857", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "years from the sequence. That is the essential feature of the 353-year leap cycle (). Religious questions abound about how such a system might be implemented and administered throughout the diverse aspects of the world Jewish community. The list below gives a time which can be used to determine the day the Jewish ecclesiastical (spring) year starts over a period of nineteen years: Every nineteen years this time is 2 days, 16 hours, 33 1/18 minutes later in the week. That is either the same or the previous day in the civil calendar, depending on whether the difference in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179494", "score": "0.9947411", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "and the number of the month to within a month or so. From the 4th century, the number of the month is given exactly and from the 9th century the day of the month is given exactly as well. In the Julian calendar, every 76 years the Jewish year is due to start 5h 47 14/18m earlier, and 3d 18h 12 4/18m later in the week. On what civil date does the eighth month begin in CE 20874-5? 20874=2026+(248x76). In (248x76) Julian years the Jewish year is due to start (248x3d 18h 12 4/18m) later in the week, which is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179500", "score": "0.9940982", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "7 are leap years of 13 months. To determine whether a Jewish year is a leap year, one must find its position in the 19-year Metonic cycle. This position is calculated by dividing the Jewish year number by 19 and finding the remainder. (Since there is no year 0, a remainder of 0 indicates that the year is year 19 of the cycle.) For example, the Jewish year divided by 19 results in a remainder of % 19, indicating that it is year of the Metonic cycle. Years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19 of the Metonic cycle", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179430", "score": "0.9935389", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Jewish Talmudic Calendar", "text": "according to the Rabbinical Chronology (3761 BC) is taken as year 1 in the first Small Mahzor. The Greek cycle begins from an arbitrarily year, usually from the beginning of the Common Era (Anno Domini). If every 13 Small Mahzor is called an Iggul, because 12 times 2 hours is a day, and 30 days are a month, in less than 30 Igguls a whole intercalary month should be removed. The position of the years in a Small Mahzor is called the Golden Number. The pattern of the leap years will change slightly each Iggul, but the Jewish Talmudic Calendar", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14950327", "score": "0.987846", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Jewish Talmudic Calendar", "text": "(adding in a 30-day Adar I, and making the 29-day month Adar II). There are times when a common year is 353 days, or a leap year is 383 days; these are called the Defective Years. When a common year is 355 days, or a leap year is 385 days, these are called the Excessive Years. In Defective years, the regularly 30-day Kislev is made 29 days; in Excessive Years, the regularly 29-day Heshvan is made 30 days. Jewish Talmudic Calendar is coupled with the Rabbinical Chronology, taking Monday, (Julian) Oct 7, 3761 BC. as the date of creation, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14950325", "score": "0.9816735", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "AM 5778 began at sunset on 20 September 2017 and will end at sunset on 9 September 2018.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "in each 19-year cycle. This gives an average of 6939 days, 16 hours, and 595 parts for each cycle. But due to the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules (preceding section) a cycle of 19 Jewish years can be either 6939, 6940, 6941, or 6942 days in duration. Since none of these values is evenly divisible by seven, the Jewish calendar repeats exactly only following 36,288 Metonic cycles, or 689,472 Jewish years. There is a near-repetition every 247 years, except for an excess of about 50 minutes (905 parts). The annual calendar of a numbered Hebrew year, displayed as 12 or 13", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179442", "score": "0.9813404", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "length of the year, the length of each month is fixed as described above, so the real problem in determining the calendar for a year is determining the number of days in the year. In the modern calendar, this is determined in the following manner. The day of Rosh Hashanah and the length of the year are determined by the time and the day of the week of the Tishrei \"molad\", that is, the moment of the average conjunction. Given the Tishrei \"molad\" of a certain year, the length of the year is determined as follows: First, one must determine", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179485", "score": "0.97968036", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Leap year", "text": "This is to ensure that Passover () is always in the spring as required by the Torah (Pentateuch) in many verses relating to Passover. In addition, the Hebrew calendar has postponement rules that postpone the start of the year by one or two days. These postponement rules reduce the number of different combinations of year length and starting days of the week from 28 to 14, and regulate the location of certain religious holidays in relation to the Sabbath. In particular, the first day of the Hebrew year can never be Sunday, Wednesday or Friday. This rule is known in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "237130", "score": "0.97217405", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "the second month or removing one from the third month. A Jewish common year can only have 353, 354, or 355 days. A leap year is always 30 days longer, and so can have 383, 384, or 385 days. Whether a year is deficient, regular, or complete is determined by the time between two adjacent Rosh Hashanah observances and the leap year. While the \"keviyah\" is sufficient to describe a year, a variant specifies the day of the week for the first day of Pesach (Passover) in lieu of the year length. A Metonic cycle equates to 235 lunar months", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179441", "score": "0.97191423", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "1st of Shevat is the new year for trees—so the school of Shammai; and the school of Hillel say: On the 15th thereof. The month of Elul is the new year for counting animal tithes (\"ma'aser behemah\"). \"Tu Bishvat\" (\"the 15th of Shevat\") marks the new year for trees (and agricultural tithes). For the dates of the Jewish New Year see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050 or calculate using the section \"Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars\". The Jewish calendar is based on the Metonic cycle of 19 years, of which 12 are common (non-leap) years of 12 months and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179429", "score": "0.9692745", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "an additional day to have 30 days, and the year is called a full (\"maleh\") year. The calendar rules have been designed to ensure that Rosh Hashanah does not fall on a Sunday, Wednesday or Friday. This is to ensure that Yom Kippur does not directly precede or follow Shabbat, which would create practical difficulties, and that Hoshana Rabbah is not on a Shabbat, in which case certain ceremonies would be lost for a year. The solar year is about eleven days longer than twelve lunar months. The Bible does not directly mention the addition of \"embolismic\" or intercalary months.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179408", "score": "0.96519184", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "the following day if the previous year was due to begin on Monday morning. The table below lists, for a Jewish year commencing on 23 March, the civil date of the first day of each month. If the year does not begin on 23 March, each month's first day will differ from the date shown by the number of days that the start of the year differs from 23 March. The correct column is the one which shows the correct starting date for the following year in the last row. If 29 February falls within a Jewish month the first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179496", "score": "0.9600101", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "\"year 1\" is \"not\" Creation, but about one year before Creation, with the new moon of its first month (Tishrei) to be called \"molad tohu\" (the mean new moon of chaos or nothing). The Jewish calendar's epoch (reference date), 1 Tishrei AM 1, is equivalent to Monday, 7 October 3761 BC/BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar, the equivalent tabular date (same daylight period) and is about one year \"before\" the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1, based upon the \"Seder Olam Rabbah\". Thus, adding 3760 before Rosh Hashanah or 3761 after to a Julian year number", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179417", "score": "0.9598844", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "the basic Hebrew calendar year is one of twelve lunar months alternating between 29 and 30 days: In leap years (such as 5779) an additional month, Adar I (30 days) is added after Shevat, while the regular Adar is referred to as \"Adar II.\" The insertion of the leap month mentioned above is based on the requirement that Passover—the festival celebrating the Exodus from Egypt, which took place in the spring—always occurs in the [northern hemisphere's] spring season. Since the adoption of a fixed calendar, intercalations in the Hebrew calendar have been assigned to fixed points in a 19-year cycle.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179400", "score": "0.95884705", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "recited until \"Shemini Atzeret\", after the end of Sukkot, yet it is becoming increasingly likely that the rainy season in Israel will start before the end of Sukkot. No equinox or solstice will ever be more than a day or so away from its mean date according to the solar calendar, while nineteen Jewish years average 6939d 16h 33m 03s compared to the 6939d 14h 26m 15s of nineteen mean tropical years. This discrepancy has mounted up to six days, which is why the earliest Passover currently falls on 26 March (as in AM 5773 / 2013 CE). Given the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179484", "score": "0.9533504", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "each triple is the day of the week of , the first day of Passover or Pesach , within the same Hebrew year (next Julian/Gregorian year). The \"keviyah\" in Hebrew letters are written right-to-left, so their days of the week are reversed, the right number for and the left for . The year within the 19-year cycle alone determines whether that year has one or two Adars. This table numbers the days of the week and hours for the limits of molad Tishrei in the Hebrew manner for calendrical calculations, that is, both begin at , thus is noon Saturday.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179444", "score": "0.94921166", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "can affect the dates observed for all the Jewish holidays in a particular year by one or two days. Many of the Dead Sea (Qumran) Scrolls have references to a unique calendar, used by the people there, who are often assumed to be Essenes. The year of this calendar used the ideal Mesopotamian calendar of twelve 30-day months, to which were added 4 days at the equinoxes and solstices (cardinal points), making a total of 364 days. There was some ambiguity as to whether the cardinal days were at the beginning of the months or at the end, but the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179467", "score": "0.94715744", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "However, because of the holiday rules, Rosh Hashanah cannot fall on a Sunday, Wednesday, or Friday, so if TM2 is one of those days, Rosh Hashanah in year 2 is postponed by adding one day to year 1 (the second \"deḥiyyah\"). To compensate, one day is subtracted from year 2. It is to allow for these adjustments that the system allows 385-day years (long leap) and 353-day years (short ordinary) besides the four natural year lengths. But how can year 1 be lengthened if it is already a long ordinary year of 355 days or year 2 be shortened if", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179488", "score": "0.9470437", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "as Sasha Stern, who claim that the calendar rules developed gradually over several centuries. Given the importance in Jewish ritual of establishing the accurate timing of monthly and annual times, some futurist writers and researchers have considered whether a \"corrected\" system of establishing the Hebrew date is required. The mean year of the current mathematically based Hebrew calendar has \"drifted\" an average of 7–8 days late relative to the equinox relationship that it originally had. It is not possible, however, for any individual Hebrew date to be a week or more \"late\", because Hebrew months always begin within a day", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179491", "score": "0.94686", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "calendar year conventionally begins on Rosh Hashanah. However, other dates serve as the beginning of the year for different religious purposes. There are three qualities that distinguish one year from another: whether it is a leap year or a common year, on which of four permissible days of the week the year begins, and whether it is a deficient, regular, or complete year. Mathematically, there are 24 (2×4×3) possible combinations, but only 14 of them are valid. Each of these patterns is called a \"keviyah\" (Hebrew קביעה for \"a setting\" or \"an established thing\"), and is encoded as a series", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179413", "score": "0.9456055", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Jewish Talmudic Calendar", "text": "Jewish Talmudic Calendar The Jewish Talmudic Calendar is a lunisolar calendar using Tishri-years, observed by the Jewish people since the Late Antiquity (AD 300-700). While it is based on Nisan-years, which began from the prebiblical Babylonian times (c. 2000 BC), and the Tishri-years was formed in the time of David (c. 1000 BC), the full formation of the Jewish Talmudic Calendar was during the time of the writing of Talmud (c. AD 300-600), usually attributed to Hillel II. The ancient Israelite Calendar, no matter Nisan-years or Tishri-years, was determined by the astronomical observation of the New Moon, and the agricultural", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14950321", "score": "0.94427156", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "New moon", "text": "is considered an important date and minor holiday in the Hebrew calendar. The modern form of the calendar is a rule-based lunisolar calendar, akin to the Chinese calendar, measuring months defined in lunar cycles as well as years measured in solar cycles, and distinct from the purely lunar Islamic calendar and the predominantly solar Gregorian calendar. The Jewish calendar is calculated based on mathematical rules designed to ensure that festivals are observed in their traditional season. Passover always falls in the springtime. This fixed lunisolar calendar follows rules introduced by Hillel II and refined until the ninth century This calculation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "289946", "score": "0.9431263", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "These rules are implemented by adding an extra day to Marcheshvan (making it 30 days long) or by removing one day from Kislev (making it 29 days long). Accordingly, a common Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 353, 354 or 355 days, while a leap Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 383, 384 or 385 days. The Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar, meaning that months are based on lunar months, but years are based on solar years. The calendar year features twelve lunar months of twenty-nine or thirty days, with an intercalary lunar month added", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179398", "score": "0.9419288", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Hebrew birthday", "text": "Hebrew birthday A Hebrew birthday (also known as a Jewish birthday) is the date on which a person is born according to the Hebrew calendar. This is important for Jewish people, particularly when calculating the correct date for day of birth, day of death, a bar mitzva or a bat mitzva. This is because the Jewish calendar differs from the secular and Christian Gregorian calendar as well as from the Islamic calendar, in most years the two birthdays do not coincide - typically, they coincide just once in 19 years. Especially among Hasidic Jews, there is a custom that a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16130299", "score": "0.9415761", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Hebrew calendar", "text": "much less frequently and serve to prevent impermissible year lengths. Their names are Hebrew acronyms that refer to the ways they are calculated: At the innovation of the sages, the calendar was arranged to ensure that Yom Kippur would not fall on a Friday or Sunday, and Hoshana Rabbah would not fall on Shabbat. These rules have been instituted because Shabbat restrictions also apply to Yom Kippur, so that if Yom Kippur were to fall on Friday, it would not be possible to make necessary preparations for Shabbat (such as candle lighting). Similarly, if Yom Kippur fell on a Sunday,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179438", "score": "0.94064593", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Hebrew calendar", "long_answer": "AM 5778 began at sunset on 20 September 2017 and will end at sunset on 9 September 2018.", "chunked_long_answer": "AM 5778 began at sunset on 20 September 2017 and will end at sunset on 9 September 2018.", "short_answers": [ "AM 5778" ] }

[ "The Gupta Empire" ]

[ { "title": "Alupa dynasty", "text": "three dynasties that issued gold coins as early as 8th century CE. The gold that used to mint coins came from trade with the Romans, Arabs and from the adjacent kingdom of Gangas. No other ancient dynasties of the south have issued that many varieties of gold coins as Alupas and Gangas did. The coins of both Gangas and Alupas have inscriptions that helps in dating the period of issue. Unfortunately these coins have not drawn much attention compared to that of Chalukyas or Hoysals. But for sure, they have inspired later dynasties as a prototype or basis to issue", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8525507", "score": "1.1796911", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Maldivian rufiyaa", "text": "city of Malé, a fact which it acknowledged on the reverse. The legend \"King of Land and Sea, Iskandhar the Great\" () is found on the edge. After this period, gold coins replaced the existing silver ones during the reign of Sultan Hassan Nooruddin in 1787. He used two different qualities of gold in his coins; one was called Mohoree and the other Baimohoree, of which the former is of higher value. How this gold was obtained is uncertain. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, bronze coins were issued denominated in laari. Sultan Mohamed Imaadhudheen IV (1900–1904) introduced what", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2719124", "score": "1.1450976", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Coinage of Asia", "text": "1 hwan = 5 yang. Tibetan coins were struck in Lhasa and in the Kong-po province between 1763 and 1954. Since 1959 Chinese currency replaces that of Tibet. The first Indian coins were either round, square or long sticks of silver with punch marks issued under various kingdoms starting from around 600 BCE onwards. Issuers included Kashi, Kosala, the Magadha Empire, Kuru, Panchala, Taxila, Gandhara, Kamboja, Avanti in the Narbada Valley, Saurashtra Peninsula, and the Eastern Deccan. The first coins issued by a unified Indian empire was from the Maurya Empire, though they were similar to the older issues. During", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6881908", "score": "1.1268686", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Satavahana dynasty", "text": "states that the element was donated by Ananda, who was the son of Siri Satakarni's foreman of artisans. This inscription is probably from the reign of Satakarni II. The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest. Thousands of lead, copper and potin Satavahana coins have been discovered in the Deccan region; a few gold and silver coins are also available. These coins do not feature", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4523516", "score": "1.1219535", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Coinage of India", "text": "value differential would have incentivised the exchange of gold for silver, resulting in an increasing supply of silver in India. India developed some of the world's first coins, but scholars debate exactly which coin was first and when. Sometime around 600BC in the lower Ganges valley in eastern India a coin called a punchmarked Karshapana was created. According to Hardaker, T.R. the origin of Indian coins can be placed at 575 BCE and according to Gupta in the seventh century BCE. Punch-marked coins were a type of early Coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4514109", "score": "1.1060654", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Western Satraps", "text": "and the date of issue, and have helped clarify the early history of India. From the reigns of Jivadaman and Rudrasimha I, the date of minting of each coin, reckoned in the Saka era, is usually written on the obverse behind the king's head in Brahmi numerals, allowing for a quite precise datation of the rule of each king. This is a rather uncommon case in Indian numismatics. Some, such as the numismat R.C Senior considered that these dates might correspond to the much earlier Azes era instead. Also the father of each king is systematically mentioned in the reverse", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6407793", "score": "1.1059892", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Coinage of India", "text": "of South India. The South Indian kings reissued Roman-like coinage in their own name, either producing their own copies or defacing real ones in order to signify their sovereignty. During the Indo-Scythians period whose era begins from 200 BCE to 400 CE, a new kind of the coins of two dynasties were very popular in circulation in various parts of the then India and parts of central and northern South Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria, Arachosia, Gandhara, Sindh, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar). These dynasties were Saka and The Pahlavas.After the conquest of Bactria by the Sakas in 135", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4514120", "score": "1.1016383", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Post-Mauryan coinage", "text": "Kalinga Brahmi scripts. The Satavahanas at first issued relatively simple designs. Their coins also display various traditional symbols, such as elephants, lions, horses and chaityas (stupas), as well as the \"Ujjain symbol\", a cross with four circles at the end. Later, in the 1st or 2nd century CE, the Satavahanas became the first rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Satraps he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest. Satavahana coins give unique indications as to their chronology, language, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19891724", "score": "1.0919363", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Coinage of India", "text": "Coinage of India Coinage of India, issued by imperial dynasties and middle kingdoms, began anywhere between the 1st millennium BCE to the 6th century BCE, and consisted mainly of copper and silver coins in its initial stage. Scholars remain divided over the origins of Indian coinage. Cowry shells was first used in India as commodity money. The Indus Valley Civilization dates back between 2500 BCE and 1750 BCE. What is known, however, is that metal currency was minted in India well before the Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE), and as radio carbon dating indicates, before the 5th century BCE. The practice", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4514104", "score": "1.0917735", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Coinage of India", "text": "The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Maldivian rufiyaa", "text": "Persian Gulf, India, Ceylon and the Far East during this time. Historians agree that this new form of currency was most probably exchanged for cowry shells and indicates Maldives’ lucrative trade with these countries. The first Sultan to imprint his own seal onto this currency was Ghaazee Mohamed Thakurufaanu Al Auzam. The seal was much broader than the wires hence it was barely legible. The first known of coins were introduced by Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar (1648–1687). Compared to the previous forms of money, these coins were much neater and minted in pure silver. The coins were minted in the capital", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2719123", "score": "1.0912986", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Coinage metals", "text": "BC. Ancient India in circa 6th century BC, was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world. Since that time, coins have been the most universal embodiment of money. These first coins were made of electrum, a naturally occurring pale yellow mixture of gold and silver that was further alloyed with silver and copper. However, the Persian daric was the first gold coin which, along with a similar silver coin, the siglos, (From Ancient Greek σίγλος, Hebrew שֶׁקֶל (shékel))represented the bimetallic monetary standard of the Achaemenid Persian Empire which has continued till today.Also, the Persian coins were very", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14348737", "score": "1.0911947", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Coinage of India", "text": "least eight succeeding kings and was a standard type in the kingdom. The silver coinage of Guptas starts with the overthrow of the Western Satraps by Chandragupta II. Kumaragupta and Skandagupta continued with the old type of coins (the Garuda and the Peacock types) and also introduced some other new types. The copper coinage was mostly confined to the era of Chandragupta II and was more original in design. Eight out of the nine types known to have been struck by him have a figure of Garuda and the name of the King on it. The gradual deterioration in design", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4514125", "score": "1.0910847", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Kalachuri dynasty", "text": "controlled Vidarbha, where they succeeded the Vakataka and the Vishnukundina dynasties. In addition, the Kalachuris conquered northern Konkan (around Elephanta) by the mid-6th century. Here, they succeeded the Traikutaka dynasty. The origin of the Kalachuris is uncertain. Krishnaraja (r. c. 550-575) is the earliest known ruler of the dynasty. He issued coins featuring Brahmi script legends, imitating the design of earlier coins issued by the Traikutaka and the Gupta kings. His coins featuring a bull are based on the coins issued by Skandagupta. His silver coins were circulated widely for around 150 years after his reign. Krishnaraja's coins describe him", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19794892", "score": "1.0902157", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Madurai Nayak dynasty", "text": "in Tiruchi that one of the Nayak rulers, Vijayaranga Chokkanatha Nayak, launched a stiff opposition to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Most Nayaka coins were made of gold or copper. The design, figures, size, and weight of Nayak coins all were similar to those of Vijayanagara coins. Sadasiva Nayaka issued some beautiful Nayaka coins: one gold coin shows Shiva and Parvati seated next to one another – Shiva holds the trisula (trident) and the mriga (antelope) in his hands. Another gold coin of the same ruler features the mythical bird Gandaberunda. This coin is almost identical to the gandabherunda coins minted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9610303", "score": "1.0892648", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Chalukya dynasty", "text": "the symbol of a temple on the obverse and a 'sceptre between lamps' or a temple on the reverse. Pulakeshin II's coins had a caparisoned lion facing right on the obverse and a temple on the reverse. The coins weighed 4 grams and were called, in old-Kannada, \"hun\" (or \"honnu\") and had fractions such as \"fana\" (or \"fanam\") and the \"quarter fana\" (the modern day Kannada equivalent being \"hana\" – which literally means \"money\"). A gold coin called \"gadyana\" is mentioned in a record at the Vijayeshwara Temple at Pattadakal, which later came to be known as \"varaha\" (their royal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15357952", "score": "1.0874629", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Mohur", "text": "princely states issued half-mohur coins (equal to 7 rupees and 8 anna). The \"mohur\" coin was first introduced by Sher Shah Suri during his rule in India between 1540 and 1545 and was then a gold coin weighing 169 grains (10.95 grams). He also introduced copper coins called \"dam\" and silver coins called \"rupiya\" that weighed 178 grains (11.53 grams). Later on, the Mughal emperors standardized this coinage of tri-metallism across the sub-continent in order to consolidate the monetary system. The word \"mohur\" or \"mohor\" is from the Persian word \"muhr\", which means \"seal\" and is cognate with the Sanskrit", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4274541", "score": "1.0844935", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Udayaditya", "text": "inscription which names Udayaditya as Jagaddeva's father and Bhoja as Jagaddeva's paternal uncle. It may thus be surmised that the direct line ended with Jayasimha, and Udayaditya started a collateral branch of the dynasty. Udayaditya had three sons Lakshmadeva, Naravarman, Jagdeva, and one daughter. The elder sons in turn succeeded their father while the daughter, Shyamaladevi, was married to the Gohi prince Vijaysinha and become the mother of Alhandevi afterwards wife of the Chedi king Gayakarnadeva. The gold coins issued by Udayaditya are of 4.05 g weight. On the obverse of these coins the image of seated Lakshmi is depicted.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13950517", "score": "1.081456", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Vijayanagara coinage", "text": "Vijayanagara coinage The Vijayanagara Empire from 1336–1646, was situated in Southern India and had a complex currency system that was used after the Empire ceased to exist. The standard unit of coin issued by the Vijayanagara Empire was the gold Pagoda in English or Varaha of 3.4 gr. The Varaha was also called the Hon, Gadyana or a Pon and came in the Ghattivaraha, Doddavaraha and Suddhavaraha coin. In the gold issue the different coins came in Varaha, this is used as a reference for the other coins values. 1 gold Varaha = 2 Pratapas = 4 Katis = 8", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12291195", "score": "1.0810735", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Coin", "text": "continued to strike Lydia's lion-and-bull coinage. Original coins of the Achaemenid Empire were issued from 520 BCE-450 BCE to 330 BCE. The Persian Daric was the first truly Achaemenid gold coin which, along with a similar silver coin, the Siglos, represented the bimetallic monetary standard of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. The Achaemenid Empire already reached the doors of India during the original expansion of Cyrus the Great, and the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley is dated to circa 515 BC under Darius I. An Achaemenid administration was established in the area. The Kabul hoard, also called the Chaman Hazouri", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "92964", "score": "1.0783882", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Kushan coinage", "text": "Kushan coinage In the coinage of the North Indian and Central Asian Kushan Empire (approximately 30-375 CE) the main coins issued were gold, weighing 7.9g., and base metal issues of various weights between 12g and 1.5g. Little silver coinage was issued, but in later periods the gold used was debased with silver. The coin designs usually broadly follow the styles of the preceding Greco-Bactrian rulers in using Hellenistic styles of image, with a deity on one side and the king on the other. Kings may be shown as a profile head, a standing figure, typically officiating at a fire altar", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12269022", "score": "1.0776675", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur", "text": "the first of which was received by G K Vasan, Cabinet Minister of Shipping. Mumbai Mint issued Rs 1000 Commemorative Coin with the same picture as on the Rs 5 coin. It was the first 1000 Rupees coin to be released in the Republic of India coinage. This coin was a Non Circulative Legal Tender (NCLT). On 1 April 1954, the Reserve Bank of India released a 1000 currency note featuring a panoramic view of the Brihadeeswar temple marking its cultural heritage and significance. In 1975, the then government led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi demonetised all 1,000 currency notes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12104776", "score": "1.0775356", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Jayasimha Siddharaja", "text": "Vardhamana (author of \"Siddharaja-Varnana\"). The gold coins attributed to Siddharaja are found in Pandwaha near Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh. The gold coins are round weights 65-66 grains and measures 0.8\" to 0.9\". It has legend \"Shri Siddharajah\" on reverse and obverse. The silver coins attributed to him are found at Vanthali, Junagadh and Pilwai in North Gujarat. On obverse of these silver coins, the three lines legend \"Shri Jayasimha\" in Nagari script appears; with one more word \"priya\" in some coins. On reverse there is an image of an elephant. These elephant either represents Laxmi or commemorates victory in war with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18659179", "score": "1.0769185", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Coinage of India", "text": "BCE there must have been considerable intercourse sometimes of a friendly, sometimes of a hostile character, between them and the Parthians, who occupied the neighboring territory. Maues, whose coins are found only in the Punjab, was the first king of what may be called the Azes group of princes. His silver is not plentiful; the finest type is that with a \"biga\" (two-horsed chariot) on the obverse, and this type belongs to a square Hemi drachm, the only square aka silver coin known. His most common copper coins, with an elephant's head on the obverse and a \"Caduceus\" (staff of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4514121", "score": "1.0761399", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Kadamba dynasty", "text": "the Rashtrakutas and Kalyani Chalukyas. The successors of Mayurasharma took to the name \"varma\" to indicate their Kshatriya status. Kadamba coins were one the heaviest and perhaps purest of all medieval Indian gold coinage. They issued 2 types of gold coins, those which were punch-marked and others which were die-struck. During 1075-1094 CE, Shanti Varma, issued gold punch-marked coins and in 1065 CE, Toyimadeva, issued die-struck gold coins. \"Punch-marked gold coins\" \"Die struck gold coins (Pagoda)\" They have been definitively attributed to the Kadambas because they not only have various Kadamba symbols, such as conches and chakras, but one of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4043373", "score": "1.0753444", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Pathankot district", "text": "kings issued their coins. These early coins are thin pieces of copper either square or oblong. Their identity is marked by the symbols found on these coins such as Trident, Nandi Bull, Swastic and elephant etc. Some silver coins have also been issued by the Audumbra Kings. They were issued in the name of the community and king. These coins bear the name of the king as well as the state as Audumbrisa . Dharaghosa was probably the most famous and great king of the Audumbra republic. These coins remained in use till the fourth century A.D. Sir A. Cunnigham,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15793431", "score": "1.074935", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Karshapana", "text": "punch-marks with the addition of the bull and the lion. The successors of Ajatashatru who ruled between 520 and 440 BCE and the later Shishunaga dynasty and the nanda dynasty issued coins of five symbols – the sun-mark, the six-armed symbol and any three of the 450 symbols. The Maurya coins also have five symbols – the sun-mark, the six-armed symbol, three-arched hill with crescent at top, a branch of a tree at the corner of a four-squared railing and a bull with a taurine in front. Punch-marked copper coins were first issued during the rule of Chandragupta Maurya or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18588469", "score": "1.0746152", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Indian rupee", "text": "Lion on the reverse. India's first coins after independence were issued in 1950 in 1 pice, , one and two annas, , and one-rupee denominations. The sizes and composition were the same as the final regal issues, except for the one-pice (which was bronze, but not holed). The first decimal-coin issues in India consisted of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 naye paise, and 1 rupee. The 1 naya paisa was bronze; the 2, 5 & 10 naye paise were cupro-nickel, and the 25 naye paise (nicknamed \"chawanni\"; 25 naye paise equals 4 annas), 50 naye paise (also called", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2719079", "score": "1.0742823", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Mohur", "text": "word \"mudra\" which also means \"seal\". Gold mohurs issued by the Moghul Empire, the British East India Company or the British Crown are valuable collector items and sell in auctions for high prices. The double mohur (minted between 1835 and 1918) with a value of 30 rupees is the highest denomination circulating coin issued till date. An 1835 double mohur was sold at a Bangalore auction for Rs. 11.5 lakhs making it the highest ever coin bid in India. Mohur A mohur is a gold coin that was formerly minted by several governments, including British India and some of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4274542", "score": "1.0739748", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Indian rupee", "text": "(meaning \"wrought silver, a coin of silver\"). Panini characterised as a stamped (which means a form in general, but probably a silver form in this case). \"Arthashastra\", written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya (c 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as . Other types of coins including gold coins (), copper coins () and lead coins () are also mentioned. The history of the Indian rupee traces back to Ancient India in circa 6th century BCE, ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Chinese wen and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2719062", "score": "1.0728062", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "Coinage of India", "long_answer": "The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II.", "short_answers": [ "The Gupta Empire" ] }

[ "Carlos Alan Autry Jr." ]

[ { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "ex-partner and Althea's ex-lover (Michael Warren from \"Hill Street Blues\") coming to visit for a reunion that no one would ever forget; Chief Gillespie's having to face his own bigoted past when he arrests a close friend (played by Ed Ames) (who is also the sheriff of the neighboring county) for committing a racially motivated murder; Bubba's getting caught up in a murderous love triangle; Althea's niece \"Nicole\" visiting, and with new friend \"Bobby Skinner\" (Bubba's nephew) stumbling upon criminal malfeasance in the episode \"City Mouse Country Mouse\". Mary Crosby and Judith Chapman stir up trouble when the sisters are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961558", "score": "1.187539", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "real father. At the end of the episode, Lana finds out that Bill is her real father but does not want to have anything to do with him because of his nonexistence in her life for 20 years. This hurts Bill deeply, and he has a hard time dealing with it. Other story lines include a taxidermist who is obsessed with a schoolteacher, a game of high-stakes poker that ends in murder, Bubba's finding out that Sheriff McComb's deputy is growing pot on the side, Sweet's finding out the truth about the murder of his grandfather in 1948 (a story", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961577", "score": "1.1712285", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "Tibbs and assists on three of the Sparta PD's cases after having moved into Ben Taylor's law office. Other cases involve a friend of Bubba Skinner's being given the AIDS virus from a lover who knew he had it, a nine-year-old little girl being killed because of a drunk driver (Hagman-directed), a young inter-racial couple being stalked by a white supremacist (Brent Lunay), first seen in the episode \"Odessa\", written by Denise Nicholas. Other cases include Parker's being accused of police brutality, and the return of Daddy Roy and Miz Rhoda. Both Anne Meara and Jerry Stiller make special guest", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961591", "score": "1.1528629", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "for Megan Fowler (the girlfriend) and Lyle Ridley (the older married man) and fatally shoots Lyle while he and Megan are chasing each other outside the cabin that belongs to Lyle Ridley and his wife. Parker and Dee suffer the dreaded task of traveling to the Ridley residence to tell Mrs. Ridley that her husband was shot at their lake home and that he was with a 17-year-old girl. Other highlights this season included the return of Luanne's brother (played by \"Designing Women\"s Meshach Taylor), a faded country music singer (played by Robert Goulet) who ends up committing murder; the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961584", "score": "1.1211661", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "by the music teacher at Sparta High School. It was also revealed that Parker was a Vietnam veteran. Dee Shaw joined the cast as officer Dee Sheppard. In plot lines, Parker almost crosses the line between police ethics and love when he falls for Kate Morell and her daughter J.C.; a former boxer that used to run for the mob tries to blackmail them. The chief tries unsuccessfully to save him, telling Althea, \"The FBI wants to buy what King Baylor knows before the mob kills him and the mob wants him dead before the FBI can buy him. It's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961564", "score": "1.0848904", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "reconciliation between Gillespie and his estranged daughter Lana, Bubba's being stalked by an obsessed admirer; Sweet's being falsely accused of accepting a bribe; and a two-part episode directed by Larry Hagman involving the white supremacy that still exists in the new South. In a two-part episode written by O'Connor and Cynthia Deming, titled \"Even Nice People\" and \"Lake Winahatchie\", the mob, led by their real estate connection Lewis Alvin Epp, tries to force Lana off her farmland, first by trying to buy it and then by torching it so that they can build the \"Sparta South Development\". Burgess Meredith (in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961585", "score": "1.0637343", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "character actors and actresses have made guest appearances, and others were newcomers who went on to become well-known. Some of those appearing in \"The Heat of the Night\" episodes were: Ed Ames, Frances Fisher, Rod Masterson, Mel Stewart, Denzel Washington, Nana Visitor, Gail O'Grady, Peter Fonda, Don Galloway, Corbin Bernsen, Dana Barron, Marco St. John, Larry Black, Ted Lange, Mickey Jones, Mitchell Laurance, Laura Johnson, Jordan Vaughn, Martha Byrne, Walton Goggins, Maury Covington, Earl Holliman, Michael Beck, Randy Brooks, Wayne Brady, Art Evans, Nicolas Cowan, Lou Walker, Alan Arbus, Robert Goulet, Bobby Short, Iman, William Sadler, Michael Spound, Bill McKinney,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961596", "score": "1.0455991", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Brad Leland", "text": "and directing. After graduating from college, Leland moved to Dallas where he worked in local theatre and found an agent. He also got a part in one episode of the TV series \"Dallas\" and in an episode of \"In the Heat of the Night\". He later appeared in seven episodes of the TV series \"Walker, Texas Ranger\", in the 2003 \"Texas Chain Saw Massacre\" remake and as an executive in the film \"Hancock\". His most visible roles, though, are that of football booster John Aubrey in the film \"Friday Night Lights\" and the similar character, Buddy Garrity, in the TV", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11137039", "score": "1.0420722", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "played by legendary actress Stella Stevens. Georgia Farren asks Bill to help her put some of her affairs in order and to keep all of her \"boyfriends\" as well as her ex-husband away from her assets, which she intends to leave to Lana. Bill immediately puts Ted Marcus on the case to assist Lana in obtaining the property meant to be given to her by her mother. In the meantime, Georgia returns to Gulfport and is murdered. The chief takes this very personally and sets out to find her killer, Ken Farren, who evidently learns that Bill Gillespie is Lana's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961576", "score": "1.0414306", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Alan Autry", "text": "Carlos Alan Autry Jr. (also known for a period of time as Carlos Brown; born July 31, 1952), is an American actor, politician, and former National Football League player. During his brief football career, he was known as Carlos Brown. He played the role of Captain Bubba Skinner on the NBC television series, In the Heat of the Night, starring Carroll O'Connor. He has also appeared in films and other television shows. In November 2000, he was elected mayor of Fresno, California, and served for two four-year terms through January 2009. In 2008, Autry was hosting a radio news talk", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Sweet, Sweet Blues", "text": "Sweet, Sweet Blues \"Sweet, Sweet Blues\" is an award winning episode of the NBC drama series \"In the Heat of the Night\", starring Carroll O'Connor as Chief Bill Gillespie and Howard Rollins as Detective Virgil Tibbs.\"In the Heat of the Night\" was based on the 1965 novel by John Ball, which was also the basis for the Academy Award winning film of the same name starring Rod Steiger and Sidney Poitier, directed by Norman Jewison. Directed by Vincent McEveety (\"Firecreek\") and written by William James Royce, the episode guest stars musician Bobby Short as bluesman Chester \"Cat\" Collins and actor", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15908738", "score": "1.0367217", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Bubba Ho-Tep", "text": "Bubba Ho-Tep Bubba Ho-Tep is a 2002 American comedy horror film written, co-produced and directed by Don Coscarelli. It stars Bruce Campbell as Elvis Presley—now a resident in a nursing home. The film also stars Ossie Davis as Jack, a black man who claims to be John F. Kennedy, explaining that he was patched up after the assassination, dyed black, and abandoned. It is based on novella of the same name by Joe R. Lansdale, which originally appeared in the anthology \"The King Is Dead: Tales of Elvis Post-Mortem\". Originally the film was \"roadshowed\" by the director across the country.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3430927", "score": "1.0295849", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "which he does not tell her about. She is worried that her children will grow up without their father. She begs him to try something different. Chief Gillespie burns up the wires to get Virgil on his way to law school, and Althea apologizes for not being more understanding as she, Virgil, and Chief Gillespie share a glass of wine together. The fifth season begins with the revelation that Chief Gillespie has a daughter by the name of Lana Farren, played by Christine Elise (formerly of \"Beverly Hills, 90210\"). The chief is now good friends with her mother, Georgia Farren,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961575", "score": "1.0227728", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "the knot at the same sanctuary involved in the sanctuary case from season five. Father DiMarco has since died, but the new Monk agrees to marry them. Chief Forbes serves as best man. In the meantime, a newspaper misprint makes Gillespie the target of an escaped killer from Texas whose father Sheriff McComb sent to death row. His son is now seeking revenge. The season and the TV series wraps up with the two-hour movie of the week, \"Give Me Your Life\", starring Peter Fonda as Appfel. The story (by O'Connor and written by Cynthia Deming & William J Royce)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961594", "score": "1.0117884", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Warren Oates", "text": "Devil\" (1975) and \"92 in the Shade\" (1975). While making a guest appearance on a segment of the Western television series \"Dundee and the Culhane\", Oates managed to steal the show with his off-camera antics and bloopers that had everyone on the set rolling. After a long day of filming, he headed over and set his footprints in cement along with all the other stars who appeared at Apacheland Movie Ranch. It was during this time that \"In the Heat of the Night\" was a blockbuster summer movie. Oates played Officer Sam Wood, a peeping-tom policeman and possible killer in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4043275", "score": "1.0091585", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "District Attorney Darnell, who feels the prisoner is being treated in a privileged status due to his disability. Meanwhile, Chief Forbes is escorted on a driving tour of Sparta by Bubba Skinner and Officer Covey. Forbes gets to see both the finest street in town, along which Bubba indicates that he has solved many major crimes, as well as \"The Bottoms\". Chief Forbes soon realizes that Sparta is no different from Memphis, and he and Gillespie will need to work together to keep the town safe from the criminal elements. Howard Rollins returns in his new capacity as attorney Virgil", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961590", "score": "1.0080782", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Dennis Burkley", "text": "credits, he established himself as a talent in the 1970s with appearances on \"Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman\", \"Maude\", BJ and the Bear, The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo and \"the Rockford Files.\" In the 80s, he came into his own as an actor with high profile roles as Sonny Crockett on \"Hill Street Blues\" and another memorable role as Cal, the Texas-born junkyard partner of Fred G. Sanford in \"Sanford\", the short-lived \"Sanford and Son\" sequel from 1980-1981. He played a cannibal on an episode of \"Night Court\". He appeared as Bubba in the TV series \"The Dukes of Hazzard\" in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8672580", "score": "1.006961", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Ed Grady", "text": "as well as a string of series including \"In the Heat of the Night\", \"I'll Fly Away\", \"Matlock\", and \"Dawson's Creek\", in which he had a recurring role as Gramps Ryan. Grady's theater roles included three seasons at \"Unto These Hills\", an outdoor Cherokee historical drama staged in Cherokee, North Carolina. Grady portrayed Drowning Bear in the play, which follows the story of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. In addition to acting, Grady taught television production and English at Freedom High School in Morganton, North Carolina, during the 1970s and Keenan High School in Columbia, South Carolina. He was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17013324", "score": "1.0042571", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "of the cast members had homes in the area and were often spotted in local restaurants and retail stores. The cast members would also go around to local schools to speak to students. The theme song, \"In the Heat of the Night,\" was recorded by Quincy Jones, and is usually paired with \"They Call Me Mr. Tibbs\" on albums. Bill Champlin of the band Chicago sang the opening theme song for the television series. Randall Franks and Alan Autry co-produced the cast CD \"Christmas Time's A Comin'\" for Sonlite and MGM/UA featuring the entire cast and a host of music", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961603", "score": "1.0010483", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Carroll O'Connor", "text": "on CBS in that show's last three seasons. While coping with his son's drug problem, O'Connor starred as Sparta, Mississippi, Police Chief Bill Gillespie, a tough veteran cop on \"In the Heat of the Night\". Based on the 1967 movie of the same name, the series debuted on NBC in March 1988 and performed well. He cast his son Hugh O'Connor as Officer Lonnie Jamison. The headquarters of the Sparta Police Department was actually the library in Covington, Georgia. Much like O'Connor himself, Gillespie was racially progressive and politically liberal, but the character of Bill Gillespie was also a smart", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1834896", "score": "1.0006394", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Brothers (1984 TV series)", "text": "teammates coming out, then feeling forced to admit that he was HIV-positive. Bubba Dean (guest star James Avery) actually revealed to Joe in a first-season episode that he was gay and had been holding a long-time torch for him. Then in a second season appearance, out of his fear of potentially spreading the virus, Bubba drops the news of his HIV infection at a party thrown by Donald. Since HIV and AIDS were not widely known to most Americans at the time, this episode had Joe learning about HIV and AIDS to better understand what his friend was going through", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5401218", "score": "0.9958926", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "David Hart (actor)", "text": "was joined on the recording by A-Team Nashville studio pianist Hargus \"Pig\" Robbins. The song was produced by co-stars Randall Franks and Alan Autry. David Hart (actor) David Hart (born February 6, 1954) is an American actor and singer best known for his portrayal of Sgt. Parker Williams on the smash-hit television series \"In the Heat of the Night\" (1988 to 1995). He has appeared in numerous films. Hart continues to perform in theater around the country, most recently performing as Charlemagne in \"Pippin\" and Oscar in \"The Odd Couple\". He has also appeared in numerous commercials, including IHOP Restaurants,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3032178", "score": "0.99410224", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series) In the Heat of the Night is an American drama television series based on the 1967 film and the 1965 novel of the same title. It starred Carroll O'Connor as police chief William Gillespie and Howard Rollins as police detective Virgil Tibbs, and was broadcast on NBC from March 6, 1988 until May 19, 1992, then on CBS from October 28, 1992 until May 16, 1995. Its executive producers were Fred Silverman, Juanita Bartlett and O'Connor. In the premiere episode, Philadelphia detective Virgil Tibbs has returned to his fictional home town of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961548", "score": "0.9940025", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Juanita Bartlett", "text": "Jadda Productions. Jadda Productions' first production was the second season of \"\", and would later go on to produce the show \"In the Heat of the Night\" when it premiered on March 6, 1988. When the second season of \"In the Heat of the Night\" premiered, the production company was renamed Juanita Bartlett Productions. After the last \"In the Heat of the Night\" movie aired after Hugh O'Connor died, Juanita Bartlett Productions ceased to exist. In 1979 and 1980, Bartlett was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for her work on \"The Rockford Files\". Bartlett died on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9379093", "score": "0.9926211", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Rod Steiger", "text": "Rod Steiger Rodney Stephen Steiger (April 14, 1925July 9, 2002) was an American actor, noted for his portrayal of offbeat, often volatile and crazed characters. Cited as \"one of Hollywood's most charismatic and dynamic stars\", he is closely associated with the art of method acting, embodying the characters he played, which at times led to clashes with directors and co-stars. He starred as Marlon Brando's mobster brother Charley in \"On the Waterfront\" (1954), the title character Sol Nazerman in \"The Pawnbroker\" (1964), and as police chief Bill Gillespie opposite Sidney Poitier in the film \"In the Heat of the Night\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "715408", "score": "0.98885477", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "stars and it was released Christmas 1991 and 1992 and was among the top holiday recordings of those years around the South and Midwest. In the Heat of the Night (TV series) In the Heat of the Night is an American drama television series based on the 1967 film and the 1965 novel of the same title. It starred Carroll O'Connor as police chief William Gillespie and Howard Rollins as police detective Virgil Tibbs, and was broadcast on NBC from March 6, 1988 until May 19, 1992, then on CBS from October 28, 1992 until May 16, 1995. Its executive", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961604", "score": "0.9879124", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "episode also guest stars Jean Simmons as the dying grand dame of Sparta who also happens to be Ches's old flame and the overbearing great-aunt of Lonnie Jamison. Another episode involves the return of Maybelle Chesboro (played by Elizabeth Ashley), the ex-madam. She has returned to operate a legal phone sex business. One of her employees tries to blackmail one of Holly Colmer's friends and ends up getting shot. Chesboro decides to give up working in the business for good, but not before visiting Gillespie and attempting to get romantic with him. Finally, in \"Dangerous Engagement\", Gillespie and DeLong tie", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961593", "score": "0.9867773", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Heat It Up", "text": "\"Rolling Stone\" found the song just as less effective than the other Collipark-produced song \"Ms. New Booty\", calling it \"even more unimpressive than the first.\" Bubba performed \"Heat It Up\" with Mr. Collipark on \"Last Call with Carson Daly\" on August 3, 2006. Heat It Up \"Heat It Up\" is the second single off Bubba Sparxxx's third full-length album \"The Charm\" (2006). It was produced by Mr Collipark. The song garnered a negative reception from critics. \"Heat It Up\" had less chart success than its predecessor \"Ms. New Booty\", peaking at numbers 24 and 57 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Rap", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7790025", "score": "0.9821699", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Bubba Ho-Tep", "text": "An elderly man (Bruce Campbell) at The Shady Rest Retirement Home in East Texas is known to the staff as Sebastian Haff, but claims to be the real Elvis Presley. He explains that during the 1970s, he grew tired of the demands of his fame and switched places with an Elvis impersonator named Sebastian Haff (also Campbell). He claims it was Haff who eventually died in 1977, while he, the real Elvis, lived in quiet, happy anonymity and made a living pretending to be himself. After a propane explosion destroyed documentation which was the only proof that he was actually", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3430929", "score": "0.9796117", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "In the Heat of the Night (TV series)", "text": "County when Nathan McComb suffers a heart attack and is too ill to continue his duties. Bill's first case as Sheriff is to solve the murder of one of the richest families in Sparta—the Barons. Wade Hatton, played by Stacy Keach, is a lawyer from New Orleans who has returned to his native Sparta to revisit his childhood memories and romance Sarah Hallisey. The prime suspect in the case is a 16-year-old black youth, played by Wayne Brady with an intellectual disability. Gillespie eventually solves the case with the help of Hatton, Hallisey, and Judge Cully—much to the dissatisfaction of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "961589", "score": "0.979591", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Alan Autry", "long_answer": "Carlos Alan Autry Jr. (also known for a period of time as Carlos Brown; born July 31, 1952), is an American actor, politician, and former National Football League player. During his brief football career, he was known as Carlos Brown. He played the role of Captain Bubba Skinner on the NBC television series, In the Heat of the Night, starring Carroll O'Connor. He has also appeared in films and other television shows. In November 2000, he was elected mayor of Fresno, California, and served for two four-year terms through January 2009. In 2008, Autry was hosting a radio news talk show on KYNO AM 940 in Fresno, but left the station in 2011.", "chunked_long_answer": "Carlos Alan Autry Jr. (also known for a period of time as Carlos Brown; born July 31, 1952), is an American actor, politician, and former National Football League player. During his brief football career, he was known as Carlos Brown. He played the role of Captain Bubba Skinner on the NBC television series, In the Heat of the Night, starring Carroll O'Connor. He has also appeared in films and other television shows. In November 2000, he was elected mayor of Fresno, California, and served for two four-year terms through January 2009. In 2008, Autry was hosting a radio news talk", "short_answers": [ "Carlos Alan Autry Jr." ] }

[ "Sonu Nigam", "Richa Sharma", "Alka Yagnik" ]

[ { "title": "Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)", "text": "in Rohit's place, romancing Naina. The theme of the song was composed by Loy Mendonsa of the Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy trio and Shankar Mahadevan arranged the groove. In a later interview in the documentary \"Pancham unmixed\", Shankar, Ehsaan and Loy revealed that the music of the segment \"har pal yahaan\" in the song was inspired by the music of R.D.Burman. The song was featured in \"Outlook\" magazine's \"20 Best Hindi Film Songs Ever\" list. The jury was composed of celebrities such as Gulzar, Hariharan, Javed Akhtar, Kumar Sanu and Shantanu Moitra. Each jury member was asked to nominate 10 favorites and the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15715131", "score": "1.1217533", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Kal Ho Naa Ho", "text": "music directors for \"Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham...\". The soundtrack for \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\" was composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy in their first collaboration with Johar, with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. Unlike many previous Bollywood films, Johar complied with international copyright laws and obtained permission to rework Roy Orbison's 1964 song \"Oh, Pretty Woman\" for the film; the revised song was entitled \"Pretty Woman\". The music for the title song, \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\", was composed by Loy Mendonsa when he and Advani were at the German Bakery in Pune. Advani wanted a song thematically similar to Celine Dion's 1997 recording of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2963272", "score": "1.1005752", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Kal Ho Naa Ho", "text": "favourite directors, she immediately changed her mind and accepted. Kajol and Rani Mukherji made special appearances in the song \"Maahi Ve\". \"Vogue India\" fashion director Anaita Shroff Adajania made a cameo appearance as Geeta Parekh, Naina and Rohit's fellow MBA candidate. In addition to writing the story and screenplay, Johar co-produced \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\" with Yash Johar under the banner of Dharma Productions. The film was the last produced by Yash Johar before his death on 26 June 2004. The dialogue was written by Niranjan Iyengar. Anil Mehta and Sanjay Sankla were signed as cinematographer and editor, respectively, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2963257", "score": "1.0773873", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Mahalakshmi Iyer", "text": "for her performances in songs like \"Kabhi Sham Dhale\" from \"Sur – The Melody of Life\" (2002), \"Har Taraf\" from \"Rishtey\" (2002) and for hit songs like \"Chup Chup Ke\" from \"Bunty Aur Babli\" (2005), \"Aaj Ki Raat\" from \"\" (2006) and \"Bol Na Halke Halke\" from \"Jhoom Barabar Jhoom\". She sang on the Academy Award winning song \"Jai Ho\" for A. R. Rahman in the film \"Slumdog Millionaire\" (2008). Specifically, she sang the Hindi words between the short \"Jai Ho\" chants, as well as portions of the verses (most of which were sung by Sukhwinder Singh). In the past,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10736071", "score": "1.073776", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Kal Ho Naa Ho", "text": "Kal Ho Naa Ho Kal Ho Naa Ho (, ), also abbreviated as KHNH, is a 2003 Indian romantic drama film directed by Nikkhil Advani. The film features Jaya Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Saif Ali Khan, and Preity Zinta as the lead characters, with Sushma Seth, Reema Lagoo, Lilette Dubey, and Delnaaz Paul in supporting roles. It narrates the story of Naina Catherine Kapur, a pessimistic and uptight MBA student. She falls in love with her neighbour Aman Mathur, a terminally-ill heart patient who tries to get Naina and her friend Rohit Patel to fall in love with each other,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2963243", "score": "1.0729784", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Monali Thakur", "text": "Monali Thakur Monali Thakur (born 3 November 1985) is an Indian singer and actress. She is the recipient of a National Film Award and a Filmfare Award.Thakur won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song \"Moh Moh Ke Dhaage\" from the film \"Dum Laga Ke Haisha\" (2015) and the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song \"Sawaar Loon\" from the film \"Lootera\" (2013). She is even now continuously giving various new hits. She was a \"judge\" on Zee TV's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014. She was also an \"expert\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12678398", "score": "1.0707844", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Ka Karoon Sajni Aaye Na Baalam", "text": "Ka Karoon Sajni Aaye Na Baalam Ka Karoon Sajni Aye Na Baalam is a classical song of Hindustani classical music. It is a Thumri sung in the raaga, Sindh Bhairavi Thumri. It was popularised by legendary Hindustani vocalist, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Barkat Ali Khan, Bismillah Khan on shehnai, Pandit Ajoy Chakrabarty etc. It was part of the Hindi film, \"Swami\" (1977), sung by Yesudas under the music direction of Rajesh Roshan. Yesudas was also nominated for the 1978 Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song. This song of Movie 'SWAMY' composed in raaga 'kirwani' which is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16175242", "score": "1.0675962", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Naqsh Lyallpuri", "text": "Lyallpuri, rather than her own singing. Lyallpuri is best known for the song \"Tumhe Ho Na Ho\" from the film \"Gharonda\" (1977), sung by Bangladeshi singer Runa Laila. The song is often wrongly ascribed to Gulzar, who wrote the other songs in the film, whereas the song \"Do Deewane Shahar Mein\" in the same film is misattributed to Lyallpuri. The 1979 song \"Yeh Mulaqaat Ek Bahana Hai\" in the film \"Khandaan\" is noted for its unusual ghazal format. His \"Pyar Ka Dard Hai\" from the 1981 film \"Dard\" has been lauded for Kishore Kumar's soft singing and for using \"everyday", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19963221", "score": "1.0453637", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Kal Ho Naa Ho", "text": "\"My Heart Will Go On\", which he was humming at the time. When he heard it, Mendonsa came up with the tune and recorded it on his phone. After Shankar Mahadevan and Ehsaan Noorani listened to it, the trio composed the song. The soundtrack was released on 27 September 2003 under the Sony Music India label. The audio launch ceremony was held two days later at the Taj Lands End in Mumbai. The album had positive reviews and the title song, \"It's The Time To Disco\", \"Kuch To Hua Hai\" and \"Pretty Woman\" became popular. A Bollywood Hungama critic called", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2963273", "score": "1.0378764", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)", "text": "Kal Ho Naa Ho (Hindi: कल हो ना हो, English: Tomorrow May Never Come) is a Hindi song from the 2003 Hindi film Kal Ho Naa Ho directed by Nikhil Advani. The song is one of the most popular Hindi film songs all time. The song was composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy with lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar and sung by Sonu Nigam. It quickly became popular upon release. There is also a sad version of the song in the film on which Sonu Nigam is joined by Alka Yagnik and Richa Sharma.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Monali Thakur", "text": "the film \"Lootera\". In March 2016, she received the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song \"Moh Moh Ke Dhaage\" from the film \"Dum Laga Ke Haisha\" and earned a nomination at the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the same. As a child, she appeared in a Bengali television show, \"Aalokito ek Indu\", in which she played the lead role Indubala. It was followed by two telefilms, including Sudeshna Roy's \"Phagune Agun\", in which she was seen as Ruman. She made her acting debut in Raja Sen's Bengali film \"Krishnakanter Will\", in which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12678402", "score": "1.0343115", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Caralisa Monteiro", "text": "Bollywood came when the acclaimed trio Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy invited her to sing the chorus of the song \"Jaane Kyon\" from the cult film Dil Chahta Hai in 2001. She was known for the rendition of English parts in Hindi songs and continues to work in the Hindi film music industry on background scores. Monteiro has sung on mainstream Bollywood films like Rock On!! (Phir Dekhiye), Don (2006 Hindi film) theme, Don 2 (Don Waltz), Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna where she sang the song \"Mitwa\" with Shafqat Amanat Ali, Karthik Calling Karthik with Shankar Mahadevan.On Anjaana Anjaani she sang the song \"Tumse", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15745025", "score": "1.0332627", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star 2", "text": "for her title song in Balaji Telefilms’ Kasamh Se. She has had an opportunity to sing in the Hindi film industry with artists like Sunidhi Chauhan and Udit Narayan in Bunty aur Babli, and also had a solo soundtrack. Nihira is fond of learning languages and is learning Spanish. Harpreet Deol<br> Harpreet was amongst the finalists in a reality music show in 2007. His favourite personalities are Shaheed Bhagat Singh and Mohammed Rafi. A student of Punjab University, Harpreet loves singing and sleeping. He has gained popularity in Punjab and has performed at numerous stage shows. He is working on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16438526", "score": "1.0325223", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Suman Kalyanpur", "text": "Rafi are \"Aajkal Tere Mere Pyaar Ke Charche\", \"Na Na Karte Pyaar\", \"Tumse O Hasina\", \"Rahen Na Rahen Hum\", \"Parbaton Ke Pedon Par Shaam Ka Basera He\", \"Yeh Parbaton Ke Daayare\", \"Ajahuna Aye Balama\", \"Tumane Pukara Aur Hum Chale Aye\", \"Bad Muddat Ke Yeh Ghadi Ayee\", \"Mujhhe Yeh Bhool Na\", \"Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya\", \"Tujhko Dilbari Ki Kasam\" and \"Chand Takata Hai Idhar\". With Manna Dey, she sang the popular duet \"Na Jane Kahan Ham The\" under the music direction of Dattaram. With Mukesh she has sung many popular duets like `Yeh Kisne geet chheda', \"Akhiyon ka noor hai", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4995465", "score": "1.0323722", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Oyshee", "text": "Taan”, “Naalish”, “Din-e Din-e” and “Ari”. They were written by Anurup Aich, Shomeshwar Oli and Robiul Islam Jibon. she recorded a folk song \"Kajol Bhromora\" as a featured artist alongside Adit Ozbert, it became popular. \"Dil Ki Doya Hoyna\" and \"Tumi Chokh Mele Takale\" are other successful songs by her in that period. In February 2018, she signed a contract with Indian record label Shree Venkatesh Films, becoming the youngest Bangladeshi singer to do so. Oyshee Oyshee is a Bangladeshi singer. She is most remembered for her albums 'Oyshee Express' with Imran Mahmudul and 'Dehobazi' with Arfin Rumey. Oyshee learned", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20586577", "score": "1.0314136", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Kal Ho Naa Ho", "text": "\"signify ethnicity and caste.\" In \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\", Jennifer and Lajjo are Christian and Punjabi Sikh, respectively; Rohit is a Gujarati. According to Kumar, Rohit and Naina's marriage symbolises the unity of the people of Punjab and Gujarat. Both films emphasise different aspects of marriage. In \"Salaam Namaste\", central characters Nick and Ambar's (Saif Ali Khan and Zinta, respectively) professional careers come first and they are fearful of commitment. Conversely, in \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\" the tradition of love-cum-arranged marriage is encouraged. Aman is noted by many critics to resemble Rajesh Khanna's character, Anand Saigal, in Hrishikesh Mukherjee's \"Anand\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2963268", "score": "1.0298166", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Richa Sharma (singer)", "text": "(the song \"Duppatte Ka Palu\"), \"Baghban\" (Title Song for Aadesh Shrivastava); \"Soch\" (the song \"Nikal Chali Be\" for Jatin-Lalit); \"Rudraksh\", \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\" (Sad version of the title track for Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy); \"Gangajal\" (Sandesh Shandilya); \"Popcorn Khao Mast Ho Jao\" (Vishal-Shekhar), \"Saawariya\" (Monty Sharma), and \"Om Shanti Om\" (Vishal-Shekhar) and the most popular song for \"Kaante\" (\"Mahi Ve\" for Anand Raaj Anand). The versatile playback singer has also done quite a few albums to showcase her talent. Albums like \"Ni Main Yaar Nu Sajda Kardi\", \"Piya\" and \"Winds of Rajasthan\" (for Times Music released early 2004) have brought out the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10025793", "score": "1.0259707", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Tulsi Kumar", "text": "Tulsi Kumar Tulsi Kumari Ralhan, known professionally as Tulsi Kumar is an Indian playback singer and actress, born to Gulshan Kumar and Sudesh Kumari Dua. Kumar has two siblings Khushali Kumari Dua and Bhushan Kumar Dua. Her singing career started by her backing tracks in Bollywood movies such as \"Chup Chup Ke\", \"Humko Deewana Kar Gaye\" and \"Aksar\". In 2009, her debut album, \"Love ho Jaaye\", was released. Along with the album, Kumar made a music video for the title track. Her song \"Mujhe Teri\" from the movie \"Paathshaala\" and \"Tum Jo Aaye\" from \"Once Upon a Time in Mumbai\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10036920", "score": "1.0257998", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Naina Chaar", "text": "Naina Chaar Naina Chaar is an Indian pop song performed by singers Shreya Ghoshal and Kailash Kher. The song was written by Kailash Kher and produced by Naresh Kamath and Paresh Kamath, from his band Kailasa. It was released on 16 September 2013 by Sony Music India. The exclusively online initiative by Sony Music, of which the song was a part, was titled 'Project Resound' and it marked the first collaboration between veteran Indian singers Shreya Ghoshal and Kailash Kher, who were asked to share their knowledge about music genres and Indian languages. 'Upgrade your ears' was the tagline of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17990907", "score": "1.0255682", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star 2", "text": "He aspires to follow his dream of making it big in the music industry. Vaishali Mhade<br> 27 year old Vaishali from Maharashtra is the winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 and the Marathi version of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa in 2008. Her life revolves around being a singer, wife and mother with equal enthusiasm. A versatile and consistent singer, she says her husband has been a great support in her singing career. She has sung the title track of the Marathi daily soap called \"Kulvadhu\" and also lent her voice for Shridhar Phadke’s album. She made", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16438518", "score": "1.0230794", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Jyotica Tangri", "text": "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa on Zee Tv. She debuted as a playback singer in Ajay K Pannalal's 2017 romantic comedy film, Behen Hogi Teri starring Rajkummar Rao and Shruti Haasan in pivotal roles through the song, \"Jai Ma\", co-sung by Sahil Solanki. The track was composed by Jaidev Kumar and lyricised by Sonu Saggu. Her second song from the same film, entitled \"Tenu Na Bol Paavan Main\" along with Yasser Desai was a critically acclaimed number. Composed by Amjad Nadeem and written by Rohit Sharma, the song was one of the few hit tracks of the album. Next, Tangri", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20586654", "score": "1.0189443", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Malini Awasthi", "text": "2015 film \"Dum Laga Ke Haisha\" which had music by Anu Malik. Yash bharti UP Government 2006 Nari Gaurav 2000 Kalidas samman 2014 Malini Awasthi Malini Awasthi (born 11 February 1967) is an Indian folk singer. She sings in Hindi language dialects like Awadhi, Bundelkhandi and Bhojpuri. She also presents in Thumri and Kajri. The Government of India awarded her the civilian honour of the Padma Shri in 2016. Malini Awasthi was born in Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh. She is a post graduate in Hindustani classical music from Bhatkhande University, Lucknow. She is a Ganda bandh student of Legendary Hindustani Classical", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15928392", "score": "1.0183917", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Lalloo Anup", "text": "her debut Hindi cover song for 'Bahon Mein Chale Aoo' the popular Lata Mageshkar voice from Anamika Movie on YouTube channel. National media CNN-News18 and NDTV published the sensational news report about Kerala singer singing just like Shreya Ghoshal in a live performance. Now the video song crossed more than 2 Million Views on Internet. Many news platforms like Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Dailyhunt, Deccan chronicle, mentioned Lalloo Anup Hindi song video as most viewed viral video. Her all songs got wide acceptance in other languages too, mainly in Telugu and Hindi. Telangana news channel \"Namasthe Telangana\" recently published her new", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20740723", "score": "1.0179303", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Kal Ho Naa Ho", "text": "Gham...\" was Rahul. Salman Khan and Kareena Kapoor were initially offered the roles of Rohit and Naina. Khan declined the offer because he did not want to play second fiddle, and Kapoor refused the role due to a salary dispute with Johar. Saif Ali Khan and Zinta subsequently agreed to the project. Neetu Singh was approached for the role of Naina's mother, Jennifer, but she turned it down. It was then offered to Bachchan, who was initially reluctant. After Advani told her he would make the film in the style of Hrishikesh Mukherjee and Gulzar, both of whom were Bachchan's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2963256", "score": "1.0176688", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Harshdeep Kaur", "text": "leading playback singer of Indian cinema.She has worked with some of the leading music directors(including A R Rahman, Pritam Chakraborty, Vishal-Shekhar, Salim Sulaiman, Shankar Ehsaan Loy, Amit Trivedi, Shantanu Moitra, Tanishk Bagchi, Himesh Reshammiya, Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Sohail Sen.. She's one of the very few Indian singers to have sung for a Hollywood movie. Her track R.I.P. composed by AR Rahman was a part of Oscar winner director Danny Boyle's film \"127 Hours\". \"Katiya Karun\" from Rockstar, \"Heer\" from Jab Tak Hai Jaan, \"Ik Onkar\" from Rang De Basanti, \"Zaalima\" from Raees, \"Nachde Ne Saare\" from Baar Baar Dekho, \"Bari", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8571400", "score": "1.0157213", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Akriti Kakar", "text": "Akriti Kakar Akriti Kakar (born 7 August 1986) is an Indian singer. Her Saturday Saturday from Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania and Iski Uski from 2 States (film) are popular songs. Akriti was a judge on Zee Bangla's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa: Li'l Champs and was going to appear on Colors (TV channel)'s Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa. Akriti released her solo album non Bollywood playback album - \"Akriti\" released in April 2010 under Sony Music India. Songs were composed by Shankar Mahadevan & Akriti Kakar. The track list for the album is as follows Akriti also released a song entitled \"Ring", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13722793", "score": "1.0154858", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Kamaal Khan", "text": "Kamaal Khan Kamaal Khan is an Indian film industry playback singer, actor, recording artist and songwriter. His latest song releases are from the June 2017 Bollywood movie \"Tubelight\". At a very early age he wrote and produced his debut single \"O Oh Jaane Jaana\" in London. The song released in 1996 becoming a UK hit achieving platinum status. The song released worldwide in 1998 (together with his debut solo album) and simultaneously featured in the Bollywood blockbuster \"Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya\", starring Salman Khan and Kajol. The soundtrack went on to sell over 10 million copies and the huge", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8123769", "score": "1.0152614", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Shreya Ghoshal", "text": "backing vocals for \"Lage Raho Munna Bhai\"s \"Bande Mein Tha Dum\", Ghoshal and Nigam performed a romantic duet titled \"Pal Pal\", a composition by Moitra. For the song, she received a Best Female Playback Singer nomination at the 52nd Filmfare Awards. She was next heard with Vishal Bhardwaj in the song \"O Saathi Re\", which exudes the feeling of intimacy and deep love. Ghoshal's low pitch rendition in the song was positively noted by critics. In 2006, Ghoshal sang \"Pyaar Ki Ek Kahani\", \"Koi Tumsa Nahin\" and \"Chori Chori Chupke Chupke\" for Rajesh Roshan-composed \"Krrish\" which were also favored by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5450444", "score": "1.0137448", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Dominique Cerejo", "text": "Mahadevan, who worked with her while doing jingles, invited her to sing for the title track for the first album by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy, \"Dus\". Though the movie was shelved due to the death of the director Mukul Anand, she went on to sing many tracks for Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy and other major composers like A.R. Rahman, Vishal Bhardwaj and Pritam Chakraborty. Despite singing many albums post \"Dus\", she didn't get noticed until her rendition of \"Yeh Tumhari Meri Baatein\" from Rock On!! as in most of the songs she used to sing chorus. Dominique Cerejo Dominique Cerejo is an Indian female playback singer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15737069", "score": "1.013412", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Sukriti Kakar", "text": "a massive hit which crossed over 4 millions views on YouTube. It was then she was offered to sing for the song \"Jungli Peeke Tight Hai\" from \"Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon\" (2015) starred Kapil Sharma. Her latest hit is the party anthem song \"Kar Gayi Chull\" from \"Kapoor & Sons\" (2016) along with Badshah. Sukriti Kakar Sukriti Kakar (born 8 May 1995) is an Indian Playback singer, born in New Delhi. Kakar shot to fame with her crooning in the title song of the Akshay Kumar – starred, \"Boss\", in 2013 – the song was composed by Meet Bros and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19569165", "score": "1.0104336", "original_retrieval_index": 32 } ]

{ "title": "Kal Ho Naa Ho (song)", "long_answer": "Kal Ho Naa Ho (Hindi: कल हो ना हो, English: Tomorrow May Never Come) is a Hindi song from the 2003 Hindi film Kal Ho Naa Ho directed by Nikhil Advani. The song is one of the most popular Hindi film songs all time. The song was composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy with lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar and sung by Sonu Nigam. It quickly became popular upon release. There is also a sad version of the song in the film on which Sonu Nigam is joined by Alka Yagnik and Richa Sharma.", "chunked_long_answer": "Kal Ho Naa Ho (Hindi: कल हो ना हो, English: Tomorrow May Never Come) is a Hindi song from the 2003 Hindi film Kal Ho Naa Ho directed by Nikhil Advani. The song is one of the most popular Hindi film songs all time. The song was composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy with lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar and sung by Sonu Nigam. It quickly became popular upon release. There is also a sad version of the song in the film on which Sonu Nigam is joined by Alka Yagnik and Richa Sharma.", "short_answers": [ "Alka Yagnik", "Richa Sharma", "Sonu Nigam" ] }

[ "Indo-Pacific" ]

[ { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region. The body form of the crown-of-thorns starfish is fundamentally the same as that of a typical starfish, with a central disk and radiating arms. Its special traits, however, include being disc-shaped, multiple-armed, flexible, prehensile, and heavily spined, and having a large ratio of stomach surface to body mass. Its prehensile ability arises from the two rows of numerous tube feet that extend to the tip of each arm. In being multiple-armed, it has lost the five-fold symmetry (pentamerism) typical of starfish, although it begins its life cycle with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005450", "score": "1.1969095", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "the starfish found no evidence of the starfish in the fish's guts. These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets. One problem with the concept of predators of large juvenile and adult starfish causing total mortality is that the starfish have good regenerative powers and they wouldn't keep still while being eaten. Also, they would need to be consumed completely or almost completely to die. 17–60% of starfish in various populations had missing or regenerating arms. Clearly the starfish experience various levels of sublethal predation. When the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005494", "score": "1.163729", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area, human divers can move in and remove the survivors. Field trials of the robot have begun in Moreton Bay in Brisbane to refine its navigation system, according to Queensland University of Technology researcher Matthew Dunbabin. There are no crown-of-thorns starfish in Moreton Bay, but when the navigation has been refined, the robot will be used on the reef. Crown-of-thorns starfish The crown-of-thorns starfish, \"Acanthaster planci\", is a large starfish that preys upon hard, or stony, coral polyps (Scleractinia). The crown-of-thorns starfish receives its name from venomous thorn-like spines that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005504", "score": "1.145946", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "was an initial period of relatively slow growth while the starfish were feeding on coralline algae. This was followed by a phase of rapid growth which led to sexual maturity at the end of the second year. The starfish were in the vicinity of 200 mm diameter at this stage. They continued to grow rapidly and were in the order of 300 mm at 3 years of age. Then they reached a plateau between 3 and 4 years and tended to decline after 4 years. Gonad development was greater in the third and subsequent years than at 2 years and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005480", "score": "1.1437765", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "(four locations), Micronesia (two locations), and samples from one location each of the Great Barrier Reef, Fiji, Hawaii, and Gulf of California. A sample of 10 specimens of \"A. brevispinus\" from the Great Barrier Reef region was included for comparison. There was considerable genetic differentiation between the \"A. brevispinus\" and \"A. planci\" populations (D= 0.20 +/- 0.02)(D is genetic distance). The genetic differences between geographic populations of \"A. planci\" were, however, small (D = 0.03 +/- 0.00; Fsr = 0.07 + 0.02) (Fsr is standardized genetic variance for each polymorphic locus) despite the great distances separating them. A positive correlation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005457", "score": "1.135232", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "between the Indian and Pacific Ocean populations. Those, however, off northern Western Australia had a strong Pacific affinity. With the exception of the very strong connection of southern Japanese populations to the Great Barrier Reef populations, the patterns of variation within regions were consistent with isolation by distance. Again, the pattern of decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances is apparent. Benzie suggests that the divergence between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean populations began at least 1.6 million years ago and is likely to reflect responses to changes in climate and sea level. A more recent comprehensive geographic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005460", "score": "1.1341468", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "spines on the sides of the starfish's arms and upper (aboral) surface resemble thorns and create a crown-like shape, giving the creature its name. The spines are stiff and very sharp, and readily pierce through soft surfaces. Despite the battery of sharp spines on the aboral surface and blunt spines on the oral surface, the crown-of-thorns starfish's general body surface is membranous and soft. When the starfish is removed from the water, the body surface ruptures and the body fluid leaks out, so the body collapses and flattens. The spines bend over and flatten, as well. They recover their shape", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005452", "score": "1.1320399", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "fecundity of this starfish. Babcock et al. (1993) monitored changes in fecundity and fertility (fertilisation rate) over the spawning season of the Crown-of-thorns starfish on Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, from 1990 to 1992. The starfish were observed to spawn (photograph) from December to January (early to mid-summer) in this region with most observations being in January. However, both gonadosomatic index and fertility peaked early and declined to low levels by late January, indicating that most successful reproductive events took place early in the spawning season. In northern hemisphere coral reefs however, crown-of-thorns populations reproduce in April and May,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005473", "score": "1.1233559", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "in the central (Hawaii) and eastern Pacific (Gulf of California) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific. Further details of the genetic relationship between \"A. planci\" and \"Acanthaster brevispinus\" are presented in the entry for the latter species. These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that \"A. planci\", the specialised coral-feeding species arose from \"A. brevispinus\", the less specialised soft-bottom inhabitant. In a very comprehensive geographic study, Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of \" A. planci\", throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005459", "score": "1.1228344", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "A. planci has a very wide Indo-Pacific distribution. It is perhaps most common in Australia, but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America. It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "testes are readily distinguished with the former being more yellow and having larger lobes. In section they are very different with the ovaries densely filled with nutrient-packed ova (see ovum and photograph) and the testes densely filled with sperm, which consist of little more than a nucleus and flagellum. Fecundity in female Crown-of-thorns starfish is related to size with large starfish committing proportionally more energy into ova production such that a: In coral reefs in the Philippines, female specimens were found with a gonadosomatic index (ratio of gonad mass to body mass) as high as 22%, which underlines the high", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005472", "score": "1.1212647", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "ellisii\" came to be used for the distinctive starfish in the eastern Pacific Gulf of California. The eastern Pacific \"Acanthaster\" is very distinctive (see image to the right) with its rather 'plump' body, large disk to total diameter ratio and short, blunt spines. It gives the impression of living in a habitat where having sharp defenses against predators has little value, although it lives on coral reef and feeds on coral. Nishida and Lucas examined variation at 14 allozyme loci of ten population samples of \"A. planci\" using starch-gel electrophoresis. The samples were from localities across the Pacific: Ryukyu archipelago", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005456", "score": "1.1206297", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "hypotheses focused on changes in the survival of juvenile and adult starfish - the \"predator removal hypothesis\": Many of the reports of fish preying on \"Acanthaster\" are single observations or presumed predation from the nature of the fish. For example, the humphead wrasse may prey on the starfish amongst its more usual diet. Individual puffer fish and trigger-fish have been observed to feed crown-of-thorns starfish in the Red Sea, but there is no evidence that they are a significant factor in population control. A study, however, based on the stomach contents of large carnivorous fish that are potential predators of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005493", "score": "1.1172309", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "this symmetry. Adult crown-of-thorns starfish normally range in size from . They have up to 21 arms. Although the body of the crown of thorns has a stiff appearance, it is able to bend and twist to fit around the contours of the corals on which it feeds. The underside of each arm has a series of closely fitting plates which form a groove and extend in rows to the mouth. They are usually of subdued colours, pale brown to grey-green, but they may be garish with bright warning colours in some parts of their wide range. The long, sharp", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005451", "score": "1.1092316", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "survival rate increases to 0.1% (one in a thousand) throughout development from one spawning of 20 million eggs this would result in 20,000 adult starfish where the larvae have recruited. Since the larvae are the most abundant stages of development it is likely that changes in survival will be most importance during this phase of development. Temperature and salinity have little effect on the survival of crown-of-thorns larvae. However, abundance and species of the particular component of phytoplankton (unicellular flagellates) on which the larvae feed has a profound effect on survival and rate of growth. The abundance of phytoplankton cells", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005497", "score": "1.1084416", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "central Great Barrier Reef region, large starfish (40 cm and greater diameter) killed about 61 cm²/day in winter and 357–478 cm²/day in summer. Smaller starfish, 20–39 cm, killed 155 and 234 cm²/day in the equivalent seasons. The area killed by the large starfish is equivalent to about from these observations. Differences in feeding and locomotion rates between summer and winter reflect the fact that the crown-of-thorns, like all marine invertebrates, is a poikilotherm whose body temperature and metabolic rate are directly affected by the temperature of the surrounding water. In tropical coral reefs, crown-of-thorns specimens reach mean locomotion rates of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005467", "score": "1.1071239", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "that it was first described in 1705. Rhumphius used the name \"Stella marina quindecium radiotorum\". Later, Linnaeus described it as \"Asterias planci\", based on an illustration by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743), when he introduced his system of binomial nomenclature. No type specimens are known; the specimen described by Plancus and Gualtieri (1743) is no longer extant. Subsequent generic names used for the crown-of-thorns starfish included \"Stellonia\", \"Echinaster\" and \"Echinites\", before settling on \"Acanthaster\" (Gervais 1841). Species names included \"echintes\", \"solaris\", \"mauritensis\", \"ellisii\", and \"ellisii pseudoplanci\" (with subspecies). Most of these names arose from confusion in the historical literature, but \"Acanthaster", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005455", "score": "1.1068182", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "starfish larvae in experimental studies gave support for a mechanism for starfish outbreaks: increased terrestrial runoff → increased nutrients denser phytoplankton↑→ better larval survival → increased starfish populations There have been further conformations of these connections, however research by Olson (1987), Kaufmann (2002), and Byrne (2016) suggests terrestrial runoff has little or no impact on larval survival. The conflicting data describing the negligible role of terrestrial agricultural runoff has been described as \"an inconvenient study\". There is also a flow-on effect in that where there are large starfish populations producing large numbers of larvae, there is likely to be heavy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005499", "score": "1.104678", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "coral reefs where \"A. planci\" hasn't been found to the more typical reefs with \"A. planci\". Some ecologists suggest that the starfish has an important and active role in maintaining coral reef biodiversity, driving ecological succession. Before overpopulation became a significant issue, crown-of-thorns prevented fast-growing coral from overpowering the slower growing coral varieties. At high densities ('outbreaks', 'plagues'), which may be defined as when the starfish are too abundant for the coral food supply, coral cover goes into decline. The starfish must broaden their diet from their preferred species, colony size and shape. The starfish often aggregate during feeding, even", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005487", "score": "1.1022034", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "is especially important. As autotrophs, phytoplankton abundance is strongly influenced by the concentration of inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogenous compounds. Birkeland had observed a correlation between the abundance of crown-of-thorns on reefs adjacent to land masses. These occurred on mainland islands as distinct from coral atolls about three years after heavy rainfall that followed a period of drought. He suggested that runoff from such heavy rainfall may stimulate phytoplankton blooms of sufficient size to produce enough food for the larvae of \"A. planci\" through input of nutrients. Combining Birkeland observations with the influence of inorganic nutrients on survival of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005498", "score": "1.0987266", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "was observed between degree of genetic differentiation and geographic distance, suggesting the genetic homogeneity among \"A. planci\" populations is due to gene flow by planktonic larval dispersion. The distance effect on genetic differentiation most probably reflects decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances. In view of the level of macrogeographic homogeneity, significant allele frequency differences were observed between adjacent populations separated by approximately 10 km. The Hawaiian population was most differentiated from other populations. Treating the morphologically distinctive, eastern Pacific \"Acanthaster\" as a separate species, \"A. ellisii\", is not supported by these data. The lack of unique alleles", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005458", "score": "1.0885812", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Environmental issues with coral reefs", "text": "one meter) starfish protected by long, venomous spines. Its enzyme system dissolves the wax in stony corals, and allows the starfish to feed on the living animal. Starfish face predators of their own, such as the giant triton sea snail. However, the giant triton is valued for its shell and has been over fished. As a result, crown-of-thorns starfish populations can periodically grow unchecked, devastating reefs. Although some marine aquarium fish species can reproduce in aquaria (such as Pomacentridae), most (95%) are collected from coral reefs. Intense harvesting, especially in maritime Southeast Asia (including Indonesia and the Philippines), damages the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14645438", "score": "1.0847473", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "ward off the starfish as it seeks to spread its stomach over the coral surface. In reef areas of low densities of hard coral, reflecting the nature of the reef community or due to feeding by high density crown-of-thorns, the starfish may be found feeding on soft corals (Alcyonacea). The starfish are cryptic in behavior during their first two years, emerging at night to feed. They usually remain so as adults when solitary. The only evidence of a hidden individual may be white feeding scars on adjacent coral. However, their behavior changes under two circumstances: The elongated sharp spines covering", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005469", "score": "1.0811331", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "of great anxiety about the nature of the starfish outbreaks on the GBR. They were regarded as not coming to terms with the unprecedented nature and magnitude of this problem and the two references above. Many scientists were criticised for not being able to give definitive but unsubstantiated answers. Others were more definitive in their answers Scientists were criticised for their reticence and for disagreeing on the nature and causes of the outbreaks on the GBR, hence the publication 'Starfish Wars' (cf. 'Star Wars'). There was serious discussion and some strongly held views about the causes of this phenomenon. Some", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005492", "score": "1.0810369", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "acunimata\", were included in the aquaria with the encrusting algae and at about the time the juvenile starfish achieved their full number of arms they began feeding on the corals. Juvenile \"A. planci\" that had reached the stage of feeding on coral were then reared for some years in the same large closed-circuit seawater system that was used for the early juveniles. They were moved to larger tanks and kept supplied with coral so that food was not a limiting factor on growth rate. The growth curves of size versus age were sigmoidal, as seen in majority marine invertebrates. There", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005479", "score": "1.0614471", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "with the sigmoidal pattern of size versus age observed in laboratory studies, i.e. slow initial growth, a phase of very rapid growth beginning at coral feeding and tapering off of growth after the starfish reaches sexual maturity. In reefs in the Philippines, female and male specimens matured at 13 and 16 cm respectively. Stump identified bands in the upper surface spines of \"A. planci\" and attributed these to annual growth bands. He didn't report growth rates based on these age determinations, and mark and recapture data, but he reported that the growth bands revealed 12+ year-old starfish: much older than", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005483", "score": "1.0544869", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Toxopneustes pileolus", "text": "internal organs of flower urchins. A follow-up study by Japanese researchers in 2001 confirmed that the viscera of flower urchins could indeed attract crown-of-thorns starfish in both aquarium and open sea experiments. The attractant compounds were isolated and identified as arachidonic acid and α-linolenic acid. The authors believe that this discovery may be used to augment population control measures of the crown-of-thorns starfish, which are highly destructive to coral reefs. Toxopneustes pileolus Toxopneustes pileolus, commonly known as the flower urchin, is a widespread and commonly encountered species of sea urchin from the Indo-West Pacific. It is considered highly dangerous, as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14972577", "score": "1.0544544", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "many newspaper reports and publications such as 'Requiem for the Reef', which also suggested that there was a cover-up of the extent of damage. There was a popular idea that the coral and with it whole reefs were being destroyed by the starfish. In fact, as described above, the starfish preys on coral by digesting the surface of living tissue from the coral skeletons. These skeletons persist, together with the mass of coralline algae that is essential for reef integrity. The initial change (first order effect) is loss of the veneer of living coral tissue. \"A. planci\" is a component", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005485", "score": "1.0524547", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "of a proportion of individuals with regenerating arms. A variety of about 11 species have been reported to prey occasionally on uninjured and healthy adults of \"A. planci\". All of these are generalist feeders and none of these, however, seems to specifically prefer the starfish as a food source. This number, however, is probably lower, as some of these presumed predators have not been witnessed reliably in the field. Some of those witnessed are: Gonads increase in size as the animals become sexually mature and at maturity fill the arms and extend into the disk region. The ripe ovaries and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005471", "score": "1.0514427", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "text": "and 400 mm diameter females potentially spawn approximately 4, 30 and 50 million eggs, respectively (see also Gametes and embryos). Lucas adopted a different approach, focusing on the survival of the larvae arising from the eggs. The rationale for this approach was that small changes in the survival of larvae and developmental stages would result in very large changes in the adult population. Considering two hypothetical situations. Twenty million eggs, from a female spawning and having a survival rate of about 0.00000001% throughout development would replace two adult starfish in a low-density population where the larvae recruit. If, however, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005496", "score": "1.0497296", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "Crown-of-thorns starfish", "long_answer": "A. planci has a very wide Indo-Pacific distribution. It is perhaps most common in Australia, but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America. It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region.", "chunked_long_answer": "A. planci has a very wide Indo-Pacific distribution. It is perhaps most common in Australia, but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America. It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region.", "short_answers": [ "Indo-Pacific" ] }

[ "November 17, 2017" ]

[ { "title": "Movie Star (song)", "text": "Movie Star (song) \"Movie Star\" is a song by Irish singer Róisín Murphy from her second studio album, \"Overpowered\" (2007). It was written by Murphy, Paul \"Seiji\" Dolby and Mike Patto, while production was handled by Parrot & Dean. The song was released digitally in the United States on 14 October 2008 as the album's fourth and final single. The track was set to be released as the album's fourth single on 21 July 2008, but was then pushed back many times for a release in November. It was to be released as a double A-side single with a cover", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11912207", "score": "0.9830793", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "The Movie Star", "text": "The Movie Star \"The Movie Star\" is the eleventh episode of the American television series, \"Smash\". The episode aired on April 16, 2012. Rehearsal with Rebecca Duvall (Uma Thurman) as Marilyn gets off to a bumpy start. Within minutes, everyone realizes Duvall can't sing very well. Additionally, Duvall is unprofessional and self-centered, continually trying to change the show, blowing off events and showing up late, and creating a scene when a drunken ex-lover crashes rehearsal. In order to compensate for Duvall's lack of theatrical skills, Derek creates bigger parts for Karen (Katharine McPhee) and the newly rehired Ivy (Megan Hilty).", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16472639", "score": "0.9630282", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Star (2001 film)", "text": "Star (2001 film) Star is a 2001 Tamil action film directed by Praveen Gandhi and produced by Vijaykrishna. The film stars Prashanth and Jyothika in the lead roles while Raghuvaran, Vijayakumar, and Praveen Gandhi play other pivotal roles. The film's score and soundtrack are composed by A.R. Rahman, while the film is edited by M. N. Rajan. The film opened to poor reviews and performed below average at the box office in July 2001. Murthy (Prashanth) earns his living taking the blame for the mistakes of other people, and so the jail is his second home. Dhanushkodi (Raghuvaran) has sworn", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8612263", "score": "0.9396505", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Movie star", "text": "Movie star A movie star (also known as a film star and cinema star) is an actor who is famous for their starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term is used for actors who are marketable stars and whose names are used to promote movies, for example in trailers and posters. In the early days of silent movies, the names of the actors and actresses appearing in them were not publicized or credited because producers feared this would result in demands for higher salaries. However, audience curiosity soon undermined this policy. By 1909, actresses such as Florence Lawrence", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1784823", "score": "0.93623245", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Film Star (film)", "text": "Film Star (film) Film Star is a 2005 Hindi film directed by Tanuja Chandra and starring Priyanshu Chatterjee, Mahima Chaudhry Vasundhara Das and Anup Shukla Hira Pandit (Mahima Chaudhry) is an actress who is nothing if not full of herself. Arrogant and thriving on only one thing - people adoring her unabashedly, and without stopping, just loving her! So naturally when this adoration stars to wane, she can't take it. Her vanity can't bear the fact that her popularity is slipping, that she's not getting nominated for awards, that her films simply aren't working like they used to. And at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15756399", "score": "0.90381217", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Film Star (film)", "text": "out...as she realizes...that life...is much more than films. Film Star (film) Film Star is a 2005 Hindi film directed by Tanuja Chandra and starring Priyanshu Chatterjee, Mahima Chaudhry Vasundhara Das and Anup Shukla Hira Pandit (Mahima Chaudhry) is an actress who is nothing if not full of herself. Arrogant and thriving on only one thing - people adoring her unabashedly, and without stopping, just loving her! So naturally when this adoration stars to wane, she can't take it. Her vanity can't bear the fact that her popularity is slipping, that she's not getting nominated for awards, that her films simply", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15756403", "score": "0.89062655", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Movie star", "text": "as Aaron Aziz and Adi Putra. Movie star A movie star (also known as a film star and cinema star) is an actor who is famous for their starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term is used for actors who are marketable stars and whose names are used to promote movies, for example in trailers and posters. In the early days of silent movies, the names of the actors and actresses appearing in them were not publicized or credited because producers feared this would result in demands for higher salaries. However, audience curiosity soon undermined this policy. By", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1784835", "score": "0.8868837", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "A Star Is Born (1976 film)", "text": "with an average rating of 5.3/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four, writing in his review, \"There is, to begin with, no denying Barbra Streisand's enormous talent. At the end of 'A Star Is Born' the camera stays on her for one unbroken shot of seven or eight minutes, and she sings her heart out, and we concede that she's one of the great stars of the movies, one of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6700512", "score": "0.88545716", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Star! (film)", "text": "last countries in which the film was released. When the film was in production, 15,000 people responded to promotional ads placed by 20th Century Fox for advance ticket sales in New York City, but a year later, when the studio followed up by mailing them order forms, only a very small percentage actually bought tickets. Sales were higher for Wednesday matinees than for Saturday nights, which indicated that a crucial component—young adults—would not be a large part of the picture's audience. The film opened in the US with little advance sale, and good-to-mediocre reviews. \"Star!\" was a commercial disappointment in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9068108", "score": "0.88435906", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "The Star (2017 film)", "text": "The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on November 17, 2017 in the United States. It was met with mixed reviews and has grossed $61 million worldwide. The film received a nomination for Best Original Song (\"The Star\") at the 75th Golden Globe Awards.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "A Star Is Born (1954 film)", "text": "rumored that film restorer (and friend of Liza Minnelli) Michael Arick had a complete print of the film. \"A Star Is Born\", a remake itself, was again remade in 1976 with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson. The film was remade without permission in Bollywood as \"Aashiqui 2\" in 2013. The original film is in the public domain. The latest remake of \"A Star Is Born\" stars Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga, who also created new music for the project. Filming began April 17, 2017, and the film was released on October 5, 2018. The soundtrack has never been out of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6700471", "score": "0.8836255", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Movie Star (song)", "text": "of Bryan Ferry's 1985 song \"Slave to Love\" to coincide with its use in the Gucci Pour Homme advertising campaign. On 4 December 2008, it was announced that the European and UK release of the single had been cancelled. Nevertheless, \"Movie Star\" was released digitally in the United States on 14 October 2008. Heather Phares of AllMusic referred to \"Movie Star\" as \"Murphy's spin on Goldfrapp's glossy glam pop (and the only time she seems in danger of being overpowered by someone else's sound on the album).\" Stephen Trouss of Pitchfork agreed, saying the song \"laces itself a little too", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11912208", "score": "0.88148093", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "A Star Is Born (2018 film)", "text": "theatrically released in the United States on October 5, 2018, by Warner Bros. The film has grossed over $376 million worldwide and received critical acclaim, with praise for Cooper, Gaga and Elliott's performances and Cooper's direction, as well as the screenplay, cinematography and music. It was chosen by both the National Board of Review and American Film Institute as one of the Top 10 Films of 2018, and received five nominations at the 76th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Drama. Jackson Maine, a famous country music singer privately battling an alcohol and drug addiction, plays a concert", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18701809", "score": "0.8811724", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "The Star (2017 film)", "text": "as he felt that there was a lack of Christmas films centering on the Nativity of Jesus: \"It felt like an opportunity to be part of a movie that has not been done before, that's really going to fill a void.\" The animation was produced by Cinesite Studios. Animation work began on January 2017. On January 5, 2017, it was reported that Oprah Winfrey and Tyler Perry would be in the film. The rest of the cast was announced on January 19, 2017. \"The Star (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\" was released on October 27, 2017, including contributions from Jessie James", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19906634", "score": "0.8726951", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "The Star (2017 film)", "text": "available on her YouTube channel. \"The Star\" was released on digital on February 6, 2018, and on DVD and Blu-ray on February 20, 2018 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. \"The Star\" has grossed $40.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $22 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $62.8 million, against a production budget of $20 million. In the United States and Canada, \"The Star\" was released alongside \"Justice League\" and \"Wonder\", and was projected to gross around $10 million from 2,800 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $2.8 million on its first day.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19906636", "score": "0.8726781", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "A Star Is Born (2018 film)", "text": "Canada. Jeff Goldstein, President of Domestic Distribution, Warner Bros. Pictures, said, \"Securing premium IMAX screens in this competitive holiday window, ten weeks into release, speaks to the quality of the film Bradley Cooper has delivered and the passion audiences have for this story. We are thrilled to be able to give moviegoers a chance to see 'A Star Is Born' again, or for the first time, in such an experiential format as IMAX.\" Warner Bros. announced that the film would be available for digital download through retailers on January 15, 2019, followed by its release on Blu-ray, DVD and 4K", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18701821", "score": "0.868503", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "A Star Is Born (2018 film)", "text": "on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film.\" \"A Star Is Born\" had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on August 31, 2018. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival, the San Sebastián International Film Festival, and the Zurich Film Festival in September 2018. The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 5, 2018, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, after initially having been set for September 28, 2018, and May 18, 2018, releases. From December 7, 2018, the film had a limited release in IMAX theaters across United States and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18701820", "score": "0.8681897", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "The Star (1952 film)", "text": "as a saleswoman in an upscale department store, but overhearing some unkind gossip from two customers wounds her pride and she runs out. Her old agent manages to get her a screen test for a role in a film she'd always wanted to play. She is offered and takes a screen test for a supporting role, believing that if she plays that character as a sexy younger woman -- rather than the middle-aged frump she is seen as by the studio -- she might be able to win the more coveted lead role. It does not work out. At a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1559256", "score": "0.8668015", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "The Star (2017 film)", "text": "The Star (2017 film) The Star is a 2017 American computer-animated Christian comedy film directed by Timothy Reckart. Based on the Nativity of Jesus, an original idea by Tom Sheridan, the screenplay was written by Carlos Kotkin and Simon Moore. It is produced by Sony Pictures Animation, with partnership from Walden Media, Affirm Films and The Jim Henson Company. It stars the voices of Steven Yeun, Gina Rodriguez, Zachary Levi, Keegan-Michael Key, Kelly Clarkson, Patricia Heaton, Kristin Chenoweth, Tracy Morgan, Tyler Perry, and Oprah Winfrey. The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19906623", "score": "0.86221063", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "A Star Is Born (2018 film)", "text": "A Star Is Born (2018 film) A Star Is Born is a 2018 American musical romantic drama film produced and directed by Bradley Cooper (in his directorial debut) and written by Eric Roth, Cooper and Will Fetters. A remake of the 1937 film of the same name, it stars Cooper, Lady Gaga, Andrew Dice Clay, Dave Chappelle, and Sam Elliott, and follows a hard-drinking musician (Cooper) who discovers and falls in love with a young singer (Gaga). It marks the fourth remake of the original 1937 film, after the 1954 musical, the 1976 rock musical and the 2013 Bollywood romance", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18701807", "score": "0.86071074", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "The Star (2017 film)", "text": "It ended up grossing $9.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing 6th at the box office. On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an average rating of 44% based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"\"The Star\" may not leave audiences singing 'Hallelujah', but its offbeat yet sincere approach to the nativity story makes for acceptably diverting holiday viewing.\" On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 42 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19906637", "score": "0.85960996", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "The Star (1952 film)", "text": "The Star (1952 film) The Star is a 1952 American drama film directed by Stuart Heisler and starring Bette Davis. The plot tells the story of an aging, washed up actress who is desperate to restart her career. Even though the film was a critical and commercial failure, Bette Davis received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. Academy Award-winning star Margaret \"Maggie\" Elliot (Bette Davis) is a bankrupt actress of a certain age struggling to accept her new non-wealthy reality. She is in denial, and confident she can somehow build herself up again and re-launch her career to its", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1559254", "score": "0.8507861", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "A Star Is Born (1976 film)", "text": "being the 1954 musical starring Judy Garland and James Mason. The story was also adapted as the 2013 Bollywood film \"Aashiqui 2\". Bradley Cooper later starred, directed, and co-produced a 2018 retelling, with Lady Gaga co-starring and composing new music for the film. In 2006, the Region 1 DVD was released in North America in Dolby Digital 5.1 sound with extras including a full-length commentary by Barbra Streisand, 16 minutes of never before seen and additional footage and the original wardrobe test. In 2007 the Region 2 DVD with the same extras was released in Germany. In 2008 the Region", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6700520", "score": "0.8504483", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "A Star Is Born (1937 film)", "text": "Price Hollywood?\" (1932), released by RKO Radio Pictures. The 1932 film's original title was \"The Truth About Hollywood\" based on a story by Adela Rogers St. Johns. St. Johns loosely based her plot on the experiences of actress Colleen Moore and her husband, alcoholic producer John McCormick (1893–1961), and the life and death of director Tom Forman, who committed suicide following a nervous breakdown. Four years after \"What Price Hollywood?\" was released, Selznick approached George Cukor and asked him to direct \"A Star Is Born\". Cukor felt the plot was too similar to \"What Price Hollywood?\" so he declined. RKO", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6700440", "score": "0.8500823", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Movie Star (song)", "text": "features Murphy on a night out in London with several drag queens and performers, including Jodie Harsh and Theo Adams. Some scenes are inspired by the work of John Waters, such as the attack by \"Lobstora\" from his 1970 film \"Multiple Maniacs\" and the appearance of Divine lookalikes. Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Overpowered\". Movie Star (song) \"Movie Star\" is a song by Irish singer Róisín Murphy from her second studio album, \"Overpowered\" (2007). It was written by Murphy, Paul \"Seiji\" Dolby and Mike Patto, while production was handled by Parrot & Dean. The song was released digitally", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11912210", "score": "0.8472375", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Star (2017 film)", "text": "polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. \"The A.V. Club\"s Ignatiy Vishnevetsky criticized \"The Star\" as a \"rote cartoon feature\" existing for purely commercial reasons: \"...even the kid-friendliest, Sunday-school-iest kind of religious art can't spring from religion alone; it needs artistry, too. Otherwise, you end up with a generic product aimed at a market segment who'll buy anything as long as it seems sufficiently churchy.\" The Star (2017 film) The Star is a 2017 American computer-animated Christian comedy film directed by Timothy Reckart. Based on the Nativity of Jesus, an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19906638", "score": "0.8455429", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Rock Star (2001 film)", "text": "aspect of the movie.\" Hill was quick to add \"I watched it once. I don't have the urge to watch it again.\" A small number of the songs featured in the film and on the soundtrack were released after the dates given in the film. They are marked with an asterisk. Partial list of songs that were featured in the movie but did not appear on the soundtrack CD: Rock Star (2001 film) Rock Star is a 2001 American musical comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Herek and starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston. It tells the story of Chris \"Izzy\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4626750", "score": "0.84539676", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool", "text": "specifically for the film. In August 2017, Sony Pictures Classics acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film. The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on 1 September 2017. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2017. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 16 November 2017 by Lionsgate. and in the United States on 29 December 2017. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 146 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"\"Film Stars Dont", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19907238", "score": "0.8430712", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "A Star Is Born (2018 film)", "text": "film in the role of the manager to Cooper's character, though he ultimately was not involved. On March 17, 2017, Sam Elliott joined the film, with Andrew Dice Clay entering negotiations to play Lorenzo, the father of Lady Gaga's character. Clay was selected over Robert De Niro, John Turturro and John Travolta. In April 2017, Rafi Gavron, Michael Harney, and Rebecca Field also joined the cast. Filming began on April 17, 2017. In May, Dave Chappelle was cast in the film. In April 2018, it was announced that Halsey would have a small role. After seeing him perform at Desert", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18701818", "score": "0.8413749", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "The Star (1952 film)", "text": "earlier brilliance. After suffering another big disappointment while vainly striving to get that last one good role, she gets drunk, is arrested for DUI, and spends a night in jail. She is bailed out by Jim Johannsen (Sterling Hayden), a younger former actor whom she had helped in the past. Jim, now comfortably settled as the owner of a boatyard, admits that he has loved her ever since those days and, helped by Margaret's daughter Gretchen (Natalie Wood), tries to help Margaret see that her big screen days as a famous actress are already over. She reluctantly tries to work", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1559255", "score": "0.8401021", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "The Star (2017 film)", "long_answer": "The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on November 17, 2017 in the United States. It was met with mixed reviews and has grossed $61 million worldwide. The film received a nomination for Best Original Song (\"The Star\") at the 75th Golden Globe Awards.", "chunked_long_answer": "The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on November 17, 2017 in the United States. It was met with mixed reviews and has grossed $61 million worldwide. The film received a nomination for Best Original Song (\"The Star\") at the 75th Golden Globe Awards.", "short_answers": [ "November 17, 2017" ] }

[ "Mary Rose Foster" ]

[ { "title": "Bette (TV series)", "text": "short run. Guest stars included Danny DeVito, George Segal, Brenda Song, Sharon Lawrence, Tim Curry, David James Elliott, Oprah Winfrey, Ashley Tisdale, Tony Danza, Dolly Parton, Olivia Newton-John, Jon Lovitz, and the ladies from rival network ABC's \"The View\" all as themselves. When \"Bette\" went into production, Lindsay Lohan was the original choice to play Rose. After the completion of the pilot episode, Midler decided that the series would shoot in Los Angeles, instead of New York City, where the pilot was filmed. Lohan did not want to continually commute from her family's current residence in New York City, as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6902397", "score": "1.2353436", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Bette Midler", "text": "critics. Midler fared somewhat better with her other 1991 project \"For the Boys\", on which she reteamed with \"The Rose\" director Mark Rydell. A historical musical drama, it tells the story of 1940s actress and singer Dixie Leonard, played by Midler, who teams up with Eddie Sparks, a famous performer to entertain American troops. While the film received a mixed reception from critics, Midler earned rave review for her portrayal. The following year she was awarded her second Golden Globe and received her second Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. Midler turned down the lead role in the musical comedy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1675668", "score": "1.218968", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Bette Midler", "text": "commercial and critical failure and went on to be her all-time lowest charting album, peaking at No. 65 on the \"Billboard\" album chart. Soon afterward, she began a world concert tour, with one of her shows in Pasadena being filmed and released as the concert film \"Divine Madness\" (1980). Her performance in \"The Rose\" earned her a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actress, a role for which she won the Golden Globe for Best Actress (Comedy or Musical). The film's acclaimed soundtrack album sold over two million copies in the United States alone, earning a Double Platinum certification. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1675661", "score": "1.2126523", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Bette Midler", "text": "charts, including her renditions of \"The Rose\", \"Wind Beneath My Wings\", \"Do You Want to Dance\", \"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy\", and \"From a Distance\". In 2008, she signed a contract with Caesars Palace in Las Vegas to perform a show titled \"Bette Midler: The Showgirl Must Go On\", which ended in 2010. Midler made her motion picture debut in 1979 with \"The Rose\", which earned her a Golden Globe for Best Actress, as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She has since starred in a number of hit films, which include: \"Down and Out in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1675650", "score": "1.1839187", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Bette of Roses", "text": "Bette of Roses Bette of Roses is the eighth studio album by the American singer Bette Midler, released on Atlantic Records in 1995. It became Midler's final album for the label, twenty-three years after the release of her debut album \"The Divine Miss M\" (Midler was transferred to Atlantic's sister label Warner Bros. Records for her next two albums, then left the Warner group completely in 2002 when she signed with the Sony-owned Columbia Records). The title \"Bette of Roses\" is a play on one of the tracks, \"Bed of Roses\". \"Bette of Roses\" was Midler's first full-length studio album", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7753493", "score": "1.135627", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Bette Midler", "text": "was released. It reached number 66 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 chart, and number six in the United Kingdom, where it was certified platinum for sales of over 300,000 copies. As her only film appearance that year, Midler had a small role in Diane English's comedy film \"The Women\", starring Meg Ryan, Annette Bening and Eva Mendes among others. An updated version of the George Cukor-directed 1939 film of the same name based on a 1936 play by Clare Boothe Luce, the film was widely panned by critics, who found it \"...a toothless remake of the 1939 classic, lacking the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1675681", "score": "1.1291733", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Bette (TV series)", "text": "and \"Family Law\" (a cross promotion by CBS), and starred in a TV Halloween special with Dolly Parton (who appeared as herself and was said to be longtime friend of the Bette character; Parton and Midler are friends in real life). Other stories were out of the spotlight and closer to home; in one, Bette volunteered at Rose's school with surprising results, and in another, flashbacks were shown depicting the first time Bette met Connie, Roy, and Oscar (in that order), along with one featuring the birth of Rose. Many of Midler's celebrity friends appeared as themselves during the show's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6902396", "score": "1.1230364", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Bette Midler", "text": "remake of the 1975 film of the same name also based on the Ira Levin novel. Also starring Nicole Kidman, Matthew Broderick, Christopher Walken and Glenn Close, Midler played Bobbie Markowitz, a writer and recovering alcoholic. The project underwent numerous production problems that occurred throughout its shooting schedule, with reports of problems on-set between director Oz and the actors being rampant in the press. Oz later blamed Midler — who was amid recording her next album and rehearsing for her tour — for being under a lot of stress by other projects and making \"the mistake of bringing her stress", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1675677", "score": "1.1220539", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "The Rose (soundtrack)", "text": "The Rose (soundtrack) The Rose is the soundtrack to the feature film of the same name starring Bette Midler which was released in 1979. Midler performs all the songs on the album, with the exception of the instrumental \"Camellia\". Apart from the title track, the soundtrack was entirely recorded live and also features concert monologues, with Midler portraying the character The Rose, loosely based on blues singer Janis Joplin. The soundtrack was produced by Paul A. Rothchild, who in fact also had worked with Joplin on what was to become her final album before her death in 1970, entitled \"Pearl\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7753446", "score": "1.0965841", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "The Rose (film)", "text": "In late 1969, Mary Rose Foster (Bette Midler) is a famous rock and roll diva known as The Rose. Although a success, she is burnt out and lonely but is kept working by her gruff, greedy manager and promoter Rudge Campbell (Alan Bates). Though loud and brassy, Rose is an insecure alcoholic and former drug user who seems to crave approval in her life. As such, she is determined to return to her hometown, now as a superstar. After being humiliated by a country singing star named Billy Ray (Harry Dean Stanton) whose songs she performs in her show, Rose", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Rose (film)", "text": "The Rose (film) The Rose is a 1979 American drama film which tells the story of a self-destructive 1960s rock star who struggles to cope with the constant pressures of her career and the demands of her ruthless business manager. The film stars Bette Midler, Alan Bates, Frederic Forrest, Harry Dean Stanton, Barry Primus, and David Keith. The story is loosely based on the life of singer Janis Joplin. Originally titled \"Pearl\", after Joplin's nickname, and the title of her last album, it was fictionalized after her family declined to allow the producers the rights to her story. It was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1807948", "score": "1.0943624", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Bette Midler", "text": "by critics, who felt the film was \"sweet but milquetoast\", box office totals for the movie were higher than initially expected. In 2013, Midler performed on Broadway for the first time in more than 30 years in a play about the Hollywood superagent Sue Mengers. The play, titled \"\" and dramatized by John Logan, opened on April 24, 2013 at the Booth Theatre. After the show's success in New York, recouping its initial $2.4 million investment, it was decided to perform the play in Los Angeles at the Geffen Playhouse. In December, it was announced that Midler would portray actress", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1675684", "score": "1.0749205", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Bette Midler", "text": "\"Sister Act\" in 1992, which instead went to Whoopi Goldberg. Midler won an Emmy Award in 1992 for her performance on the penultimate episode of \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" in May 1992, during which she sang an emotion-laden \"One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)\" to Johnny Carson. That night, Midler began singing \"Here's That Rainy Day\", Carson's favorite song; Carson joined in a few lyrics later. In 1993, she starred with Sarah Jessica Parker and Kathy Najimy in the Walt Disney comedy fantasy film, \"Hocus Pocus\", as Winifred Sanderson, the head witch of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1675669", "score": "1.0741478", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Bette Midler", "text": "in Watertown, New York, who, determined to give her daughter all the opportunities she never had, ultimately makes a selfless sacrifice to ensure her happiness. The movie scored mediocre reviews, while Midler received her first Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress. She co-starred with Woody Allen in the 1991 film \"Scenes from a Mall\", again for Paul Mazursky. In the film, Allen's character reveals to his author wife Deborah, played by Midler, after years of a happy marriage, that he has had an affair, resulting in her request for divorce. The movie performed poorly, and received a mixed reception by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1675667", "score": "1.0664332", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Gypsy (1993 film)", "text": "deserves both an Emmy and a Grammy.\" \"Midler was sensational as Mama Rose in the recent TV version of \"Gypsy\",\" wrote \"The Buffalo News\". \"The Chicago Sun-Times\" said, \"Midler has the perfect blend of energy and maturity to portray vaudeville's ultimate stage mother. But the guiding force behind the new, sparkling \"Gypsy\" comes from the perceptive and reverent direction of Oscar winner Emile Ardolino, who artfully preserves the spirit of a stage play within the confines of television.\" In another article, the publication wrote, \"Bette Midler's star turn in CBS' \"Gypsy\" not only brought the TV musical back from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14063140", "score": "1.0642102", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Bette Midler", "text": "the PBS educational series \"Vegetable Soup.\" In 1977, Midler's first television special, whose title, \"Ol' Red Hair is Back\", was a takeoff on Frank Sinatra's \"Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back\", premiered, featuring guest stars Dustin Hoffman and Emmett Kelly. It went on to win the \"Emmy Award\" for Outstanding Special — Comedy-Variety or Music. Midler made her first motion picture in 1979, starring in the 1960s-era rock and roll tragedy \"The Rose\", as a drug-addicted rock star modeled after Janis Joplin. That year, she also released her fifth studio album, \"Thighs and Whispers.\" Midler's first foray into disco was a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1675660", "score": "1.0593398", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Bette Midler", "text": "on the set.\" While the original book and film had tremendous cultural impact, the remake was marked by poor reviews by many critics, and a financial loss of approximately $40 million at the box office. Midler joined forces again with Manilow for another tribute album, \"Bette Midler Sings the Peggy Lee Songbook\". Released in October 2005, the album sold 55,000 copies the first week of release, returned Midler to the top ten of US \"Billboard\" 200, and was nominated for a Grammy Award. Midler released a new Christmas album titled \"Cool Yule\" in 2006, which featured a duet of Christmastime", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1675678", "score": "1.0593123", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "The Thorn", "text": "Joseph; John Greenburg as John the Baptist; Fred LaBour as the Angel Fred; Richard Pollard as Rabbi Gabriel; Diana David as Salome; and Jack Castor and Chi Chi as queens. All of these actors were unknown and had no other film credits, with the exception of Bette Midler who was just beginning to build her singing career, had acted in a Broadway musical, and had briefly played a lead role in the off-Broadway musical \"Salvation\" in 1969. Midler had a brief appearance as a boat passenger in the 1966 film \"Hawaii\". Originally conceived as \"The Greatest Story Overtold\", an irreverent", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7753594", "score": "1.0588481", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Bette Midler", "text": "Gallagher Levi, continuing through January 2018, in the Broadway revival of \"Hello, Dolly!\" for which she won her second Tony Award. In 2017 she also appeared in the role of Muv in the 2017 film \"Freak Show\". On April 20, 2018 it was announced that Midler will be returning to \"Hello, Dolly!\" on July 17 to close out the run of the successful revival. In 1991, Midler was an early sponsor of the Adopt-a-Highway, paying $2,000 a month for a crew to clean up a 2-mile section of the Ventura Freeway in Burbank, California. Signs at both ends of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1675686", "score": "1.0551794", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "The Rose (soundtrack)", "text": "The \"Rose\" soundtrack also included one song that since its original release has become a mainstay in Midler's live repertoire, Jerry Ragovoy's despairing blues ballad \"Stay With Me\". \"The Rose\" peaked at #12 on Billboard's album chart in the Spring of 1980, making it Midler's bestselling album since 1973's \"Bette Midler\". The album was digitally remastered and reissued on CD by Atlantic Records/Warner Music in 1995 but with no bonus tracks. \"All tracks recorded live unless otherwise noted\" Side A Side B The Rose Concert Band \"Love Me With a Feeling\" Band \"The Rose\" Ensemble The Rose (soundtrack) The Rose", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7753449", "score": "1.0538728", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Bette of Roses", "text": "Knuckles and Junior Vasquez, although it in fact had been remixed and re-produced by Arif Mardin himself. The promo video was also re-edited and re-released, then using the dance remix instead of the original \"Bette of Roses\" recording. In Europe, Australia and New Zealand the remix single was issued to promote Atlantic/Warner Music's expanded re-release of Midler's 1993 hits compilation \"\"—on which it was placed as the opening track—instead of the actual \"Bette of Roses\" album. Although notably different to Midler's original recording of the song and indeed the whole \"Bette of Roses\" album project as such, the dance remix", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7753497", "score": "1.0533807", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Bette Midler", "text": "\"Isn't She Great\" and \"Drowning Mona\". In Andrew Bergman's \"Isn't She Great\", a highly fictionalized account of the life and career of author Jacqueline Susann, she played alongside Nathan Lane and Stockard Channing, portraying Susann with her early struggles as an aspiring actress relentlessly hungry for fame, her relationship with press agent Irving Mansfield, her success as the author of \"Valley of the Dolls\", and her battle with and subsequent death from breast cancer. The dramedy garnered largely negative reviews by critics, who dismissed it as \"bland material [that] produces entirely forgettable comic performances.\" For her performance in the film,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1675674", "score": "1.052105", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "The Rose (film)", "text": "North American rentals of $19.1 million. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: The Criterion Collection released the film on Blu-ray and DVD on May 19, 2015. The Rose (film) The Rose is a 1979 American drama film which tells the story of a self-destructive 1960s rock star who struggles to cope with the constant pressures of her career and the demands of her ruthless business manager. The film stars Bette Midler, Alan Bates, Frederic Forrest, Harry Dean Stanton, Barry Primus, and David Keith. The story is loosely based on the life of singer Janis Joplin.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1807954", "score": "1.0515097", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Marilyn Michaels", "text": "as Bette Midler, Bo Derek, Julie Andrews, Barbra Streisand, Donna Summer, Lily Tomlin and Brooke Shields. She reprised some of these characters while working with Debbie Reynolds on \"The Love Boat\" in 1982. In that year, Woody Allen also cast her in a cameo as 30's film star Mae West in \"Zelig\". When Allen decided to cut the piece, preferring documentary footage to an impression, Marilyn wrote of her experience working with Allen, including photos showing her dressed in Woody's garb, for \"U.S. Magazine\". In 1988 she performed five voices for the PBS series \"Reading Rainbow\" for the book \"Gregory", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12260829", "score": "1.0505753", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Janis Joplin", "text": "\"I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die\" (1967). At the 1976 Montreux Jazz Festival, Nina Simone, whom Joplin admired greatly, commented on Joplin and referred to the documentary \"Janis\" (1975) that evidently was screened at the festival: The film \"The Rose\" (1979) is loosely based on Joplin's life. Originally planned to be titled \"Pearl\"—Joplin's nickname and the title of her last album—the film was fictionalized after her family declined to allow the producers the rights to her story. Bette Midler earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film. In 1988, on what would have been Joplin's 45th birthday,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "216306", "score": "1.0503913", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Bette of Roses", "text": "be Midler's lowest-charting studio album since 1983's new wave/rock-influenced \"No Frills\", peaking at #45 on \"Billboard\"'s album chart and #55 in the UK. This resulted in the release of a radically remixed dance version of Maria McKee's country rock ballad \"To Deserve You\", which more or less only retained the lead vocals and a sample of the spoken line \"\"I would die for you\"\" from the album version, which had been arranged by the composer herself. The original backing track was replaced with a 123 BPM mid-'90s dance production in the style of house music remixers like Shep Pettibone, Frankie", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7753496", "score": "1.0489573", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Rose (soundtrack)", "text": "and released posthumously. Midler's portrayal of The Rose, which was her acting debut, earned her an Oscar nomination for Best Actress in 1980 and became the start of her career in movies. The first single to be lifted off the soundtrack was Midler's rendition of Percy Sledge's \"When a Man Loves a Woman\" which became a moderate chart hit, peaking at #35 on \"Billboard\"'s single chart. The studio recorded title track (written by Amanda McBroom) which closes the album however became a top 3 hit for Midler, and also a #1 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and today counts as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7753447", "score": "1.0449877", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Sharon Redd", "text": "the role of Sherrye in the U.S. television sitcom \"Rhoda\". 1978 also saw Redd feature as a guest in the musical \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\". In the mid-1970s, Bette Midler was looking to replace Merle Miller and Gail Kantor, both of whom had left after Midler's 1973 tour to pursue their own interests. Midler auditioned over 70 performers, but Redd landed the job, becoming one of Bette's Harlettes. Aside from performing as a Harlette, Redd also provided backing vocals for Carol Douglas (\"Burnin'\" and \"Night Fever\") and Norman Connors (\"You Are My Starship\"). Having ended their association with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5474702", "score": "1.0439327", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Just Hits", "text": "third appearance on this compilation. The picture used for the cover of \"Just Hits\" is in fact the very same as the K-Tel version of \"The Best of Bette\" which shows Midler in concert, taken from the movie \"The Rose\". The first Bette Midler \"greatest hits\" compilation to be released worldwide, including the US and Canada, was 1993's \"Experience the Divine\". Side A Side B Just Hits Just Hits is a compilation album by American singer Bette Midler, released on the Atlantic Records label in Australia and New Zealand in 1987. The album was the third greatest hits compilation with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12266021", "score": "1.0406854", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Bette Midler", "text": "charm, wit and compelling protagonists of the original.\" Midler appeared on the Bravo TV show \"My Life on the D-List\" with Kathy Griffin in an episode that aired in June 2009. In December of the same year, she appeared in the \"Royal Variety Performance\", an annual British charity event attended by Queen Elizabeth II. Midler performed \"In My Life\" and \"Wind Beneath My Wings\" as the closing act. In 2010, Midler voiced the character Kitty Galore in the animated film \".\" The film was a success, grossing $112 million worldwide. In November 2010, Midler released \"Memories of You\", another compilation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1675682", "score": "1.0387589", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "The Rose (film)", "long_answer": "In late 1969, Mary Rose Foster (Bette Midler) is a famous rock and roll diva known as The Rose. Although a success, she is burnt out and lonely but is kept working by her gruff, greedy manager and promoter Rudge Campbell (Alan Bates). Though loud and brassy, Rose is an insecure alcoholic and former drug user who seems to crave approval in her life. As such, she is determined to return to her hometown, now as a superstar. After being humiliated by a country singing star named Billy Ray (Harry Dean Stanton) whose songs she performs in her show, Rose takes off with a limousine driver named Huston Dyer (Frederic Forrest) and begins a romance with him. Rudge thinks Huston is just another hanger on, but Rose thinks she has finally met her true love. Huston tells her that he is actually an AWOL sergeant from the Army, and she tells him of her past in Florida. They have a rocky relationship and her lifestyle of \"Sex, Drugs, and Rock & Roll\", constant touring, and Huston's jealousy over Rose's lesbian lover Sarah lead her to an inevitable breakdown at a tour stop in Memphis. Huston and Rose break up and she returns to her hometown of Jacksonville, Florida with PFC Mal, whom she met in Texas, as a security escort, telling him about her past.", "chunked_long_answer": "In late 1969, Mary Rose Foster (Bette Midler) is a famous rock and roll diva known as The Rose. Although a success, she is burnt out and lonely but is kept working by her gruff, greedy manager and promoter Rudge Campbell (Alan Bates). Though loud and brassy, Rose is an insecure alcoholic and former drug user who seems to crave approval in her life. As such, she is determined to return to her hometown, now as a superstar. After being humiliated by a country singing star named Billy Ray (Harry Dean Stanton) whose songs she performs in her show, Rose", "short_answers": [ "Mary Rose Foster" ] }

[ "Manhattan" ]

[ { "title": "Sorry, Wrong Number", "text": "Again\" and the 2014 action-thriller \"\". The latter two films were directed by Kenneth Branagh. Sorry, Wrong Number Sorry, Wrong Number is a 1948 American thriller film noir directed by Anatole Litvak and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster. It tells the story of a woman who overhears a murder plot. The film was adapted by Lucille Fletcher from her 1943 radio play. It is one of the few pre-1950 Paramount Pictures films that remained in the studio's library (the rest are currently owned by NBCUniversal). Leona Stevenson is the spoiled, bedridden daughter of wealthy businessman James Cotterell. One day,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1549071", "score": "1.0448961", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Sorry, Wrong Number", "text": "Sorry, Wrong Number Sorry, Wrong Number is a 1948 American thriller film noir directed by Anatole Litvak and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster. It tells the story of a woman who overhears a murder plot. The film was adapted by Lucille Fletcher from her 1943 radio play. It is one of the few pre-1950 Paramount Pictures films that remained in the studio's library (the rest are currently owned by NBCUniversal). Leona Stevenson is the spoiled, bedridden daughter of wealthy businessman James Cotterell. One day, while listening to what seems to be a crossed telephone connection, she hears two men", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1549061", "score": "1.0246819", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Sorry, Right Number", "text": "Sorry, Right Number \"Sorry, Right Number\" is a teleplay written by author Stephen King for an episode of the horror anthology series \"Tales from the Darkside\". It was later included in King's short story collection \"Nightmares & Dreamscapes\", and is the only such work that King has included in any of his anthologies. It appears in script format, and begins with an authors' guide for screenplays and abbreviations. The \"Tales from the Darkside\" episode originally aired in 1987, and starred Deborah Harmon and Arthur Taxier as Katie and Bill Weiderman, with Rhonda Dotson as Katie's sister Dawn and Katherine Britton,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7308058", "score": "0.92724264", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Wrong Number (2004 film)", "text": "Wrong Number (2004 film) Wrong Number also () is a Bangladeshi Bengali-language film. The film released on 25 March 2004 in all over Bangladesh. The film directed by Motin Rahman. And produced-distributed by Impress Telefilm Limited. Stars Riaz, Shrabanti, Abdul Qader, Nasir Rahman, Dolly Johur, Tushar Khan, Amol Bosh, Tahsina, Taskina and many more. The story revolves around different comical events regarding telephonic conversation. Athoi (Shrabanti). a young girl loves to dial wrong numbers and through such an incident, gets involved with a boy Abir ( Riaz ).The story advances through a series of humorous events. Wrong Number films music", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15556714", "score": "0.87188894", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Sorry, Right Number", "text": "Brandon Stewart and Nicole Huntington as the Weiderman children. It was later produced as a short film in 2005, directed and adapted by Brian Berkowitz. The cast included Darrin Stevens, Karla Droege, Michael Brady, Kimberly D'Armond, Karoline Striplin, and Barbara Weetman. The title is a pun on the title of the radio play and film \"Sorry, Wrong Number\". Katie Weiderman is talking to her sister on the phone one night. Her husband, Bill, is in his study trying to find inspiration for a new novel. Her children are arguing about whether or not to watch \"Ghost Kiss\", a gory TV", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7308059", "score": "0.85647994", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Wrong No.", "text": ". Wednesday was the first working day for the film, but it yet registered 90% occupancies, collecting on Wednesday. The film collected on Thursday. The film was again 95% on the second weekend as it collected , taking the total to . In the UK until the second weekend. At the end of its 50 Days run in Pakistan, the film collected 15 crores from local markets emerging as a blockbuster. The film did a business of over 30 crores worldwide Wrong No. Wrong No. (also written as Wrong Number) is a 2015 Pakistani romantic comedy film directed by Yasir", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18718560", "score": "0.8417505", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Misdialed call", "text": "order to attempt to sell or lease the numbers to the named organisation or its local chapters. Misdialled calls serve as a plot device in 1948 film \"Sorry, Wrong Number\", in television series episodes such as the Dad's Army episode \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" and on the Touch-Tone Terrorists prank call CD series. Misdialed call A misdialed call or wrong number is a telephone call to an incorrect telephone number. This may occur because the number has been physically misdialled, the number is simply incorrect, or because the area code or ownership of the number has changed. In North America, toll-free", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13742795", "score": "0.84174514", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "The Right Number", "text": "as readers aren't taken out of the experience as they may when using a hyperlink to move to the next page. \"The Right Number\" has an advantage over infinitely-scrollable webcomics in that it preserves the rhythm of reading the comic, while scrollers may start to \"drag on and on.\" The time the webcomic spends zooming in on panels forces the reader to pace themselves. \"The Right Number\" follows a man who accidentally meets up with a stranger rather than his own girlfriend after misdialing a phone call. The woman he meets looks, sounds, and acts significantly like his wife, however,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19963398", "score": "0.8413148", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Sorry, Wrong Number", "text": "play originally aired on the \"Suspense\" radio program on May 25, 1943, essentially a one-woman show with Agnes Moorehead as Mrs. Stevenson. The play was reprised seven times, each starring Moorehead. The final broadcast was on February 14, 1960. Orson Welles called \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" \"the greatest single radio script ever written\". In 2015, the May 25, 1943 broadcast was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the Library of Congress and selected for inclusion in the National Recording Registry. Clips from \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" were used for the 1982 comedy-mystery \"Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid\", the 1991 thriller \"Dead", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1549070", "score": "0.8370382", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Sorry, Wrong Number", "text": "Sorry, Wrong Number conforms to many of the conventions of film noir. The movie plays in real time, with many flashbacks to flesh out the story. Stanwyck's bedroom window overlooks the night skyline of Manhattan. The film is shot very dark, with looming shadows and a circling camera used to maintain a high level of suspense.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Wrong Number (George Jones song)", "text": "a wrong number and hangs up. Although not a major hit, \"Wrong Number\" is another in a long list of obscure George Jones songs that he sings, as Nick Tosches put it in the \"Texas Monthly\" in 1994, \"as if his soul were on fire.\" Wrong Number (George Jones song) \"Wrong Number\" is a song by American country singer George Jones. Jones composed the song with Dickie Overby. It was released as a promotional single in 1965 and rose to #14 on the \"Billboard\" country chart. The song tells the story of a man who, filled with despair, calls his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18945771", "score": "0.8308264", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "The Right Number", "text": "The Right Number The Right Number is an infinite canvas webcomic by Scott McCloud. The webcomic makes use of an experimental zooming user interface, where each subsequent panel is nested inside of the panel that comes before it. \"The Right Number\" follows a man who discovers that one can figure out someone's character traits based on their phone number, and starts to abuse the patterns he finds to search the perfect girlfriend. The story is focused on obsession and how it is impossible to find the perfect mate. Two of its three parts were published in 2003 through the BitPass", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19963395", "score": "0.82636964", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Wrong Number (George Jones song)", "text": "Wrong Number (George Jones song) \"Wrong Number\" is a song by American country singer George Jones. Jones composed the song with Dickie Overby. It was released as a promotional single in 1965 and rose to #14 on the \"Billboard\" country chart. The song tells the story of a man who, filled with despair, calls his former lover on the telephone because he wants to hear her voice again. However, he dares not speak: \"I bite my lip till the blood runs free and keep the words 'I love you' hidden deep, deep inside of me...\" The woman assumes it is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18945770", "score": "0.8054084", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Wrong No.", "text": "India at a later date. The film was scheduled to be released in the US on December 11, 2015. Rafay Mahmood of \"The Express Tribune\" rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, \"It is the small moments and performances by the side actors that make an otherwise ordinary film a joyride. Beyond that, it is a test of your bladder and brain, whatever lets go first.\" Momin Ali Munshi of \"Galaxy Lollywood\" rated 3.8/5 overall and summed up his review as, \"Wrong Number is a complete commercial pot-boiler which has all the elements that are required to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18718557", "score": "0.8037596", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Lucille Fletcher", "text": "Douglass Wallop, a writer, on January 6, 1949. They remained married until his death in 1985. Lucille Fletcher died on August 31, 2000, after suffering a stroke. \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" received the Edgar Allan Poe Award from the Mystery Writers of America. Lucille Fletcher Violet Lucille Fletcher (March 28, 1912August 31, 2000) was an American screenwriter of film, radio and television. Her credits include \"The Hitch-Hiker,\" an original radio play written for Orson Welles and adapted for a notable episode of \"The Twilight Zone\" television series. Lucille Fletcher also wrote \"Sorry, Wrong Number\", one of the most celebrated plays in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6077785", "score": "0.8021766", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Misdialed call", "text": "Misdialed call A misdialed call or wrong number is a telephone call to an incorrect telephone number. This may occur because the number has been physically misdialled, the number is simply incorrect, or because the area code or ownership of the number has changed. In North America, toll-free numbers are a frequent source of wrong numbers because they often have a history of prior ownership. In the United Kingdom, many misdialled calls have been due to public confusion over the dialling codes for some areas. The recipient of a wrong number is usually unknown to the caller. This aspect has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13742786", "score": "0.8015949", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "The Right Number", "text": "and the protagonist finds that this girl is a \"better version\" of his girlfriend. He starts to experiment with his phone, and discovers a pattern where women with similar phone numbers have similar character traits. He then abuses this system to find the perfect girlfriend, as he starts to obsess over the smallest details. McCloud describes \"The Right Number\" as \"a story about obsession\" and calls this a theme he returns to often. In an interview with Joe Zabel, McCloud said that he is \"pessimistic about the wisdom of trying to find the perfect mate,\" which is what the protagonist", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19963399", "score": "0.7931084", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Sorry, Right Number", "text": "adaptation of Bill's earlier novel. Katie receives a second phone call. The incoming call is a sobbing and traumatized caller who sputters, \"Take... please... take\" before the line goes dead. Katie immediately assumes the call came from her daughter Polly, who is away at boarding school, but a call to Polly proves otherwise. Katie also rules out her mother, but she cannot reach her sister Dawn. Katie and Bill rush over to Dawn's house; despite the appearance of a forced entry, Dawn is all right and did not call. Assuming that someone must have dialed the wrong number, Katie forgets", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7308060", "score": "0.78429145", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Wrong No.", "text": "make a blockbuster. This masala entertainer will make you fall in love with the characters and will also make sure that you fall off your seat every few minutes courtesy the heavy doses of laughter that will come your way. But be warned that if you are easily offended and rate humour as being clean or dirty then this is surely not your cup of tea.\" Asad Haroon of \"Dispatch News Desk\" said, \"Wrong Number is a slapstick comedy filled with humor. One can't stop laughing throughout the movie and the dialogues are pretty well written and up to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18718558", "score": "0.7832631", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Wrong No.", "text": "Wrong No. Wrong No. (also written as Wrong Number) is a 2015 Pakistani romantic comedy film directed by Yasir Nawaz and co-produced by Yasir Nawaz, Nida Yasir and Hassan Zia under the production banner YNH Films. The film features Javed Sheikh, Danish Taimoor, Nadeem Jaffri, Danish Nawaz, Shafqat Cheema, Sohai Ali Abro and Janita Asma in lead roles. \"Wrong No.\" is the directorial debut of Yasir Nawaz. The film was released by ARY Films in cinemas nationwide on July 18, 2015 (Eid al-Fitr). In its opening weekend, it took in at the local box office. The story revolves around Sallu", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18718551", "score": "0.78300464", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Misdialed call", "text": "been used in social science experiments designed to study the willingness of people to help strangers, and the extent to which this is affected by characteristics such as race. This experimental method is known as the \"wrong-number technique\". Proper telephone etiquette recommends that the wrongly dialled party politely inform the caller of that fact, and also that the caller apologize rather than simply hanging up. Often the two parties will confirm whether or not the intended number is indeed the number that was reached (e.g. \"Is this 555-0184?\") before ending the call. It is widely considered \"dangerous\" for the called", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13742787", "score": "0.7826376", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Nightmares & Dreamscapes", "text": "film \"Quicksilver Highway\". \"Sorry, Right Number\" was telecast as an episode of \"Tales from the Darkside\" before it was published in \"Nightmares & Dreamscapes\". \"The Moving Finger\" was adapted into an episode of the TV show \"Monsters\". \"Home Delivery\" and \"Rainy Season\" were adapted into short films. During the summer of 2006, TNT produced an eight-episode miniseries on various short stories by Stephen King. Although one may assume from the title that all of the episodes in the miniseries are from the collection of the same name, this is true for only five of the eight (\"Battleground\" was featured in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "740856", "score": "0.78214836", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Lucille Fletcher", "text": "a well-dressed woman with an obnoxious manner refused to allow Fletcher to go ahead of her in line. Herrmann described the drama as an \"act of revenge\". Barbara Stanwyck starred in the 1948 film version of \"Sorry, Wrong Number\" and, in 1952, performed the original radio play over the airwaves. A 1959 version produced for the CBS radio series \"Suspense\" received a 1960 Edgar Award for Best Radio Drama. Two operas were based on the play, which Orson Welles called \"the greatest single radio script ever written\". Fletcher adapted the first part of the Emily Brontë novel \"Wuthering Heights\" into", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6077783", "score": "0.7803778", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Wrong Number (2004 film)", "text": "directed by the Popular composers Ayub Bachchu, Imon Shaha, Tutul and Indian singer Nachiketa composed the music for the movie while Kanakchampa, Asif, Panthakanai, Nachiketa, Udit Narayan, Ferdous Ara and Mehreen lent their voice for the playbacks. Wrong Number (2004 film) Wrong Number also () is a Bangladeshi Bengali-language film. The film released on 25 March 2004 in all over Bangladesh. The film directed by Motin Rahman. And produced-distributed by Impress Telefilm Limited. Stars Riaz, Shrabanti, Abdul Qader, Nasir Rahman, Dolly Johur, Tushar Khan, Amol Bosh, Tahsina, Taskina and many more. The story revolves around different comical events regarding telephonic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15556715", "score": "0.77625436", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "John Bromfield", "text": "John Bromfield John Bromfield (born Farron Bromfield; June 11, 1922 – September 19, 2005) was an American film and television actor. Farron Bromfield was born in South Bend, Indiana. He played football and was a boxing champion at Saint Mary's College of California, where he also lettered in football, baseball, track and swimming. In the 1940s, he gained his first acting experience at the La Jolla Playhouse. Bromfield served in the United States Navy in World War II. Bromfield's screen debut came in \"Harpoon\" (1948). The same year, he was cast as a detective in \"Sorry, Wrong Number\", starring Burt", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6060543", "score": "0.7741014", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Right Number", "text": "review of the first part of \"The Right Number\" that it is tempting to \"[argue] over whether the use of the form and technology is sufficiently 'innovative,'\" but that such discussions lose sight of the more important questions of whether the story is worth reading and the art is worth looking at. In the case of \"The Right Number\", Kross answered both of these questions with \"yes\". The Right Number The Right Number is an infinite canvas webcomic by Scott McCloud. The webcomic makes use of an experimental zooming user interface, where each subsequent panel is nested inside of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19963402", "score": "0.77185315", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Wrong No.", "text": "mark. The script of the movie wasn’t predictable that much but the dialogues were totally unpredictable and funny to such an extent that one could say that \"I didn't see that coming\". The production quality of Wrong number is not that great as of Bin Roye but the screen is pretty bright of wrong number.\" The film had a 90% opening day, registering . The film was almost 95-100% in the next two days, taking the Eid weekend total to . Tuesday was again a holiday due to Eid, and the film was again 95-100% on Tuesday as it collected", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18718559", "score": "0.76996213", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "What's Your Number?", "text": "What's Your Number? What's Your Number? is a 2011 romantic comedy film directed by Mark Mylod and starring Anna Faris and Chris Evans. Written by Gabrielle Allan and Jennifer Crittenden, it is based on Karyn Bosnak's book \"20 Times a Lady\". The film was released on , 2011. In Boston, Ally Darling is a thirty-something woman who is struggling to make better decisions with her life. Her boyfriend Rick breaks up with her when she asks him to attend her sister Daisy's upcoming wedding, and she then gets laid off from her job. While taking the subway home, Ally comes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14441426", "score": "0.7693066", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Sorry, Right Number", "text": "that is about to happen, and tries to say, \"Take him to the hospital! If you want him to live, take him to the hospital!\" In her state of shock, she is only able to say, \"Take... please take...,\" before the line goes dead. She realizes the truth of what happened that night, and breaks down sobbing over her lost opportunity. The episode is available on VHS as part of volume 4 of the \"Tales from the Darkside\" compilation, as well as part of the complete collection released on DVD on October 19, 2010. Sorry, Right Number \"Sorry, Right Number\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7308062", "score": "0.7663405", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number", "text": "release for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita on 10 March 2015 in North America, on 11 March 2015 in Europe, and on 25 June 2015 in Japan. An Android port was released on 4 August 2015. Gameplay of \"Wrong Number\" plays the same to that of its predecessor \"Hotline Miami\". \"Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number\" features a new hard mode, unlocked after completing the Normal story. In Hard mode, enemies are more difficult to take down and some abilities are taken away from the player, such as \"enemy-locking\". Thirteen characters are playable as opposed to just Jacket and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17375626", "score": "0.76144254", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Sorry, Wrong Number", "long_answer": "Sorry, Wrong Number conforms to many of the conventions of film noir. The movie plays in real time, with many flashbacks to flesh out the story. Stanwyck's bedroom window overlooks the night skyline of Manhattan. The film is shot very dark, with looming shadows and a circling camera used to maintain a high level of suspense.", "chunked_long_answer": "Sorry, Wrong Number conforms to many of the conventions of film noir. The movie plays in real time, with many flashbacks to flesh out the story. Stanwyck's bedroom window overlooks the night skyline of Manhattan. The film is shot very dark, with looming shadows and a circling camera used to maintain a high level of suspense.", "short_answers": [ "Manhattan" ] }

[ "14 December 1972 UTC", "December 1972" ]

[ { "title": "Gene Cernan", "text": "standing on the lunar surface: Cernan's status as the last person to walk on the Moon means Purdue University is the \"alma mater\" of both the first person to walk on the Moon—Neil Armstrong—and the most recent. Cernan is one of only three astronauts to travel to the Moon on two occasions; the others being Jim Lovell and John Young. , he is also one of only twelve people to have walked on the Moon. Apollo 10 holds the record for the highest speed attained by any manned vehicle at during its return from the Moon on May 26, 1969.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2047506", "score": "0.9907258", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Darlah", "text": "of the \"DP7 event on Earth in 2019\" (Mia killing everybody) and have found a letter written by Mia. She says goodbye in this letter, saying she has very little time left and that the space suit's gloves make it hard to write. The report ends. Prior to the US release of \"172 Hours on the Moon\" in July 2012, Little, Brown, the publishing house, created an extensive media campaign to promote the book. A website was made, where visitors were met by the text \"Do you want to go to the moon? Are you between the ages of 14", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12967677", "score": "0.95030487", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Luna 24", "text": "sample for a lunar sample from NASA in December 1976. \"Luna 24\" was the last lunar spacecraft to be launched by the Soviet Union. It was also the last spacecraft to make a soft landing on the Moon until the landing of \"Chang'e 3\" on December 14, 2013, 37 years later. In February 1978 soviet scientists M. Akhmanova, B. Dement'ev, and M. Markov of the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytic Chemistry published a paper claiming a detection of water fairly definitively. Their study showed that the samples returned to Earth by the probe contained about 0.1% water by mass,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "965184", "score": "0.9447403", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Apollo 7", "text": "complete technical success, giving NASA the confidence to send Apollo 8 into orbit around the Moon two months later. The flight would prove to be the final space flight for all of its three crew members—and the only one for both Cunningham and Eisele—when it splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean on October 22, 1968. It was also the only manned launch from Launch Complex 34, as well as the last launch from the complex. Schirra, Eisele, and Cunningham were first named as an Apollo crew on September 29, 1966. They were to fly a second Earth orbital test of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17415", "score": "0.94369763", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Tranquility Base", "text": "Tranquility Base Tranquility Base (Latin: Statio Tranquillitatis) is the site on the Moon where, in 1969, humans landed and walked on another celestial body for the first time. On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 crewmembers Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar Module \"Eagle\" at approximately 20:17:40 UTC. Six hours later, the two astronauts exited the spacecraft and spent 2 hours 31 minutes on the lunar surface, examining and photographing it, setting up some scientific experiment packages, and collecting of dirt and rock samples for return to Earth. They lifted off the surface on July 21 at 17:54", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4368909", "score": "0.9432737", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "The Dark Side of the Moon", "text": "food?\", before moving on to themes more central to the album (such as madness, violence, and death). Questions such as \"When was the last time you were violent?\", followed immediately by \"Were you in the right?\", were answered in the order they were presented. Roger \"The Hat\" Manifold proved difficult to find, and was the only contributor recorded in a conventional sit-down interview, as by then the flashcards had been mislaid. Waters asked him about a violent encounter he had had with another motorist, and Manifold replied \"... give 'em a quick, short, sharp shock ...\" When asked about death", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "530170", "score": "0.94080245", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Far side of the Moon", "text": "17 missions since that time, and photographed by multiple lunar probes. Spacecraft passing behind the Moon were out of direct radio communication with the Earth, and had to wait until the orbit allowed transmission. During the Apollo missions, the main engine of the Service Module was fired when the vessel was behind the Moon, producing some tense moments in Mission Control before the craft reappeared. Geologist-astronaut Harrison Schmitt, who became the last to step onto the Moon, had aggressively lobbied for his landing site to be on the far side of the Moon, targeting the lava-filled crater Tsiolkovskiy. Schmitt's ambitious", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3757817", "score": "0.9336881", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Gene Cernan", "text": "on a rock. He states in the 2014 documentary \"The Last Man on the Moon\" that he wrote them in the lunar dust as he left the rover to return to the LEM and Earth. The true story of leaving the initials on the lunar surface was prominently mentioned in an episode (Season 3 Episode 20: The Last Walt) of \"Modern Family\". A recording of Cernan's voice during the Apollo 17 mission was sampled by Daft Punk for \"Contact\", the last track on their 2013 album \"Random Access Memories\". Cernan's last words from the lunar surface, along with Lunar Module", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2047514", "score": "0.9313208", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Gene Cernan", "text": "Aldrin spent outside the LM on Apollo 11. During this time Cernan and Schmitt covered more than using the Lunar Rover and spent a great deal of time collecting geologic samples (including a record 34 kilograms (75 lb) of samples, the most of any Apollo mission) that would shed light on the Moon's early history. Cernan piloted the rover on its final sortie, recording a maximum speed of , giving him the unofficial lunar land speed record. As Cernan prepared to climb the ladder for the final time, he spoke these words, currently the last spoken by a human being", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2047505", "score": "0.92595583", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Moon landing", "text": "To date, the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon, with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Earth", "text": "walked on the Moon. Normally, the only humans in space are those on the International Space Station. The station's crew, made up of six people, is usually replaced every six months. The farthest that humans have traveled from Earth is , achieved during the Apollo 13 mission in 1970. The Moon is a relatively large, terrestrial, planet-like natural satellite, with a diameter about one-quarter of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, although Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto. The natural satellites of other planets are also", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "111126", "score": "0.92366993", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Apollo 8", "text": "to be performed perfectly, and due to orbital mechanics had to be on the far side of the Moon, out of contact with the Earth. After Mission Control was polled for a \"go/no go\" decision, the crew was told at 68 hours that they were Go and \"riding the best bird we can find\". Lovell replied, \"We'll see you on the other side\", and for the first time in history, humans travelled behind the Moon and out of radio contact with the Earth. With 10 minutes remaining before LOI-1, the crew began one last check of the spacecraft systems and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9131", "score": "0.9194719", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Harrison Schmitt", "text": "second-to-last person to step off of the Moon (he boarded the Lunar Module shortly before commander Eugene Cernan). Schmitt also remains the first and only professional scientist to have flown beyond low Earth orbit and to have visited the Moon. He was influential within the community of geologists supporting the Apollo program and, before starting his own preparations for an Apollo mission, had been one of the scientists training those Apollo astronauts chosen to visit the lunar surface. Schmitt resigned from NASA in August 1975 in order to run for election to the United States Senate as a member from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "179642", "score": "0.9173203", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Ronald Evans (astronaut)", "text": "the Moon as his two crewmates descended to the surface. Consequently, he is the last person to orbit the Moon alone and holds the record for the most time spent in lunar orbit at 148 hours. In 1975 Evans served as backup Command Module Pilot for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission. Evans was born on November 10, 1933, in St. Francis, Kansas, to parents Clarence Ellwin Evans (1911–1985) and Marie A. Evans (; 1913–1992). He had two siblings, Larry Joe Evans (1935–1951) and Jay Evans. He was active in the Boy Scouts of America where he achieved its second highest", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2981331", "score": "0.9169953", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Homer E. Newell Jr.", "text": "last human being (and only scientist) to set foot on the surface of the moon. Newell retired from NASA in 1974. He wrote at least eight books, one of which, Vector Analysis, (McGraw Hill, NY,1955) remains in print today. His last book, Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Science (NASA SP-4211), is widely referenced as a historical source. Newell died on July 18, 1983, leaving behind his wife, four children, eleven grandchildren, his books and a robust space science program. His name, while not widely recognized today by non-specialists, was commemorated in the Goddard Space Flight Center's Homer E.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10285849", "score": "0.91661406", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Exploration of the Moon", "text": "and indeed of human history in general. The first man-made object to reach the Moon was the unmanned Soviet probe Luna 2, which made a hard landing on September 14, 1959, at 21:02:24 Z. The far side of the Moon was first photographed on October 7, 1959, by the Soviet probe Luna 3. Though vague by today's standards, the photos showed that the far side of the Moon almost completely lacked maria. In an effort to compete with these Soviet successes, U.S. President John F. Kennedy proposed the national goal of landing a human on the Moon. Speaking to a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7411723", "score": "0.9114083", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Space Race", "text": "about , and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20:18:04 UTC, July 20, 1969 (3:17:04 pm CDT). The first humans on the Moon waited six hours before they left their craft. At 02:56 UTC, July 21 (9:56 pm CDT July 20), Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon. The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Aldrin", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "885516", "score": "0.9084834", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Gene Cernan", "text": "Gene Cernan Eugene Andrew Cernan (; March 14, 1934 – January 16, 2017) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon. Cernan traveled into space three times; as pilot of Gemini 9A in June 1966, as lunar module pilot of Apollo 10 in May 1969, and as commander of Apollo 17 in December", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2047495", "score": "0.9064429", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "NASA", "text": "These missions returned a wealth of scientific data and of lunar samples. Topics covered by experiments performed included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismology, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind. The Moon landing marked the end of the space race; and as a gesture, Armstrong mentioned mankind when he stepped down on the Moon. Apollo set major milestones in human spaceflight. It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit, and landing humans on another celestial body. Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while Apollo 17 marked the last moonwalk and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12213589", "score": "0.901351", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Extravehicular activity", "text": "were performed among six Apollo crews, including Charles \"Pete\" Conrad, Alan Bean, Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell, David Scott, James Irwin, John Young, Charles Duke, Eugene Cernan, and Harrison \"Jack\" Schmitt. Cernan was the last Apollo astronaut to step off the surface of the Moon. Apollo 15 Command Module Pilot Al Worden made an EVA on August 5, 1971, on the return trip from the Moon, to retrieve a film and data recording canister from the Service Module. He was assisted by Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin standing up in the Command Module hatch. This procedure was repeated by Ken Mattingly", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "123541", "score": "0.8991109", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Nothing Ever Happens on the Moon", "text": "lunar \"day\" and reduced gravity. Bruce is an Eagle Scout from Colorado on his way to Venus with a three-week layover on the Moon. He hopes to qualify as an Eagle Scout (Luna) and then go on to become an Eagle Scout (Venus), the first triple Eagle. Shortly after his arrival on the Moon things get off to a rocky start when he gets a hard time from the troop he's assigned to, because nobody, not even the scoutmaster, believes he can make the grade. But quickly he is taken good care of by another scout, Sam, as the troop", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9215299", "score": "0.8966365", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "David Scott", "text": "as Command Module Pilot aboard Apollo 9, his second spaceflight, along with Commander James McDivitt and Lunar Module Pilot Rusty Schweickart. During this mission, Scott became the last American to fly solo in Earth orbit (not counting subsequent untethered EVAs). Scott made his third and final flight into space as commander of the Apollo 15 mission, the fourth human lunar landing, becoming the seventh person to walk on the Moon and the first person to drive on the Moon. Scott was born June 6, 1932, on Randolph Field (for which he received his middle name) near San Antonio, Texas and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2153565", "score": "0.89617515", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Neil Armstrong", "text": "American to orbit the Earth. In his eulogy, Charles Bolden praised Armstrong's \"courage, grace, and humility\". Cernan recalled Armstrong's low-fuel approach to the Moon: \"When the gauge says empty, we all know there's a gallon or two left in the tank!\" Diana Krall sang the song \"Fly Me to the Moon\". Collins led prayers. Scott spoke, possibly for the first time, about an incident during their Gemini 8 mission: Minutes before the hatch was to be sealed. glue spilled on his harness and prevented it from being buckled, threatening to abort the mission. Armstrong then called on Conrad to solve", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "290704", "score": "0.89606863", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Neil Armstrong", "text": "a post-flight press conference, he said that he chose the words \"just prior to leaving the LM.\" In a 1983 interview in \"Esquire Magazine\", he explained to George Plimpton: \"I always knew there was a good chance of being able to return to Earth, but I thought the chances of a successful touch down on the moon surface were about even money—fifty–fifty ... Most people don't realize how difficult the mission was. So it didn't seem to me there was much point in thinking of something to say if we'd have to abort landing.\" In 2012, his brother Dean Armstrong", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "290672", "score": "0.89586246", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Alan Shepard", "text": "showing Shepard hitting a golf ball on the Moon. There are no still images of this event; the only record is TV footage. The book was turned into a TV miniseries in 1994. Shepard was diagnosed with leukemia in 1996 and died from complications of the disease in Pebble Beach, California, on July 21, 1998. He was the second astronaut who had walked on the Moon to die, Jim Irwin being the first, in 1991. Shepard's widow Louise resolved to cremate his remains and scatter the ashes, but she died from a heart attack on August 25, 1998, at 17:00,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "734874", "score": "0.8938054", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "John Young (astronaut)", "text": "landing was almost aborted when a malfunction was detected in the SPS engine control system in the Service Module. It was determined that the problem could be worked around, and the mission continued. On the surface, Young took three moonwalks in the Descartes Highlands with Charles Duke on April 21, 22 and 23, 1972, making Young the ninth person to walk on the surface of the Moon, while Ken Mattingly flew the Command Module in lunar orbit. Young's final assignment in Apollo was as the backup commander for Cernan on Apollo 17. The backup crew was originally the Apollo 15", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2052865", "score": "0.89372814", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Ranger 7", "text": "craggy and rocky with debris everywhere\". After speaking to the media, NASA officials were peppered with the obvious question – did the Moon have a surface solid enough that humans could safely land on it? Geologist Eugene Kupier replied that, judging by the images, it seemed likely that at least some of the Moon was smooth enough to land a spacecraft on. However, the actual hardness of the surface couldn't be determined with certainty until a soft landing was made. Nonetheless, Ranger 7's images did seem to suggest that it was solid enough. Ranger 7 reached the Moon on 31", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3049858", "score": "0.89191735", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Soyuz 8", "text": "that no docking had been intended, but this seems unlikely, given the docking adapters carried by the spacecraft, and the fact that both Shatalov and Yeliseyev were veterans of the previous successful docking mission. This was the last time that the Soviet-crewed Moon landing hardware was tested in orbit, and the failure seems to have been one of the final nails in the coffin of the programme. The radio call sign of the spacecraft was , meaning \"Granite\". This word is apparently used as the name of a reactive or defensive squadron in Soviet military training, and, just like the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1612032", "score": "0.888553", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Apollo 17", "text": "which the series was based, Austin remembers watching the Earth \"fall away during Apollo XVII.\" In the 1998 film \"Deep Impact\" fictional astronaut Spurgeon \"Fish\" Tanner, portrayed by Robert Duvall, was described at a Presidential press conference as the \"last man to walk on the Moon\" by the President of the United States, portrayed by Morgan Freeman. In the Anime \"Aldnoah.Zero\", the Apollo 17 mission locates an ancient transporter gate leading to Mars left by an unknown, extinct alien race. This discovery is the divergence point for the story's alternative history. The song \"Contact\" from Daft Punk includes audio from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20331", "score": "0.88713956", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Neil Armstrong", "text": "the surface of the Moon occurred several seconds after 20:17:40 UTC on July 20, 1969. One of three probes attached to three of the lunar module's four legs made contact with the surface, a panel light in the LM illuminated, and Aldrin called out, \"Contact light.\" Armstrong shut the engine off and said, \"Shutdown.\" As the LM settled onto the surface, Aldrin said, \"Okay, engine stop\"; then they both called out some post-landing checklist items. After a ten-second pause, Duke acknowledged the landing with, \"We copy you down, \"Eagle\".\" Armstrong announced the landing to Mission Control and the world with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "290669", "score": "0.8858207", "original_retrieval_index": 33 } ]

{ "title": "Moon landing", "long_answer": "To date, the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon, with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972.", "chunked_long_answer": "To date, the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon, with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972.", "short_answers": [ "December 1972" ] }

[ "simple bowdlerization" ]

[ { "title": "Samuel Hill", "text": "Maryhill, Washington. Sam Hill was born into a Quaker family in Deep River, North Carolina. His family was displaced by the American Civil War and Sam grew up after the war in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Hill graduated from Haverford College in 1878 (also his father's alma mater). At Haverford he studied Latin, Greek, French, and German as well as mathematics, science, English literature, logic, rhetoric, and political science. He attended Harvard University for a year to receive a second bachelor's degree in 1879. At Harvard he continued his Latin and history (\"\"Colonial History of America\"\" under Henry Cabot Lodge) and studied", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3090193", "score": "0.96545964", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Sam Hill (rugby union)", "text": "Sam Hill (rugby union) Sam Hill (born 1 July 1993) is a rugby union player for Exeter Chiefs in the Aviva Premiership. He made his debut for the club against Wasps on 28 January 2012 and he plays as a centre. Hill attended Cheriton Bishop Primary School before moving on to Queen Elizabeths Community College in Crediton. Having played for Crediton RFC until the age of 15, Sam was honoured to gain selection for England under 16s and moved to Ivybridge College sixth form for two years. Hill spent the early years of his professional career dual-registered with Cornish Pirates", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17076562", "score": "0.9614309", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Samuel W Hill", "text": "the cuss words. Eventually, the phrase \"What in Sam Hill?\" spread beyond the Keweenaw Peninsula to become part of the American language. Samuel W. Hill married Susan A. Warren, July 16, 1851. Miss Warren was a pioneer school teacher in the Upper Peninsula, and established the first school in the Keweenaw region. The Hills were to make their home in Marshall, Michigan. Hill later served in the Michigan legislature, being twice elected. Samuel W Hill Samuel W. Hill, (November 6, 1815 – August 28, 1889) was an American surveyor, geologist and mining developer in Michigan's Copper Country. Samuel Worth Hill", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17137137", "score": "0.9461661", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Sam Hill House (Seattle)", "text": "Sam Hill House (Seattle) Sam Hill House is a historic, privately owned home located in Seattle, Washington's Capitol Hill neighborhood. The property forms part of the city-designated Harvard-Belmont Landmark District. The concrete building was constructed between 1909 and 1910 by railroad magnate Sam Hill in preparation for a planned visit to Seattle by a member of the Belgian royal family. Following Hill's 1931 death, the home remained vacant until its purchase in 1937 by Theodore and Guendolen Plestcheeff. Guendolen Plestcheeff, a notable local preservationist, remained resident at the property until her death in 1994. In 2016 the home went on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19906929", "score": "0.9440584", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Samuel Hill", "text": "across the Columbia River was named the Sam Hill Memorial Bridge. Sam Hill was also a strong advocate of better roads for Japan, and of Japanese-American friendship, which earned him the Third Class Order of the Sacred Treasure in 1922. Sam Hill built two notable monuments and an art museum, and purchased the private Minneapolis Athenaeum and donated it to the city. The Stonehenge replica at Maryhill commemorates the dead of World War I. It was built by Hill as a reminder that in the present day people are still being sacrificed to the god of war. Hill began to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3090205", "score": "0.94347054", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Samuel Hill", "text": "which was eventually demolished for the construction of the Bonneville Dam. Sam arranged a marriage of convenience for Mona Bell to his cousin Edgar Hill, again allowing his child to be raised as legitimate, and this time as a legal member of his natural father's family. Hill's biographer John E. Tuhy (\"Sam Hill: The Prince of Castle Nowhere\", 1983) occasionally questions aspects of Hill's own account of his life and doings or finds contradictions in anecdotes told at various times. He believes that Hill was at least somewhat manic-depressive and sees strong signs of a manic, or at least hypomanic,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3090213", "score": "0.9411519", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Sam H. Hill", "text": "Sam H. Hill Samuel Houston Hill (November 20, 1898 – March 14, 1978) was an American football and basketball coach. Hill was the 14th head football coach for Fairmont College and the University of Wichita (now Wichita State University) located in Wichita, Kansas and he held that position for four seasons, from 1923 until 1924 and again from 1928 until 1929. Fairmount College became the Municipal University of Wichita in 1926. His overall coaching record at Fairmount & Wichita was 14 wins, 14 losses, and 5 ties. This ranks him ninth at Wichita State in terms of total wins and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11326217", "score": "0.93619174", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Sam Hill (cyclist)", "text": "riding in unfavorable conditions, Sam admits that he rarely rides in the rain. In an interview with Steve Jones of Dirt Magazine featured in the film 'Earthed 5: The Law of Fives', when asked if it rained that hard in Australia and if he was used to riding in such conditions Sam replied \"I don't even see a raindrop when I'm in Australia\". Jones then asked \"So you never ride in the rain?\" Hill's reply was simply, \"My bike gets muddy\". Sam Hill came into this race the reigning world champion. With four riders left on the hill Sam Hill", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11188097", "score": "0.93051505", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Samuel Hill", "text": "Samuel Hill Samuel Hill (13 May 1857 – 26 February 1931), usually known as Sam Hill, was an American businessman, lawyer, railroad executive, and advocate of good roads. He substantially influenced the Pacific Northwest region's economic development in the early 20th century. His projects include the Peace Arch, a monument to 100 years of peace between the United States and Canada, on the border between Blaine, Washington, and Surrey, British Columbia, and the Maryhill Museum of Art. Although his promotion of paved modern roads is possibly his greatest legacy, he is now best remembered for building the Stonehenge replica in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3090192", "score": "0.91396725", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Sam Hill (euphemism)", "text": "Sam Hill is an American English slang phrase, a euphemism or minced oath for \"the devil\" or \"hell\" personified (as in, \"What in the Sam Hill is that?\"). Etymologist Michael Quinion and others date the expression back to the late 1830s; they and others consider the expression to have been a simple bowdlerization, with, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, an unknown origin.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Sam Hill House (Seattle)", "text": "sale for $15 million. Sam Hill House (Seattle) Sam Hill House is a historic, privately owned home located in Seattle, Washington's Capitol Hill neighborhood. The property forms part of the city-designated Harvard-Belmont Landmark District. The concrete building was constructed between 1909 and 1910 by railroad magnate Sam Hill in preparation for a planned visit to Seattle by a member of the Belgian royal family. Following Hill's 1931 death, the home remained vacant until its purchase in 1937 by Theodore and Guendolen Plestcheeff. Guendolen Plestcheeff, a notable local preservationist, remained resident at the property until her death in 1994. In 2016", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19906930", "score": "0.9134626", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Samuel Hill", "text": "a golf course and a large, simple restaurant at Semiahmoo, just north of the U.S.–Canada border and Hill's Peace Arch. The restaurant was basically an early fast food establishment. During Prohibition the restaurant benefited from being on the Canadian side of the border, where alcoholic beverages could be served legally. Sam Hill devoted much attention to advocating construction of modern roads in Washington and Oregon. In September 1899 Hill created the Washington State Good Roads Association which persuaded the Washington State Legislature to create the Washington State Department of Transportation in 1905. He also advocated the use of convict labor", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3090202", "score": "0.9078782", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Samuel Hill", "text": "designed his own monument. His original monument did not last, and has since been replaced. Samuel Hill Samuel Hill (13 May 1857 – 26 February 1931), usually known as Sam Hill, was an American businessman, lawyer, railroad executive, and advocate of good roads. He substantially influenced the Pacific Northwest region's economic development in the early 20th century. His projects include the Peace Arch, a monument to 100 years of peace between the United States and Canada, on the border between Blaine, Washington, and Surrey, British Columbia, and the Maryhill Museum of Art. Although his promotion of paved modern roads is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3090216", "score": "0.89792854", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Khao Sam Muk", "text": "was lost at sea. Another legend tells that in the 18th century a poor Chinese girl named Sam Muk jumped to her death from the cliff after her parents objected to her marriage to her lover, becoming deified after her death. In some versions both the girl and her lover threw themselves from the escarpment. Sam Muk hill appears in somewhat stylized form in the provincial seal of Chonburi. Khao Sam Muk Khao Sam Muk (เขาสามมุข), is a 45 m high hill in Chonburi Province, Thailand. It is in Chonburi city on Bangkok Bay between Ang Sila and Bang Saen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16143918", "score": "0.8885304", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Samuel Hill", "text": "that their children would be raised Catholic. Sam was a Quaker, but over the next decade or two he maintained excellent relations with various Catholic clergy – even some close friendships. Their marriage was never a love-match and by 1900 when Sam had decided to settle in Seattle, the marriage was coming apart. Mary left Sam in Seattle and moved back to the Minneapolis-St. Paul area with their children; she eventually moved to Washington, D.C.. Mary never returned to Seattle, but up to 1907 Sam continued to visit her in the Midwest or back East at least twice a year.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3090209", "score": "0.8884833", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Sam Hill (cyclist)", "text": "Sam Hill (cyclist) Sam Hill (born 21 July 1985 in Viveash, Western Australia), is an Australian professional enduro mountain biker and former professional downhill racer. He was two time consecutive UCI World Downhill Champion during years 2006–2007 for Iron Horse racing team. He won the 2010 world championships in Mont Saint Anne, riding for the Monster Energy Specialized team on a Specialized Demo 8 II. He also won the 2007 and 2009 UCI Elite Men's Downhill World Cup (Overall). In December 2012 it was announced that Hill had signed for the Chain Reaction Cycles/Nukeproof team. As of 2016, Hill has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11188089", "score": "0.8872432", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Sam Hill (rugby union)", "text": "to aid his player development. Hill has been a regular for England juniors going back to his try scoring debut against the Namibia invitational XV. Hill has also recently been selected to play for England Saxons gaining one cap prompting a call up to England's pre-tour training squad to New Zealand. Hill received his first call up to the senior England squad by new coach Eddie Jones on 13 January 2016 for the 2016 Six Nations Championship. Sam Hill (rugby union) Sam Hill (born 1 July 1993) is a rugby union player for Exeter Chiefs in the Aviva Premiership. He", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17076563", "score": "0.8725574", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Sam Hill (cyclist)", "text": "Kaprun, Austria. In 2003, aged just 18, Hill won both the Australian and Oceania Downhill Championships in the Elite category. He then went on to successfully defend his Junior World Champion title in Lugano, Switzerland. He starred in the 2010 mountain bike movie \"Follow Me\". Sam Hill is known for his skill in riding steep, technical courses as opposed to flatter courses that require pedaling. He has regularly won on one of the steeper, more technical tracks on the World Cup Circuit, Schladming. His famous run in Champery (2007) is also testament to his remarkably high skill level on technical", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11188091", "score": "0.86015975", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "My Side of the Mountain (film)", "text": "there. Sam's immediate companion is Gus, his pet raccoon, which lives with him in the city. He gathers supplies at a local store, hops on a bus, and heads down the 401 with Gus to what he calls \"the Laurentian Mountains of Quebec\". In actuality he ends up in the picturesque town of Knowlton, Quebec, southeast of Montreal, in the Notre Dame Mountains Range of the northern Appalachian Mountains chain along the eastern coast of North America from northern Georgia. Here he finds the perfect mountain stream and pond location to build a home in an old dead tree. He", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9701814", "score": "0.8479061", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Samuel Hill", "text": "manager James J. Hill, who hired Sam to represent the railway. In 1888 Sam Hill married James Hill's eldest daughter Mary. For over a decade, Hill played an important role in his father-in-law's business endeavors, both at the Great Northern and as president of the Minneapolis Trust Company. However, around 1900 they had some type of falling out, the nature and degree of which is unclear; it is not even clear whether the falling out was over business matters, Sam and Mary's difficult marriage, or possible early symptoms of Sam's manic tendencies. In any event, the break was not a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3090195", "score": "0.84479815", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Samanar Hills", "text": "which both Jain monks and nuns studied. The kings from the Pandyan Dynasty, who ruled Madurai, visited the academy. The Kannada students and senior monks from Shravanabelagola also stayed there. In the foothills, there is a Karuppanasamy temple and lotus pond. Some idols made by Jain monks are in Karuppanasamy temple. The caves in the hill have been damaged by illegal quarrying in the region. Samanar Hills Samanar Hills or Samanar Malai is a hill rock complex located in Keelakuyilkudi village, from Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. The hill has been declared as a protected monument by the Archaeological Survey of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17804387", "score": "0.8422246", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Khao Sam Muk", "text": "Khao Sam Muk Khao Sam Muk (เขาสามมุข), is a 45 m high hill in Chonburi Province, Thailand. It is in Chonburi city on Bangkok Bay between Ang Sila and Bang Saen Beach. There is a Chinese shrine on the hilltop which affords views of the surrounding landscape, including Bang Saen Beach, and there is another shrine at the foot of the escarpment. Khao Sam Muk has symbolic significance in Chonburi. Local people believe that the spirit of that mountain protects fishers from harm. One legend tells that the wife of a fisherman waited on the hill for her husband who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16143917", "score": "0.84178513", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Government Depot Site, Rooty Hill", "text": "William Freame wandered much in these parts collecting information from old residents. In 1931 in an article in a country newspaper on place names he wrote regarding the name: \"Old hands assure me that the hill received its name from the roots and other debris left around its bare fields when the Eastern Creek was in flood, and this appears to be a very reasonable deduction.\" Mrs Hawkins description quoted later in the derivation does not appear reasonable. Captain J H Watson's version, he as a young man having been in India, and he derives the name from \"ruti\", the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20767246", "score": "0.837939", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Sam H. Hill", "text": "14th at Wichita State in terms of winning percentage. Hill also served as the head football coach at Wesleyan University from 1925 to 1926, compiling a record of 5 wins and 10 losses at that institution. Sam H. Hill Samuel Houston Hill (November 20, 1898 – March 14, 1978) was an American football and basketball coach. Hill was the 14th head football coach for Fairmont College and the University of Wichita (now Wichita State University) located in Wichita, Kansas and he held that position for four seasons, from 1923 until 1924 and again from 1928 until 1929. Fairmount College became", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11326218", "score": "0.83773637", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Church Hill (Lexington, Virginia)", "text": "Church Hill (Lexington, Virginia) Church Hill, also known as Timber Ridge Plantation, is a historic plantation house located near Lexington, Rockbridge County, Virginia. It was built circa 1848, and is a two-story, three bay, rectangular brick Greek Revival style dwelling. It has a one-story, rear kitchen ell. The house features stuccoed Doric order pilasters at the corners and midpoints of the long sides. Timber Ridge Plantation was the birthplace of Sam Houston (1793-1863). On the property is a non-contributing log building which tradition claims was constructed from logs salvaged from the Sam Houston birthplace cabin. The cabin is believed to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17584603", "score": "0.8339107", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Samuel Hill", "text": "number of ventures in the Pacific Northwest. Sam Hill was an \"inveterate globetrotter\". He was fluent in German, French, and Italian, and learned at least a moderate amount of Russian. Hill made at least fifty separate trips to Europe in the course of his lifetime and visited Japan nine times between 1897 and 1922. All of Hill's extensive travels were during an era when transportation was limited to surface vehicles and vessels. In the early 20th century, Hill was the only American member of the Geographic Society of Germany. He continually gathered harbor depth soundings and information about ocean temperatures", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3090197", "score": "0.8335974", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Samuel Hill", "text": "build a mansion at Maryhill, but the project was not completed in his lifetime due to a combination of financial reversals and his frustration at the State of Washington's failure to build a road on the north bank of the Columbia or to otherwise make the area readily accessible. At the urging of his friend Loie Fuller, Sam decided re-purpose the building as an art museum. The museum was dedicated by Queen Marie of Romania in 1926, but did not open to the public until 1940, nine years after Hill's death. The Peace Arch, where today's Interstate 5 highway crosses", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3090206", "score": "0.82439566", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Samsun Amisos Hill Gondola", "text": "Samsun Amisos Hill Gondola The Samsun Amisos Hill Gondola () is a two-station aerial lift line of gondola type in Samsun serving the nearby hilltop Amisos. The long line was constructed in eight months by the Turkish company STM Sistem Teleferik from İzmir, which delivered also the technical equipment. The construction of the line completed in October 2005. Spanning over Atatürk Boulevard towards south, the gondola lift line connects Batıpark (literally: West Park) on the Black Sea shore, a large urban park on land reclaimed from the sea, with Amisos Hill (), an archaeological site. At Amisos Hill, tumuli called", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17684365", "score": "0.82080346", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Sam Hill Memorial Bridge", "text": "Sam Hill Memorial Bridge The Sam Hill Memorial Bridge, also known as the Biggs Rapids Bridge, is a steel truss bridge that carries U.S. Route 97 (US 97) across the Columbia River between Biggs Junction, Oregon in Sherman County and Maryhill, Washington in Klickitat County. It was named in honor of the early bridge proponent and builder of the nearby Maryhill Museum of Art, Sam Hill. The bridge was opened on November 1, 1962 after two years of construction. It was initially a toll bridge, but the tolls were removed in 1975. The bridge was closed during part of 2007-2008", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4627670", "score": "0.8198358", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Jerry Hill (politician)", "text": "1991, he led a successful campaign for a seat on the San Mateo City Council. During Hill’s tenure on the San Mateo City Council he authored a City of San Mateo ordinance that regulated the sale of tobacco and restricted smoking in public places. While a member of the city council and as Mayor of San Mateo, Hill also served as a board member for San Mateo Transit District (SamTrans) and the Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Authority (Caltrain). Hill served a term as mayor in 1994 Elected to the San Mateo County Board of Supervisors in 1998, Hill worked with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13039999", "score": "0.8194993", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Sam Hill (euphemism)", "long_answer": "Sam Hill is an American English slang phrase, a euphemism or minced oath for \"the devil\" or \"hell\" personified (as in, \"What in the Sam Hill is that?\"). Etymologist Michael Quinion and others date the expression back to the late 1830s; they and others consider the expression to have been a simple bowdlerization, with, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, an unknown origin.", "chunked_long_answer": "Sam Hill is an American English slang phrase, a euphemism or minced oath for \"the devil\" or \"hell\" personified (as in, \"What in the Sam Hill is that?\"). Etymologist Michael Quinion and others date the expression back to the late 1830s; they and others consider the expression to have been a simple bowdlerization, with, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, an unknown origin.", "short_answers": [ "simple bowdlerization" ] }

[ "The Outback", "Outback" ]

[ { "title": "Melaleuca interioris", "text": "Lyndley Craven and Brendan Lepschi in \"Australian Systematic Botany\" from a specimen collected north of Leinster in Western Australia. The specific epithet (\"interioris\") refers to the interior of Australia, where this species is found. This melaleuca occurs in the central parts of Western Australia, the central parts of South Australia, the southern half of the Northern Territory, far west of New South Wales and the far south-west corner of Queensland. It grows in shrubland in red sand on the edges of salt lakes, and near ephemeral creeks, claypans and floodplains. \"Melaleuca interioris\" is listed as \"not threatened\" by the Government", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14264601", "score": "0.92966485", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Australia", "text": "coastline. Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Range, which runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria. The name is not strictly accurate, because parts of the range consist of low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than in height. The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland. These include the western plains of New South Wales, and the Einasleigh Uplands, Barkly Tableland, and Mulga Lands of inland Queensland. The northernmost", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7555194", "score": "0.9188647", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Rural health care in Australia", "text": "Rural health care in Australia Rural health care in Australia involves the delivery of health services by private, community and public hospitals in areas classified as rural and remote. Researchers note that the health of those living in rural areas is quantitatively and qualitatively different to those living in major metropolitan areas. These differences include often significant gaps in service delivery, accessibility and lower health outcomes. Rural areas and those who live in them are often understood as living in a spatially, economically, socially and culturally distinct group, although there are criticisms of this perspective. Despite the questions about the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18526267", "score": "0.9093733", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "National Rural Health Alliance", "text": "(Federal) Government Department of Health. The Alliance's work has remained independent of government and is controlled and managed by its member bodies, through its Council. Current members of Council at any given time are listed on the Alliance's website. The Alliance's interests and constituency are the communities of rural and remote Australia. Rural and remote areas are defined (arbitrarily) by the Alliance as all those places except the nine capital cities and the regional conurbations of Townsville, the Gold Coast, Newcastle, the Central Coast, Wollongong and Geelong. Australia has various formal classification systems of the geographic continuum from 'metropolitan' to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13894974", "score": "0.89925814", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Rural City of Benalla", "text": "Rural City of Benalla The Rural City of Benalla is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria, Australia, located in the north-east part of the state. It covers an area of and, at the 2016 Census had a population of almost 14,000. It includes the towns of Baddaginnie, Benalla, Devenish, Goorambat, Major Plains, Swanpool, Tatong, Thoona, Warrenbayne and Winton. It was formed in 2002 from the de-amalgamation of the Shire of Delatite into the current rural city and the Shire of Mansfield. The Rural City is governed and administered by the Benalla Rural City Council; its seat", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2715256", "score": "0.88811", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Parish of Goorooyarroo", "text": "each called Goorooyarroo (NSW) and Mulligan's Flat / Goorooyarroo Nature Reserve (ACT), which were originally part of the parish. In Mulligans Flat Nature Reserve within the ACT, the Mulligan's Flat - Goorooyarroo Woodland Experiment is conducting research into remnant plant and animal life in the area, notably reintroduction of the eastern bettong (marsupial) and brown treecreeper (bird), and remnant yellow box (\"Eucalyptus melliodora\") and Blakely's red gum (\"Eucalyptus blakelyi\"). This study is led from the Fenner School of Environment and Society at the Australian National University, along with involvement from the CSIRO and ACT Government. Parish of Goorooyarroo Goorooyarroo Parish", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10794357", "score": "0.88792026", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Geography of Australia", "text": "Geography of Australia The geography of Australia encompasses a wide variety of biogeographic regions being the world's smallest continent but the sixth-largest country in the world. The population of Australia is concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts. The geography of the country is extremely diverse, ranging from the snow-capped mountains of the Australian Alps and Tasmania to large deserts, tropical and temperate forests. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and the French dependency of New Caledonia to the east, and New Zealand to the southeast. Australia is a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12362592", "score": "0.8830972", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Rural health care in Australia", "text": "framing of rural and remote areas and health services as 'other' to the metropolitan norm or majority, the framing does \"highlight a serious social and equity issue,\" particularly the gap in access and health outcomes for rural and remote populations. Rural and remote areas of Australia are classified according to a number of different schemes in relation to health care services and reporting. Rural areas are classified by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare as those extending from large rural centres (urban centre population 25,000-99,999) through to rural areas with an urban centre population of less than 10,000. Remote", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18526268", "score": "0.88216317", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Kimberley (Western Australia)", "text": "Kuri Bay to Wallal Downs. Significant sections of the coastline between Broome and Wyndham have no means of road access, and boat or helicopter are the only means. Due to the isolation a number of tourist operations on the coastline have been called \"wilderness\" locations. The rugged and varied sandstone landscape is home to a distinctive mixture of wildlife which has been thoroughly mapped and described by the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management. There are similar habitats to the Kimberley across the border in the Northern Territory including the valleys of the Victoria and Daly Rivers but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2448674", "score": "0.88055205", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Outback", "text": "The Outback is the vast, remote interior of Australia. The term \"the Outback\" is generally used to refer to locations that are comparatively more remote than those areas named \"the bush\" which, colloquially, can refer to any lands outside the main urban areas.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Gippsland", "text": "areas of State forest that contribute towards conservation objectives. Gippsland Gippsland is an economic rural region of Victoria, Australia, located in the south-eastern part of that state. It covers an area of , and lies to the east of the eastern suburbs of Greater Melbourne, to the north of Bass Strait, to the west of the Tasman Sea, to the south of the Black-Allan Line that marks part of the Victorian/New South Wales border, and to the east and southeast of the Great Dividing Range that lies within the Hume region and the Victorian Alps. Gippsland is generally broken down", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2087386", "score": "0.87771636", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "South Australia", "text": "South Australia South Australia (abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories by area, and fifth largest by population. It has a total of 1.7 million people, and its population is the most highly centralised of any state in Australia, with more than 75 percent of South Australians living in the capital, Adelaide, or its environs. Other population centres in the state are relatively small; Mount Gambier, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "360978", "score": "0.8774395", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Far West (New South Wales)", "text": "Far West (New South Wales) The Far West region of New South Wales, Australia refers generally to a fairly flat and low-lying area in the western part of the state, which is too dry to support wheat or other crops or intensive pastoral endeavours. It is west of the North West Slopes, Central West and the Riverina. It is an area with limited rainfall, and the only major rivers found in it are the Darling River and the Murray River (on its southern edge), which originate in the Great Dividing Range to the east. The region corresponds to the combination", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9078344", "score": "0.8772901", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Great Western Woodlands", "text": "Great Western Woodlands The Great Western Woodlands is the largest and healthiest temperate (Mediterranean climate) woodland remaining on Earth. Located in the southwest of Australia, the woodlands cover almost , a region larger in size than England and Wales. The boundary of the Great Western Woodlands runs from the Nullarbor Plain in the east to the Western Australian Wheatbelt in the west; from north of Esperance through to the inland mulga country and deserts that are found north of Kalgoorlie. The boundaries of this region were established by researchers from the Australian National University working with The Wilderness Society and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19478846", "score": "0.8772298", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Pied honeyeater", "text": "interior and the eastern parts of South Australia. Birdlife Australia Atlas project data between 1998 and 2014 indicates that the pied honeyeater is found principally in a band below approximately 18 ° S which extends roughly from central Queensland, central NSW and central Victoria in the east and across to the Western Australian coastline (Birdlife Australia 2014). Widely considered as nomadic and categorized by Keast (1968) as a ‘desert nomad’, the pied honeyeater has more recently been found to be both sedentary–resident and irruptive (eds Higgins et al. 2001), turning up occasionally in numbers far outside its “normal” range in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10636292", "score": "0.8753118", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Special Rural Properties, Western Australia", "text": "locally known as a \"hobby farm\" for people used to living in the city for a fraction of the cost of a real working farm. People who have these hobby farms are aften referred to \"Tree Changers\" characterized as being tired of living in the city and desiring to live a rural country life. Special Rural Properties are often close to the city or smaller townships throughout Western Australia. There are many places such as Beverley, Lower Chittering, Chittering, Leschenault and Woodridge that have Special Rural Properties as well as property developers that specialise in creating Special Rural Properties. Special", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12226104", "score": "0.87499815", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Bowraville, New South Wales", "text": "Keep Australia Beautiful - Tidy Towns. The Indigenous Gumbaynggirr and Ngaku people have inhabited the area for thousands of years, and today around 15% of the population are Indigenous Australians. The Gumbaynggirr lands cover an area of the Mid North Coast from the Nambucca River to as far north as the Clarence River (Grafton), west to Armidale and eastward to the Pacific coast. The area was mostly subtropical rainforest until the arrival of Europeans. The word Bowra comes from the Gumbaynggirr place name, \"Bawrrung\", which possibly means cabbage tree palm. Other definitions given have been 'bullrout fish', 'scrub turkey' or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4121013", "score": "0.8719355", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Western Australia", "text": "Western Australia Western Australia (abbreviated as WA) is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, and the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east and South Australia to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state, with a total land area of 2,529,875 square kilometres (976,790 sq mi), and the second-largest country subdivision in the world, surpassed only by Russia's Sakha Republic. The state has about 2.6 million inhabitants around 11% of the national total of whom the vast majority (92%) live", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "456292", "score": "0.8715039", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "East Gippsland", "text": "more typical of inland New South Wales and Victoria are found here. Errinundra National Park is much wetter - inaccessible from June to October in most years - and features some of the most ancient forests in Australia, a matter of controversy as employment in the remote areas east of the Snowy is mainly dependent upon timber milling. Croajingolong National Park between Marlo and Mallacoota features extensive coastal heathlands and tea tree scrub, as well as the only major area of warm temperate rainforest in Victoria. The 4,193 km² of privately owned land is mainly red gum plains, coastal plains,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5489443", "score": "0.8712634", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Coopracambra National Park", "text": "Mount Kaye, with an elevation of , and Mount Denmarsh, with an elevation of . Combined with the adjoining South East Forests National Park located in New South Wales, the Coopracambra National Park forms one of the largest contiguous areas of high quality wilderness in south-eastern Australia that spans from in New South Wales to the town of Cann River in Victoria. Coopracambra National Park The Coopracambra National Park is a national park located in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. The national park is situated approximately east of Melbourne and south of Canberra, near the town of . The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "979815", "score": "0.8710577", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Dryandra Woodland", "text": "Dryandra Woodland The Dryandra Woodland is a nature conservation area in Western Australia within the Shires of Cuballing, Williams and Wandering, about south-east of Perth and north-west of the town of Narrogin. It is a complex of 17 distinct blocks managed by the Western Australian Department of Parks and Wildlife and spread over approximately separated by areas of agricultural land. The area is considered to be one of the state's major conservation areas, and although it is far from pristine due to its history of logging operations, a number of species of threatened fauna are rebuilding populations through the removal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9480923", "score": "0.8684722", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Golden Triangle (New South Wales)", "text": "Golden Triangle (New South Wales) The Golden Triangle of NSW is an informal locality situated in northwestern New South Wales, Australia. With a reputation for being prime agricultural land, particularly for cereal crops such as wheat and barley, where the term \"Golden\" is derived. The agricultural community generally regards this region as being East of the Newell Highway and taking area between the villages of North Star, Croppa Creek and Crooble. Other descriptions widen the area to between the better known towns of Boggabilla, Warialda and Moree, New South Wales. Less creditable is the description of being the region bounded", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7454354", "score": "0.8672893", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Flora of Australia", "text": "as land clearing for agriculture. The dominant vegetation type in Australia is the hummock grasslands that occur extensively in arid Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. It accounts for 23% of the native vegetation, the predominant species of which are from the genus \"Triodia\". \"Zygochloa\" also occurs in inland sandy areas like the Simpson Desert. A further 39% of native vegetation is covered by a combination of: Other groups with restricted areas of less than 70,000 square kilometres include tropical or temperate rainforest and vine thickets, tall or open eucalypt forests, Callitris and Casuarina forests, and woodlands and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12366562", "score": "0.8660004", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Canowie Belt, South Australia", "text": "Canowie Belt, South Australia Canowie Belt is a rural locality in the Mid North region of South Australia, situated in the Regional Council of Goyder. It was established in August 2000, when boundaries were formalised for the \"long established local name\". The name is adapted from \"Kanya-owie\", an Aboriginal word for \"rock waterhole\", and was associated with the Canowie Station pastoral lease. A school at Canowie Belt opened as \"Yongala Blocks\" in 1904 and closed in 1967. The school had suffered early difficulties when it was found that the walls \"cracked badly\" after only ten weeks of usage. Canowie Belt", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19892723", "score": "0.86515594", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Central Australia", "text": "Central Australia Central Australia, also known as the Alice Springs Region, is one of the five regions in the Northern Territory of Australia. The term Central Australia is used to describe an area centred on Alice Springs. It is sometimes referred to as Centralia; likewise the people of the area are sometimes called Centralians. The region is located in the southern part of the Northern Territory spanning from the west on the Western Australian Border to the east on the Queensland border. The main town in Central Australia is Alice Springs; however, this area also includes all of the desert", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5165531", "score": "0.8651223", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Willandra National Park", "text": "Willandra National Park The Willandra National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Far West region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The national park is situated approximately west of Sydney and comprises flat grassy plain bounded to the north by Willandra Creek, which is a tributary of the Lachlan River. The Willandra National Park was established in May 1972. It is relatively remote, being located about northwest of , and by road from . The surrounding district is used primarily for extensive grazing of sheep and cattle. Most roads in the area are unsealed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "975375", "score": "0.86315", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Wadbilliga National Park", "text": "Wadbilliga National Park Wadbilliga National Park is a national park that is located in high country spanning the Monaro and South Coast regions of south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Wadbilliga National Park is located southwest of Sydney via Cobargo, and south east of Canberra. The nearest towns are Narooma and Cobargo in the east, and Cooma on the plateau in the west. Wadbilliga is a wilderness area, and much of its protected area is in a near pristine state. Featuring rugged gorges and gullies. Suited to overnight camping and wilderness walking (only for the most experienced and well prepared). Areas", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "975349", "score": "0.86263025", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Australia", "text": "Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the largest country in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. The population of / 1000000 round 0 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney. The country's other", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7555172", "score": "0.8622644", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Bush carpentry", "text": "chips and bits of bark, inserted under the lower side. The milk is covered by soiled sheets of old newspapers supported on sticks laid across the dishes. This protection is necessary, because the box bark in the roof has crumbled away and left fringed holes—also because the fowls roost up there. Sometimes the paper sags, and the cream may have to be scraped off an article on dairy farming.' In Australian parlance, 'the bush' includes not only all remote and rural areas, but ways of living there, especially the limitations and hardships endured. Even though remote areas in contemporary Australia", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14616452", "score": "0.86007005", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Western Australia", "text": "<br> Western Australia Western Australia (abbreviated as WA) is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, and the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east and South Australia to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state, with a total land area of 2,529,875 square kilometres (976,790 sq mi), and the second-largest country subdivision in the world, surpassed only by Russia's Sakha Republic. The state has about 2.6 million inhabitants around 11% of the national total of whom the vast majority (92%)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "456337", "score": "0.8593806", "original_retrieval_index": 32 } ]

{ "title": "Outback", "long_answer": "The Outback is the vast, remote interior of Australia. The term \"the Outback\" is generally used to refer to locations that are comparatively more remote than those areas named \"the bush\" which, colloquially, can refer to any lands outside the main urban areas.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Outback is the vast, remote interior of Australia. The term \"the Outback\" is generally used to refer to locations that are comparatively more remote than those areas named \"the bush\" which, colloquially, can refer to any lands outside the main urban areas.", "short_answers": [ "Outback", "The Outback" ] }

[ "lament on various worldwide problems" ]

[ { "title": "Where Is the Love?", "text": "Where Is the Love? \"Where Is the Love?\" is a song by American hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas. It was released in June 2003 as the lead single from their third album, \"Elephunk\". The song was written by will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo, Justin Timberlake, Printz Board, Michael Fratantuno and George Pajon. The track features vocals from Timberlake, although he is not officially credited on the single release. It was the group's first song to feature singer Fergie as an official member. \"Where Is the Love?\" saw success on radio airplay charts, peaked at number eight on the US \"Billboard\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11893662", "score": "1.1219037", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Where Is the Love?", "text": "release, the song re-entered the official UK singles charts at 40, eventually peaking at 35. The music video for \"Where Is the Love?\" was shot in East Los Angeles and features The Black Eyed Peas and various other people, including various young children, asking the world where the love really is. In the video, will.i.am and Taboo act as a soul music road duo who use music to tell people what is wrong with the world, Fergie appears as a peacemaker who places stickers with question marks on them all over the place to ask people where the love is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11893667", "score": "1.0983807", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "The Meaning of Love (Michelle McManus song)", "text": "The Meaning of Love (Michelle McManus song) \"The Meaning of Love\" is the second single from \"Pop Idol\" winner Michelle McManus, released on 26 January 2004. It did not match the success of her chart-topping debut single \"All This Time\", reaching number 16 in the UK and number 29 in Ireland. Soon after the single's commercial failure, BMG dropped McManus from the label. The music video premiered in the United Kingdom in January 2004. It shows a man and a woman arguing before making up. \"Daily Record\" critic John Dingwall called the song a \"great ballad\"; a colleague of his,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12857103", "score": "1.0555301", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Where Is the Love?", "text": "in Japanese language and performed his cover version at his solo concert in 2006. At the Mnet Asian Music Awards (commonly abbreviated as MAMA) promotional held in Singapore in 2011, will.i.am apl.de.ap performed the song with friend and collaborator, K-pop vocalist and rapper CL of 2NE1 performing Taboo and Fergie's part. \"The X Factor Israel\" contestant Inbal Bibi sang the song at the live shows and received positive reviews. Ariana Grande joined the Black Eyed Peas for a cover of the song at Grande's 2017 One Love Manchester concert. Gwen Stefani performed the song at Hyundai Genesis G70 launch event", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11893670", "score": "1.0430421", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Nanga Punga Dost", "text": "you will get the real meaning of them\". The song was released on 17 November 2014, along with other tracks in the album. The music video of the song was officially released on 18 November 2014, through the YouTube channel of T-Series. The music video of the song, was the third song released from the album, after the two singles, \"Tharki Chokro\" and \"Love is Waste of Time\". On 21 November 2014, the song debuted at position 81 in iTunes India Chart Top 100. It was ranked at position 20 on 20 December 2014, before jumping to its peak position,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18497630", "score": "1.0400821", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Where Is the Love?", "text": "gameplay footage of the graphically explicit and controversial video game \"Postal 2\", in which a group of young children are playing the game. This suggests that violence in the media and entertainment industry affects the morals of children. Near the beginning of the video, posters of the video game \"\" are shown. British pop band Busted did a rock version of the song, which features on their live album, \"\". \"The Voice UK\" contestant Frances Wood sang the song at her audition and chose will.i.am to be her mentor. Japanese pop singer Sho Sakurai of Arashi re-wrote the rap lyrics", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11893669", "score": "1.0366187", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "The Meaning of Love (album)", "text": "a Gold certification, indicating sales of over 200,000 copies in the region of the United Kingdom alone. The Meaning of Love (album) The Meaning of Love is the debut album by Scottish singer and \"Pop Idol\" winner Michelle McManus, issued by BMG. Released on 16 February 2004, it debuted at #3 on the UK Albums Chart and featured two singles: the #1 UK Singles Chart entry \"All This Time\", and the title track, which peaked at #16. Critics derided the record for its production values and songwriting quality; multiple reviewers also found McManus's singing voice to be unimpressive. The album", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12766372", "score": "1.0251702", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Meaning of Love", "text": "by the original song, and afterwards has a new arrangement of music. The video for \"The Meaning of Love\" was the second video with Alan Wilder, although he did not contribute to the song. The director was Julien Temple. The video was not included on the \"Some Great Videos\" VHS compilation because it was not well-liked by the band. The single was not released in the United States, but the 12\" \"Fairly Odd Mix\" of the song features on the B-side of the \"See You\" US 12\" single. These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6384430", "score": "1.0207926", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "The Meaning of Love (album)", "text": "The Meaning of Love (album) The Meaning of Love is the debut album by Scottish singer and \"Pop Idol\" winner Michelle McManus, issued by BMG. Released on 16 February 2004, it debuted at #3 on the UK Albums Chart and featured two singles: the #1 UK Singles Chart entry \"All This Time\", and the title track, which peaked at #16. Critics derided the record for its production values and songwriting quality; multiple reviewers also found McManus's singing voice to be unimpressive. The album was deemed a commercial failure by Sony BMG, who dropped McManus from the label. The album has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12766366", "score": "1.0194483", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Where Is the Love?", "text": "The song was written by will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo, Justin Timberlake, Ron Fair, Printz Board, George Pajon, Fiona Davies M. Fratantuno, and J. Curtis, and co-produced by will.i.am and Ron Fair. In this song, The Black Eyed Peas lament on various worldwide problems. Many issues are discussed, which include but are not limited to terrorism, US government hypocrisy, racism, gang crime, pollution, war, and intolerance", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Meaning of Love", "text": "\" The Meaning of Love \": 7\": Mute/7Mute22 (UK) 12\": Mute/12Mute22 (UK) CD: Mute/CDMute22 (UK) Notes The Meaning of Love \"The Meaning of Love\" is the fifth UK single by Depeche Mode released on 26 April 1982 and recorded at Blackwing Studios. The single version of \"The Meaning of Love\" is the same as the album version from \"A Broken Frame\". The \"Fairly Odd Mix\" features an unusual techno ditty after the second chorus. The B-side is \"Oberkorn (It's a Small Town)\", an atmospheric instrumental written by Martin Gore as an intro for the \"A Broken Frame Tour\", in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6384431", "score": "1.00267", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "The Meaning of Love", "text": "The Meaning of Love \"The Meaning of Love\" is the fifth UK single by Depeche Mode released on 26 April 1982 and recorded at Blackwing Studios. The single version of \"The Meaning of Love\" is the same as the album version from \"A Broken Frame\". The \"Fairly Odd Mix\" features an unusual techno ditty after the second chorus. The B-side is \"Oberkorn (It's a Small Town)\", an atmospheric instrumental written by Martin Gore as an intro for the \"A Broken Frame Tour\", in the town of Oberkorn, Luxembourg. A longer version called the \"Development Mix\" features an ambient intro followed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6384429", "score": "1.0013045", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Love (DJ Trevi song)", "text": "what status, color of your skin, sexual orientation, or religion. DJ Trevi felt so strong about it, that he released a video. The video had a powerful message, that it was possible to love someone that was positive even though he was negative. The video went viral and people wanted a copy of the song that accompanied the video. DJ Trevi agreed to release the song and donate the profits to an HIV awareness program. The song had an impact in the gay community, with people expressing either hate or their love of the message. Although the song was released", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18461620", "score": "1.0009716", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Where Is Love? (album)", "text": "P. Gladstone said \"With just a spare piano accompaniment, the vocalist tackles nine very well chosen ballads that are meant not only to entertain us but to advise us about the compositions of singer-songwriters like Bob Dorough, Dave Frishberg and Blossom Dearie. ... Her unhurried and moving delivery opens up the lyrical content of show tunes like the title song from Oliver or Leslie Bricusse's \"When I Look In Your Eyes.\" Where Is Love? (album) Where Is Love? is an album by vocalist Irene Kral performing with pianist Alan Broadbent which was recorded in 1974 and originally released on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19843179", "score": "0.9971806", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Where Is the Love?", "text": "and police officials (Dallas Police Chief David O. Brown, Officer Miguel Salcedo) and more appear in the video. Credits adapted from the official press release. The Black Eyed Peas also released a bilingual Spanish/English version of \"Where's the Love?\", titled \"Dónde Está El Amor?\" crediting The Black Eyed Peas featuring El Mundo. The version was premiered on November 7, 2016, during Premios de la Radio. The music video premiered days later, featuring a roster of Latin stars including Gerardo Ortiz, Milkman, Pepe Aguilar, Becky G, Fey, Paulina Rubio, Luis Coronel and many others. Where Is the Love? \"Where Is the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11893674", "score": "0.9968035", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "The Meaning of Love (Michelle McManus song)", "text": "media drew comparisons of McManus' fortunes to \"\" rejects One True Voice. UK CD single 1. \"The Meaning of Love\" (Radio edit) UK Digital download 1. \"The Meaning of Love\" (album version) The Meaning of Love (Michelle McManus song) \"The Meaning of Love\" is the second single from \"Pop Idol\" winner Michelle McManus, released on 26 January 2004. It did not match the success of her chart-topping debut single \"All This Time\", reaching number 16 in the UK and number 29 in Ireland. Soon after the single's commercial failure, BMG dropped McManus from the label. The music video premiered in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12857105", "score": "0.99545205", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Where Is the Love (Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway song)", "text": "or Group with Vocals. There have been numerous cover versions of this song: British soul singer Mica Paris and American singer-songwriter Will Downing released a cover of \"Where Is the Love\" in 1989 for Paris' debut album \"So Good\". \"Where Is the Love\" debuted at number twenty-eight on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number nineteen in its second week before accumulating a total of eight weeks on the chart. CD single Vinyl \"Where is the Love\" was recorded by Australian singer songwriter Rick Price and New Zealand-born singer-songwriter Margaret Urlich. It was released on 29 November 1993 and peaked", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11355871", "score": "0.9937727", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "What Is Love? (Twice song)", "text": "\"Billboard\" charts' World Digital Songs and \"Billboard Japan\" Hot 100, respectively. The song placed at number 29 at Billboard Japan Hot 100 year-end chart, and placed at number 14 in Top Streaming Songs. What Is Love? (Twice song) \"What Is Love?\" (stylized as \"What is Love?\") is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Twice, the lead single of their fifth extended play of the same name. The song was released on April 9, 2018 by JYP Entertainment and distributed by Iriver. \"What Is Love?\" was written and composed by Park Jin-young, who previously produced \"Signal\", and it was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20652320", "score": "0.9923719", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Where Is the Love?", "text": "in the world, and apl.de.ap is a criminal who is arrested for using criminal offences to tell people the truth. Justin Timberlake does not appear in the video, although several different people are seen mouthing the chorus as he sings it. The video is similar to a 2002 British television advertisement for T-Mobile, in which a face of a young baby is presented in various forms around a large city, much like the question mark in this video. The Bon Jovi music video \"Have a Nice Day\" is also similar to both the advertisement and this video. The video features", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11893668", "score": "0.99151415", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Where Is the Love (Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway song)", "text": "at number 31 in Australia. It was included as a bonus track on Ulrich's 1994 album, \"Live\". In 1993, Price and Urlich were part of Export Music Australia (EMA) and Austrade's second Wizards of Oz promotion. They toured Japan together with the group Yothu Yindi. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1994, the song was nominated for ARIA Award for Best Adult Contemporary Album but lost to \"The Journey\" by Tommy Emmanuel. Where Is the Love (Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway song) \"Where Is the Love\" is a popular song written by Ralph MacDonald and William Salter, and recorded by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11355872", "score": "0.98966527", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "The Meaning of Love (Michelle McManus song)", "text": "however, wrote: \"Michelle's going to have to aim much higher... 'The Meaning of Love', while good, isn't great.\" AllMusic journalist Sharon Mawer described the track as \"a charity sounding record without the All Saints rhythm [of 'All This Time'], without the multi-vocals, and without much of a tune either\". \"The Meaning of Love\" debuted at #16 in the United Kingdom and number 29 in Ireland. The single did not chart as well as expected. It spent four weeks in the UK Top 75 and three weeks in the Irish Top 100. Considered a flop, with sales of only 8,000, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12857104", "score": "0.9896501", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "(What Is) Love?", "text": "song. Lopez's vocals for the song were recorded and produced by Kuk Harrell, with recording assistance from Jim Annunziato and Josh Gudwin at Conway Studios in Hollywood, California. Annunziato and Eric Eylands handled audio engineering of \"(What Is) Love?\", while the song was later mixed by Mike \"Handz\" Donaldson at Chalice Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California. \"(What Is) Love?\" deals with the topic of \"not knowing what love is\". The song's co-writer Gordon stated that: \"I felt like so many woman have that same story. No fathers, families, abusive boyfriends and husbands..no parental support, they feel alone .. I've", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15509490", "score": "0.9886772", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Where Is the Love?", "text": "Hot 100, and topped the charts in Australia, Ireland and the United Kingdom. It became the biggest-selling single of 2003 in the latter country. The band and Timberlake received two nominations, Record of the Year and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration, for \"Where Is the Love?\" at the 46th Grammy Awards. Following the commercial failures of their previous albums and singles, there was doubt over whether The Black Eyed Peas would continue to record together. A&R executive Ron Fair approached them and suggested a crossover to a more mainstream pop sound. will.i.am in particular resisted the idea for fear that they would", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11893663", "score": "0.9855366", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Suno Na Sangemarmar", "text": "the song, Munir stated: \"There was a huge discussion about the word 'sangemarmar' in the song, but it fell beautifully into the film and became a hit\". The music video of the song was released officially on 6 February 2014, through the YouTube channel of Multi Screen Media, and was released, labelled as the \"Valentine song of the year\". It was later released on other distributing label partners on 13 February 2014. The full song was released on 24 February 2014, along with other tracks from the album. The song was the first track released from the film. The song", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18478018", "score": "0.9831487", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Where Is the Love (Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway song)", "text": "Where Is the Love (Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway song) \"Where Is the Love\" is a popular song written by Ralph MacDonald and William Salter, and recorded by Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway. Released in 1972 from their album, \"Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway\". It peaked at number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart and spent a week each at number one on the \"Billboard\" Easy Listening chart (July 1972) and R&B chart (August 1972). \"Billboard\" ranked it as the No. 58 song for 1972. The song won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11355870", "score": "0.98262846", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Love (Jana Kramer song)", "text": "and concise, yet is sung \"with passion and conviction\". Its upbeat tone creates \"a positivity lingering in the air long after the song is over\", and will \"encourage listeners to want to play it again\". Love (Jana Kramer song) \"Love\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Jana Kramer from her second studio album, \"Thirty One\" (2015). The song was written by Catt Gravitt and Jimmy Robbins, and produced by Scott Hendricks. It was released on June 9, 2014 as the album's first single. The music video was directed by Ryan Lassan and premiered in June 2014. It", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18478826", "score": "0.9814384", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Love Song (Big Bang song)", "text": "Love Song (Big Bang song) \"Love Song\" is a single by South Korean group Big Bang. It was released on April 8, 2011 by YG Entertainment, as the lead single for their album \"Big Bang Special Edition\" (2011), a repackaged version of the extended play (EP) \"Tonight\" released earlier on February 23, 2011. The lyrics were written by G-Dragon, T.O.P and Teddy and the music was composed by G-Dragon, Teddy. Standing out from Big Bang's usual \"heavily produced electronic dance tracks\", \"Love Song\" is pop-rock ballad that was compared to Coldplay's early material. The single \"utilizes building strings and overlapping", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20158998", "score": "0.97906697", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Epiphany (BTS song)", "text": "Additionally, Kim Bona and Park Jinsil from MU:E were the art directors. Musically, the song has been described as alternative rock, with blends soft acoustic guitar and wavy electric riffs. South China Morning Post, however, stated it is a \"thought provoking ballad\". \"Epiphany\" is 3:48 minutes long and in the key of F major, with a piano leading it. It is 136 beats per minute. Jin's vocal range in the song spans from the low notes of D to the high notes of C. \"Rolling Stone India\" stated, \"The lyrics are a literal epiphany about the fact that to love", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20418360", "score": "0.9790195", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Love song", "text": "Love song A love song is a song about romantic love, falling in love, heartbreak after a breakup, and the feelings that these experiences bring. A comprehensive list of even the best known performers and composers of love songs would be a large order. Love songs can be found in a variety of different music genres. Love songs have been around for centuries and can be found in the histories and cultures of most societies, though their ubiquity is a modern phenomenon. A highly controversial and startling explanation of the genesis of love songs can be found in Denis de", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5163938", "score": "0.97623706", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Where Is the Love?", "text": "The Black Eyed Peas were worried about this, as getting some assistance from an established pop star like Timberlake had been the original point of this song. A compromise was reached eventually in which Jive gave clearance for the vocals of Timberlake to be released on the song, but he does not appear in the song's music video nor is he officially credited on the song as an artist. By 2008, the single had sold 954,000 digital copies. The song was written by will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo, Justin Timberlake, Ron Fair, Printz Board, George Pajon, Fiona Davies M. Fratantuno, and J.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11893665", "score": "0.97468233", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Where Is the Love?", "long_answer": "The song was written by will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo, Justin Timberlake, Ron Fair, Printz Board, George Pajon, Fiona Davies M. Fratantuno, and J. Curtis, and co-produced by will.i.am and Ron Fair. In this song, The Black Eyed Peas lament on various worldwide problems. Many issues are discussed, which include but are not limited to terrorism, US government hypocrisy, racism, gang crime, pollution, war, and intolerance", "chunked_long_answer": "The song was written by will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo, Justin Timberlake, Ron Fair, Printz Board, George Pajon, Fiona Davies M. Fratantuno, and J. Curtis, and co-produced by will.i.am and Ron Fair. In this song, The Black Eyed Peas lament on various worldwide problems. Many issues are discussed, which include but are not limited to terrorism, US government hypocrisy, racism, gang crime, pollution, war, and intolerance", "short_answers": [ "lament on various worldwide problems" ] }

[ "peptide bond" ]

[ { "title": "Dipeptide", "text": "Dipeptide A dipeptide is an organic compound derived from two amino acids. The amino acids can be the same or different. When different, two isomers of the dipeptide are possible, depending on the sequence. Similar descriptions apply to tripeptide (three amino acid residues, two peptide bonds), tetrapeptide, and so on; longer chains are called oligopeptide, polypeptide, protein. Dipeptides are produced by coupling amino acids. The amino group on one amino acid is rendered non-nucleophilic (P in eq) and the carboxylic acid group in the second amino acid is deactivated as its methyl ester. The two modified amino acids are then", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2948155", "score": "1.0153188", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "2,5-Diketopiperazine", "text": "dipeptides can be formed by coupling two amino acids together by the many methods of peptide synthesis or by using the Ugi reaction of an isonitrile, amino acid, aldehyde and amine, followed by deprotection. Dipeptides substituted with an amine at one terminus and an ester at the other 1 can spontaneously cyclize to form a 2,5-diketopiperazine at a range of pHs. However, careful selection of reaction conditions is required to limit racemization. This has been achieved in a general, efficient, and environmentally benign solution-phase synthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazines using microwave-assisted heating in water, which in contrast to other published methods is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17477639", "score": "0.9734634", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Combinatorial chemistry", "text": "9 dipeptides are formed. In a third and fourth cycles 27 tripeptides and 81 tetrapeptides would form, respectively. The \"split-mix synthesis\" has several outstanding features: In 1990 three groups described methods for preparing peptide libraries by biological methods and one year later Fodor et al. published a remarkable method for synthesis of peptide arrays on small glass slides. A \"parallel synthesis\" method was developed by Mario Geysen and his colleagues for preparation of peptide arrays. They synthesized 96 peptides on plastic rods (pins) coated at their ends with the solid support. The pins were immersed into the solution of reagents", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "471791", "score": "0.9058671", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Dipeptide", "text": "Dietary proteins are digested to dipeptides and amino acids, and the dipeptides are absorbed more rapidly than the amino acids, because their uptake involves a separate mechanism. Dipeptides activate G-cells found in the stomach to secrete gastrin. In this usage, \"X dipeptide\" is taken literally: One amino acid \"X\" is equipped with two minimal peptide bonds: The C terminus COOH becomes COCH, the N terminus NH becomes NHCH. For instance, alanine dipeptide is CHCONHCH(CH)CONHCH. Dipeptide A dipeptide is an organic compound derived from two amino acids. The amino acids can be the same or different. When different, two isomers of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2948157", "score": "0.8910314", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Pseudoproline", "text": "sequences. Pseudoproline dipeptides have proven particularly effective in the synthesis of intractable peptides, long peptides/small proteins, and cyclic peptides, enabling in many cases the production of peptides that otherwise could not be made. These dipeptides are extremely easy to use: simply substitute a serine or threonine residue together with the preceding amino acid residue in the peptide sequence with the appropriate pseudoproline dipeptide (see the figure on your right). The native sequence is regenerated on cleavage and deprotection. In recent years, several peptides, such as T-20 (also called DP178), Eptifibatide, Ziconotide, Pramlintide, Exenatide, and Bivalirudin, have been approved by the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9997807", "score": "0.8498293", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Diphenylketene", "text": "is also evident in the formation of three dimers: and oligomers produced therefrom. Ketenes (of the general formula RRC=C=O) have many parallels to isocyanates (of the general formula R-N=C=O) in their constitution as well as in their reactivity. Diphenyl ketene reacts with water in an addition reaction to form diphenylacetic acid, with ethanol to diphenyl acetic ethyl ester or with ammonia to the corresponding amide. Carboxylic acids produce mixed anhydrides of diphenylacetic acid, which can be used to activate protected amino acids for peptide linkage. The protected dipeptide Z-Leu-Phe-OEt (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester) is thus obtained in 59% yield via the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9121982", "score": "0.83881426", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Acetic formic anhydride", "text": "was in the synthesis of Quazodine (). Acetic formic anhydride Acetic formic anhydride is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of -(C=O)-O-(C=O)H. It can be viewed as the mixed anhydride of acetic acid and formic acid. Acetic formic anhydride can be produced by reacting sodium formate with acetyl chloride in anhydrous diethyl ether between 23–27 °C. It can be prepared by aceticanhydride and formic acid at 0 oC Acetic formic anhydride is a formylation agent for amines, amino acids, and alcohols. It is also a starting material for other compounds such as formyl fluoride. An", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15200417", "score": "0.8360729", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Eschenmoser sulfide contraction", "text": "B\", cocaine,\"diplodialide A\" and \"isoretronecanol\" An example of general synthetic utility is the synthesis of novel carbapenems Eschenmoser sulfide contraction The Eschenmoser sulfide contraction is an organic reaction first described by Albert Eschenmoser for the synthesis of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds from a thioester. The method requires a base and a tertiary phosphine. The method is of some relevance to organic chemistry and has been notably applied in the vitamin B total synthesis. A base abstracts the labile hydrogen atom in the thioester, a sulfide anion is formed through an episulfide intermediate which is removed by the phosphine. The Eschenmoser sulfide contraction", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14801698", "score": "0.8347396", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Acetic formic anhydride", "text": "Acetic formic anhydride Acetic formic anhydride is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of -(C=O)-O-(C=O)H. It can be viewed as the mixed anhydride of acetic acid and formic acid. Acetic formic anhydride can be produced by reacting sodium formate with acetyl chloride in anhydrous diethyl ether between 23–27 °C. It can be prepared by aceticanhydride and formic acid at 0 oC Acetic formic anhydride is a formylation agent for amines, amino acids, and alcohols. It is also a starting material for other compounds such as formyl fluoride. An example of Acetic formic anhydride being used", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15200416", "score": "0.8244184", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Dipeptide", "text": "A dipeptide is a sometimes ambiguous designation of two classes of organic compounds: Its molecules contain either two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond or one amino acid with two peptide bonds.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Self-assembling peptide", "text": "specifically to the peptide and emits blue fluorescence when excited. The simplest peptide building blocks are dipeptides. Nanotubes formed from dipeptides are the widest amongst peptide nanotubes. An example of a dipeptide that has been studied is such a peptide is one from the diphenylalanine motif of the Alzheimer’s β-amyloid peptide. Dipeptides have also been shown to self assemble into hydrogels, another form of nanostructures, when connected to the protecting group, Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride. Experiments focusing on the dipeptide Fmoc-diphenylalaine have been conducted that have explored the mechanism in which Fmoc-diphenylalanine self assembles into hydrogels via π-π interlocked β-sheets. Phenylalanine has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13881456", "score": "0.8159189", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Pseudoproline", "text": "dipeptides. These derivatives disrupt the interactions among chains that are usually the cause of poor coupling yields in aggregated sequences. A large arsenal of chemical tools is now available for the synthesis of almost all peptides up to 40 amino acid residues. However, several small-size peptides and many large peptides and/or proteins are still unavailable by classical methods. Recently, an efficient stepwise solid-phase synthesis of RANTES (24-91) was published. RANTES is a major HIV-suppressive factor produced by CD8+ T Cells. The serine protease CD26/dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26/DPP IV) induces a NH2-terminal truncation from RANTES (1-91) to RANTES(24-91), which inhibits the infection", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9997809", "score": "0.8156326", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Koenigs–Knorr reaction", "text": "C2 that lends anchimeric assistance, resulting in the formation of a 1,2-trans stereochemical arrangement. Esters (e.g. acetyl, benzoyl, pivalyl) generally provide good anchimeric assistance, whereas ethers (e.g. benzyl, methyl etc.) do not, leading to mixtures of stereoisomers. In the first step of the mechanism, the glycosyl bromide reacts with silver carbonate upon elimination of silver bromide and the silver carbonate anion to the oxocarbenium ion. From this structure a dioxolaniumnium is formed, which is attacked by methanol via an SN mechanism at the carbonyl carbon atom. This attack leads to the inversion. After cleavage of a hydrogen atom, the glycoside", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8735662", "score": "0.8155381", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Formic anhydride", "text": "can be isolated by low-temperature, low-pressure distillation, but decomposes on heating above room temperature. It decomposes into formic acid and carbon monoxide. The decomposition of formic anhydride may be catalyzed by formic acid. Formic anhydride can be detected in the gas-phase reaction of ozone with ethylene. The molecule is planar in the gas phase. Formic anhydride Formic anhydride, also called methanoic anhydride, is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of (H(C=O)−)O. It can be viewed as the anhydride of formic acid (HCOOH). Formic anhydride can be obtained by reaction of formyl fluoride with sodium formate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14666911", "score": "0.813774", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Leuckart reaction", "text": "Leuckart (1854–1899). He discovered that heating benzaldehyde with formamide does not produce benzylidenediformamide as anticipated, but benzylamine. In 1891, a colleague of Leuckart at the University of Göttingen, Otto Wallach, performed further reactions using alicyclic and terpenoid ketones as well as aldehydes, demonstrating the general application. Over the course of the past century, chemists have discovered several methods to improve the yield of the reaction and carry it out under less strenuous conditions. Pollard and Young summarized various ways in which amines can be formed: using either formamide or ammonium formate, or both, or adding formic acid to formamide. However,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8243180", "score": "0.8092151", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Retosiban", "text": "these are formed by cyclising the corresponding linear dipeptide. In the short and highly stereoselective synthesis of Retosiban 8 the linear peptide 5 is formed by the four-component Ugi reaction of the carboxybenzyl (Cbz) protected R-indanylglycine 1, D-alloisoleucine methyl ester hydrochloride 2, 2-methyloxazole-4-carboxaldehyde 3 and 2-benzyloxyphenylisonitrile 4. Hydrogenation to remove the Cbz and benzyl protecting groups, enabled cyclization of the linear peptide 5 to occur to give the phenolic cyclic dipeptide 6. Hydrolysis of the phenolic amide, by reaction with carbonyl diimidazole (CDI), followed addition of aqueous hydrochloric acid gave the acid 7 which was converted to the amide Retosiban", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16249436", "score": "0.8080658", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Pseudoproline", "text": "choice strongly depends on the nature of the pseudoproline as welI as on the substituents at C2 of the cyclic system. Pseudoproline a powerful tool for improving the quality of synthetic peptides. Pseudoproline dipeptides have greatly increased the success rate for synthesizing both long and difficult peptides. Pseudoproline dipeptides can be introduced in the same manner as other amino acid derivatives. The routine use of pseudoproline (oxazolidine) dipeptides in the FMOC solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of serine- and threonine-containing peptides leads to remarkable improvements in quality and yield of crude products and helps avoid unnecessary repeat synthesis of failed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9997806", "score": "0.8080432", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Acyl halide", "text": "reactions with similar reagents; however, some specialty reactions are also available to produce these compounds. For example, chloroformylation, a specific type of Friedel-Crafts acylation which uses formaldehyde as a reagent, or by the direct chlorination of benzaldehyde derivatives. Acyl halides are rather reactive compounds often synthesized to be used as intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds. For example, an acyl halide can react with: In the above reactions, HX (hydrogen halide or hydrohalic acid) is also formed. For example, if the acyl halide is an acyl chloride, HCl (hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid) is also formed. A molecule", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3119656", "score": "0.8072006", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Leuckart reaction", "text": "Leuckart reaction The Leuckart reaction is the chemical reaction that converts aldehydes or ketones to amines by reductive amination in the presence of heat. The reaction, named after Rudolf Leuckart, proceeds via two mechanisms: one using ammonium formate and the other using formamide as the reducing agent. It requires high temperatures, usually between 120 and 130 °C, although under the presence of formamide, the temperature can be greater than 165 °C. The reaction works best using ammonium formate and the general reaction can be seen below. The Leuckart reaction is named in honor of its developer, the German chemist Rudolf", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8243179", "score": "0.80313706", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Diphenylphosphoryl azide", "text": "group to the carboxylic acid. It is now suggested that this reaction proceeds through the intermediate mixed anhydride, resulting from attack by the nucleophilic carboxylate anion on the phosphorus atom, with expulsion of the azide ion. The latter then attacks the carbonyl carbon atom, to give the acyl azide and loss of the diphenylphosphate anion, known to be a good leaving group. Finally, the acyl azide reacts in the normal manner to give the urethane. Studies show that DPPA reacts with amines giving the corresponding phosphoramidates; it therefore appears that formation of the amide similarly involves the intermediate anhydride, followed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11014566", "score": "0.80308944", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition", "text": "Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition The azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition is a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between an azide and a terminal or internal alkyne to give a 1,2,3-triazole. Rolf Huisgen was the first to understand the scope of this organic reaction. American chemist Karl Barry Sharpless has referred to this cycloaddition as \"the cream of the crop\" of click chemistry and \"the premier example of a click reaction.\" In the reaction above azide 2 reacts neatly with alkyne 1 to afford the triazole 3 as a mixture of 1,4-adduct and 1,5-adduct at 98 °C in 18 hours. The standard 1,3-cycloaddition between an azide 1,3-dipole", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5071924", "score": "0.8022641", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Glycylglycine", "text": "Using different concentrations of the glycylglycine improvement in protein solubility after cell lysis has been observed. Glycylglycine Glycylglycine is the dipeptide of glycine, making it the simplest peptide. The compound was first synthesized by Emil Fischer and Ernest Fourneau in 1901 by boiling 2,5-diketopiperazine (glycine anhydride) with hydrochloric acid. Shaking with alkali and other synthesis methods have been reported. Because of its low toxicity, it is useful as a buffer for biological systems with effective ranges between pH 2.5-3.8 and 7.5-8.9, however, it is only moderately stable for storage once dissolved. It is used in the synthesis of more complex", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14807614", "score": "0.8007152", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Diphenylphosphoryl azide", "text": "Diphenylphosphoryl azide Diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) is an organic compound. It is widely used as a reagent in the synthesis of other organic compounds. DPPA undergoes pseudohalogen replacement of the azido group by treatment with nucleophilic reagents, such as ammonia and various amines. This compound is used as a reagent for the synthesis of peptides by virtue of its reactions with carboxylic acids leading to either the urethane or the amide. The formation of the urethane is particularly valuable since it works with carboxylic acids which fail to undergo the Schmidt reaction, and is believed to involve transfer of the azido", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11014565", "score": "0.7983004", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Formic anhydride", "text": "Formic anhydride Formic anhydride, also called methanoic anhydride, is an organic compound with the chemical formula and a structural formula of (H(C=O)−)O. It can be viewed as the anhydride of formic acid (HCOOH). Formic anhydride can be obtained by reaction of formyl fluoride with sodium formate in ether at −78 °C. It can also be produced by reacting formic acid with \"N\",\"N′\"-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ((−N=)C) in ether at −10 °C. It can also be obtained by disproportionation of acetic formic anhydride. Formic anhydride is a liquid with boiling point 24 °C at 20 mmHg. It is stable in diethyl ether solution. It", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14666910", "score": "0.7980785", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Formose reaction", "text": "of 3 with formaldehyde produces tetrulose (6), which undergoes another ketose-aldose isomerization to form aldotetrose 7 (either threose or erythrose). The retro-aldol reaction of 7 generates two molecules of 1, resulting in the net production of a molecule of 1 from two molecules of formaldehyde, catalyzed by 1 itself (autocatalysis). During this process, 3 can also react with 1 to form ribulose (4), which can isomerize to give rise to ribose (5), an important building block of ribonucleic acid. The aldose-ketose isomerization steps are promoted by chelation to calcium. However, these steps have been shown to proceed through a hydride", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9346331", "score": "0.7961172", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition", "text": "the metal ligands will influence the regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The stereoselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between carbonyl ylide dipoles and alkenyl dipolarophiles has also been closely examined. For alkynyl dipolarophiles, stereoselectivity is not an issue as relatively planar sp carbons are formed, while regioselectivity must be considered (see image of the Products of the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction Between Carbonyl Ylide Dipoles and Alkenyl or Alkynyl Dipolarophiles). However, for alkenyl dipolarophiles, both regioselectivity and stereoselectivity must be considered as sp carbons are generated in the product species. 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between carbonyl ylide dipoles and alkenyl", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4533644", "score": "0.7958871", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Diphenylphosphoryl azide", "text": "by nucleophilic substitution by the amine. In the synthesis of NSAIDs, DPPA is able to rearrange a propanoyl group into an isopropanoic acid. DPPA is very toxic and a potential explosive like most other azide compounds. Diphenylphosphoryl azide Diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) is an organic compound. It is widely used as a reagent in the synthesis of other organic compounds. DPPA undergoes pseudohalogen replacement of the azido group by treatment with nucleophilic reagents, such as ammonia and various amines. This compound is used as a reagent for the synthesis of peptides by virtue of its reactions with carboxylic acids leading to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11014567", "score": "0.79551214", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Discovery and development of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors", "text": "\"allo\" stereoisomer. In animal studies, they found that both isomers had similar affinity for DPP-4, similar \"in vivo\" efficacy, similar pharmacokinetic and metabolic profiles. Nevertheless, the \"allo\" isomer was 10-fold more toxic. The researchers found out that this difference in toxicity was due to the \"allo\" isomer's greater inhibition of DPP-8 and DPP-9 but not because of selective DPP-4 inhibition. More research also supported that DPP-4 inhibition would not cause compromised immune function. Once this link between affinity for DPP-8/DPP-9 and toxicity was discovered, Merck decided on identifying an inhibitor with more than a thousandfold affinity for DPP-4 over the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12684434", "score": "0.793711", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "DIPAMP", "text": "DIPAMP DIPAMP is an organophosphorus compound that is used as a ligand in homogeneous catalysis. It is a white solid that dissolves in organic solvents. Work on this compound by W. S. Knowles was recognized with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. DIPAMP was the basis for of the first industrial scale asymmetric hydrogenation, the synthesis of the drug -DOPA. DIPAMP is a C-symmetric diphosphine. Each phosphorus centre, which is pyramidal, bears three different substituents - anisyl, phenyl, and the ethylene group. The ligand therefore exists as the enantiomeric (\"R\",\"R\") and (\"S\",\"S\") pair, as well as the achiral meso isomer. DIPAMP", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12143494", "score": "0.7936033", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Azomethine ylide", "text": "and results in a pyrrolidine. While dipolarophiles are typically α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, there have been many recent advances in developing new types of dipolarophiles. When the dipole and dipolarophile are part of the same molecule, an intramolecular cyclization reaction can lead to a polycyclic product of considerable complexity. If the dipolarophile is tethered to a carbon of the dipole, a fused bicycle is formed. If it is tethered to the nitrogen, a bridged structure results. The intramolecular nature of the reaction can also be useful in that regioselectivity is often constrained. Another advantage to intramolecular reactions is that the dipolarophile", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6631470", "score": "0.7931682", "original_retrieval_index": 35 } ]

{ "title": "Dipeptide", "long_answer": "A dipeptide is a sometimes ambiguous designation of two classes of organic compounds: Its molecules contain either two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond or one amino acid with two peptide bonds.", "chunked_long_answer": "A dipeptide is a sometimes ambiguous designation of two classes of organic compounds: Its molecules contain either two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond or one amino acid with two peptide bonds.", "short_answers": [ "peptide bond" ] }

[ "1952" ]

[ { "title": "India national cricket team record by opponent", "text": "matches, and 216 matches were drawn with one being tied. India played their first ODI match against England in 1974, but registered their first win against East Africa in 1975. , India have played 939 ODI matches, winning 483 matches and losing 409; 7 matches were tied and 40 matches had no result. They also won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cups, along with the 2002 and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. India played their first Twenty20 International (T20I) against South Africa in 2006, winning the match by six wickets, and won the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in 2007.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17191773", "score": "1.122088", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "India women's national cricket team", "text": "2005, and losing to England by 9 runs in 2017. India has made the semi-finals on three other occasions, in 1997, 2000, and 2009. India has also made the semi-finals of the World Twenty20 on three occasions (2009, 2010, and 2018). The British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s, with the first cricket match played in 1721. The first Indian cricket club was established by the Parsi community in Bombay, in 1848; the club played their first match against the Europeans in 1877. The first official Indian cricket team was formed in 1911 and toured England, where they", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5604363", "score": "1.0997026", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "History of cricket in India from 1918–19 to 1945", "text": "first winner was Bombay. Since then India has undergone many changes in its cricket history. The lists below give the leading first-class runscorers and wicket-takers in each domestic season. India's debut in Test cricket was in the 1932 English season when they played England at Lord's Cricket Ground. England won by 158 runs. The MCC tour was from October 1926 to February 1927. Captained by Arthur Gilligan, the team played 26 first-class matches in India and a further four first-class matches in Ceylon. Team members included Maurice Leyland, Andy Sandham, Bob Wyatt, Arthur Dolphin, George Geary, Ewart Astill and George", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11037041", "score": "1.0995756", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Cricket in India", "text": "beaten by Australia. In September 2007, India won the first ever Twenty20 World Cup held in South Africa, beating Pakistan by 5 runs in a thrilling final. India won the Cricket World Cup in 2011 under the captainship of Mahendra Singh Dhoni, the first time since 1983 – they beat Sri Lanka in the final held in Mumbai. India played its 500th Test match against New Zealand at Kanpur from 22 September 2016. India won this match by 197 runs. This test was played under the captaincy of Virat Kohli. International cricket in India generally does not follow a fixed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2831577", "score": "1.0986673", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "India women's national cricket team", "text": "played English county teams. The India team made their Test debut against England in 1932. Around the same time (1934), the first women's Test was played between England and Australia. However, women's cricket arrived in India much later; the Women's Cricket Association of India was formed in 1973. The Indian women's team played their first Test match in 1976, against the West Indies. India recorded its first-ever Test win in November 1978 against West Indies under Shantha Rangaswamy's captaincy at the Moin-ul-Haq Stadium in Patna. As part of the International Cricket Council's initiative to develop women's cricket, the Women's Cricket", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5604364", "score": "1.0884193", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "History of the Indian cricket team", "text": "1960s, starting with their first series win over England in 1961-62. During this time, India's strong record at home started to develop, in which the team won a series against New Zealand in 1965-66 and drew series against Pakistan, Australia and England. In 1967-68, India won their first series outside the subcontinent against New Zealand. Sunil Gavaskar made his debut for India in the West Indies in 1970-71 and immediately made an impact, scoring a total of 774 runs for the series and helping India to a 1-0 series win, their first ever win over the West Indies. Together with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7754532", "score": "1.0838685", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium", "text": "played in this ground was the Pakistani cricket team, when they played a warm-up match against an India A side in 2005. The first One Day International (ODI) at this stadium was played between India and England on 27 January 2013. England won the match by 7 wickets. The first Test at this stadium was played between India and Australia from 25–29 March 2017. In November 2015, the HPCA stadium was selected as one of the six new Test match venues in India along with the Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, JSCA International Stadium Complex, Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Holkar Stadium", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13735659", "score": "1.0761038", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Cricket in India", "text": "sports league in the world and the biggest cricket league in the world. The Indian cricket team is also accredited with the honour of winning all the ICC tournaments under M.S. Dhoni's captaincy, which is a world record. The first ever match of first-class cricket played in India was in 1864 which was Madras vs Calcutta. Not many records exist from the match, however, it is known that the Man of the match was Praveen Chauhan. He played for Calcutta, but he was from Panipat. Furthermore, the Best fielder was Ashwani Sharma. Just like Chauhan, he was from Panipat as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2831569", "score": "1.0729927", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "India national cricket team", "text": "against Pakistan. They continued their improvement throughout the early 1950s with a series win against New Zealand in 1956. However, they did not win again in the remainder of the decade and lost badly to strong Australian and English sides. On 24 August 1959, India lost by an innings in the Test to complete the only 5–0 whitewash ever inflicted by England. The next decade saw India's reputation develop as a team with a strong record at home. They won their first Test series against England at home in 1961–62 and also won a home series against New Zealand. They", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2432670", "score": "1.0702145", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "India national cricket team", "text": "Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord's, becoming the sixth team to be granted Test cricket status. In its first fifty years of international cricket, India was one of the weaker teams, winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played. From 1932 India had to wait until 1952, almost 20 years for its first Test victory. The team, however, gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as batsmen Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath, all-rounder Kapil Dev and the Indian spin quartet of Erapalli Prasanna, Srinivas Venkataraghavan, Bhagwat Chandrasekhar and Bishen Singh Bedi.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "India at the Cricket World Cup", "text": "all the other 8 teams in the tournament once, with the top 4 teams at the end of the Round-Robin stage progressing to the semifinals. It was also the first Cricket World Cup played with coloured jerseys and which had day-night matches. India's first match in the tournament was against England at Perth. Chasing 237, India never really got going despite a 63-run opening stand shared by Shastri (57 from 112 balls, 2 fours) and Srikkanth (39 from 50 balls, 7 fours) and a good knock from Tendulkar (35 from 44 balls, 5 fours). India crashed to 227 all out,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7537406", "score": "1.0694237", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Cricket in India", "text": "home record against Australia in Test series after defeating them in 2001 and won the inaugural ICC World T20 in 2007. India was also the first Sub-continental team to win at the WACA in January 2008 against Australia. India's victory against the Australians in 2001 marked the beginning of a dream era for the team under the captainship of Sourav Ganguly, winning Test matches in Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, West Indies and England. India also shared a joint victory with Sri Lanka in the ICC Championship, and went on to the finals in the 2003 Cricket World Cup only to be", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2831576", "score": "1.0692255", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "History of cricket in India to 1918", "text": "In 1864, a Madras v. Calcutta match was arguably the start of first-class cricket in India. The British played the Indians to build relationships with the Indians and if the Indian elite had connections with the British, the British could have more control of India because of Cricket. The most important fixture in the 19th century was the Bombay Presidency Match which evolved, first, into the Bombay Triangular and then into the Bombay Quadrangular. The match was first played in 1877 and then intermittently for several seasons until finally being given first-class status in 1892-93. An English team led by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9351809", "score": "1.0691111", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Brabourne Stadium", "text": "against India of 126. In recent years, a few of the teams visiting India have started their tour with a warm up match at the Brabourne. The match between Australia and Mumbai in 1997–98 was noted for Sachin Tendulkar's first double hundred in first-class cricket. Mumbai won the game setting the tone for the rest of the tour. In 2000, several Test level Indian players turned out for a Board Presidents XI in a three-day warm up game against the touring South Africans. The match is remembered for Sachin Tendulkar announcing his resignation from the post of Captain of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4717472", "score": "1.0655779", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "India national cricket team", "text": "do not receive as much popular support or recognition as the men's team. The women's teams also have a less packed schedule compared to men's teams and play fewer matches. The Indian women's cricket team played its first Test match in 1976/7, when they drew with the West Indies in a six-match series. The Women's Cricket World Cup was held in India in 1978 and featured 4 teams. India lost both the matches they have played. Their next appearance in the Test and ODI circuit was against Australia in 1984, in which the Test series was tied but the ODI", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2432739", "score": "1.063766", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "India national cricket team", "text": "their names went on to be used for the Ranji Trophy and Duleep Trophy – two major first-class tournaments in India. In 1911, an Indian team went on their first official tour of the British Isles, but only played English county teams and not the England cricket team. India was invited to The Imperial Cricket Council in 1926, and made their debut as a Test playing nation in England in 1932, led by CK Nayudu, who was considered as the best Indian batsman at the time. The one-off Test match between the two sides was played at Lord's in London.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2432667", "score": "1.0629362", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "History of cricket in India to 1918", "text": "George Vernon in 1889–90 was the first foreign team to tour India but none of the matches that it played are considered first-class. First-class cricket definitely began in the 1892–93 season with two Europeans v Parsees matches, at Bombay (match drawn) and Poona (Parsees won by 3 wickets). In the same season, Lord Hawke captained an English team that played four first-class matches including a game against \"All India\" on 26–28 January 1893. The lists below give the leading first-class runscorers and wicket-takers in each domestic season. The first Indian ventures into international cricket were by the Parsees cricket team", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9351810", "score": "1.0604675", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)", "text": "cricket ODI match between India and its arch-rival Pakistan on April 2005. The first ODI played on this ground was between India and Australia on 1 April 1998. Kaloor stadium hosted the first match India played after Sachin Tendulkar's retirement. The pavilion was renamed as Sachin Tendulkar pavilion as an honour to him before this match between India and West Indies on 21 November 2013 which India won by 6 wickets. The stadium underwent a massive renovation including a modern turf, an aesthetic modern roofing and a four-lane road from the south side of the stadium. The first Indian Premier", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7299583", "score": "1.059699", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "English cricket team in India in 2005–06", "text": "190/7 just after the lunch break. Hoggard took 5 wickets, and Monty Panesar dismissed Sachin Tendulkar to claim his maiden test wicket amid dramatic scenes. However, Mohammad Kaif and Anil Kumble fought back for India, putting on 128 for the eighth wicket. The day ended with Kaif being clean bowled by Panesar with a spectacular delivery that span out of the rough and just clipped the off stump. England wrapped up India’s first innings very early on day 4 for 323, and began their second innings in a positive way. Alastair Cook scored a century on debut, and Kevin Pietersen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6353458", "score": "1.0581264", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Indian cricket team in England in 1971", "text": "off Prasanna. Captain Richard Gilliat scored his second 50 of the match, batting only 135 minutes for 71 with ten fours and a six. India won by five wickets for their fourth win in a row. It rained for 14 hours before the scheduled start of the match and there was no play on the first day. Minor Counties declared at tea on the second day at 203. India in turn declared on 252, Solkar's 44* with two sixes and five fours being a bright knock. The match ended in a tame draw. The wicket provided little help to spinners", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9628457", "score": "1.0574014", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi", "text": "included India's first ever Test match win overseas against New Zealand in 1968. India went on to win that series, making it India's first ever Test series win overseas. He lost the captaincy of the Indian cricket team for the tour to the West Indies in 1970-1, and did not play Tests from 1970 to 1972. He returned to the India side captained by Ajit Wadekar in 1973, for the Third Test against England, and captained India against West Indies in 1974-5, but was finally dropped as a player in 1975. Between 1957 and 1970 Mansoor, following his countrymen Ranjitsinhji", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13493864", "score": "1.0570366", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "History of cricket in India from 2000–01", "text": "Virat Kohli. India won the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in 2007. India was the first Sub-continental team to win a Test match at the WACA in January 2008 against Australia. Indian cricket team under the leadership of Mahendra Singh Dhoni and brilliant performances from Gautam Gambhir & Yuvraj Singh also went on to win the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 and became the first team in history to win the Cup at home. Limited overs tour only. Limited overs tour only. Limited overs tour only. History of cricket in India from 2000–01 This article describes the history of cricket in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11116856", "score": "1.0562708", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "India at the Cricket World Cup", "text": "at its peak, and Australia. World Cup debutants Zimbabwe were also in the group. The fact that the West Indies and Australia were in India's group only worsened India's prospects of putting a decent showing this time around. India's first match in the tournament was against the West Indies at Old Trafford in Manchester. The West Indians were expected to steamroll India, but India caused a massive upset, winning the game by 34 runs in a match spread over 2 days. Middle-order batsman Sharma withstood the West Indian pace attack to score a fine half-century (89 from 120 balls, 9", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7537380", "score": "1.0542684", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Nahar Singh Stadium", "text": "renovation of the stadium immediately. The first match, a Ranji Trophy game between Haryana and Services was played on 22 November 1982. In January 1987, a match between Pakistan under-25 versus Indian Board President's XI was played in this stadium. The first one-day international match was played between India and West Indies. The Indian team was led by Ravi Shastri and the West Indian side by Vivian Richards. West Indies won the match by 4 wickets even though India's Mohinder Amarnath scored an unbeaten century (100*). In November 1988, a match between New Zealand versus North Zone. This game was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7455752", "score": "1.0536103", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "India national cricket team", "text": "led India on its maiden New Zealand tour, which ended in India winning the Test series 3–1. In 1970–71, Ajit Wadekar took over the captaincy from Pataudi. Under Wadekar's captaincy, India registered its first Test series win in the West Indies and England. India played its first ODI in 1974, also under his captaincy. India won its first ODI under the captaincy of Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan in the 1975 Cricket World Cup, against East Africa. Between 1975–76 and 1978–79, Bishen Singh Bedi captained the team in 22 Tests and 4 ODIs, winning 6 Tests and one ODI. Sunil Gavaskar took over", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2432717", "score": "1.05245", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "M. Chinnaswamy Stadium", "text": "and Gordon Greenidge. The West Indians led by Clive Lloyd crushed M. A. K. Pataudi's Indian team by a massive margin of 256 runs. India registered their first Test win on this ground against the touring English team led by Tony Greig in 1976–77. The first ODI match at this venue was played on 6 September 1982. India defeated Sri Lanka by six wickets in that match. Floodlights were first installed at this stadium for the 1996 Wills World Cup. The first match played here under lights was the quarter-final clash between arch-rivals India and Pakistan on 9 March 1996", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5387456", "score": "1.0522742", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Captain Roop Singh Stadium", "text": "Roop Singh Stadium is named after Sachin Tendulkar who made the history by becoming the first cricketer to score a double century in ODI. One Match of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was also played on this ground between India and West Indies. In May 1998, Kenya beat India by 69 runs in ODI for first time. As Kenya sailed confidently into the final of Coca-Cola Triangular Series. It was their fifth win at this level, and their second over a Test nation. Ravindu Shah notching his third fifty in only his fourth one-day international, dominated the first phase of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9841358", "score": "1.0485038", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Pakistani cricket team in India in 1960–61", "text": "opener of the game\", would the main \"hurdle\" for India. The Indian squad for the series was announced on 30 November 1960. Rajasthan's all-rounder Rusi Surti was the only new inclusion in the squad. Vijay Manjrekar and Subhash Gupte made their comeback to the squad after a year. It was reported that the Pakistan squad would be announced only an hour before commencement of the First Test. To their squad announced before the First test, Ijaz Butt, Shujauddin Butt, Mohammad Munaf and Intikhab Alam were added for the first-class game against Central Zone. Pakistan won the toss and elected to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13549940", "score": "1.0479891", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Indian cricket team in England in 1990", "text": "Kumble making his international debut and Tendulkar making his 1st Test century at the age of 17, becoming the youngest Test centurion at the time. India were the second touring side to visit England in 1990, following New Zealand, who had lost their three-match Test series 1–0 and drawn the One Day series 1–1 during their tour. England's victory against New Zealand was their first series win at home since the 1985 Ashes and, except for a victory in a one-off match against Sri Lanka, their first home Test victory in 24 attempts. India's previous tour of England was in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9628485", "score": "1.0475321", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium", "text": "his maiden one day international century (148) in 2005. After being given Test status, it hosted its first test match in November 2016, between India and England. India won the match by 246 runs. The Stadium hosted its first T20I in February 2016 between India and Sri Lanka, in Which Ravichandran Ashwin took 4 wickets for 8 runs in his 4 over spell bundling out Sri Lanka for 83. The stadium also hosted IPL matches and was the home ground of Deccan Chargers in 2012 and Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2015 along with Rising Pune Supergiants and Mumbai Indians together in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9170586", "score": "1.0470549", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "India national cricket team", "long_answer": "Although cricket was introduced to India by European merchant sailors in the 18th century, and the first cricket club was established in Calcutta [currently known as Kolkata] in 1792, India's national cricket team did not play its first Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord's, becoming the sixth team to be granted Test cricket status. In its first fifty years of international cricket, India was one of the weaker teams, winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played. From 1932 India had to wait until 1952, almost 20 years for its first Test victory. The team, however, gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as batsmen Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath, all-rounder Kapil Dev and the Indian spin quartet of Erapalli Prasanna, Srinivas Venkataraghavan, Bhagwat Chandrasekhar and Bishen Singh Bedi.", "chunked_long_answer": "Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord's, becoming the sixth team to be granted Test cricket status. In its first fifty years of international cricket, India was one of the weaker teams, winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played. From 1932 India had to wait until 1952, almost 20 years for its first Test victory. The team, however, gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as batsmen Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath, all-rounder Kapil Dev and the Indian spin quartet of Erapalli Prasanna, Srinivas Venkataraghavan, Bhagwat Chandrasekhar and Bishen Singh Bedi.", "short_answers": [ "1952" ] }

[ "Akbar the Great", "Babur" ]

[ { "title": "Mughal emperors", "text": "came under the influence of rival court cliques. During the reign of Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan, the culture and splendour of the luxurious Mughal court reached its zenith as exemplified by the Taj Mahal. The maintenance of the court, at this time, began to cost more than the revenue. Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. However, a younger son, Aurangzeb, allied with the Islamic orthodoxy against his brother, who championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim religion and culture, and ascended to the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2531252", "score": "1.2280196", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "History of India", "text": "less followed his father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal era is considered to be \"India's last golden age\". It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, and surpassed China to be become the world's largest economic power, controlling 24.4% of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "183683", "score": "1.2207292", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Delhi", "text": "founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra. The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries, with a sixteen-year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Hemu from 1540 to 1556. In 1553, the Hindu king Hemu acceded to the throne of Delhi by defeating forces of Mughal Emperor Humayun at Agra and Delhi. However, the Mughals re-established their rule after Akbar's army defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556. Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name \"Shahjahanabad\", which served as the capital of the Mughal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "485484", "score": "1.214757", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Mughal emperors", "text": "continued until after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. After a crushed rebellion which he nominally led in 1857-58, the last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was deposed by the British government, who then assumed formal control of a large part of the former empire, marking the start of the British Raj. Family tree of the first seven Mughal emperors: Mughal emperors The Mughal Emperors, from the early 16th century to the mid 19th century, built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2531260", "score": "1.2121584", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Shah Jahan", "text": "under house arrest in Agra Fort from July 1658 until his death in January 1666. On 31 July 1658, Aurangzeb crowned himself emperor under the title \"Alamgir\". The Mughal Empire reached the pinnacle of its glory during Shah Jahan's reign and he is widely considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors. Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram was born on 5 January 1592 in Lahore, in modern-day Pakistan, and was the third son of Prince Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' upon his accession). His mother was a Rajput princess from Marwar called Princess Jagat Gosaini (her official name in Mughal chronicles", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "390763", "score": "1.2102084", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Balaji Vishwanath", "text": "1707, and that of his successor Bahadur Shah, leading to continual internecine conflict within the imperial family and the leading Mughal grandees. Farrukhsiyar came to the throne in 1713 with the help of the two powerful nobles, Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan and Sayyid Abdullah Khan. Claiming descent from the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, the Sayyid Brothers had turned king-makers in the Mughal court. Soon after, differences arose between them and the Emperor Farruksiyar. And while the Mughals were intriguing in the civil war between the factions of Shahu and Tarabai, the Marathas themselves became a major factor in the quarrels between", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5689682", "score": "1.2076621", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Pakistan", "text": "and the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE). The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian culture in the region. From the region of modern-day Pakistan, key cities during the Mughal rule were Lahore and Thatta, both of which were chosen as the site of impressive Mughal buildings. In the early 16th century, the region remained under the Mughal Empire ruled by Muslim emperors. By the early 18th century, increasing European influence contributed to the slow disintegration of the Mughal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "309823", "score": "1.2066059", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Sapta Puri", "text": "Mathura and decamped with all religious treasures made of gold and silver. This was followed by ushering in the rule of Slave Dynasty or Delhi Sultanate from 1193 AD and subsequently by the Mughal Dynasty rule, which lasted till the British took over. The Mughal rule, in particular of Aurangzeb saw the highest level of persecution, when in 1669 the Keshava temple was demolished and in its place a mosque was built. Even though the jat community of the region tried unsuccessfully to restore some of the temples but repeated Muslim depredation continued and it was not until the British", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13721395", "score": "1.2033184", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Mughal emperors", "text": "Mughal emperors The Mughal Emperors, from the early 16th century to the mid 19th century, built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. The Mughals were a branch of the Timurid dynasty of Turco-Mongol origin from Central Asia. Their power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last of the emperors was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj. Mughal emperors were of direct descent from Timur (generally known in western nations as Tamerlane), and also affiliated with Genghis Khan, because of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2531245", "score": "1.1999726", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Mughal Empire", "text": "The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder Babur over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco-Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia, claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire). During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire. The \"classic period\" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. ", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "History of Gujarat", "text": "the Mughal throne and his policies resulted in revolts and discontent. His prince Muhammad Azam Shah also served as a viceroy. During his reign, the Marathas under Shivaji raided Surat (1666) and their incursions in Gujarat started. Till then Gujarat prospered due to political stability, peace and growing international trade. During the next three emperors (1707–1719) who had brief reigns, the nobles became more and more powerful due to instability in the Delhi. The royals of Marwar were appointed viceroys frequently. During the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shah (1719–1748), the struggle between the Mughal and Maratha nobles were heightened", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7326984", "score": "1.1985173", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Thaker", "text": "a Mughal Subah. Mughal rule lasted some 185 years till 1758 when Momin Khan surrendered to the Maratha Empire. While the cracks had started developed in the edifice of the Mughal empire in the mid-17th century, the Marathas were consolidating their power in the west; Chatrapati Shivaji, the great Maratha ruler, attacked Surat twice, first in 1664 and again in 1672. These attacks marked the entry of the Marathas into Gujarat. However, before the Marathas could solidify their presence all across the region, the Europeans made their presence felt, with the Portuguese leading, followed by the Dutch and the British.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13502584", "score": "1.1978027", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "History of Bangladesh", "text": "and Kabul. The Sur dynasty was followed by the Karrani dynasty. Sulaiman Khan Karrani annexed Odisha to the Muslim sultanate permanently. Daoud Shah Karrani declared independence from Akbar which led to four years of bloody war between the Mughals and the Pashtuns. The Mughal onslaught against the Pashtun Sultan ended with the battle of Rajmahal in 1576, led by Khan Jahan. However, the local landlords called Baro Bhuiyans kept on resisting the Mughal invasion led by Isa Khan. Bengal was absorbed within the Mughal Empire during the reign of Akbar after the Battle of Tukaroi (which was fought in 1575", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "499203", "score": "1.1958685", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Gujarat under Shah Jahan", "text": "Shikoh had meanwhile retired to Lahore. In 1658, while his father Shah Jahan was still alive, Aurangzeb assumed the imperial titles and ascended the Mughal throne. Gujarat under Shah Jahan The Mughal Empire's province Gujarat (now in India) was managed by the Viceroys appointed by the emperors. On the death of the emperor Jehangir, his son Shah Jahan ascended the to throne in 1627. His Gujarat viceroy Sher Khán Túar worked for relief in 1631-31 femine in the province. Shah Jahan sent his men to expand its territories further south. Between 1632 and 1635, four viceroys were appointed due to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20351594", "score": "1.1946654", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)", "text": "Akhtar who was born in August 1645. He died in 7 February 1661 at the age of 44. Shazada Muhammad Shah Shuja was appointed by Shah Jahan as the Subahdar of Bengal and Bihar from 1641 and of Orissa from 25 July 1648 until 1661. His father Shah Jahan appointed his deputy The Rajput Prince of Nagpur Kunwar Raghav Singh(1616-1671). During his governorship, he built the official residence Bara Katra in the capital Dhaka. After the illness of Shah Jahan in September 1657, a power crisis occurred among the brothers. Shah Shuja proclaimed himself as Emperor, but Aurangzeb ascended the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5139352", "score": "1.1901839", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Mughal emperors", "text": "exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the Safavid and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing West Asian cultural influence in the Mughal court. The restoration of Mughal rule began after Humayun’s triumphant return from Persia in 1555, but he died from a fatal accident shortly afterwards. Humayun's son, Akbar, succeeded to the throne under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India. Through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions, and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari river. He created a new class of nobility", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2531249", "score": "1.1899769", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Mughal Empire", "text": "his father, and attempted to reform the administration. However, after his death in 1712, the Mughal dynasty sank into chaos and violent feuds. In 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne. During the reign of Muhammad Shah (reigned 1719–1748), the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to Maratha hands. The far-off Indian campaign of Nadir Shah, who had priorly reestablished Iranian suzerainty over most of West Asia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, culminated with the Sack of Delhi and shattered the remnants of Mughal power and prestige. Many of the empire's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13760941", "score": "1.1888201", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Sultan Ghari", "text": "CE). This area is now part of the Qutb complex. The Slave Dynasty was the forerunner under the early Delhi Sultanate that ruled from 1216 CE to 1516 CE. This dynastic city was followed by creation of other five cities of Delhi ruled by different dynastic rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, namely, the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413 CE), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–51 CE), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526 CE). The rule of the Mughal Empire then followed and lasted from 1526 CE to 1857 CE. The crypt or the tomb is implanted in a Ghari (cave), approached", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13304117", "score": "1.1887372", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Khandwa", "text": "Dynasty etc. Khandwa has no remarkable history but the nearby Burhanpur has an interesting past from the Mughal period. Prince Khurram was nominated as the Governor of the Deccan in 1617 AD, by Jahangir to succeed Prince Parviz, and was bestowed the title of Shah by Jahangir. Khurram led the Mughal army to a peaceful victory by which Jahangir was pleased with his success & conferred him the title of Shah Jahan on 12 October 1617 AD. After the death of Jahangir in 1627, Shah Jahan ascended the throne of Mughal empire. Due to troubled conditions in the Deccan, When", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2762673", "score": "1.1876196", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Adil Shahi dynasty", "text": "Shahi monarchs poured their heart and soul in the capital city. The period between accessions of Ali Adil Shah I 1558 to the death of Mohammed Adil Shah 1656, can be called the golden age of the Adil Shahis as the kingdom flourished in all walks of life. It was due to the secular nature and liberal patronage of the Sultans from the different parts of world many scholars, poets, painters, dancers, calligraphers, musicians, Sufi saints and other men of arts flocked into Bijapur. Hence 17th century called Bijapur as the 'Palmyra of the Deccan'. During the reign of Ibrahim", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4687158", "score": "1.1853185", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Military history of India", "text": "managed to maintain their independence and ruled themselves for nearly 600 years. The Mughal Empire began in 1526 with the overthrow of Ibrahim Lodi and encompassed most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Allied with the Maharaja, it extended from Bengal in the east to Kabul in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south, a territory of over 4 million km at its height. Its population at that time has been estimated at between 110 and 130 million. In the year 1540, then Mughal Emperor Humayun was defeated by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5100636", "score": "1.1824646", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Farooqi dynasty", "text": "general Yakut Khan. Asirgarh fell to the Mughals only on January 17, 1601 Khandesh was annexed to the Mughal empire. Prince Daniyal was appointed viceroy of the Subah. Bahadur Shah was taken prisoner and he died later in Agra in 1624. Farooqi dynasty The \"Farooqi dynasty\"' (also spelt Farooqui, Faruqi) was the ruling dynasty of the Khandesh sultanate from its inception in 1382 till its annexation by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1601. The founder of the dynasty, Malik Ahmad (also known as Malik Raja) participated in a rebellion against the Bahmani ruler Muhmmad Shah I in his early years.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10734254", "score": "1.1824099", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Mughal Empire", "text": "successors an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge. Jahangir (born Salim, reigned 1605–1627) was born to Akbar and his wife Mariam-uz-Zamani, an Indian Rajput princess. Jahangir ruled the empire at its peak, but he was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques. Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–1658) was born to Jahangir and his wife Jagat Gosaini, a Rajput princess. During the reign of Shah Jahan, the culture and splendour of the luxurious Mughal court reached", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13760938", "score": "1.1823081", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Gujarat under Mughal Empire", "text": "They further went to the capital, Agra but were confronted by Dara Shikoh. They defeated him in the Battle of Samugarh (1658). Soon Aurangzed dumped and imprisoned Murad Bakhsh, confined his father and declared himself the emperor in 1658. After defeating all his brothers, Aurangzeb ascended the Mughal throne in 1658. He rewarded people who had helped him in his succession war. He forgave Jaswant Singh with whom he had fought in the battle and appointed him as the viceroy of Gujarat. Mahabat Khan succeeded him who annexed Nawanagar under the Mughal control. During his time, Aurangzeb decreed some administrative", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20353253", "score": "1.1814712", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Azimabad", "text": "of the Common Era but revived more than 800 years later during the rule of Pashtun emperor Sher Shah Suri as Patna. Sher Shah Suri had moved his capital from Bihar Sharif to Pataliputra. Not long after Sher Shah Suri's death in 1545, Patna and Bihar fell to the Mughals. The name Pataliputra continued to be used, however. In 1703, Prince Azim-us-Shan, the grandson of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came as the Governor of Pataliputra. Azim-us-Shan, renamed Pataliputra as Azimabad, in 1704. Khan Zaman Khan Ali Asghar ibn Qazi Ghulam Mustafa was later on appointed as Naib Subahdar by Farrukhsiyar at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11758318", "score": "1.1803131", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Qutb Shahi dynasty", "text": "Shahis to recognize Mughal suzerainty, which lasted until 1687 when the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered the Golcondan sultanate. The dynasty's founder, Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, migrated to Delhi from Iran, with his uncle, Allah-Quli, some of his relatives and friends in the beginning of the 16th century. Later he migrated south, to the Deccan and served the Bahmani sultan, Mohammad Shah. He conquered Golconda, after the disintegration of the Bahmani Kingdom into the five Deccan sultanates. Soon after, he declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate, took the title \"Qutub Shah\", and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. He was later", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4203659", "score": "1.1795771", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Mughal war of succession (1707)", "text": "Of Raja of Amber) Consort - Sabana Begum (daughter of Persian Ruler) Consort - Jamilat Begum (daughter of Sulan Nazir Mirza Of Bihar) Khawja (Multan, Orisha, Mathura, Badakhshan, Berar, Half Deccan, Kanthkot Fort)Consort - Najib begum (Daughter Of Wali ahd Azam shah) Aurangzeb left a will advising his sons to divide the empire among themselves. At the time of his death his eldest son Bahadur Shah I inhabited Jamrud, 12 miles west of Peshawar in present-day Pakistan. His second son Muhammad Azam Shah lived in Ahmednagar in present-day India. Khafi Khan suggested that whoever reached the capital city of Agra", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19175414", "score": "1.1791327", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Abul Hasan Qutb Shah", "text": "14 Years With the defeat of Abul Hasan Qutub Shah, the Qutb Shahi dynasty ended and a new Nizam dynasty began in Hyderabad under the control of the Mughal Dynasty. After the fall of Golconda on 22 September 1687, it became a part of the six Mughal provinces in the Deccan. Mahabat Khan, who was initially the commander of the Qutb Shahi army and had switched loyalty to the Mughals, was appointed the governor of Golconda, laying the foundations for the Hyderabad State under the Nizams by Aurangzeb. Abul Hasan Qutb Shah Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (Abul Hasan Tana Shah)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4876407", "score": "1.178998", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Adil Shahi dynasty", "text": "century, the expansion of the Mughal Empire into the Deccan. Although it may be the case that the Mughals destroyed the Adilshahi it was Shivaji's revolt which weakened the Adilshahi control. Various agreements and treaties imposed Mughal suzerainty on the Adil Shahs, by stages, until Bijapur's formal recognition of Mughal authority in 1636. The demands of their Mughal overlords sapped the Adil Shahs of their wealth until the Mughal conquest of Bijapur in 1686. The founder of the dynasty, Yusuf Adil Shah, may have been a Georgian slave who was purchased by Mahmud Gawan from Iran. Yet, Salma Ahmed Farooqui,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4687146", "score": "1.1787431", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "Islamic art", "text": "Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent lasted from 1526 until (technically) 1858, although from the late 17th century power flowed away from the emperors to local rulers, and later European powers, above all the British Raj, who were the main power in India by the late 18th century. The period is most notable for luxury arts of the court, and Mughal styles heavily influenced local Hindu and later Sikh rulers as well. The Mughal miniature began by importing Persian artists, especially a group brought back by Humayun when in exile in Safavid Persia, but soon local artists, many Hindu, were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1439330", "score": "1.1765239", "original_retrieval_index": 41 } ]

{ "title": "Mughal Empire", "long_answer": "The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder Babur over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco-Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia, claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire). During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire. The \"classic period\" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. Under the rule of Akbar and his son Jahangir, the region enjoyed economic progress as well as religious harmony, and the monarchs were interested in local religious and cultural traditions. Akbar was a successful warrior who also forged alliances with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to the Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but most of them were subdued by Akbar. All Mughal emperors were Muslims; Akbar, however, propounded a syncretic religion in the latter part of his life called Dīn-i Ilāhī, as recorded in historical books like Ain-i-Akbari and Dabistān-i Mazāhib.", "chunked_long_answer": "The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder Babur over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco-Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia, claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire). During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire. The \"classic period\" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. ", "short_answers": [ "Akbar the Great", "Babur" ] }

[ "balance sheet", "The balance sheet" ]

[ { "title": "Accounting equation", "text": "economics are thus diverse. A company’s quarterly and annual reports are basically derived directly from the accounting equations used in bookkeeping practices. These equations, entered in a business’s general ledger, will provide the material that eventually makes up the foundation of a business’s financial statements. This includes expense reports, cash flow, interest and loan payments, salaries, and company investments. The accounting equation plays a significant role as the foundation of the double entry bookkeeping system. The primary aim of the double entry system is to keep track of debits and credits, and ensure that the sum of these always matches", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5512051", "score": "0.96077967", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Accounting equation", "text": "up to the company assets, a calculation carried out by the accounting equation. It is based on the idea that each transaction has an equal effect. It is used to transfer totals from books of prime entry into the nominal ledger. Every transaction is recorded twice so that the debit is balanced by a credit. The income and retained earnings of the accounting equation is also an essential component in computing, understanding, and analyzing a firm’s income statement. This statement reflects profits and losses that are themselves determined by the calculations that make up the basic accounting equation. In other", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5512052", "score": "0.958306", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Financial statement", "text": "accrual accounting, or cost accounting, or a combination of the two (OCBOA). A complete set of chart of accounts is also used that is substantially different from the chart of a profit-oriented business. Personal financial statements may be required from persons applying for a personal loan or financial aid. Typically, a personal financial statement consists of a single form for reporting personally held assets and liabilities (debts), or personal sources of income and expenses, or both. The form to be filled out is determined by the organization supplying the loan or aid. Although laws differ from country to country, an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "934377", "score": "0.9538506", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Income statement", "text": "Income statement An income statement or profit and loss account (also referred to as a profit and loss statement (P&L), statement of profit or loss, revenue statement, statement of financial performance, earnings statement, operating statement, or statement of operations) is one of the financial statements of a company and shows the company’s revenues and expenses during a particular period. It indicates how the revenues (money received from the sale of products and services before expenses are taken out, also known as the \"“top line”\") are transformed into the net income (the result after all revenues and expenses have been accounted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2094063", "score": "0.95110786", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Financial accounting", "text": "Financial accounting Financial accounting (or financial accountancy) is the field of accounting concerned with the summary, analysis and reporting of financial transactions pertaining to a business. This involves the preparation of financial statements available for public consumption. Stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies, business owners, and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes. Financial accountancy is governed by both local and international accounting standards. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction. It includes the standards, conventions and rules that accountants", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2634500", "score": "0.9479413", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Financial statement", "text": "statements are considered an integral part of the financial statements. \"The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions.\" Financial statements should be understandable, relevant, reliable and comparable. Reported assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses are directly related to an organization's financial position. Financial statements are intended to be understandable by readers who have \"a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and who are willing to study the information diligently.\" Financial", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "934375", "score": "0.94623035", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Financial accounting", "text": "financial statement showing a firm's assets, liabilities and equity (capital) at a set point in time, usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement. The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount. This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - \"Assets = Liabilities + Equity\". The statement can be used to help show the status of a company. Accounting standards often set out a general format that companies are expected to follow when presenting their balance sheets. International Financial Reporting Standards normally require that companies report current assets", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2634506", "score": "0.94387174", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Accounting", "text": "of an entity, the analysis, verification and reporting of such records and \"the principles and procedures of accounting\"; it also refers to the job of being an accountant. Accountancy refers to the occupation or profession of an accountant, particularly in British English. Accounting has several subfields or subject areas, including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing, taxation and accounting information systems. Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information to external users of the information, such as investors, potential investors and creditors. It calculates and records business transactions and prepares financial statements for the external users in accordance", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "25042", "score": "0.94002324", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Statement of changes in financial position", "text": "Statement of changes in financial position In business accounting, the statement of change in financial position is a financial statement that outlines the sources and uses of funds and explains any changes in cash or working capital. It contains activities from operations that alter the cash of a company has on hand. Changes in financial position include cash outflows, such as capital expenditures, and cash inflows, such as revenue. It may also include certain non-cash changes, such as depreciation. The use of this statement is to provide relevant and focused on a period, so that users of financial statements with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15950734", "score": "0.9374225", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Financial accounting", "text": "The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm's assets, liabilities and equity (capital) at a set point in time, usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement. The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount. This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - Assets = Liabilities + Equity. The statement can be used to help show the status of a company.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Financial accounting", "text": "one positive and one negative (opposites) that you will subtract. Many professional accountancy qualifications cover the field of financial accountancy, including Certified Public Accountant (CPA), Chartered Accountant (CA or other national designations) and Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA). Financial accounting Financial accounting (or financial accountancy) is the field of accounting concerned with the summary, analysis and reporting of financial transactions pertaining to a business. This involves the preparation of financial statements available for public consumption. Stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies, business owners, and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes. Financial accountancy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2634513", "score": "0.93193644", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Financial ratio", "text": "home countries, but private companies, partnerships and sole proprietorships may not use accrual basis accounting. Large multi-national corporations may use International Financial Reporting Standards to produce their financial statements, or they may use the generally accepted accounting principles of their home country. There is no international standard for calculating the summary data presented in all financial statements, and the terminology is not always consistent between companies, industries, countries and time periods. Various abbreviations may be used in financial statements, especially financial statements summarized on the Internet. Sales reported by a firm are usually net sales, which deduct returns, allowances, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15351695", "score": "0.9313233", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Accounting", "text": "with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). GAAP, in turn, arises from the wide agreement between accounting theory and practice, and change over time to meet the needs of decision-makers. Financial accounting produces past-oriented reports—for example the financial statements prepared in 2006 reports on performance in 2005—on an annual or quarterly basis, generally about the organization as a whole. This branch of accounting is also studied as part of the board exams for qualifying as an actuary. These two types of professionals, accountants and actuaries, have created a culture of being archrivals. Management accounting focuses on the measurement, analysis and reporting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "25043", "score": "0.93060917", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Accounting", "text": "firms and professional bodies. Financial statements are usually audited by accounting firms, and are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). GAAP is set by various standard-setting organizations such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in the United States and the Financial Reporting Council in the United Kingdom. As of 2012, \"all major economies\" have plans to converge towards or adopt the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The history of accounting is thousands of years old and can be traced to ancient civilizations. The early development of accounting dates back to ancient Mesopotamia, and is closely related", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "25038", "score": "0.93035436", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Financial statement", "text": "statements may be used by users for different purposes: Consolidated financial statements are defined as \"Financial statements of a group in which the assets, liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flows of the parent (company) and its subsidiaries are presented as those of a single economic entity\", according to International Accounting Standard 27 \"Consolidated and separate financial statements\", and International Financial Reporting Standard 10 \"Consolidated financial statements\". The rules for the recording, measurement and presentation of government financial statements may be different from those required for business and even for non-profit organizations. They may use either of two accounting methods:", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "934376", "score": "0.921699", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Comparison of management accounting and financial accounting", "text": "those who wish to make financial decisions or investments in a company. Management Accounting is the branch of Accounting that deals primarily with confidential financial reports for the exclusive use of top management within an organization. These reports are prepared utilizing scientific and statistical methods to arrive at certain monetary values which are then used for decision making. Such reports may include: Financial Accounting, on the other hand, concentrates on the production of financial reports, including the basic reporting requirements of profitability, liquidity, solvency and stability. Reports of this nature can be accessed by internal and external users such as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6782422", "score": "0.9208745", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Financial analysis", "text": "Another method is comparative analysis. This provides a better way to determine trends. Comparative analysis presents the same information for two or more time periods and is presented side-by-side to allow for easy analysis. Financial analysis Financial analysis (also referred to as financial statement analysis or accounting analysis or Analysis of finance) refers to an assessment of the viability, stability and profitability of a business, sub-business or project. It is performed by professionals who prepare reports using ratios that make use of information taken from financial statements and other reports. These reports are usually presented to top management as one", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3120850", "score": "0.9170132", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Accounting", "text": "Accounting Accounting or accountancy is the measurement, processing, and communication of financial information about economic entities such as businesses and corporations. The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in 1494. Accounting, which has been called the \"language of business\", measures the results of an organization's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of users, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators. Practitioners of accounting are known as accountants. The terms \"accounting\" and \"financial reporting\" are often used as synonyms. Accounting can be divided into several fields including financial accounting, management accounting, external auditing, tax accounting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "25036", "score": "0.9153737", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Financial analysis", "text": "Financial analysis Financial analysis (also referred to as financial statement analysis or accounting analysis or Analysis of finance) refers to an assessment of the viability, stability and profitability of a business, sub-business or project. It is performed by professionals who prepare reports using ratios that make use of information taken from financial statements and other reports. These reports are usually presented to top management as one of their bases in making business decisions. Financial analysis may determine if a business will: Financial analysts often assess the following elements of a firm: 1. Profitability - its ability to earn income and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3120846", "score": "0.9080949", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Business", "text": "corporations. The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in 1494. Accounting, which has been called the \"language of business\", measures the results of an organization's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of users, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators. Practitioners of accounting are known as accountants. The terms \"accounting\" and \"financial reporting\" are often used as synonyms. Finance is a field that deals with the study of investments. It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk. Finance can also be defined as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "515355", "score": "0.9070731", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Accounting", "text": "and cost accounting. Accounting information systems are designed to support accounting functions and related activities. Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information, including the preparation of financial statements, to the external users of the information, such as investors, regulators and suppliers; and management accounting focuses on the measurement, analysis and reporting of information for internal use by management. The recording of financial transactions, so that summaries of the financials may be presented in financial reports, is known as bookkeeping, of which double-entry bookkeeping is the most common system. Accounting is facilitated by such as standard-setters, accounting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "25037", "score": "0.9038503", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "International Financial Reporting Standards", "text": "representation of the financial positions and financial performance of an entity. The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. Financial statements also show the results of the management's stewardship of the resources entrusted to it. A To meet this objective, financial statements provide information about an entity's assets and cash flows. This information, along with other information in the notes, assists users of financial statements in predicting the entity's future cash flows and, in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "887764", "score": "0.9007387", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Financial statement", "text": "in the UK, for example, auditors have unlimited liability. In the United States, especially in the post-Enron era there has been substantial concern about the accuracy of financial statements. Corporate officers—the chief executive officer (CEO) and chief financial officer (CFO)—are personally responsible for fair financial reporting that provides an accurate sense of the organization to those reading the report. Different countries have developed their own accounting principles over time, making international comparisons of companies difficult. To ensure uniformity and comparability between financial statements prepared by different companies, a set of guidelines and rules are used. Commonly referred to as Generally", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "934380", "score": "0.90012133", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Financial statement", "text": "a description of the year gone by and some of the key factors that influenced the business of the company in that year, as well as a fair and unbiased overview of the company's past, present, and future. MD&A typically describes the corporation's liquidity position, capital resources, results of its operations, underlying causes of material changes in financial statement items (such as asset impairment and restructuring charges), events of unusual or infrequent nature (such as mergers and acquisitions or share buybacks), positive and negative trends, effects of inflation, domestic and international market risks, and significant uncertainties. Financial statements have been", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "934386", "score": "0.8982974", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Financial accounting", "text": "accounting information to help managers make decisions to manage the business. Financial accounting and financial reporting are often used as synonyms. 1. According to International Financial Reporting Standards, the objective of financial reporting is:- To provide financial information that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the reporting entity. 2. According to the European Accounting Association: Capital maintenance is a competing objective of financial reporting. Financial accounting is the preparation of financial statements that can be consumed by the public and the relevant stakeholders using either Historical Cost Accounting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2634502", "score": "0.8981789", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Statement of changes in equity", "text": "Statement of changes in equity A Statement of changes in equity and similarly the statement of changes in owner's equity for a sole trader, statement of changes in partners' equity for a partnership, statement of changes in Shareholders' equity for a Company or statement of changes in Taxpayers' equity for Government financial statements is one of the four basic financial statements. The statement explains the changes in a company's Share Capital, accumulated reserves and retained earnings over the reporting period. It breaks down changes in the owners' interest in the organization, and in the application of retained profit or surplus", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5197335", "score": "0.8965033", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "International Financial Reporting Standards", "text": "in other comprehensive income are limited to the following specific circumstances: The statement of changes in equity consists of a reconciliation of the changes in equity in which the following information is provided: Cash flow statement Notes to the Financial Statements: These shall (a) present information about the basis of preparation of the financial statements and the specific accounting policies used; (b) disclose the information required by IFRSs that is not presented elsewhere in the financial statements; and (c) provide information that is not presented elsewhere in the financ|Statement of Cash Flowsial statements, but is relevant to an understanding of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "887766", "score": "0.8887725", "original_retrieval_index": 41 }, { "title": "Accounting scholarship", "text": "management and taxation. Finance, on the other hand, is oriented more towards management of investments and other liquid assets. Others differences between scholarship in finance and accounting include the number of citations articles receive, word count, and length of the publication process. The theoretical basis of the central concepts with which accounting is concerned, including profit, cost, revenue and capital is derived from economics. In turn, accounting concepts play an important role in economics, most notably in relation to national accounts. In the United Kingdom, many Professors of Accounting are members of one of four registered auditors and Consultative Committee", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4399752", "score": "0.887609", "original_retrieval_index": 42 }, { "title": "Cash flow statement", "text": "particularly its ability to pay bills. International Accounting Standard 7 (IAS 7), is the International Accounting Standard that deals with cash flow statements. People and groups interested in cash flow statements include: The cash flow statement was previously known as the flow of funds statement. The cash flow statement reflects a firm's liquidity. The statement of financial position is a snapshot of a firm's financial resources and obligations at a single point in time, and the income statement summarizes a firm's financial transactions over an interval of time. These two financial statements reflect the accrual basis accounting used by firms", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2669312", "score": "0.8869677", "original_retrieval_index": 44 }, { "title": "Trading statement", "text": "Trading statement The trading statement is an expanded version of sales portion of the Income statement. The trading statement's main objective is to determine sales, cost of sales and gross profit. The trading statement forms part of effective bookkeeping within the accounting discipline. Sales - Cost of Sales = Gross Profit The main parts of a cost of sales calculation consists of: A business entity purchases £10400 worth of equipment in order to construct computers. During the financial year, £1400 worth of equipment is returned to the entity by its customers as the equipment was determined to be faulty. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15874639", "score": "0.8861474", "original_retrieval_index": 45 } ]

{ "title": "Financial accounting", "long_answer": "The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm's assets, liabilities and equity (capital) at a set point in time, usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement. The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount. This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - Assets = Liabilities + Equity. The statement can be used to help show the status of a company.\n", "chunked_long_answer": "The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm's assets, liabilities and equity (capital) at a set point in time, usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement. The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount. This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - Assets = Liabilities + Equity. The statement can be used to help show the status of a company.", "short_answers": [ "The balance sheet", "balance sheet" ] }

[ "Lituya Bay in Alaska" ]

[ { "title": "Tsunami", "text": "Bay, Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 metres (over 1700 feet). The wave did not travel far, as it struck land almost immediately. Two people fishing in the bay were killed, but another boat managed to ride the wave. Another landslide-tsunami event occurred in 1963 when a massive landslide from Monte Toc entered the Vajont Dam in Italy. The resulting wave surged over the 262 m (860 ft) high dam by 250 metres (820 ft) and destroyed several towns. Around 2,000 people died. Scientists named these waves megatsunamis. Some geologists claim that large", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "420911", "score": "1.1691349", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Physical oceanography", "text": "coastline regions where the waves strike with sufficient energy. The tsunami that occurred in Lituya Bay, Alaska on July 9, 1958 was high and is the biggest tsunami ever measured, almost taller than the Sears Tower in Chicago and about taller than the former World Trade Center in New York. The wind generates ocean surface waves, which have a large impact on offshore structures, ships, coastal erosion and sedimentation, as well as harbours. After their generation by the wind, ocean surface waves can travel (as swell) over long distances. Physical oceanography Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2364848", "score": "1.0983949", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Nazaré, Portugal", "text": "and entered the Guinness World Record for the biggest wave ever surfed. Social media wrongly attributed a footage of German surfer Sebastian Steudtne surfing another big wave also in Nazaré to Koxa; both have made public statements in attempts to correct the original misinformation. In the meantime, Portuguese surfer Hugo Vau surfed a potentially high wave, known as \"the big mama\", on 19 January 2018. This achievement yet to be validated. The waves at this point can also be dangerous to those ashore. In August 2012, a freak wave killed a 5 year old British girl and her grandfather walking", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3912747", "score": "1.0949328", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Rodrigo Koxa", "text": "Monica, CA-based Big Wave Awards as the biggest wave ever surfed in history. He now holds the position in the Guinness World Records with the biggest wave ever surfed in the history of the World Surf League. Koxa surfed the wave on November 8, 2017, in the village of Nazaré, city of Leiria, in Portugal. The feat was declared as the new world record, the wave's height having been about , supplanting the previous record of an estimated set in 2011 by Koxa's mentor Garrett McNamara. In August 2010, Koxa had reached a previous record. In Chile, he surfed the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20704485", "score": "1.0807397", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Draupner wave", "text": "Draupner wave The Draupner wave or New Year's wave was the first rogue wave to be detected by a measuring instrument, occurring at the Draupner platform in the North Sea off the coast of Norway on 1 January 1995. In an area with significant wave height of approximately , a freak wave with a maximum wave height of occurred (peak elevation above still water level was ). Prior to that measurement, no instrument-recorded evidence for rogue waves existed–just anecdotal evidence provided by those who had encountered them at sea, although ships such as the British Ocean Weather Reporter had recorded", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7506000", "score": "1.078438", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Andrea Gail", "text": "but ocean buoy monitors recorded a peak wave height of , and so waves of were deemed \"unlikely\" by \"Science Daily\". However, data from a series of weather buoys in the general vicinity of the vessel's last known location recorded peak wave action exceeding in height from October 28 through 30, 1991. On October 30, 1991, the vessel was reported overdue. An extensive air and land search was launched by the 106th Rescue Wing from the New York Air National Guard, United States Coast Guard and Canadian Coast Guard forces. The search would eventually cover over . On November 6,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4834315", "score": "1.0754886", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Crescent City, California", "text": "these incidents were barely perceptible, eleven events included wave measurements exceeding one meter, four events caused damage, and one event in particular is commonly cited as \"the largest and most destructive recorded tsunami to ever strike the United States Pacific Coast.\" On 27 March 1964, the Good Friday earthquake off Anchorage, Alaska, set in motion local landslide tsunamis, as well as a trans-Pacific wave. The tsunami wave travel time to Crescent City was 4.1 hours after the earthquake, but it only produced localized flooding. The second and third waves to hit Crescent City were both smaller than the first wave,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1010496", "score": "1.0720446", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake", "text": "U.S., Hawaii was also placed on alert, and over 100,000 people were evacuated to higher ground. The maximum wave height recorded at tide gauges in Hawaii was 0.79m (31 in). Other warnings were issued for the states of Oregon and California, but were subsequently lifted. Despite the earthquake's large magnitude, no major structural damage was reported from any of the population centres in the vicinity. This can be explained by the remoteness of the tremor's epicentre. No casualties or major injuries were recorded from the quake, likely due to the sparsely populated nature of the region. As a result of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16868745", "score": "1.069591", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "1964 Alaska earthquake", "text": "tsunamis were produced by this subduction zone earthquake. There was a tectonic tsunami produced in addition to about 20 smaller and local tsunamis. These smaller tsunamis were produced by submarine and subaerial landslides and were responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage. Tsunami waves were noted in over 20 countries, including Peru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan, Mexico, and Antarctica. The largest tsunami wave was recorded in Shoup Bay, Alaska, with a height of about . Tremors were detected in water wells in Australia. As a result of the earthquake, 139 people are believed to have died: Fifteen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1808649", "score": "1.0695735", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Megatsunami", "text": "On July 9, 1958, a giant landslide at the head of Lituya Bay in Alaska, caused by an earthquake, generated a wave that washed out trees to a maximum altitude of 520 metres (1,710 ft) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet. The wave surged over the headland, stripping trees and soil down to bedrock, and surged along the fjord which forms Lituya Bay, destroying a fishing boat anchored there and killing two people. Howard Ulrich and his son managed to ride the wave in their boat, and both survived.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Nazaré Canyon", "text": "wave surfing. In November 2011, Hawaiian surfer Garrett McNamara surfed a record breaking giant wave: from trough to crest, at Praia do Norte, Nazaré, Portugal. In January 2013 it was reported that he successfully rode a wave measuring a maximum estimate of at the same location and possibly exceeding the size of his previous record-breaking wave. In January 2018, Hugo Vau could have smashed a world record amid claims he surfed one of the biggest waves ever seen at Nazare, Portugal. The wave — nicknamed ‘Big Mama’ — was reported to be up to 35-metres-high, which, if confirmed, would beat", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10439020", "score": "1.0668148", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami", "text": "coast from east to west. The tsunami also reached Antarctica, where tidal gauges at Japan's Showa Base recorded oscillations of up to a metre (), with disturbances lasting a couple of days. Some of the tsunami's energy escaped into the Pacific Ocean, where it produced small but measurable tsunamis along the western coasts of North and South America, typically around . At Manzanillo, Mexico, a crest-to-trough tsunami was measured. As well, the tsunami was large enough to be detected in Vancouver, which puzzled many scientists, as the tsunamis measured in some parts of South America were larger than those measured", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4339331", "score": "1.0655158", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Rogue wave", "text": "clearly outside the range of Gaussian waves was published in 1997. Some research confirms that observed wave height distribution in general follows well the Rayleigh distribution, but in shallow waters during high energy events, extremely high waves are more rare than this particular model predicts. It is now proven via satellite radar studies that waves with crest to trough heights of to , occur far more frequently than previously thought. It is now known that rogue waves occur in all of the world's oceans many times each day. In 2004 the ESA MaxWave project identified more than ten individual giant", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3178504", "score": "1.0632994", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "2010 Chile earthquake", "text": "Hawaii, maybe about 50 percent bigger than they actually were.\" Early in the morning, the Center expected waves of 3 metres. In actuality, the highest tsunami waves ended up being about 1.5 to 1.8 metres peak to trough. At around 23:00 UTC (15:00 local), a tsunami warning was issued for coastal British Columbia. Extra precautions were already in place due to the 2010 Winter Olympics being held in Vancouver at the time. Small waves were expected in Southern California, and receding was reported at Long Beach. Minor damage was reported on some coastal areas. The tsunami damaged navigation buoys at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14331660", "score": "1.059751", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami", "text": "maximum runup of 2 m (6.6 ft). The tsunami was detected in the southern parts of east Africa, where rough seas were reported, specifically on the eastern and southern coasts that face the Indian Ocean. A few other African countries also recorded fatalities; one in Kenya, three in Seychelles, ten in Tanzania, and South Africa, where two were killed as a direct result of tsunami—the furthest from the epicentre. Tidal surges also occurred along the Western Australian coast that lasted for several hours, resulting in boats losing their moorings and two people needing to be rescued. According to the U.S.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4339380", "score": "1.0518327", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Wind wave", "text": "case of the Draupner wave, its height was 2.2 times the significant wave height. Such waves are distinct from tides, caused by the Moon and Sun's gravitational pull, tsunamis that are caused by underwater earthquakes or landslides, and waves generated by underwater explosions or the fall of meteorites—all having far longer wavelengths than wind waves. Yet, the largest ever recorded wind waves are common — not rogue — waves in extreme sea states. For example: high waves have been recorded on the RRS Discovery in a sea with significant wave height, so the highest wave is only 1.6 times the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3243434", "score": "1.0503515", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Rogue wave", "text": "Rogue Waves 2000 workshop held in Brest in November 2000. In 2000 the British oceanographic vessel RRS \"Discovery\" recorded a wave off the coast of Scotland near Rockall. This was a scientific research vessel and was fitted with high quality instruments. The subsequent analysis determined that under severe gale force conditions with wind speeds averaging a ship-borne wave recorder measured individual waves up to from crest to trough, and a maximum significant wave height of . These were some of the largest waves recorded by scientific instruments up to that time. The authors noted that modern wave prediction models are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3178501", "score": "1.0480556", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "1929 Grand Banks earthquake", "text": "triggered a large submarine landslide displacing (). It snapped 12 submarine transatlantic telegraph cables and led to a tsunami that arrived in three waves. Newfoundland, Canada and Saint Pierre and Miquelon had the largest impact, both from the snapped 12 submarine cables, and the tsunami. This was Canada's largest submarine landslide ever recorded, up to 500 times the size of 1894 Saint-Alban subaerial slide. In 2002 Natural Resources Canada and the United States Geological Survey, created an intensity map by using the Revised Modified Mercalli scale. The tsunami waves had an amplitude of , and a runup of along the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4372838", "score": "1.0451431", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Cumbre Vieja", "text": "La Palma mega-tsunami was both too small in mass and volume, and far too stable to break away within the next 10,000 years. A 2008 paper looked into this very worst case scenario, the most massive slide that could happen (though unlikely and probably impossible right now with the present day geology). They find wave heights in the range 10 to 188 meters in the Canary Isles themselves. But the waves interfere and dissipate as they head out into the Atlantic. They predict 40 meters height for some nearby island systems. For continents, the worst effects are in Northern Brazil", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3569833", "score": "1.042815", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Meteorological history of Hurricane Sandy", "text": "before records were officially kept. Storm tide records were also broken in Sandy Hook, New Jersey and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with peak tides of and , respectively. The tidal gauge in Sandy Hook lost power while the tide was still rising, meaning the tide crested higher than the recorded peak. A buoy in New York Harbor reached a record height when it measured a wave on October 30, taller than a wave registered by Hurricane Irene in 2011. Sandy was the second-largest tropical cyclone in terms of gale diameter since records began in 1988. In addition, at , Sandy was second", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16876051", "score": "1.0416852", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Rogue wave", "text": "the recording of a rogue wave by the Gorm platform in the central North Sea in 1984. A stand-out wave was detected with a wave height of in a relatively low sea state. However, the wave that caught the attention of the scientific community was the digital measurement of the \"Draupner wave\", a rogue wave at the Draupner platform in the North Sea on January 1, 1995, with a maximum wave height of (peak elevation of ) . During that event, minor damage was also inflicted on the platform, far above sea level, confirming that the reading was valid. Their", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3178490", "score": "1.0389184", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Nazaré, Portugal", "text": "of the underwater Nazaré Canyon. As the canyon creates constructive interference between the incoming swell waves, it makes their heights much larger on this stretch of coast. Due to the height of the waves, numerous surfing records have been set at Nazaré. In November 2011, surfer Garrett McNamara, who resided in Hawaii at that time, surfed a then record-breaking giant wave: from trough to crest, at Praia do Norte, Nazaré. On November 8, 2017, Brazilian surfer Rodrigo Koxa broke the previous record by surfing a big wave of ; for this feat he won the Quiksilver XXL Biggest Wave prize", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3912746", "score": "1.0380435", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Chetco River", "text": "wind. The mountains also shield the area from cool marine layers. Partially as a result of this phenomenon, Brookings recorded its highest temperature ever, , on July 8, 2008. Earthquakes are common, and large-scale ones occur around every 300 years. The Cascadia earthquake of 1700—estimated at 8.7–9.2 on the moment magnitude scale—caused a tsunami to sweep across California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, reaching Japan the next day. It was produced when the entire Cascadia subduction zone, about long, slipped approximately in a megathrust event. Another major earthquake occurred in 1873 near present-day Brookings. With a magnitude of 7.3, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3239538", "score": "1.0338073", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami", "text": "propagated throughout the Pacific Ocean region reaching the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile. Warnings were issued and evacuations were carried out in many countries bordering the Pacific. Although the tsunami affected many of these places, the heights of the waves were minor. Chile's Pacific coast, one of the furthest from Japan at about away, was struck by waves high, compared with an estimated wave height of at Omoe peninsula, Miyako city, Japan. The tsunami warning issued by the Japan Meteorological Agency was the most serious on its warning scale; it was rated as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15430427", "score": "1.0333086", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Cumbre Vieja", "text": "It remains the highest recorded surge, but was not a tsunami nor a mega-tsunami, although some workers claimed it was; e.g., McGuire, in: BBC 2 TV. 2000. Transcript \"Mega-tsunami; Wave of Destruction\". Horizon. First screened 21.30, Thursday, 12 October 2000. On 9 October 1963, a mass of rock, soil, and other debris estimated at 2.6 x 10 m, slid in a massive landslide off Monte Toc infilling the newly constructed Vajont Dam or Vaiont Dam in northeast Italy. It displaced ~3.0x10 m—about 1/5th of the water present in the reservoir—which surged over the dam wall and flooded the Piave Valley", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3569838", "score": "1.0321882", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Tsunami", "text": "in height when they reach shallower water, in a wave shoaling process described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas. On April 1, 1946, the 8.6 Aleutian Islands earthquake occurred with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (\"Strong\"). It generated a tsunami which inundated Hilo on the island of Hawaii with a surge. Between 165 and 173 were killed. The area where the earthquake occurred is where the Pacific Ocean floor is subducting (or being pushed downwards) under Alaska. Examples of tsunami originating at locations away from convergent", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "420908", "score": "1.0316494", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "2010 Chile earthquake", "text": "to leave the water. However beach goers and surfers ignored the warnings. Numerous onlookers also crowded parts of the shore to view potential effects of the tsunami. The beach ban was lifted by the end of the day and there was no reports of damage, flooding or other emergencies. Tsunami waves of between 10 cm and 50 cm were recorded and their surges were believed to have created strong currents. Increases in sea levels include: Norfolk Island 50 cm, Gold Coast (Qld) 20 cm, Port Kembla (NSW) 14 cm, Southport (Tas) 17 cm. A wave measuring up to high struck", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14331655", "score": "1.0313118", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Rodrigo Koxa", "text": "largest wave ever seen in South America, estimated at more than face, earning him the record of surfing the highest wave of South America. Rodrigo Koxa Rodrigo ‘Koxa’ Augusto do Espírito Santo (born September 22, 1979) is a Brazilian professional big wave surfer and extreme waterman who broke the world record for largest wave ever surfed at Nazaré, Portugal, in November 8, 2017. Rodrigo ‘Koxa’ Augusto do Espírito Santo was born in Jundiaí, Brazil on September 22, 1979, and began his surfing career in 1988 on the beaches of Guarujá, Brazil. On April 30, 2018, the Koxa won the coveted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20704486", "score": "1.027328", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Hurricane Bill (2009)", "text": "swells from the storm and strong rip currents. In Delaware, waves peaked near , resulting in one serious injury after a man was tossed by a wave and thrown face-first into the sand. Waves along the Georgia coast averaged in height with some reaching . This resulted in numerous lifeguard rescues and some minor coastal flooding. Beaches along Long Island were closed after waves up to began to cause coastal flooding and beach erosion. All beaches around New York City were closed due to the risk of strong rip currents and waves up to . In southern New York, a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13701270", "score": "1.0251515", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami", "text": "surf wave (cobra-shaped) but \"taller than the coconut trees\" and \"like a mountain\". The second and third tsunami waves changed appearance from a surfing waveform to a huge tsunami bore, similar to tsunami witnessed in Khao Lak, Thailand. The second wave was the largest; it came from the west-southwest within five minutes of the first wave. The tsunami stranded cargo ships and barges and destroyed a cement factory near the Lampuuk coast. Areas surveyed by scientists show runup heights over 20 m (65.6 ft) on the northwest coast of Sumatra in Aceh Province with a maximum runup of 51 m", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4339344", "score": "1.0230287", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Megatsunami", "long_answer": "On July 9, 1958, a giant landslide at the head of Lituya Bay in Alaska, caused by an earthquake, generated a wave that washed out trees to a maximum altitude of 520 metres (1,710 ft) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet. The wave surged over the headland, stripping trees and soil down to bedrock, and surged along the fjord which forms Lituya Bay, destroying a fishing boat anchored there and killing two people. Howard Ulrich and his son managed to ride the wave in their boat, and both survived.", "chunked_long_answer": "On July 9, 1958, a giant landslide at the head of Lituya Bay in Alaska, caused by an earthquake, generated a wave that washed out trees to a maximum altitude of 520 metres (1,710 ft) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet. The wave surged over the headland, stripping trees and soil down to bedrock, and surged along the fjord which forms Lituya Bay, destroying a fishing boat anchored there and killing two people. Howard Ulrich and his son managed to ride the wave in their boat, and both survived.", "short_answers": [ "Lituya Bay in Alaska" ] }

[ "24 November 1949" ]

[ { "title": "History of Hyderabad", "text": "into the coastal Andhra region of the Madras state of India, the Indian Government under Home Minister Sardar Patel initiated a police action titled Operation Polo. On 16 September 1948, Indian Army moved into Hyderabad State from five fronts. Four days later, the Hyderabad forces surrendered. The number of dead was a little over 800. The Police Action achieved success within a matter of days. The Nizam finally surrendered and signed the Instrument of Accession to the Indian Union and Hyderabad was integrated into the Indian Union as a state. In 1955, B. R. Ambedkar, the then chairman of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17536993", "score": "1.1640906", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Hyderabad State", "text": "Hyderabad State Hyderabad State (), also known as Hyderabad Deccan, was an Indian princely state located in the south-central region of India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad. It is now divided into Telangana state, Hyderabad-Karnataka region of Karnataka and Marathwada region of Maharashtra. The state was ruled from 1724 to 1857 by the Nizam who was initially a viceroy of the Great Mogul in the Deccan. Hyderabad gradually became the first princely state to come under British paramountcy signing a subsidiary alliance agreement. Later, under the leadership of Asaf Jah V it changed its traditional heraldic flag.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2028927", "score": "1.1555316", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Hyderabad", "text": "state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form the modern states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh, with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010. The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "480526", "score": "1.155416", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Hyderabad", "text": "lives; terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots; and two bombs exploded in February 2013. On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state, and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal, and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "480527", "score": "1.1541517", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Warangal Urban district", "text": "sultanate ruled Warangal. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered Golconda in 1687, and it remained part of the Mughal empire until the southern provinces of the empire split away to become the state of Hyderabad in 1724 which included the Telangana region and some parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka. Hyderabad became an Indian state in 1948. In 1956 Hyderabad was partitioned as part of the States Reorganisation Act, and Telangana, the Telugu-speaking region of Hyderabad state which includes Warangal, became part of Andhra Pradesh. After the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh, the district became a part of the new", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6631895", "score": "1.1524811", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Unification of Karnataka", "text": "the state that were under the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad. Hyderabad consisted of large portions of what were later to be the north eastern districts of Bidar, Gulbarga and Raichur of Karnataka state. The Lingayat minority in these regions also largely believed that they had been neglected and resented the oppression of the Nizam and the Razakars. The Nizam refused to accede to India until his rule was overthrown by force. Following the 'police action' against the Nizam, Hyderabad province and its citizens became independent on 17 September 1948. This day is celebrated by the Karnataka government as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9184680", "score": "1.1520648", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Hyderabad-Karnataka", "text": "Indian Union. The historical background of the movement started with a new era in Indian history. Hyderabad-Karnataka Hyderabad–Karnataka is the name given to north-east Karnataka, India. It is the Kannada-speaking part of the Hyderabad State, that was ruled by the Nizams of Hyderabad until 1948. After merging with the Indian union, the region was part of Hyderabad State until 1956. The Hyderabad-Karnataka/Northeast Karnataka region comprises Bidar, Yadgir, Raichur, Koppal and Gulbarga of Hyderabad state and, Bellary of Madras that are in the present state of Karnataka. The Northeast-Karnataka region is the second largest arid region in India. 17 September 1948", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17258316", "score": "1.1421081", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Hyderabad State", "text": "was split up among Andhra Pradesh and Bombay state (later divided into states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and Karnataka. Wilfred Cantwell Smith states that Hyderabad was an area where the political and social structure from medieval Muslim rule had been preserved more or less intact into the modern times. At the head of the social order was the Nizam, who owned 5 million acres (10% of the land area) of the state, earning him Rs. 25 million a year. Another Rs. 5 million was granted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2028910", "score": "1.1420524", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "P. K. Monnappa", "text": "Mysore. The unified state police got a uniform dress code under Mysore Police. Similarly the Telugu speaking parts of Hyderabad and Madras were brought together. At the time of India's independence, Hyderabad was the largest Indian princely state in terms of population and GNP. Its territory of was more than that of England and Scotland put together. The 1941 census had estimated its population to be 16.34 million, over 85% of who were Hindus and with Muslims accounting for about 12%. It was also a multi-lingual state consisting of peoples speaking Telugu (48.2%), Marathi (26.4%), Kannada (12.3%) and Urdu (10.3%).", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12215022", "score": "1.1389219", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Hyderabad State (1948–56)", "text": "Hyderabad State was a state in Independent India, formed after the accession of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union on 24 November 1949. It existed from 1948 to 1956.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Telangana", "text": "\"Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb\". During the 18th century and the British Raj, Telangana was ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad. In 1823, the Nizams lost control over Northern Circars (Coastal Andhra) and Ceded Districts (Rayalseema), which were handed over to the East India Company. The annexation by the British of the Northern Circars deprived Hyderabad State, the Nizam's dominion, of the considerable coastline it formerly had, to that of a landlocked princely state with territories in Central Deccan, bounded on all sides by British India. Thereafter, the Northern Circars were governed as part of Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947, after", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3763525", "score": "1.1356548", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Hyderabad", "text": "of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014. Situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India, Hyderabad is south of Delhi, southeast of Mumbai, and north of Bangalore by road. It lies on the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of the Deccan Plateau. Greater Hyderabad covers , making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India. With an average altitude of , Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite, dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at . The city has numerous", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "480528", "score": "1.1352439", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Telangana", "text": "was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. In 1769, Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. The Nizam Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV signed the Subsidiary Alliance with the British in 1799 and lost its control over the state's defence and foreign affairs. Hyderabad State became a princely state among the presidencies and provinces of British India. When India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad did not want to merge with the Indian Union and wanted to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3763535", "score": "1.1322517", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Hyderabad", "text": "against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the \"Rajpramukh\" (Princely Governor) of the state until 31 October 1956. Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region. The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "480524", "score": "1.1312938", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "History of Hyderabad", "text": "admitted to the Constituent Assembly drafting a constitution for free India. For the next eight years, Hyderabad State continued as a separate state within the union, with its capital Hyderabad. On 1 November 1956, the states of India were reorganized on linguistic grounds and the 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan was made the Rajpramukh based on his administrative abilities. Consequently, the territories of the State of Hyderabad were divided between newly created Andhra Pradesh, Bombay state (later Maharashtra), and Karnataka. Hyderabad and the surrounding areas were annexed into India, and later to Andhra Pradesh based on Telugu linguistic majority,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17536995", "score": "1.1312795", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Warangal", "text": "the demise of the Nayaks, Warangal was part of the Bahmani Sultanate and then the Sultanate of Golconda. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered Golconda in 1687, and it remained part of the Mughal empire until the southern provinces of the empire split away to become the state of Hyderabad in 1724, which included the Telangana region and some parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka. Hyderabad was annexed to India in 1948, and became an Indian state called as Hyderabad state. In 1956 Hyderabad state was partitioned as part of the States Reorganisation Act, and Telangana, the Telugu-speaking region of Hyderabad state,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3772459", "score": "1.1310414", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "History of Hyderabad", "text": "the Deccan plateau & central India for 450 years,i.e., from 230 BCE onward until around 220 CE. After the decline of the Satavahana Empire in 210 AD, the region came under the rule of the Ikshvaku dynasty (225 AD - 325 AD), the successors of the Satavahanas in eastern Deccan. The capital of Ikshvaku dynasty was the town of Nagarjunakonda in modern-day Guntur district and named after Nagarjuna, a southern Indian master of Mahayana Buddhism who lived in the 2nd century AD, who is believed to have been responsible for the Buddhist activity in the area. Various Buddhist and Hindu", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17536969", "score": "1.1288548", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "History of Hyderabad", "text": "airports in India. The city saw terrorist bomb blasts in May 2007, August 2007 and February 2013. Hyderabad also hosted the 2007 Military World Games and 2009 World Badminton Championships. By the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014, the state of Telangana was separated from Andhra Pradesh as a new 29th state of India, with the city of Hyderabad as its capital. The new state was created on 2nd June, 2014. K. Chandrashekhar Rao was elected as the first Chief Minister of Telangana. Hyderabad would also remain the \"de jure\" capital of Andhra Pradesh for a period of ten years. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17536997", "score": "1.127027", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Nizamabad, Telangana", "text": "in the year 1905 when Nizam's Dominion were recognized, where up to it was known as \"Indur\". The Nizam of Hyderabad ruled over the Deccan region during the 18th century. Nizamabad was a part of princely State of Hyderabad in 1724 and continued to be part of the Nizam's dominions until 1948. After India gained independence in 1947, the Indian Armed Forces annexed Hyderabad and ended the rule of the Nizam in Operation Polo. It was during 1876 Nizamabad became a separate district when the districts in Hyderabad State were reorganized by Salar Jung-I, the then prime minister. In 1905", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4643961", "score": "1.1227708", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Raichur district", "text": "of Raichur in 1520 but Bijapur recaptured it in 1565 after Vijayanagara's defeat at hands of Deccan Sultanates during Battle of Talikota. Aurangzeb, emperor of Mughal Empire captured the district in 1686. Finally 1724 Raichur became part of Nizam of Hyderabad between 1724 and 1948 except British Empire rule between 1853 and 1860 as part of Madras Presidency. During Nizam rule it was part of Gulbarga Division. After the Operation Polo, Hyderabad State was integrated to Indian Union on 17 September 1948. Between 1948 and 1956, it was part of Hyderabad State. During division of the state on linguistic basis,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4046469", "score": "1.121874", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Hyderabad-Karnataka", "text": "Hyderabad-Karnataka Hyderabad–Karnataka is the name given to north-east Karnataka, India. It is the Kannada-speaking part of the Hyderabad State, that was ruled by the Nizams of Hyderabad until 1948. After merging with the Indian union, the region was part of Hyderabad State until 1956. The Hyderabad-Karnataka/Northeast Karnataka region comprises Bidar, Yadgir, Raichur, Koppal and Gulbarga of Hyderabad state and, Bellary of Madras that are in the present state of Karnataka. The Northeast-Karnataka region is the second largest arid region in India. 17 September 1948 was an important day in the history of Hyderabad as Karnataka state was merged into the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17258315", "score": "1.1204513", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Hyderabad State", "text": "The dynasty declared itself an independent monarchy during the final years of the British Raj. After the Partition of India, Hyderabad tried to be a part of Pakistan but signed a standstill agreement with the new dominion of India, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Hyderabad's location in the middle of the Indian union, as well as its diverse cultural heritage, was a driving force behind India's invasion and annexation of the state in 1948. Subsequently, Mir Osman Ali Khan, the 7th Nizam, signed an instrument of accession, joining India. Hyderabad State", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2028895", "score": "1.1172394", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "History of Hyderabad, Sindh", "text": "Hyderabad, no longer exists. The municipality of Hyderabad was established in 1853. In the Pacco Qillo the British kept the arsenal of the province, transferred from Karachi in 1861, and the palaces of the ex-Amirs of Sind that they had taken over. In 1857, when the Indian mutiny raged across the South Asia, the British held most of their regiments and ammunition in this city. The garrison at the fort composed of British and Native infantry, 2 batteries of artillery, and an ammunition column. The barracks were built in twelve blocks, with hospitals, bazar and various amenities to the north-west", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9131220", "score": "1.113724", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "History of Hyderabad", "text": "History of Hyderabad Hyderabad is the capital of the Indian state of Telangana. It is a historic city noted for its many monuments, temples, mosques and bazaars. A multitude of influences has shaped the character of the city in the last 400 years. The city is forming its role and outlook as part of the booming service industry revolution, and is trying to preserve and popularize its history. The History of this city, has deeply affected the culture, language, and cuisine of the people living here, and the areas once part of Hyderabad state. Archaeologists excavating near the city have", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17536967", "score": "1.1125867", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Hyderabad", "text": "Hyderabad Hyderabad ( ) is the capital of the Indian state of Telangana and \"de jure\" capital of Andhra Pradesh. Occupying along the banks of the Musi River, it has a population of about and a metropolitan population of about , making it the fourth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India. At an average altitude of , much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including Hussain Sagar—predating the city's founding—north of the city centre. Established in 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Hyderabad remained under the rule of the Qutb Shahi", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "480510", "score": "1.1119413", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Telangana", "text": "which the presidency became India's Madras state. The Hyderabad state joined the Union of India in 1948 after an Indian military invasion. In 1956, the Hyderabad State was dissolved as part of the linguistic reorganisation of states and Telangana was merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State (part of the Madras Presidency during the British Raj) to form Andhra Pradesh. A peasant-driven movement began to advocate for separation from Andhra Pradesh starting in the early 1950s, and continued until Telangana was awarded separate statehood on 2 June 2014. The economy of Telangana is the eighth-largest state economy in India with in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3763526", "score": "1.1117796", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Hyderabad State (1948–56)", "text": "minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules'(Local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919. Administratively, Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts, grouped into four divisions: In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguistic lines, the Telugu-speaking region of the state of Hyderabad State was merged with Andhra State. The Marathi speaking region was merged with Bombay state and Kannada speaking region with Mysore State. The (SRC) was not in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16684068", "score": "1.1114335", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Hyderabad", "text": "the President of India. In 2014, the newly formed state of Telangana split from Andhra Pradesh and the city became the joint capital of the two states, a transitional arrangement scheduled to end by 2025. Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule remain visible today; the Charminar—commissioned by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah—has come to symbolise Hyderabad. Golconda fort is another major landmark. The influence of Mughlai culture is also evident in the region's distinctive cuisine, which includes Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem. The Qutb Shahis and Nizams established Hyderabad as a cultural hub, attracting men of letters from different parts", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "480512", "score": "1.1069596", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Indian annexation of Hyderabad", "text": "broadcasting service. Hyderabad was a multi-lingual state consisting of peoples speaking Telugu (48.2%), Marathi (26.4%), Kannada (12.3%) and Urdu (10.3%). In spite of the overwhelming Hindu majority, Hindus were severely under-represented in government, police and the military. Of 1765 officers in the State Army, 1268 were Muslims, 421 were Hindus, and 121 others were Christians, Parsis and Sikhs. Of the officials drawing a salary between Rs.600–1200 per month, 59 were Muslims, 5 were Hindus and 38 were of other religions. The Nizam and his nobles, who were mostly Muslims, owned 40% of the total land in the state. When the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3605354", "score": "1.1065146", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Marathwada Liberation Day", "text": "it termed a \"police action\". The operation itself took five days, in which the Razakars were defeated and Hyderabad was annexed. Marathwada, Telangana and 4 districts of Karnataka were part of the former princely Hyderabad state. Since 1948, when Hyderabad annexed, 17 September has been celebrated as \"Liberation day\" by Maharashtra and Karnataka. However, Andhra Pradesh and the now sate of Telangana do not celebrate it. Because after liberation day there were many incidents of Mass murders, rape, property distractions of innocent people majorly Muslims was done. Evidence of which is observed in Pandit Sunderlal Committee Report. Marathwada Liberation Day", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19035013", "score": "1.1049815", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Hyderabad State (1948–56)", "long_answer": "Hyderabad State was a state in Independent India, formed after the accession of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union on 24 November 1949. It existed from 1948 to 1956.", "chunked_long_answer": "Hyderabad State was a state in Independent India, formed after the accession of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union on 24 November 1949. It existed from 1948 to 1956.", "short_answers": [ "24 November 1949" ] }

[ "Norman", "Norman origin" ]

[ { "title": "Roberts, Idaho", "text": "Roberts, Idaho Roberts is a city in Jefferson County, Idaho, United States. It is part of the Idaho Falls, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 580 at the 2010 census. Roberts is located at (43.719599, -112.129048). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $31,071, and the median income for a family was $33,125. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $17,000 for females. The per capita income for the city", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1043524", "score": "0.988433", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Tom Roberts", "text": "(1895), he also achieved renown as a portraitist. Roberts was born in Dorchester, Dorset, England, although some mystery surrounds his actual birthdate: his birth certificate says 8 March 1856, whereas his tombstone is inscribed 9 March. Roberts migrated with his family to Australia in 1869 to live with relatives. Settling in Collingwood, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. He worked as a photographer's assistant through the 1870s, while studying art at night under Louis Buvelot and befriending others who were to become prominent artists, notably Frederick McCubbin. During this period, his mother had remarried to a man whom Roberts did not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3515222", "score": "0.9868892", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Stage name", "text": "Scicolone), Charles Bronson (born Charles Dennis Buchinsky), and Rita Hayworth (born Margarita Carmen Cansino), are four more well known examples of this trend. Similarly, retired veteran broadcaster Dave Roberts was born David T. Boreanaz but is known professionally as Dave Thomas and later Dave Roberts as ethnic surnames were discouraged when he first began his career during the 1950s; however, his son actor David Boreanaz chose not to adopt a stage name. The use of stage names for ethnic purposes may vary widely depending on the media market the personality is representing. For example, in Buffalo, New York, a city", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "640819", "score": "0.96933246", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Lee Roberts (basketball)", "text": "parents. He lived in Seattle for seven years before moving to Alaska, where he spent 2½ years before to moving to Cleveland, Ohio. He attended middle school and high school in the Cleveland area, as he played basketball for Midpark High School in Middleburg Heights. He received recognition playing for Midpark; in 2014, Roberts said \"I was actually recruited for high jump, I was waiting for a couple of schools to ask about basketball and then Findlay offered me a full scholarship. I went to visit them and I was sold.\" Roberts played four years of college basketball for the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20330842", "score": "0.9692416", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Roberts, Illinois", "text": "Roberts, Illinois Roberts is a village in Ford County, Illinois, United States. The population was 362 at the 2010 census. Roberts was named for the first permanent settlers in the area, Jesse and Livingston Roberts. Roberts is located at (40.613310, -88.182685). According to the 2010 census, Roberts has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 387 people, 169 households, and 103 families residing in the village. The population density was 746.9 people per square mile (287.3/km²). There were 194 housing units at an average density of 374.4 per square mile (144.0/km²). The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1049657", "score": "0.96597385", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Roberts, Idaho", "text": "the age of 18; 10.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 21.1% were from 45 to 64; and 8.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.4% male and 47.6% female. Roberts has a general store, a café, a restaurant, a library, a gas station, and an elementary school. Middle school or high school-age students living in Roberts typically attend school in Rigby. Roberts, Idaho Roberts is a city in Jefferson County, Idaho, United States. It is part of the Idaho Falls, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1043527", "score": "0.96266353", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Virginia, Mayfield", "text": "changed their surname to Roberts during this time. In 1834, Maria Roberts and her children boarded the Margaret bound for Sydney, Australia, accompanied by her brother-in-law Robert Roberts (who had also changed his name) and his wife Mary. It is not known when John Roberts arrived in Sydney, but it is speculated that he had arrived before his wife and brother to search for suitable land for the families to settle. It is also possible that John Roberts was a \"remittance man\", meaning that his family paid him to stay away. Shortly after disembarkation, the two Roberts families lived on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20812791", "score": "0.95611095", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Alfred Roberts", "text": "Alfred Roberts Alfred Roberts (18 April 1892 – 10 February 1970) was an English grocer, local preacher, and politician. He served as Alderman of Grantham from 1943 to 1952 and Mayor of Grantham from 1945 to 1946. His second daughter Margaret was the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Roberts was born in Ringstead, Northamptonshire. He was the fifth of seven children. His father was Benjamin Ebenezer Roberts (28 December 1857 – 17 September 1925), from a Ringstead family, and his mother was Ellen Smith (20 November 1857 – 1 May 1935), whose own mother, Catherine Sullivan, was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7625571", "score": "0.95380884", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Roberts, Wisconsin", "text": "Roberts, Wisconsin Roberts is a village in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,651 at the 2010 census. The village is surrounded by the town of Warren. Roberts was named in 1873 for a railroad engineer. A post office called Roberts has been in operation since 1884. Roberts is located at (44.983807, -92.553790). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all of it land. At the 2010 census, there were 1,651 people, 625 households and 442 families in the village. The population density was . There were 724 housing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1261873", "score": "0.952109", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Roberts (surname)", "text": "Roberts is a surname of Norman origin, deriving from the Norman given name Robert, meaning \"bright renown\" – from the Germanic elements \"hrod\" meaning renown and \"beraht\" meaning bright. Roberts may mean either \"servant of Robert\" or \"son of Robert\"; the latter is more common in Wales, while the former is more common in England. Although the name Robert was known in the British isles before the Norman Conquest in 1066, it was mainly introduced into Britain by the Normans. Today the surname Roberts is common in England, Wales, Ireland and the Isle of Man, with the biggest concentration by", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Windsor Roberts", "text": "Windsor Roberts Windsor Roberts was born in Pontnewynydd in Monmouthshire on 4 May 1898, the son of John Wesley Roberts and his wife, Mary Jane Jones. When the census of Wales was taken in 1901 his father was described as an underground labourer living at 49, Hanbury Road there with his wife, four daughters and three-year-old son. He was educated at West Monmouth School, after which he was briefly employed as a pupil teacher. He joined the Armed Forces on 29 May 1916, engaging himself to serve three years in the Wales Division, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. He was mustered", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17827926", "score": "0.9496026", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Stay High 149", "text": "11, 2012 from a liver disease at a medical center in The Bronx, New York. He is survived by his sister Pauline Noble. Stay High 149 Wayne Roberts (October 20, 1950 – June 11, 2012), known as Stay High 149, was an American graffiti artist. Roberts was born in Emporia, Virginia, moving to the Bronx, New York at age six. He was called a \"superstar\" of the graffiti world in the late 1970s. Widely considered to use one of the most famous graffiti tags in the world, his trademark includes a smoking version of the stick figure from 1960s British", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10392936", "score": "0.94801354", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Ben Roberts (politician)", "text": "1952. His first wife, Mary Roberts, had died in 1936. Ben Roberts (politician) Benjamin Roberts (1880 – 17 November 1952) was a New Zealand politician of the Labour Party and a Cabinet Minister. Roberts was born in 1880 in Liverpool. He started work as a farm labourer at 13. He bought his family to New Zealand in 1907 and settled in Carterton. He was elected to Parliament in the Wairarapa electorate in 1935, and remained a member of parliament to 1946, when he retired. He was Minister for Agriculture and Marketing, and Minister of Marketing, from 1943 to 1946 in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13597142", "score": "0.9476626", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Michael Roberts (writer)", "text": "Michael Roberts (writer) Michael Roberts (6 December 1902 – 13 December 1948), originally named William Edward Roberts, was an English poet, writer, critic and broadcaster, who made his living as a teacher. He was born in Bournemouth, named William Edward Roberts. He was the eldest child of Edward George Roberts (b. 7 January 1878, d. 14 March 1954) and Henrietta Mary Sellers (b. 23 March 1880, d. 28 June 1918 following the birth of a son nine days earlier). They had a farm in the New Forest. He was educated at Bournemouth School. From 1920 to 1922 he studied at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3425442", "score": "0.9453561", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Eric Roberts (spy)", "text": "his social background and a desk role did not suit him as well as his wartime role had. He is the subject of the 2018 biography \"Agent Jack\" by Robert Hutton, and his adventures were the inspiration for the novel \"Our Friends In Berlin\" by Anthony Quinn and for a major character in the novel \"Transcription\" by Kate Atkinson. Roberts was born in Wivelsfield in June 1907, the son of Percival Arthur Garfield Roberts and his wife Maud (née Green). At the time of the 1911 Census the family was living in Penzance, where his father worked for the Western", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18354296", "score": "0.94357765", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Gordon Roberts (ice hockey)", "text": "helps me get up and apologizes and says it is an accident ... can I hit a man who is apologizing to me? No, never, it is not done...’' Born September 5, 1891, and raised in Ottawa, Roberts was the youngest of ten children; he had eight brothers and a sister. His brother Laurie was also a doctor and athlete, while another brother, Eddie, fought and died in the First World War. Roberts returned east in 1922 where he did post-graduate studies in New York. The Ottawa Senators, then of the National Hockey League, attempted to bring him out of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5260065", "score": "0.94294655", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Brushy Bill Roberts", "text": "Roberts around 1910. Detractors of Roberts point to the fact that a family Bible belonging to Oliver Roberts' niece, Geneva Pittmon, (Oliver P. Roberts, not Oliver L.) showed that O.P. Roberts was born in 1879. Because Billy the Kid was 21 at the time of his death in 1881, if Brushy Bill Roberts was born Oliver P. Roberts, then it would be impossible for him to have been the Kid. Supporters of Roberts maintain that the birth date of the real Oliver P. Roberts' would have no relevance to a man who assumed his identity later in life. It is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4732056", "score": "0.9414991", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "C. A. Roberts", "text": "C. A. Roberts Clarence Abram Roberts (November 5, 1903 – December 21, 1973), known as C. A. Roberts, was a Florida state legislator. He served in the Florida House of Representatives on multiple occasions for Union County. He was also a noted pecan farmer, cattle rancher, timberland owner and naval stores operator. He was a lifelong resident of Lake Butler, Florida. Roberts was born to Charles Abram Roberts and Lucretia M. Nettle. He was educated in county public schools and worked as a prison manager and a livestock inspector in the 1920s. Union County, where Roberts resided, became the 61st", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16142058", "score": "0.94128585", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Bay Roberts", "text": "In the 1675 census, Bay Roberts is called \"Bay of Roberts.\" The Berry census of Newfoundland records only two planters in Bay Roberts. One was Anthony Varder who lived there with his wife and four children. The other one was a widow named Jane Clay. The 1677 census says between them they employed 19 servants, owned six boats and kept 34 cattle, 22 sheep and 13 hogs. Families such as the \"Parsons\", \"Mercers\" and \"Bishops\" arrived later. Settlers from the Channel Islands arrived in the 18th century. These early settlers left behind archaeological evidence of their way of life. Clay", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9791372", "score": "0.9405778", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Windsor Roberts", "text": "1963. Roberts, who never married, was survived by his six sisters: Misses Blodwen, Sarah, Greta, Gladys and Gwen Roberts and Mrs F. Hayward. Windsor Roberts Windsor Roberts was born in Pontnewynydd in Monmouthshire on 4 May 1898, the son of John Wesley Roberts and his wife, Mary Jane Jones. When the census of Wales was taken in 1901 his father was described as an underground labourer living at 49, Hanbury Road there with his wife, four daughters and three-year-old son. He was educated at West Monmouth School, after which he was briefly employed as a pupil teacher. He joined the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17827931", "score": "0.9376259", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Bill Roberts (businessman)", "text": "Bill Roberts (businessman) John William Roberts (1898-1962) was a British businessman from Yorkshire, who was the founder of the \"JET\" brand of petrol. He was born in Halifax. From the age of eleven he was working part-time in the mills. By the age of twelve he was working full-time. He came from a family of seven children. He served in the First World War. Before the Second World War, he worked for Trent Oil Products, a chemical company in north Lincolnshire, and on Long Lane in Huddersfield. He started Jet Petroleum Ltd in October 1953. Its first company address was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19739402", "score": "0.9367391", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Lynne Roberts", "text": "Lynne Roberts Lynne Roberts, also credited as Mary Hart, was born Theda May Roberts (November 22, 1922 – April 1, 1978). She was an American film actress during the Golden Age of Hollywood who appeared exclusively in what were referred to as B-movies. Born in El Paso, Texas, Roberts was the daughter of Hobart M. Roberts, a bookkeeper, and May Holland. The family moved to Los Angeles in the 1920s. Roberts began working as an actress in the 1930s, under contract to Republic Pictures. At the age of 14, in 1936, she played a role in \"Bulldog Edition\". In 1938,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5588425", "score": "0.9363152", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Lynn E. Roberts", "text": "Lynn E. Roberts Lynn E. Roberts, Jr. is an American theoretical physicist and educator. Roberts was born on August 10, 1948 to Lynn E. Roberts and Dorothy Elizabeth Roberts (Johnson). He married Brenda J. James Roberts in August 1985. He has five children. Roberts matriculated at State University of New York at Stony Brook, earning a Bachelors of Science in Physics & Mathematics in 1972. He enrolled at Adelphi University in 1974, receiving a Ph.D in High Energy Physics in 1980 for research and publications at Adelphi University and Brookhaven National Laboratory. Following the completion of his studies, Roberts joined", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20009187", "score": "0.9352516", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Dink Roberts", "text": "Dink Roberts James \"Dink\" Roberts (September 15, 1894 – August 30, 1989) was an American old-time banjo player. His performances, which were recorded in the 1970s by folklorists, illustrate a style of playing that pre-dates the blues. Born in Chatham County, North Carolina, Roberts learned the artistry of the banjo from local black musicians -- particularly Mince Phillips who was a close friend Roberts sometimes performed with -- active in the corresponding Alamance County. As a young adult, Roberts worked as a tenant farmer, and became well-respected among both black and white field hands when he performed at dances among", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19991928", "score": "0.93465334", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Grant L. Roberts", "text": "Grant L. Roberts Grant Roberts is a former Mr. World Canada bodybuilding champion, and is a personal trainer, nutritionist, lifestyle coach, actor, author and philanthropist. Roberts was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and is also a citizen of Ireland. He currently resides in Canada and the United States. Roberts career gained international recognition for his work in transforming the physique of actress Hilary Swank in the Clint Eastwood film \"Million Dollar Baby\" (2004). Swank went on to win both the Golden Globe and Actress Academy award for Best Actress and paid tribute to Roberts on both occasions, acknowledging his contribution.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13432253", "score": "0.93285984", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Pernell Roberts", "text": "minority characters. Roberts was born in 1928 in Waycross, Georgia, the only child of Pernell Elven Roberts, Sr. (1907–1980), a Dr Pepper salesman, and Minnie (Betty) Myrtle Morgan Roberts (1910–1988). During his high-school years, Pernell played the horn, acted in school and church plays, and sang in local USO shows. He attended, but did not graduate from, Georgia Tech. Enlisting in 1946, he served for two years in the United States Marine Corps. He played the tuba and horn in the Marine Corps Band, and he was also skilled at playing the sousaphone and percussion. He later attended, also without", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4076306", "score": "0.93263805", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Roberts Settlement", "text": "Roberts Settlement Roberts Settlement was an early rural settlement in Jackson Township, Hamilton County, Indiana. Dating from the 1830s, its first settlers were free people of color, most of whom migrated from Beech Settlement, located southeast in rural Rush County, Indiana. Many of Roberts Settlement’s early pioneers were born in eastern North Carolina and Virginia. Some of its settlers were ex-slaves. The neighborhood received its name from the large contingent of its residents who had the surname of Roberts. By the 1870s the farming community had a population of approximately 300 residents. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19378609", "score": "0.9308946", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Roberts Settlement", "text": "number was an estimated seven to ten families (50 to 75 individuals). Most of the settlement's early pioneers were free blacks and mixed-race people from Halifax County, North Carolina; Northampton County, North Carolina; or Greensville County, Virginia. These early settlers migrated west due to more oppressive government acts against free blacks following Nat Turner's slave rebellion in 1831. Compared to the Beech Settlement, where many of the Roberts residents had kinship ties, the settlement in Hamilton County developed more slowly. Contributing factors included the Panic of 1837 and fewer arrivals of black immigrants to Indiana from the Old South. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19378616", "score": "0.93082607", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Jim Roberts (ice hockey, born 1956)", "text": "Jim Roberts (ice hockey, born 1956) James Drew Roberts (born June 8, 1956) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. Born in Toronto, Roberts grew up in Proton Station, Ontario (now a part of Southgate) near Flesherton, Ontario. He attended Grey Highlands Secondary School and played hockey for local teams until he was old enough to move up to Junior B hockey. Roberts's junior hockey career started with the 1972–73 Owen Sound Greys of the Mid-Ontario Junior B Hockey League. With the help of Roberts, the Greys won their league championship. The Greys eventually came within a win of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10927026", "score": "0.9301675", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Thomas Roberts (bishop)", "text": "and William d'Esterre Roberts, who were cousins. Thomas was the second son and seventh child of eventually nine children. His father was from an Irish Protestant family of French Huguenot extraction. Before Thomas was born, the family had lived in Liverpool, England, then in the West Indies, where William did consular assistance before retiring in ill-health. The family then settled in Le Havre where William became an export merchant. The family moved to Arcachon and Thomas went to the , a Dominican boarding school. The school had a nautical bias which had a lasting influence on Thomas's thought processes. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10365419", "score": "0.92986506", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Roberts (surname)", "long_answer": "Roberts is a surname of Norman origin, deriving from the Norman given name Robert, meaning \"bright renown\" – from the Germanic elements \"hrod\" meaning renown and \"beraht\" meaning bright. Roberts may mean either \"servant of Robert\" or \"son of Robert\"; the latter is more common in Wales, while the former is more common in England. Although the name Robert was known in the British isles before the Norman Conquest in 1066, it was mainly introduced into Britain by the Normans. Today the surname Roberts is common in England, Wales, Ireland and the Isle of Man, with the biggest concentration by far occurring in North Wales. The name is also common in Scotland.", "chunked_long_answer": "Roberts is a surname of Norman origin, deriving from the Norman given name Robert, meaning \"bright renown\" – from the Germanic elements \"hrod\" meaning renown and \"beraht\" meaning bright. Roberts may mean either \"servant of Robert\" or \"son of Robert\"; the latter is more common in Wales, while the former is more common in England. Although the name Robert was known in the British isles before the Norman Conquest in 1066, it was mainly introduced into Britain by the Normans. Today the surname Roberts is common in England, Wales, Ireland and the Isle of Man, with the biggest concentration by", "short_answers": [ "Norman", "Norman origin" ] }

[ "Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage", "Jetfire" ]

[ { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "text": "the orders of an ancient Decepticon named The Fallen, who seeks to get revenge on Earth by finding and activating a machine that would provide the Decepticons with an energon source, destroying the Sun and all life on Earth in the process. Returning Transformers include Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, Ironhide, Ratchet, Megatron, Starscream, and Scorponok. With deadlines jeopardized by possible strikes by the Directors Guild of America and the Screen Actors Guild, Bay managed to finish the production on time with the help of previsualization and a scriptment by his writers David Marconi, Roberto Orci, Alex Kurtzman, and series newcomer Ehren", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10594243", "score": "1.2787989", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "text": "the Fallen, who orders him to capture Sam alive and kill Optimus, as he is the only Transformer who can defeat the Fallen. After killing Alice, a Decepticon Pretender disguised as a college student, Sam, Mikaela and his college roommate, Leo are captured by the Decepticon Grindor and taken to an abandoned factory. Megatron reveals that the symbols in Sam's mind will lead the Decepticons to a new Energon source before Optimus and Bumblebee arrive to rescue the trio. Optimus engages Megatron, Starscream, and Grindor; though Optimus injures Starscream by cutting his arm off and killing Grindor, Megatron kills Optimus", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10594250", "score": "1.1961741", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "text": "in a Visual Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture, a SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble, and an MTV Movie Award for Best WTF Moment (Isabel Lucas turning into a Decepticon). Shia LaBeouf, the film and Megan Fox was nominated for a Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actor, Favorite Movie and Favorite Movie Actress, but all lost to Taylor Lautner, \"\" and Miley Cyrus, respectively. On the other hand, it was nominated for seven Razzie Awards including Worst Actress for Megan Fox (also for \"Jennifer's Body\"), Worst Supporting Actress for Julie White, Worst Screen Couple (for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10594297", "score": "1.1948826", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "text": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen is a 2009 American science fiction action film directed by Michael Bay and based on the Transformers toy line. It is the sequel to 2007's \"Transformers\", as well as the second installment in the live-action \"Transformers\" film series. Taking place two years after its predecessor, the plot revolves around Sam Witwicky, who is caught in the war between two factions of alien robots, the Autobots, led by Optimus Prime and the Decepticons, led by Megatron. Sam is having strange visions of Cybertronian symbols, and being hunted by the Decepticons under", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10594242", "score": "1.1861784", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "text": "by impaling him through the chest, destroying his spark. The other Autobots arrive and repel the Decepticons, forcing Megatron and Starscream to retreat. The Decepticons launch devastating simultaneous attacks around the world, destroying ships in the Second Fleet and damaging Paris. The Fallen hijacks Earth's telecommunications systems, demanding that Sam be handed to him. Sam, Mikaela, and Leo enlist the help of former Sector Seven agent, Seymour Simmons, who reveals that the Transformers visited Earth eons ago and the most ancient, known as Seekers, remained on Earth, hiding in secret. With help from Wheelie, they track down a Decepticon Seeker", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10594251", "score": "1.1685973", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "text": "two Decepticons, Demolisher and Sideways. Sideways is killed by the Autobot Sideswipe, while Optimus Prime kills Demolisher, but not before he warns them of the Fallen's return. At NEST's secure headquarters in Diego Garcia, National Security Adviser Theodore Galloway concludes the Decepticons are still on Earth to hunt the Autobots, since Megatron's corpse is at the bottom of the Laurentian Abyss and the last-known AllSpark shard is secured in the base. Soundwave hacks into a military satellite, overhears the information, and sends Ravage to retrieve the shard. Meanwhile, Sam Witwicky is preparing to attend college, leaving his girlfriend Mikaela Banes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10594248", "score": "1.1651345", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (toy line)", "text": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (toy line) Pictures of the first \"Revenge of the Fallen\" toys started to appear in on the internet in late 2008. Hasbro files for a trademark on the name \"Revenge of the Fallen\" as a toy line in May 2008. The toy line continued on mid-2010 simply as \"Transformers\" (also known as \"Hunt for the Decepticons\"). MechAlive is a feature available on selected Deluxe, Voyager and Leader Class figures, as well as Combiner Class Constructicon Devastator. Characteristics of this feature include visible moving gears in the character's body and parts that move independently during transformation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12849218", "score": "1.1616658", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)", "text": "counterpart with a few exceptions. Hugo Weaving, who voices Megatron in the live action films, does not voice Megatron in the game. Instead Frank Welker, who voiced Megatron in \"The Transformers\" animated series returns to voice the character. Devastator, who was voiced by Welker in the film, is voiced by Fred Tatasciore in the game. The game features Neil Kaplan, the voice of Optimus Prime in the series \"\". Kaplan does not voice Prime, but instead voices the character Long Haul as well as additional minor characters. Electronic rock band Julien-K, who contributed one track to the first movie's ,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12275318", "score": "1.161571", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)", "text": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen is a third-person shooter video game based on the 2009 live action film \"\". The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were developed by Luxoflux, and ported to Microsoft Windows by Beenox. The PlayStation 2 and Wii versions were developed by Krome Studios, and the PlayStation Portable version was developed by Savage Entertainment. The game was released on June 23, 2009 in the United States. Australia received the game one day later, and Europe on June 26. The series of games loosely follow the plot of their movie", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12275298", "score": "1.1461327", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "text": "and the Autobots land near the Giza pyramid complex but are attacked by a large force of Decepticons. During the battle, many Constructicons combine to form Devastator, who destroys one of the pyramids to reveal the Sun Harvester inside, before he is killed by a destroyer's railgun called in by Simmons. Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage attempt to spring a trap with Sam's captured parents as bait, in order to force Sam to give them the Matrix, but Bumblebee interferes and kills them both. Major William Lennox and Master Sergeant Robert Epps call in an airstrike, which kills a majority", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Fallen (Transformers)", "text": "the new leader. The Fallen (voiced by James Arnold Taylor) appears in the official game adaptation of the film. He is not a playable character, but is the final boss of both campaigns, except in the Nintendo DS/Nintendo Wii versions where the final boss is Optimus Prime or Megatron. Megatronus is one of the Thirteen Primes in \"\" and \"\". He is called \"The Fallen\" at times, but never addressed as such when he actually appears. This version of Megatronus bears a striking resemblance to \"Generation 1\" Galvatron and transforms into a tank that resembles the tank mode of Shockwave's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5659321", "score": "1.1450562", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "text": "record his score with a 71-piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage. Jablonsky and his score producer Hans Zimmer composed various interpretations of a song by Linkin Park called \"New Divide\" for the score. An additional $150 million was spent to market the film globally. Hasbro's included new molds of new and returning characters, as well as 2007 figures with new mold elements or new paint schemes. The first wave was released on May 30, although Bumblebee and Soundwave debuted beforehand. The second wave came in August 2009, which introduced toys such as 2¼-inch human", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10594274", "score": "1.1443362", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)", "text": "and Starscream observe the creation of a massive Decepticon army now under their control. PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 developer Luxoflux updated the transformation system of the game to allow for more fluid transforming of the robots. Players can now transform in mid-air, carry over momentum gained prior to transforming, and transform directly into attacks. It features online play and downloadable content, announced on July 15, 2009. New features include the following: new multiplayer characters, including versions of characters and new liveries; new multiplayer maps; the ability to use new characters in the campaign; an expert difficulty mode; and new", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12275315", "score": "1.1431594", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "text": "the first film, originally passed on the opportunity to write a sequel due to schedule conflicts. The studio began courting other writers in May 2007, but were unimpressed with other pitches and eventually convinced Orci and Kurtzman to return. The studio also hired Ehren Kruger, who had impressed Bay and Hasbro president Brian Goldner with his knowledge of the \"Transformers\" mythology. The writing trio were paid $8 million. Screenwriting was interrupted by the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike, but to avoid production delays, the writers spent two weeks writing a treatment, which they handed in the night before the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10594257", "score": "1.1403619", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (toy line)", "text": "selected store franchises. Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (toy line) Pictures of the first \"Revenge of the Fallen\" toys started to appear in on the internet in late 2008. Hasbro files for a trademark on the name \"Revenge of the Fallen\" as a toy line in May 2008. The toy line continued on mid-2010 simply as \"Transformers\" (also known as \"Hunt for the Decepticons\"). MechAlive is a feature available on selected Deluxe, Voyager and Leader Class figures, as well as Combiner Class Constructicon Devastator. Characteristics of this feature include visible moving gears in the character's body and parts that move", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12849227", "score": "1.1299953", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Transformers (film series)", "text": "was released, producer DeSanto had \"a very cool idea\" to introduce the Dinobots, while Bay was interested in an aircraft carrier, which was dropped from the 2007 film. Orci claimed they did not incorporate these characters into \"Revenge of the Fallen\" because they could not think of a way to justify the Dinobots' choice of form, and were unable to fit in the aircraft carrier. Orci also admitted he was also dismissive of the Dinobots because he does not like dinosaurs. \"I recognize I am weird in that department\", he said, but he became fonder of them during filming because", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13357958", "score": "1.1291499", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "text": "was released in two-disc Blu-ray and DVD editions, and a single-disc DVD version on October 20, 2009 in North America. Michael Bay has revealed that the Blu-ray release of the film, produced by Charles de Lauzirika, features variable aspect ratio for the scenes shot in IMAX format. A special IMAX edition was available exclusively at Walmart. Home versions include over three hours of bonus content and several interactive features, including \"The AllSpark Experiment\", which reveals Michael Bay's plans for in the series. At Target, the DVD and Blu-ray versions includes a transformable Bumblebee case. Both two-disc editions are the first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10594294", "score": "1.1257665", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)", "text": "provided the score with Steve Jablonsky. John DiMaggio, who later go on to voice Leadfoot in \"\", voices Sideways and Maj. Lennox. \"Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen\" received mixed reviews from critics, with the Xbox 360 version of the game holding a 63.46% at GameRankings and 61 out of 100 at Metacritic. The PlayStation 3 version scored similarly, with a 63.55% at GameRankings and 63 out of 100 at Metacritic. The PC version scored slightly lower at 56% and 58 out of 100, respectively. IGN's Chris Roper gave the game 6 out of 10, saying that it had a \"complete", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12275319", "score": "1.1250743", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Fallen (Transformers)", "text": "engage in a fierce duel. Megatron tries to help his master, but is quickly overpowered and knocked out by Optimus. The Fallen counterattacks Optimus, managing to knock away his sword and rip off one of his rocket thrusters before he attacks Optimus with his scepter, but Optimus viciously retaliates by tearing the Fallen's face off with his own weapon. Realizing that he is losing, the Fallen tries to escape, but Optimus punches through his chest and crushes his spark core, finally killing him. Horrified at his master's demise, a wounded Megatron swears vengeance and flees with Starscream, taking over as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5659320", "score": "1.1157802", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "text": "action figures that fit inside the transforming robots, and non-transforming replicas of the cars that can be used on a race track. Product placement partners on the film include Burger King, 7-Eleven, LG phones, Kmart, Wal-Mart, YouTube, Nike, Inc. and M&M's, as well as Jollibee in the Philippines. General Motors' financial troubles limited its involvement in promotion of the sequel, although Paramount acknowledged with or without GM, their marketing campaign was still very large and had the foundation of the 2007 film's success. Kyle Busch drove a \"Revenge of the Fallen\" decorated car at Infineon Raceway on June 21, 2009,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10594275", "score": "1.1139777", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots", "text": "Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots is a video game exclusively for the Nintendo DS based on fictional alien robots, Transformers. This version follows the plot of the movie. Similar to the first game, you have a custom robot or Create-A-Bot which you can customize during the game. The difference is that while in vehicle scanning, you are only limited to vehicles known as light, which is fast but weak, medium, which is fast and strong, and heavy, which is strong but slow, and the protoform cannot scan another form again once it chooses", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13528959", "score": "1.1117411", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)", "text": "Megatron's corpse from the Decepticons. Despite his efforts, Megatron is reactivated. On the East Coast, Sam Witwicky is kidnapped by the Decepticon troops and is taken to an industrial park near his college. Ratchet manages to locate Sam in an abandoned foundry and sends Bumblebee the coordinates. Bumblebee rescues Sam and takes him to the extraction point, upon which Grindor attacks Bumblebee. Following Bumblebee's victory, Optimus decides to give the humans a Cybertronian weapon called the Axiom Gun to help combat the growing Decepticon threat. He personally escorts the Axiom Gun to NEST headquarters. After getting the convoy to their", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12275304", "score": "1.1111919", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Transformers: Prime", "text": "her off in \"Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen\" and that \"Prime\" gave them \"a chance to do what [they]’ve always wanted to do with her\". Kline said the staff wanted to include more Decepticons than Autobots in the series, so that the Autobots would always be at a disadvantage and their jobs would be that much harder. Additionally, when asked about the death of Cliffjumper and other characters in the series, he said that \"when we kill a character, we kill a character\". In an interview with MTV, Frank Welker (Megatron), when comparing \"Prime\" in the TV series to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14621073", "score": "1.109717", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons", "text": "Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons is a video game based on fictional alien robots, Transformers. This version follows an alternate plot of the movie. Similar to the first game, you have a custom robot or Create-A-Bot which you can customize during the game. The difference is that while in vehicle scanning, you are only limited to vehicles known as light, which is fast but weak; medium, which is fast and strong; and heavy, which is strong but slow, and the protoform cannot scan another form again once it chooses a vehicle. Instead, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13700059", "score": "1.1097052", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)", "text": "Fallen, defeating him by impaling his face with his blade. The Fallen falls into the Sun Harvester and destroys it. With the Ancient Transformers avenged, Ratchet informs Optimus that Megatron escaped on a ship to a distant galaxy. Optimus then salutes his troops for their good work in stopping the Decepticons. The Decepticon campaign begins in Shanghai with Sideways searching the area for fuel and power, and also for Megatron's lost body. He learns of Autobots in the area and hunts and eliminates them. He then learns that Grindor has gone missing and that Sideways must find, repair, and transport", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12275307", "score": "1.1075596", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen – The Album", "text": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen – The Album Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen – The Album is a compilation album of various artists' music from the 2009 live-action \"\". The official single is \"New Divide\" by Linkin Park. It was rumored that Dead by Sunrise would be releasing a track called \"Crawl Back In\" for the soundtrack. However, Chester Bennington said he decided not to include it. Similarly, Tyrese Gibson, who plays Sgt. Epps in the movie, said that he would be in a duet track with Jewel (produced by Babyface), titled \"Make It Last\", which he had hoped would", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13411911", "score": "1.1075107", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Decepticons", "text": "character which they play as throughout the campaign. Many of the main Transformers from the movie appear throughout the story to aid the player, and several are available to play as in challenges. As with \"Transformers: The Game\", the DS version of \"Revenge of the Fallen\" splits the Autobot and Decepticon campaigns into two different games. The series features 25 missions in total and features the ability to battle friends via the handheld's Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Developer Vicarious Visions created an ability to customize characters by finding parts to scan throughout the game. In either game, you start by either", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13700065", "score": "1.1060843", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (video game)", "text": "features Capture the Flag-style gameplay; teams search for shards of the AllSpark and return them to their base to earn points. At the start of the Autobot campaign, NEST Pilot Sgt. Epps is reporting Decepticons in Shanghai, China. Upon the arrival of the Autobots, Major William Lennox informs them there are Decepticons in the perimeter that must not escape, and Ironhide is sent to fight them. Ironhide then battles and defeats Sideways, but later goes missing. When Optimus Prime gets word of this, Ratchet heads out to find him and get him to safety. After locating Ironhide, his power is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12275302", "score": "1.1037793", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "text": "Paramount announced a late June 2009 release date for the sequel to \"Transformers\". The film was given a $200 million budget, which was $50 million more than the first film, and some of the action scenes rejected for the original were written into the sequel. Producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura later stated the studio proposed filming two sequels simultaneously, but he and Bay agreed that the idea was not the right direction for the series. Prior to the first film's release, producer Tom DeSanto had \"a very cool idea\" to introduce the Dinobots, while Bay was interested in including an aircraft", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10594260", "score": "1.1034877", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "text": "focused on the science fiction elements. Orci added he wanted to \"modulate\" the humor more, and felt he managed the more \"outrageous\" jokes by balancing them with a more serious plot approach to the \"Transformers\" mythology. Bay concurred that he wanted to please fans by making the tone darker, and that \"mums will think it[']s safe enough to bring the kids back out to the movies.\" Two elements were added late into the film: the Autobot Jolt—as General Motors wanted to advertise the Chevrolet Volt—and the railgun that kills Devastator, a new acquisition by the U.S. Military. In September 2007,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10594259", "score": "1.1027663", "original_retrieval_index": 36 } ]

{ "title": "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen", "long_answer": "Meanwhile, NEST forces and the Autobots land near the Giza pyramid complex but are attacked by a large force of Decepticons. During the battle, many Constructicons combine to form Devastator, who destroys one of the pyramids to reveal the Sun Harvester inside, before he is killed by a destroyer's railgun called in by Simmons. Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage attempt to spring a trap with Sam's captured parents as bait, in order to force Sam to give them the Matrix, but Bumblebee interferes and kills them both. Major William Lennox and Master Sergeant Robert Epps call in an airstrike, which kills a majority of the Decepticon ground forces. However, Megatron manages to shoot Sam, seemingly killing him, before retreating upon getting attacked. Nearing his death, the Primes contact Sam through a vision, telling him the Matrix is earned, not found, and that he earned the right to bear it. They restore Sam's life and the Matrix, which he uses to revive Optimus.", "chunked_long_answer": "and the Autobots land near the Giza pyramid complex but are attacked by a large force of Decepticons. During the battle, many Constructicons combine to form Devastator, who destroys one of the pyramids to reveal the Sun Harvester inside, before he is killed by a destroyer's railgun called in by Simmons. Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage attempt to spring a trap with Sam's captured parents as bait, in order to force Sam to give them the Matrix, but Bumblebee interferes and kills them both. Major William Lennox and Master Sergeant Robert Epps call in an airstrike, which kills a majority", "short_answers": [ "Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage" ] }

[ "autonomic nervous system", "somatic nervous system" ]

[ { "title": "Peripheral nervous system", "text": "Peripheral nervous system The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood–brain barrier, which leaves", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "338341", "score": "1.1267711", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Nervous system", "text": "Nervous system The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "294294", "score": "1.1172873", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Segmentation in the human nervous system", "text": "cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the nerve fibers that branch off from the spinal cord to all parts of the body. Both parts of the nervous system are actively involved in communicating signals between various parts of the body to ensure the smooth and efficient transfer of information that controls and coordinates the movement of muscles, and regulates organ functions. Neurons, which form the elemental unit of the nervous system, receive messages from their dendrites, relay the information as an electrical signal down the axon and releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters, thus converting the electrical signal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18683866", "score": "1.0880268", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Physiological psychology", "text": "and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the control center of the body and contains millions of neural connections. This organ is responsible for sending and receiving messages from the body and its environment. Each part of the brain is specialized for different aspects of the human being. For example, the temporal lobe has a major role in vision and audition, whereas the frontal lobe is significant for motor function and problem solving. The spinal cord is attached to the brain and serves as the main connector of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2696998", "score": "1.0860753", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Nerve", "text": "converted from electrical to chemical and then back to electrical. Nerves can be categorized into two groups based on function: The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Nerves", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "302211", "score": "1.0843801", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Head and neck anatomy", "text": "cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), cranial nerves and spinal nerves. The CNS is located within the dorsal cavity, and the PNS extends through the ventral cavity. The central nervous system provides control and coordination of all eleven body systems and utilizes the endocrine system to form hormone chemical messengers that transport through the blood to influence the activity of individual cells of the body and their associated tissues, organs and systems. The CNS receives sensory (afferent) input from the PNS and directs the flow of information to association neurons (interneurons) to create chemical synapse responses which in turn", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8486668", "score": "1.0639361", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Neuroscience", "text": "of other neurons, muscles, or glands at their termination points. A nervous system emerges from the assemblage of neurons that are connected to each other. In vertebrates, the nervous system can be split into two parts, the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and the peripheral nervous system. In many species — including all vertebrates — the nervous system is the most complex organ system in the body, with most of the complexity residing in the brain. The human brain alone contains around one hundred billion neurons and one hundred trillion synapses; it consists of thousands of distinguishable substructures,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "290596", "score": "1.057613", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Peripheral nervous system", "text": "system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control, such as the heart rate, or the functions of the digestive system. The somatic system includes the sensory nervous system and the somatosensory system and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves, and many nerves which hold both functions. In the head and neck, cranial nerves carry somatosensory data. There are twelve cranial nerves, ten of which originate from the brainstem, and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions. The nuclei of the olfactory nerve and the optic nerves lie in the forebrain", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "338344", "score": "1.05715", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Human body", "text": "contain bone marrow, the site of production of blood cells. Also, all bones are major storage sites for calcium and phosphate. This system can be split up into the muscular system and the skeletal system. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the organ of thought, emotion, memory, and sensory processing, and serves many aspects of communication and controls various systems and functions. The special senses consist of vision, hearing, taste, and smell.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "648886", "score": "1.0546584", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Peripheral nervous system", "text": "mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon. Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS. However, the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS. The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands. ", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Spinal cord", "text": "is made of 31 segments from which branch one pair of sensory nerve roots and one pair of motor nerve roots. The nerve roots then merge into bilaterally symmetrical pairs of spinal nerves. The peripheral nervous system is made up of these spinal roots, nerves, and ganglia. The dorsal roots are afferent fascicles, receiving sensory information from the skin, muscles, and visceral organs to be relayed to the brain. The roots terminate in dorsal root ganglia, which are composed of the cell bodies of the corresponding neurons. Ventral roots consist of efferent fibers that arise from motor neurons whose cell", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12964539", "score": "1.05334", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Physiological psychology", "text": "The nervous system can be described as a control system that interconnects the other body systems. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and other nerve tissues throughout the body. The system's primary function is to react to internal and external stimuli in the human body. It uses electrical and chemical signals to send out responses to different parts of the body, and it is made up of the nerve cells also called neurons. Through the system, messages are transmitted to body tissues such as a muscle. There are two major subdivisions in the nervous system known as the central", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2696997", "score": "1.0422567", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Nervous system", "text": "of glial cell (oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system, and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system) generates layers of a fatty substance called myelin that wraps around axons and provides electrical insulation which allows them to transmit action potentials much more rapidly and efficiently. Recent findings indicate that glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, serve as important resident immune cells within the central nervous system. The nervous system of vertebrates (including humans) is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The (CNS) is the major division, and consists of the brain and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "294307", "score": "1.0386543", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Classification of peripheral nerves", "text": "noted that the sympathetic neurons that innervated the entire body tended to have opposing functions to the other autonomic neurons of the tectal and bulbo-sacral regions. The latter two, tectal and bulbo-sacral, were grouped together to form the parasympathetic system because they tended to respond in a like manner to various drugs. Langley also mentions an enteric nervous system in his writing, but this third grouping has largely fallen out of discussion in modern practice. Much of the original nerve classification done by Langley, and Gaskell by extension, was based on pharmacological responses of nerves throughout the body as well", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20456631", "score": "1.0372782", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Central nervous system disease", "text": "vessel ruptures, causing blood to leak to the brain. If the brain cannot get enough oxygen and blood, brain cells can die, leading to permanent damage. The spinal cord transmits sensory reception from the peripheral nervous system. It also conducts motor information to the body's skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves along the spinal cord, all of which consist of both sensory and motor neurons. The spinal cord is protected by vertebrae and connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain, and it acts as a \"minor\" coordinating center. The brain", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12028325", "score": "1.0343488", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Classification of peripheral nerves", "text": "and parasympathetic nervous systems with a third system, the enteric nervous system, receiving less recognition. In 1898, British scientist John Newport Langley first coined the term \"autonomic\" in classifying the connections of nerve fibers to peripheral nerve cells. Previous researchers had utilized different terms such as \"the sympathetic nerves\" [Winslow et al.] to describe the way in which neurons in one part of the body brought about \"sympathetic\" reactions in another part of the body, as well as the \"ganglionic nerves and ganglionic nervous system\" [Livingstone et al.] for the ganglionic conversion of voluntary to involuntary movements (which supposedly made", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20456629", "score": "1.031457", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Nervous tissue", "text": "Nervous tissue Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue or nerve tissue, is the main tissue component of the nervous system. The nervous system regulates and controls bodily functions and activity and consists of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprising the branching peripheral nerves. It is composed of neurons, or nerve cells, which receive and transmit impulses, and neuroglia, also known as glial cells or glia, which assist the propagation of the nerve impulse as well as provide nutrients to the neurons. Nervous tissue is made up", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1931796", "score": "1.0269276", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Nervous system", "text": "the spinal cord. The spinal canal contains the spinal cord, while the cranial cavity contains the brain. The CNS is enclosed and protected by the meninges, a three-layered system of membranes, including a tough, leathery outer layer called the dura mater. The brain is also protected by the skull, and the spinal cord by the vertebrae. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a collective term for the nervous system structures that do not lie within the CNS. The large majority of the axon bundles called nerves are considered to belong to the PNS, even when the cell bodies of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "294308", "score": "1.0218102", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Neuroanatomy", "text": "concentration. The extracellular matrix also provides support on the molecular level for the brain's cells. At the organ level, the nervous system is composed of brain regions, such as the hippocampus in mammals or the mushroom bodies of the fruit fly. These regions are often modular and serve a particular role within the general pathways of the nervous system. For example, the hippocampus is critical for forming memories. The nervous system also contains nerves, which are bundles of fibers that originate from the brain and spinal cord, and branch repeatedly to innervate every part of the body. Nerves are made", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2189278", "score": "1.017889", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Central nervous system", "text": "(cerebrum as well as midbrain and hindbrain) consists of a cortex, composed of neuron-bodies constituting gray matter, while internally there is more white matter that form tracts and commissures. Apart from cortical gray matter there is also subcortical gray matter making up a large number of different nuclei. From and to the spinal cord are projections of the peripheral nervous system in the form of spinal nerves (sometimes segmental nerves). The nerves connect the spinal cord to skin, joints, muscles etc. and allow for the transmission of efferent motor as well as afferent sensory signals and stimuli. This allows for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "91123", "score": "1.0151372", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Nervous system", "text": "in the periphery (for senses such as hearing) as part of the PNS; others, however, omit them. The vertebrate nervous system can also be divided into areas called grey matter (\"gray matter\" in American spelling) and white matter. Grey matter (which is only grey in preserved tissue, and is better described as pink or light brown in living tissue) contains a high proportion of cell bodies of neurons. White matter is composed mainly of myelinated axons, and takes its color from the myelin. White matter includes all of the nerves, and much of the interior of the brain and spinal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "294310", "score": "1.0138388", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Tissue (biology)", "text": "which generate gross movement; and cardiac muscle, found in the heart where it contracts to pump blood throughout an organism. Cells comprising the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are classified as nervous (or neural) tissue. In the central nervous system, neural tissues form the brain and spinal cord. In the peripheral nervous system, neural tissues form the cranial nerves and spinal nerves, inclusive of the motor neurons. The epithelial tissues are formed by cells that cover the organ surfaces such as the surface of skin, the airways, the reproductive tract, and the inner lining of the digestive tract.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "989499", "score": "1.0133138", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Nervous system", "text": "cells, an inner layer called the endoderm, which gives rise to the lining of most internal organs, a middle layer called the mesoderm, which gives rise to the bones and muscles, and an outer layer called the ectoderm, which gives rise to the skin and nervous system. In vertebrates, the first sign of the nervous system is the appearance of a thin strip of cells along the center of the back, called the neural plate. The inner portion of the neural plate (along the midline) is destined to become the central nervous system (CNS), the outer portion the peripheral nervous", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "294354", "score": "1.0088377", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Evolution of nervous systems", "text": "such as insects and crustaceans, have a nervous system made up of a series of ganglia, connected by a ventral nerve cord made up of two parallel connectives running along the length of the belly. Typically, each body segment has one ganglion on each side, though some ganglia are fused to form the brain and other large ganglia. The head segment contains the brain, also known as the supraesophageal ganglion. In the insect nervous system, the brain is anatomically divided into the protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum. Immediately behind the brain is the subesophageal ganglion, which is composed of three pairs", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16044001", "score": "1.007191", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Peripheral nervous system", "text": "systems are independent to each other, which allows activation of certain parts of the body, while others remain rested. Primarily using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) as a mediator, the parasympathetic system allows the body to function in a “rest and digest” state. Consequently, when the parasympathetic system dominates the body, there are increases in salivation and activities in digestion, while heart rate and other sympathetic response decrease. Unlike the sympathetic system, humans have some voluntary controls in the parasympathetic system. The most prominent examples of this control are urination and defecation. Diseases of the peripheral nervous system can be specific", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "338352", "score": "1.0004909", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Thought", "text": "cord, the invertebrate ventral nerve cord and the peripheral nerves. A number of specialized types of neurons exist: sensory neurons respond to touch, sound, light and numerous other stimuli affecting cells of the sensory organs that then send signals to the spinal cord and brain. Motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord that cause muscle contractions and affect glands. Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the brain and spinal cord. Neurons respond to stimuli, and communicate the presence of stimuli to the central nervous system, which processes that information and sends responses to other parts of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "476417", "score": "0.996736", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Central nervous system", "text": "system, which consists of neurons, axons and Schwann cells. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells have similar functions in the central and peripheral nervous system respectively. Both act to add myelin sheaths to the axons, which acts as a form of insulation allowing for better and faster proliferation of electrical signals along the nerves. Axons in the central nervous system are often very short (barely a few millimeters) and do not need the same degree of isolation as peripheral nerves do. Some peripheral nerves can be over 1m in length, such as the nerves to the big toe. To ensure signals move", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "91135", "score": "0.99649316", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Nervous system", "text": "from a few hundred cells in the simplest worms, to around 300 billion cells in African elephants. The central nervous system functions to send signals from one cell to others, or from one part of the body to others and to receive feedback. Malfunction of the nervous system can occur as a result of genetic defects, physical damage due to trauma or toxicity, infection or simply of ageing. The medical specialty of neurology studies disorders of the nervous system and looks for interventions that can prevent or treat them. In the peripheral nervous system, the most common problem is the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "294299", "score": "0.9927242", "original_retrieval_index": 41 }, { "title": "Insect physiology", "text": "of the nervous system, it consists of a brain, a ventral nerve cord and a subesophageal ganglion which is connected to the brain by two nerves, extending around each side of the oesophagus. The brain has three lobes: The ventral nerve cord extends from the suboesophageal ganglion posteriorly. A layer of connective tissue called the neurolemma covers the brain, ganglia, major peripheral nerves and ventral nerve cords. The head capsule (made up of six fused segments) has six pairs of ganglia. The first three pairs are fused into the brain, while the three following pairs are fused into the subesophageal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10579738", "score": "0.9925951", "original_retrieval_index": 42 }, { "title": "Central nervous system", "text": "Central nervous system The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system is so named because it integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish—and it contains the majority of the nervous system. Many consider the retina and the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), as well as the olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I) and olfactory epithelium as parts of the CNS,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "91119", "score": "0.98512596", "original_retrieval_index": 45 } ]

{ "title": "Peripheral nervous system", "long_answer": "The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of the two components of the nervous system, the other part is the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood–brain barrier, which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon. Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS. However, the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS. The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands. The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states: sympathetic and parasympathetic.", "chunked_long_answer": "mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon. Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS. However, the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS. The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands. ", "short_answers": [ "autonomic nervous system", "somatic nervous system" ] }

[ "Gottfried Leibniz", "Isaac Newton" ]

[ { "title": "Calculus", "text": "and Newton are usually both given credit for independently inventing and developing calculus. Newton was the first to apply calculus to general physics and Leibniz developed much of the notation used in calculus today. The basic insights that both Newton and Leibniz provided were the laws of differentiation and integration, second and higher derivatives, and the notion of an approximating polynomial series. By Newton's time, the fundamental theorem of calculus was known. When Newton and Leibniz first published their results, there was great controversy over which mathematician (and therefore which country) deserved credit. Newton derived his results first (later to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "61223", "score": "1.1010603", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "History of calculus", "text": "at the turn of the century, but after 1711 both of them became personally involved, accusing each other of plagiarism. The priority dispute had an effect of separating English-speaking mathematicians from those in the continental Europe for many years. Only in the 1820s, due to the efforts of the Analytical Society, did Leibnizian analytical calculus become accepted in England. Today, both Newton and Leibniz are given credit for independently developing the basics of calculus. It is Leibniz, however, who is credited with giving the new discipline the name it is known by today: \"calculus\". Newton's name for it was \"the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3314244", "score": "1.0800155", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Jacob Bernoulli", "text": "that were to make up \"Ars Conjectandi\" were discovered. He was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Basel in 1687, remaining in this position for the rest of his life. By that time, he had begun tutoring his brother Johann Bernoulli on mathematical topics. The two brothers began to study the calculus as presented by Leibniz in his 1684 paper on the differential calculus in \"Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis\" published in \"Acta Eruditorum\". They also studied the publications of von Tschirnhaus. It must be understood that Leibniz's publications on the calculus were very obscure to mathematicians", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "745873", "score": "1.0751804", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "History of calculus", "text": "who first \"invented\" calculus. This argument, the Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy, involving Leibniz, who was German, and the Englishman Newton, led to a rift in the European mathematical community lasting over a century. Leibniz was the first to publish his investigations; however, it is well established that Newton had started his work several years prior to Leibniz and had already developed a theory of tangents by the time Leibniz became interested in the question. It is not known how much this may have influenced Leibniz. The initial accusations were made by students and supporters of the two great scientists", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3314243", "score": "1.0731397", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics", "text": "considered a part of calculus. According to V.J. Katz, they were yet to \"combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between the two, and turn calculus into the great problem-solving tool we have today\", like Newton and Leibniz. The intellectual careers of both Newton and Leibniz are well-documented and there is no indication of their work not being their own; however, it is not known with certainty whether the immediate \"predecessors\" of Newton and Leibniz, \"including, in particular, Fermat and Roberval, learned of some of the ideas of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6407516", "score": "1.0690092", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Isaac Newton", "text": "the college's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, whom Newton supplemented with modern philosophers such as Descartes, and astronomers such as Galileo and Thomas Street, through whom he learned of Kepler's work. He set down in his notebook a series of \"\"Quaestiones\"\" about mechanical philosophy as he found it. In 1665, he discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became calculus. Soon after Newton had obtained his BA degree in August 1665, the university temporarily closed as a precaution against the Great Plague. Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "191874", "score": "1.0664859", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "George Green (mathematician)", "text": "form of calculus derived from Leibniz that was virtually unheard of, or even actively discouraged, in England at the time (due to Leibniz being a contemporary of Newton who had his own methods that were championed in England). This form of calculus, and the developments of mathematicians such as Laplace, Lacroix and Poisson were not taught even at Cambridge, let alone Nottingham, and yet Green had not only heard of these developments, but also improved upon them. It is speculated that only one person educated in mathematics, John Toplis, headmaster of Nottingham High School 1806–1819, graduate from Cambridge and an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1821752", "score": "1.065343", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "History of calculus", "text": "be found in the Egyptian Moscow papyrus (c. 1820 BC), but the formulas are only given for concrete numbers, some are only approximately true, and they are not derived by deductive reasoning. Babylonians may have discovered the trapezoidal rule while doing astronomical observations of Jupiter. From the age of Greek mathematics, Eudoxus (c. 408−355 BC) used the method of exhaustion, which foreshadows the concept of the limit, to calculate areas and volumes, while Archimedes (c. 287−212 BC) developed this idea further, inventing heuristics which resemble the methods of integral calculus. Greek mathematicians are also credited with a significant use of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3314216", "score": "1.0608028", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "History of mathematics", "text": "differential calculus, and the calculus of variations, and Laplace who, in the age of Napoleon, did important work on the foundations of celestial mechanics and on statistics. Throughout the 19th century mathematics became increasingly abstract. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) epitomizes this trend. He did revolutionary work on functions of complex variables, in geometry, and on the convergence of series, leaving aside his many contributions to science. He also gave the first satisfactory proofs of the fundamental theorem of algebra and of the quadratic reciprocity law. This century saw the development of the two forms of non-Euclidean geometry, where the parallel", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "186125", "score": "1.0544064", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy", "text": "The calculus controversy (often referred to with the German term Prioritätsstreit, meaning \"priority dispute\") was an argument between 17th-century mathematicians Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz (begun or fomented in part by their disciples and associates) over who had first invented the mathematical study of change, calculus. It is a question that had been the cause of a major intellectual controversy, one that began simmering in 1699 and broke out in full force in 1711.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Science", "text": "at the center and all the planets orbiting it. Aristarchus's model was widely rejected because it was believed to violate the laws of physics. The inventor and mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse made major contributions to the beginnings of calculus and has sometimes been credited as its inventor, although his proto-calculus lacked several defining features. Pliny the Elder was a Roman writer and polymath, who wrote the seminal encyclopedia \"Natural History\", dealing with history, geography, medicine, astronomy, earth science, botany, and zoology. Other scientists or proto-scientists in Antiquity were Theophrastus, Euclid, Herophilos, Hipparchus, Ptolemy, and Galen. During late antiquity, in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "360690", "score": "1.0474288", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Italians", "text": "infinitesimal analysis, and papers on the theory of real numbers. Giuseppe Peano, founded the mathematical logic, the set theory, and alongside John Venn drew the first Venn diagram. Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro is well known for his invention on absolute differential calculus (tensor calculus), further developed by Tullio Levi-Civita, and its applications to the theory of relativity. Beniamino Segre is one of the main contributor of algebraic geometry and one of the founders of finite geometry. Paolo Ruffini is credited for his innovative work in mathematics, creating \"Ruffini's rule\" and co-creating the Abel–Ruffini theorem. Ennio de Giorgi, a Wolf Prize in Mathematics", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2362049", "score": "1.0439259", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Johann Bernoulli", "text": "allow him to study medicine instead. However, Johann Bernoulli did not enjoy medicine either and began studying mathematics on the side with his older brother Jacob. Throughout Johann Bernoulli's education at Basel University the Bernoulli brothers worked together spending much of their time studying the newly discovered infinitesimal calculus. They were among the first mathematicians to not only study and understand calculus but to apply it to various problems. After graduating from Basel University Johann Bernoulli moved to teach differential equations. Later, in 1694, he married Dorothea Falkner and soon after accepted a position as the professor of mathematics at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1933285", "score": "1.0421662", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Calculus", "text": "Calculus Calculus (from Latin \"calculus\", literally 'small pebble', used for counting and calculations, as on an abacus) is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. It has two major branches, differential calculus (concerning instantaneous rates of change and slopes of curves), and integral calculus (concerning accumulation of quantities and the areas under and between curves). These two branches are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Both branches make use of the fundamental notions of convergence of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "61213", "score": "1.0412414", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Early life of Isaac Newton", "text": "College, Cambridge as a sizar—a sort of work-study role. At that time, the college's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, whom Newton supplemented with modern philosophers such as Descartes and astronomers such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler. In 1665, he discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became infinitesimal calculus. Soon after Newton had obtained his degree in August 1665, the University closed down as a precaution against the Great Plague. Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student, Newton's private studies at his home in Woolsthorpe over the next two", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2099823", "score": "1.0355492", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "History of calculus", "text": "continued to add the two component motions together, thereby finding the tangent to the curve. The pioneers of the calculus such as Isaac Barrow and Johann Bernoulli were diligent students of Archimedes; see for instance C. S. Roero (1983). The method of exhaustion was reinvented in China by Liu Hui in the 4th century AD in order to find the area of a circle. In the 5th century AD, Zu Chongzhi established a method that would later be called Cavalieri's principle to find the volume of a sphere. In the Middle East, Alhazen derived a formula for the sum of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3314219", "score": "1.0352315", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Abraham de Moivre", "text": "was a bias against his French origins. In November 1697 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1712 was appointed to a commission set up by the society, alongside MM. Arbuthnot, Hill, Halley, Jones, Machin, Burnet, Robarts, Bonet, Aston, and Taylor to review the claims of Newton and Leibniz as to who discovered calculus. The full details of the controversy can be found in the Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy article. Throughout his life de Moivre remained poor. It is reported that he was a regular customer of old Slaughter's Coffee House, St. Martin's Lane at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "677564", "score": "1.0315996", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Calculus", "text": "\"the science of fluxions\". Since the time of Leibniz and Newton, many mathematicians have contributed to the continuing development of calculus. One of the first and most complete works on both infinitesimal and integral calculus was written in 1748 by Maria Gaetana Agnesi. In calculus, \"foundations\" refers to the rigorous development of the subject from axioms and definitions. In early calculus the use of infinitesimal quantities was thought unrigorous, and was fiercely criticized by a number of authors, most notably Michel Rolle and Bishop Berkeley. Berkeley famously described infinitesimals as the ghosts of departed quantities in his book \"The Analyst\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "61225", "score": "1.0309556", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Isaac Newton", "text": "author of the manuscript \"De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas\", sent by Isaac Barrow to John Collins in June 1669, was identified by Barrow in a letter sent to Collins in August of that year as \"[...] of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things.\" Newton later became involved in a dispute with Leibniz over priority in the development of calculus (the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy). Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz developed calculus independently, although with very different mathematical notations. Occasionally it has been suggested that Newton published almost nothing about it until 1693, and did", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "191877", "score": "1.0285826", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Indian mathematics", "text": "as Newton and Leibniz were, to \"combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between the two, and turn calculus into the great problem-solving tool we have today.\" The intellectual careers of both Newton and Leibniz are well-documented and there is no indication of their work not being their own; however, it is not known with certainty whether the immediate \"predecessors\" of Newton and Leibniz, \"including, in particular, Fermat and Roberval, learned of some of the ideas of the Islamic and Indian mathematicians through sources we are not now aware.\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5062907", "score": "1.0270647", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Calculus", "text": "in 1734. Working out a rigorous foundation for calculus occupied mathematicians for much of the century following Newton and Leibniz, and is still to some extent an active area of research today. Several mathematicians, including Maclaurin, tried to prove the soundness of using infinitesimals, but it would not be until 150 years later when, due to the work of Cauchy and Weierstrass, a way was finally found to avoid mere \"notions\" of infinitely small quantities. The foundations of differential and integral calculus had been laid. In Cauchy's \"Cours d'Analyse\", we find a broad range of foundational approaches, including a definition", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "61226", "score": "1.0267342", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Calculus", "text": "time infinitesimal methods were still considered disreputable. These ideas were arranged into a true calculus of infinitesimals by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who was originally accused of plagiarism by Newton. He is now regarded as an independent inventor of and contributor to calculus. His contribution was to provide a clear set of rules for working with infinitesimal quantities, allowing the computation of second and higher derivatives, and providing the product rule and chain rule, in their differential and integral forms. Unlike Newton, Leibniz paid a lot of attention to the formalism, often spending days determining appropriate symbols for concepts. Today, Leibniz", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "61222", "score": "1.0245284", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Differential calculus", "text": "(1629–1695), Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) and John Wallis (1616–1703). Regarding Fermat's influence, Newton once wrote in a letter that \"\"I had the hint of this method [of fluxions] from Fermat's way of drawing tangents, and by applying it to abstract equations, directly and invertedly, I made it general.\"\" Isaac Barrow is generally given credit for the early development of the derivative. Nevertheless, Newton and Leibniz remain key figures in the history of differentiation, not least because Newton was the first to apply differentiation to theoretical physics, while Leibniz systematically developed much of the notation still used today. Since the 17th century", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "608494", "score": "1.0244334", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "History of calculus", "text": "became a popular term for a field of mathematics based upon their insights. Newton and Leibniz, building on this work, independently developed the surrounding theory of infinitesimal calculus in the late 17th century. Also, Leibniz did a great deal of work with developing consistent and useful notation and concepts. Newton provided some of the most important applications to physics, especially of integral calculus. The purpose of this section is to examine Newton and Leibniz’s investigations into the developing field of infinitesimal calculus. Specific importance will be put on the justification and descriptive terms which they used in an attempt to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3314226", "score": "1.0241678", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "History of calculus", "text": "rigorous footing during this time, however. Only when it was supplemented by a proper geometric proof would Greek mathematicians accept a proposition as true. It was not until the 17th century that the method was formalized by Cavalieri as the method of Indivisibles and eventually incorporated by Newton into a general framework of integral calculus. Archimedes was the first to find the tangent to a curve other than a circle, in a method akin to differential calculus. While studying the spiral, he separated a point's motion into two components, one radial motion component and one circular motion component, and then", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3314218", "score": "1.0195391", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Elias Loomis", "text": "1860 he held the professorship of natural philosophy and mathematics in the University of the City of New York, and in the latter year became professor of natural philosophy in Yale. Professor Loomis published (besides many papers in the \"American Journal of Science\" and in the \"Transactions of the American Philosophical Society\") many textbooks on mathematics, including \"Analytical Geometry and of the Differential and Integral Calculus\", published in 1835. In 1859 Alexander Wylie, assistant director of London Missionary Press in Shanghai, in cooperation with fellow Chinese scholar Li Shan Lan, translated Elias Loomis's book on \"Geometry, Differential and Integral Calculus\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9276972", "score": "1.0180316", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "History of calculus", "text": "notations, theories, and paradoxes. Newton came to calculus as part of his investigations in physics and geometry. He viewed calculus as the scientific description of the generation of motion and magnitudes. In comparison, Leibniz focused on the tangent problem and came to believe that calculus was a metaphysical explanation of change. Importantly, the core of their insight was the formalization of the inverse properties between the integral and the differential of a function. This insight had been anticipated by their predecessors, but they were the first to conceive calculus as a system in which new rhetoric and descriptive terms were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3314228", "score": "1.017655", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "History of calculus", "text": "such, its invention required the creation of a new mathematical system. Importantly, Newton and Leibniz did not create the same calculus and they did not conceive of modern calculus. While they were both involved in the process of creating a mathematical system to deal with variable quantities their elementary base was different. For Newton, change was a variable quantity over time and for Leibniz it was the difference ranging over a sequence of infinitely close values. Notably, the descriptive terms each system created to describe change was different. Historically, there was much debate over whether it was Newton or Leibniz", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3314242", "score": "1.0168644", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "University of Cambridge", "text": "Statistical Society; William Oughtred, the inventor of the logarithmic scale; John Wallis, first to state the law of acceleration; Srinivasa Ramanujan, the self-taught genius who made incomparable contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series and continued fractions; and, perhaps most importantly of all, James Clerk Maxwell, who is considered to have brought about the second great unification of physics (the first being accredited to Newton) with his classical electromagnetic theory. Mathematician Philippa Fawcett gained worldwide media coverage in 1890 as the person with the highest score in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exams, but as a woman, was unable to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14236104", "score": "1.0144218", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Mary Somerville", "text": "and François Callet's \"Logarithmus\". In her \"Personal Recollections\" Somerville expressed the opinion that at the time mathematical science was at a low ebb in Britain, because reverence for Newton had prevented local scientists from adopting the calculus, while outside of Britain astronomical and mechanical science had reached a high degree of perfection. In her opinion this deadlock was only broken when in 1816 Charles Babbage, John Herschel and George Peacock published a translation from French of the lectures of Lacroix, which was then the state-of-the-art calculus textbook. While staying with her family in Scotland, Somerville became acquainted with several leading", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2987925", "score": "1.0137771", "original_retrieval_index": 38 } ]

{ "title": "Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy", "long_answer": "The calculus controversy (often referred to with the German term Prioritätsstreit, meaning \"priority dispute\") was an argument between 17th-century mathematicians Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz (begun or fomented in part by their disciples and associates) over who had first invented the mathematical study of change, calculus. It is a question that had been the cause of a major intellectual controversy, one that began simmering in 1699 and broke out in full force in 1711.", "chunked_long_answer": "The calculus controversy (often referred to with the German term Prioritätsstreit, meaning \"priority dispute\") was an argument between 17th-century mathematicians Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz (begun or fomented in part by their disciples and associates) over who had first invented the mathematical study of change, calculus. It is a question that had been the cause of a major intellectual controversy, one that began simmering in 1699 and broke out in full force in 1711.", "short_answers": [ "Gottfried Leibniz", "Isaac Newton" ] }

[ "a hole" ]

[ { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "and Florida. In nature, they inhabit areas with a source of still, warm water, such as ponds, lakes, swamps, creeks, streams, or slow-flowing rivers. They live in areas of calm water where they are able to leave the water easily by climbing onto rocks or tree trunks so they can warm up in the sun. Individuals are often found sunbathing in a group or even on top of each other. They also require abundant aquatic plants, as these are the adults' main food, although they are omnivores. Turtles in the wild always remain close to water unless they are searching", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789623", "score": "1.4034636", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "species with which they compete for food and breeding space. Red-eared sliders are almost entirely aquatic, but as they are cold-blooded, they leave the water to sunbathe to regulate their temperature. Red-eared sliders do not hibernate, but actually brumate; while they become less active, they do occasionally rise to the surface for food or air. Brumation can occur to varying degrees. In the wild, red-eared sliders brumate over the winter at the bottoms of ponds or shallow lakes. They generally become inactive in October, when temperatures fall below . During this time, the turtles enter a state of sopor, during", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789626", "score": "1.3845748", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "unusual color varieties such as albino and pastel red-eared sliders, which are derived from captive breeding, are still allowed for sale. In Australia, breeding populations have been found in New South Wales and Queensland, and individual turtles have been found in the wild in Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory and Western Australia. Red-eared slider turtles are considered a significant threat to native turtle species – they mature more quickly, grow larger, produce more offspring and are more aggressive. Numerous studies provide evidence that red-eared slider turtles can out-compete native turtles for food and nesting and basking sites. Because red-eared slider", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789639", "score": "1.3843222", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "for a new habitat or when females leave the water to lay their eggs. Owing to their popularity as pets, red-eared sliders have been released or escaped into the wild in many parts of the world. The turtle is considered one of the world’s worst invasive species. Feral populations are now found in Australia, Europe, South Africa, the Caribbean Islands, Israel, Bahrain, the Mariana Islands, Guam, and southeast and far-east Asia. In Australia, it is illegal for members of the public to import, keep, trade, or release red-eared sliders, as they are regarded as an invasive species - see below.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789624", "score": "1.3523202", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "flip over with the yolk sac, which would allow air into the body cavity and cause death. The other fatal danger is water getting into the body cavity before the sac is absorbed completely and while the opening has not completely healed yet. The sex of red-eared sliders is determined by the incubation temperature during critical phases of the embryos' development. Only males are produced when eggs are incubated at temperatures of , whereas females develop at warmer temperatures. Colder temperatures result in the death of the embryos. Red-eared slider turtles are the world’s most commonly traded reptile, due to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789634", "score": "1.3454777", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "turtles eat plants as well as animals, they could also have a negative impact on a range of native aquatic species, including rare frogs. There is also a significant risk that red-eared slider turtles will transfer diseases and parasites to native reptile species. There is evidence that a malaria-like parasite was spread to two wild turtle populations in Lane Cove River, Sydney. Social and economic costs are also likely to be substantial. The Queensland government has invested close to $1 million AUD in eradication programs to date. As outlined in the foregoing section, the turtle may also have significant public", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789640", "score": "1.3310359", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "Red-eared slider The red-eared slider (\"Trachemys scripta elegans\"), also known as the red-eared terrapin, is a semiaquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. It is a subspecies of the pond slider. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States and is also popular as a pet in the rest of the world. It has, therefore, become the most commonly traded turtle in the world. It is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico, but has become established in other places because of pet releases, and has become an invasive species in many areas, where it", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789613", "score": "1.3297312", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Turtle", "text": "them down for copulation. Red-eared sliders are an example of a fully aquatic species in which the male performs a courtship behavior. In this case the male extends his forelegs with the palms facing out and flutters his forelegs in the female's face. Female choice is important in this method, and the females of some species, such as green sea turtles, aren't always receptive. As such, they've evolved certain behaviors to avoid the male's attempts at copulation, such as swimming away, confronting the male followed by biting, or a refusal position in which the female assumes a vertical position with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "485320", "score": "1.3037875", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Spreckels Lake", "text": "appear to be red-eared sliders, a non-native species originally from the southern United States that was extremely popular as a children's pet. At least a couple turtles living in the lake do not display the red markings typical of the red-eared slider and may be western painted turtles, a native species. There is at least one large (12 to possibly 14-inch) soft shelled turtle of unknown species also living in the lake. Most of the turtles were probably introduced to the lake as discarded pets though a thriving population of turtles was noted as far back as 1912. There seem", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13765900", "score": "1.2894495", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "36 days apart. The time between mating and egg-laying can be days or weeks. The actual egg fertilization takes place during the egg-laying. This process also permits the laying of fertile eggs the following season, as the sperm can remain viable and available in the female's body in the absence of mating. During the last weeks of gestation, the female spends less time in the water and smells and scratches at the ground, indicating she is searching for a suitable place to lay her eggs. The female excavates a hole, using her hind legs, and lays her eggs in it.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "plastron is always a light yellow with dark, paired, irregular markings in the centre of most scutes. The plastron is highly variable in pattern. The head, legs, and tail are green with fine, irregular, yellow lines. The whole shell is covered in these stripes and markings that aid in camouflaging an individual. Turtles also have a complete skeletal system, with partially webbed feet that help them to swim and that can be withdrawn inside the carapace along with the head and tail. The red stripe on each side of the head distinguishes the red-eared slider from all other North American", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789618", "score": "1.2781551", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "reproductive functions. Some dimorphism exists between males and females. Red-eared slider young look practically identical regardless of their sex, making it difficult to determine their sex. However, there is another method to determine their sex, by inspecting the markings under their carapace. These markings will fade as the turtles age. It is much easier to distinguish the sex of adults, as the shells of mature males are smaller than those of females. Male red-eared sliders reach sexual maturity when their carapaces' diameters measure and females reach maturity when their carapaces measure 15 cm. Both male and females reach sexual maturity", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789620", "score": "1.2685261", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "outcompetes native species. The red-eared slider is included in the list of the world's 100 most invasive species published by the IUCN. The red-eared slider get its name from the small red stripe around its ears and from its ability to slide quickly off rocks and logs into the water. This species was previously known as Troost's turtle in honor of an American herpetologist Gerard Troost. \"Trachemys scripta troostii\" is now the scientific name for another subspecies, the Cumberland slider. The red-eared slider belongs to the order Testudines which contains about 250 turtle species. It is a subspecies of \"Trachemys", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789614", "score": "1.267544", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "Their import has been banned by the European Union as well as specific EU member countries. In 2015 Japan announced it was planning to ban the import of red-eared sliders, but it would probably not take effect until 2020. Invasive red-eared sliders cause negative impacts in the ecosystems they occupy because they have certain advantages over the native populations, such as a lower age at maturity, higher fecundity rates, and larger body size, which gives them a competitive advantage at basking and nesting sites, as well as when exploiting food resources. They also transmit diseases and displace the other turtle", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789625", "score": "1.2529333", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "and compliance program to stop the illegal trade, possession and release of slider turtles. Within the second volume of the \"Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\", the popular comic book heroes were revealed as specimens of the red-eared slider. The popularity of the Turtles led to a craze for keeping them as pets in Great Britain, and subsequent ecological havoc as turtles were accidentally or deliberately released into the wild. Red-eared slider The red-eared slider (\"Trachemys scripta elegans\"), also known as the red-eared terrapin, is a semiaquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. It is a subspecies of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789642", "score": "1.2461568", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "rules of cleanliness. Small children must be taught to wash their hands immediately after they finish playing with the turtle, feeding it, or changing its water. Some states have other laws and regulations regarding possession of red-eared sliders because they can be an invasive species where they are not native and have been introduced through the pet trade. Now, it is illegal in Florida to sell any wild-type red-eared slider, as they interbreed with the local yellow-bellied slider population — \"Trachemys scripta scripta\" is another subspecies of pond sliders, and hybrids typically combine the markings of the two subspecies. However,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789638", "score": "1.2332141", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "strong influence on their lifespans and well being. These turtles are poikilotherms, meaning they are unable to regulate their body temperatures independently; they are completely dependent on the temperature of their environment. For this reason, they need to sunbathe frequently to warm themselves and maintain their body temperatures. The shell is divided into two sections: the upper or dorsal carapace, and the lower, ventral carapace or plastron. The upper carapace consists of the vertebral scutes, which form the central, elevated portion; pleural scutes that are located around the vertebral scutes; and then the marginal scutes around the edge of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789616", "score": "1.2310802", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Pond slider", "text": "Pond slider The pond slider (\"Trachemys scripta\") is a species of common, medium-sized, semiaquatic turtle. There are three subspecies, the most recognizable of which is the red-eared slider (\"T. s. elegans\"), which is popular in the pet trade and has been introduced to other parts of the world by people releasing it to the wild. Hatchling and juvenile pond sliders have a green upper shell (carapace), yellow bottom shell (plastron) and green and yellow stripes and markings on their skin. These patterns and colors in the skin and shell fade with age until the carapace is a muted olive green", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8228039", "score": "1.2174561", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Turtle", "text": "stores and flea markets still sell small turtles due to a loophole in the FDA regulation which allows turtles under to be sold for educational purposes. Some states have other laws and regulations regarding possession of red-eared sliders as pets because they are looked upon as invasive species or pests where they are not native, but have been introduced through the pet trade. As of July 1, 2007, it is illegal in Florida to sell any wild type red-eared slider. Unusual color varieties such as albino and pastel red-eared sliders, which are derived from captive breeding, are still allowed for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "485337", "score": "1.2173877", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "handling of turtles, which has led to restrictions in the sale of red-eared sliders in the USA. A 1975 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation bans the sale (for general commercial and public use) of both turtle eggs and turtles with a carapace length of less than . This regulation comes under the Public Health Service Act, and is enforced by the FDA in cooperation with state and local health jurisdictions. The ban was enacted because of the public health impact of turtle-associated salmonellosis. Turtles and turtle eggs found to be offered for sale in violation of this provision", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789636", "score": "1.2153188", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "the bottom for mating. If the female is not receptive, she may become aggressive towards the male. Courtship can last 45 minutes, but mating takes only 10 minutes. On occasion, a male may appear to be courting another male, and when kept in captivity may also show this behaviour towards other household pets. Between male turtles, it could be a sign of dominance and may preclude a fight. Young turtles may carry out the courtship dance before they reach sexual maturity at five years of age, but they are unable to mate. After mating, the female spends extra time basking", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789629", "score": "1.202881", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Eastern river cooter", "text": "the water, which may be due to their ability to breathe while fully submerged. As a result, they are not often seen. In warmer climates, they are active year-round, but are not very active during winter in colder areas. Eastern river cooter mating habits are very similar to the red-eared slider. As with the other basking turtles, the males tend to be smaller than females. The male uses his long claws to flutter at the face of the much larger female. Often, the female ignores him. If the female is receptive, she will sink to the bottom of the river", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10955172", "score": "1.199046", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Eastern river cooter", "text": "are not easily frightened unlike red-eared slider. They require many of the same needs as red-eared slider. They require a ultraviolet light bulb and/or a heating lamp. They can eat lettuce, live fish, and regular turtle food. Eastern river cooter The eastern river cooter (\"Pseudemys concinna concinna\") is a subspecies of turtle native to the eastern United States, with a smaller population in the midwest. It is found in freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, and ponds. The eastern river cooter is a subspecies within the species \"Pseudemys concinna\", known as the river cooter. The exact number of subspecies is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10955175", "score": "1.1983415", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "which they do not eat or defecate, they remain nearly motionless, and the frequency of their breathing falls. Individuals usually brumate underwater, but they have also been found under banks and rocks, and in hollow stumps. In warmer winter climates, they can become active and come to the surface for basking. When the temperature begins to drop again, however, they quickly return to a brumation state. Sliders generally come up for food in early March to as late as the end of April. During brumation, \"T. s. elegans\" can survive anaerobically for weeks, producing ATP from glycolysis. The turtle's metabolic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789627", "score": "1.191313", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "that of the female is completely flat. The male's concave plastron also helps to stabilize the male on the female's carapace during mating. Older males can sometimes have a dark greyish-olive green melanistic coloration, with very subdued markings. The red stripe on the sides of the head may be difficult to see or be absent. The female's appearance is substantially the same throughout her life. The red-eared slider originated from the area around the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico, in warm climates in the southeastern United States. Their native areas range from the southeast of Colorado to Virginia", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789622", "score": "1.1891879", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "health costs due to the impacts of turtle-associated salmonella on human health. Outbreaks in multiple states and fatalities in children, associated with handling salmonella-infected turtles, have been recorded in the USA. Salmonella can also spread to humans when turtles contaminate drinking water. There have been varying degrees of action by state governments to date, ranging from ongoing eradication efforts by the Queensland government to very little action by the government of New South Wales. Experts have ranked the species as high priority for management in Australia and are calling for a national prevention and eradication strategy, including a concerted education", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789641", "score": "1.1867247", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "their relatively low price, small size and easy maintenance. As with other turtles, tortoises, and box turtles, individuals that survive their first year or two can be expected to live generally around 30 years. But they are an infection risk, and when they mature they can inflict painful bites, which results in many being dumped into the wild with negative ecological, social and economic impacts. Reptiles are asymptomatic (meaning they suffer no adverse side effects) carriers of bacteria of the genus \"Salmonella\". This has given rise to justifiable concerns given the many instances of infection of humans caused by the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789635", "score": "1.1848404", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "rate drops dramatically, with heart rate and cardiac output dropping by 80% to minimise energy requirements. The lactic acid produced is buffered by minerals in the shell, preventing acidosis. Red-eared sliders kept captive indoors should not brumate. Courtship and mating activities for red-eared sliders usually occur between March and July, and take place under water. During courtship, the male swims around the female and flutters or vibrates the back side of his long claws on and around her face and head, possibly to direct pheromones towards her. The female swims toward the male and, if she is receptive, sinks to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789628", "score": "1.1789609", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Hispaniolan slider", "text": "Unlike red-eared sliders, they do not have red patches on their heads. They have distinct light and dark stripes on their necks, feet, and tails. The tops of their shells are brown and the bottoms are yellow. Whether this creature is found in the wild or in captivity, it has been known to urinate when picked up. This is considered a sign of distress. It also may bite or scratch, but has not been known to cause any severe harm. If found in the wild, the turtle may be more likely to do any one of these. Hispaniolan slider The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10654052", "score": "1.1778375", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Red-eared slider", "text": "and does not fall off. The split must heal on its own before the turtle is able to swim. The time between the egg hatching and water entry is 21 days. Damage to or inordinate motion of the protruding egg yolk, enough to allow air into the turtle's body, results in death. This is the main reason for marking the top of turtle eggs if their relocation is required for any reason. An egg turned upside down will eventually terminate the embryo's growth by the sac smothering the embryo. If it manages to reach term, the turtle will try to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "789633", "score": "1.1705798", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Red-eared slider", "long_answer": "After mating, the female spends extra time basking to keep her eggs warm. She may also have a change of diet, eating only certain foods, or not eating as much as she normally would. A female can lay between two and 30 eggs depending on body size and other factors. One female can lay up to five clutches in the same year, and clutches are usually spaced 12 to 36 days apart. The time between mating and egg-laying can be days or weeks. The actual egg fertilization takes place during the egg-laying. This process also permits the laying of fertile eggs the following season, as the sperm can remain viable and available in the female's body in the absence of mating. During the last weeks of gestation, the female spends less time in the water and smells and scratches at the ground, indicating she is searching for a suitable place to lay her eggs. The female excavates a hole, using her hind legs, and lays her eggs in it.", "chunked_long_answer": "36 days apart. The time between mating and egg-laying can be days or weeks. The actual egg fertilization takes place during the egg-laying. This process also permits the laying of fertile eggs the following season, as the sperm can remain viable and available in the female's body in the absence of mating. During the last weeks of gestation, the female spends less time in the water and smells and scratches at the ground, indicating she is searching for a suitable place to lay her eggs. The female excavates a hole, using her hind legs, and lays her eggs in it.", "short_answers": [ "a hole" ] }

[ "19 June 2018" ]

[ { "title": "Wentworth (season 5)", "text": "for our regular characters, along with some new faces in the yard and on the outside. With series producer Pino Amenta at the helm, our ambition to keep lifting the bar and reward our audience both locally and internationally couldn’t be stronger.\" Penny Win, the Head of Drama at Foxtel stated, \"\"Wentworth\" has gone from strength to strength over the past four seasons. Not only is it an international television success story, now showing in 141 territories, it is a ratings blockbuster and fan favourite for Foxtel audiences. We are extremely proud of this long-running drama juggernaut. It was a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20020994", "score": "1.1827502", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Wentworth (TV series)", "text": "Saturday nights at 10:00 pm. The series premiered in the Republic of Ireland broadcasting as \"Wentworth\" on TV3 from June 2014. Season 2 premiered on TV3 on 15 January 2015. In Canada the first two seasons broadcast on Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in late 2015. Although the series has a strong fan base in many countries, Angela Perez of Australia Network News said, in 2016, that Foxtel was considering cancelling the show [after the then current fourth season] due to audiences viewing new episodes via pirate websites following the Australian premiere. Foxtel stated that the piracy is \"a serious problem", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16347581", "score": "1.1775608", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 1)", "text": "announced by Foxtel on 4 March 2012. Developed by Lara Radulovich and David Hannam from the original concept by Reg Watson, it is produced by Fremantle's new head of drama, Jo Porter, and is filmed in Melbourne. FremantleMedia Chief Executive Asia Pacific, Ian Hogg, said: \"An entire generation of Australians grew up watching Prisoner and another is about to do the same with Wentworth.\" The ten-part season began filming in Melbourne for five months from 10 October 2012 and the shoot employed 300 cast and crew. \"Wentworth\" is filmed on a purpose built set in the suburb of Clayton. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17234511", "score": "1.1543528", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 4)", "text": "in Australia, and on DVD-only format in the United Kingdom, and for the first time, it had only received a DVD release in Germany. It is not yet available in North America. Wentworth (season 4) The fourth season of the television drama series \"Wentworth\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on 10 May 2016. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprises 12 episodes. Season four picks up four months after the fire at Wentworth. Four months after the fire at Wentworth, Bea and the other inmates have been housed offsite while they wait for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19319094", "score": "1.1469834", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Wentworth (TV series)", "text": "Kingdom, all five seasons are available for streaming on Amazon Video, while additional services include Google Play and YouTube. In Australia, Foxtel Now provides a catch-up service for the \"Wentworth\", while the series is made available for catch-up viewing via TVNZ OnDemand in New Zealand and My5 in the United Kingdom for a limited time. The show has received critical acclaim throughout its run. Following a screening of the pilot episode for the media in February 2013, Ben Pobjie from \"The Age\" called \"Wentworth\" \"a triumph\". He praised the writing and the cast, saying \"So rarely in Australian TV do", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16347583", "score": "1.130742", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 5)", "text": "On 21 July 2016, it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed \"Wentworth\" for a fifth season, set to air in 2017. Jo Porter, the Director of Drama at FremantleMedia stated, \"As season four comes to a close, the audience has witnessed a dangerous shift in the power base at \"Wentworth\" which is building to an unmissable conclusion next week. \"Wentworth\" has built a reputation for delivering a world with unexpected twists and turns where no character is safe. The season’s end provides a chilling platform for our script producer Marcia Gardner and the writing team to shape the next chapter", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20020993", "score": "1.1246831", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Wentworth (TV series)", "text": "10 October 2012. \"Wentworth\" began airing on Foxtel's SoHo channel from 1 May 2013. Filming for the second season began on 23 September 2013 and wrapped on 13 February 2014. The second season began airing on 20 May 2014. Production for the third season resumed in March and filming was completed in late July. In the same month, it was announced that the property in which \"Wentworth\" was filmed had been sold, and the set would be knocked down. A new alternative was being sought and a \"TV Week\" reporter commented that it was unclear if the loss of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16347577", "score": "1.1224837", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 4)", "text": "Wentworth (season 4) The fourth season of the television drama series \"Wentworth\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on 10 May 2016. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprises 12 episodes. Season four picks up four months after the fire at Wentworth. Four months after the fire at Wentworth, Bea and the other inmates have been housed offsite while they wait for construction to be completed. Season four will see Bea battle two formidable enemies. There is Kaz, made so dangerous by her extremist feminist ideology, who regards Bea as the great betrayer to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19319089", "score": "1.120977", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 4)", "text": "the cause, and Ferguson who is on a mission to exonerate herself – will the walls of Wentworth be enough to protect the Top Dog? <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On 27 February 2015, it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed \"Wentworth\" for a fourth season, set to air in 2016. Jo Porter, the Director of Drama at FremantleMedia stated, \"Without wanting to give away any specific spoilers from season three, suffice to say it builds to a fabulous crescendo that in turn has given our season four writers a fantastic launch pad to explore what is next for the complex and compelling characters", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19319090", "score": "1.1153103", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Wentworth (TV series)", "text": "A sixth season was commissioned by Foxtel on 9 May 2017, which will premiere on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 3)", "text": "ideal platform for it to achieve such success both domestically and then internationally. To have this unique Australian program now airing across the globe fills us with great pride. The commissioning of season three is such a compliment to the hard work and talent of the writers, directors, our outstanding cast and of course the crew, most of whom have been with us since season one. We look forward to continuing our success both here and overseas.\" Brian Walsh, the Executive Director of Television at Foxtel stated, \"\"Wentworth's\" first season was a triumph with its remarkable performance and production qualities", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18549243", "score": "1.1140708", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Wentworth (TV series)", "text": "in Australia and on DVD in the United Kingdom. The Seasons 1−6 set in Australia will only be available on DVD format. In the United States, the series commenced releasing on DVD in 2016 in which the first three seasons are currently available from Acorn Media. As of yet, there is no news as to whether Acorn Media will release subsequent seasons. DVD and Blu-ray sets commenced releasing in Germany from early 2017. From Season 4 onwards, the series will only receive DVD sets in Germany. Wentworth (TV series) Wentworth is an Australian television drama programme. It was first broadcast", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16347590", "score": "1.1130042", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 3)", "text": "which enthralled our Australian audience and achieved such great international recognition. Since October, the cast and the production team, led by producer Amanda Crittenden, have been back on-location delivering on the promise of season two's gripping scripts and the story lines for season three are sensational.\" A third season was confirmed on 29 January 2014. A five-month production commenced in the purpose-built set in March 2014. The final table read for season three took place on 8 July 2014. Filming for the third season began in March 2014 and concluded in July 2014. Former \"All Saints\" stars Pia Miranda, Libby", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18549244", "score": "1.112309", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 5)", "text": "Wentworth (season 5) The fifth season of the television drama series \"Wentworth\" premiered on Showcase in Australia on 4 April 2017, having previously aired on SoHo, and concluded on June 20, 2017. It was executive produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprised 12 episodes. The fifth season picks up just days after the death of Bea Smith and is therefore noted as the first season not to feature Danielle Cormack. Following Bea Smith’s tragic death at the hands of Joan Ferguson, emotional, psychological and professional shockwaves pound the inmates and staff of Wentworth Correctional Centre. Governor", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20020991", "score": "1.1114777", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 1)", "text": "Wentworth (season 1) The first season of the crime drama television series \"Wentworth\" originally aired on SoHo in Australia. The season consisted of 10 episodes and aired between 1 May and 3 July 2013. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's director of drama Jo Porter. The series is a remake of \"Prisoner\", which aired on Network Ten from 1979 to 1986. Lara Radulovich and David Hannam developed \"Wentworth\" from Reg Watson's original concept. The season was shot over four months from 10 October 2012. The show is set in modern-day Victoria, Australia and focuses on the fictional women's prison Wentworth.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17234509", "score": "1.1080191", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Wentworth (TV series)", "text": "set would be written into future storylines. The third season began airing on 7 April 2015. Production on the fourth season began in the second half of 2015. The fifth season was filmed in Melbourne from August 2016. On 9 May 2017, Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season, which began filming a week later. \"Wentworth\" has been sold to more than 90 countries. On 2 April 2013, it was confirmed that TVNZ had signed a deal to broadcast \"Wentworth\" in New Zealand. Later that month, it was announced that \"Wentworth\" would be broadcast on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16347578", "score": "1.1068666", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Wentworth (TV series)", "text": "2014 and season Three, which commenced broadcast on 22 July 2015, concluded with a two-hour season finale which consisted of episodes 11 and 12 of the season on 30 September 2015. Season four of \"Wentworth\" premiered on Channel 5 on 27 June 2016. In July, following declining ratings, the series was moved from its Monday night timeslot on Channel 5 to Tuesday's on sister channel 5Star. Season 5 premiered on 5Star on 23 May 2017. Season 6 of \"Wentworth\" premiered on 5Star on 23 June 2018, just four days following the Australian premiere; however, the series has been moved to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16347580", "score": "1.1016763", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Wentworth (TV series)", "text": "in terms of recouping money to help pay for future seasons\". ABC 1 started broadcasting Wentworth from season 1 in April 2018. In December 2014, \"Wentworth\" first premiered on Netflix in the United States and added seasons one and two to its streaming service. In April 2016 the third season was released to US audiences via the platform. Season 4 was released on Netflix in July 2016. The show features on the “50 Best TV Shows on Netflix” list according to Netflix Life. Seasons one to three are available to view via Amazon Video in the U.S. In the United", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16347582", "score": "1.1000429", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 5)", "text": "very easy decision to commission a further season of this brilliantly constructed and crafted program from our production partner FremantleMedia. There is a lot in store both for the women behind bars and those on the outside.\" AACTA Awards Australian Directors Guild Logie Awards The fifth season of \"Wentworth\" is available on both DVD and Blu-ray formats in Australia, and DVD-only format in the United Kingdom. It is not yet available in the United States or Germany. Wentworth (season 5) The fifth season of the television drama series \"Wentworth\" premiered on Showcase in Australia on 4 April 2017, having previously", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20020995", "score": "1.0992744", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 2)", "text": "Australia and Germany, and on DVD-only format in the United Kingdom and United States. Wentworth (season 2) The second season of the crime drama television series \"Wentworth\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on May 20, 2014. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's director of drama Jo Porter. The season consisted of 12 episodes. The second season picks up three months after Bea Smith murdered Jacs Holt. While Bea was suffering in the slot, Franky Doyle rose to the position of top dog unopposed. However, the introduction of a new governor, Joan Ferguson is about to shake everything up. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> \"Wentworth\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17990745", "score": "1.0984712", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 2)", "text": "Foxtel Television, Brian Walsh stated of the renewal, \"\"Wentworth's\" bold storytelling has attracted a record-breaking response from our Foxtel customers. This drama, tailor-made for Australian subscription television, is capturing local and international attention sparked by its Prisoner heritage.\" The director of production company, Fremantle Media Australia and executive producer of \"Wentworth\", Jo Porter stated \"We have assembled an extraordinary team of writers who can't wait to get started on season two. We have so many more stories to tell.\" Filming for the 12-part second season began in the purpose built set in Clayton, Victoria, Melbourne on 23 September 2013 and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17990742", "score": "1.0972044", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 1)", "text": "first season of \"Wentworth\" is available on both DVD and Blu-ray formats in Australia and Germany, and on DVD-only format in the United Kingdom and United States. Wentworth (season 1) The first season of the crime drama television series \"Wentworth\" originally aired on SoHo in Australia. The season consisted of 10 episodes and aired between 1 May and 3 July 2013. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's director of drama Jo Porter. The series is a remake of \"Prisoner\", which aired on Network Ten from 1979 to 1986. Lara Radulovich and David Hannam developed \"Wentworth\" from Reg Watson's original concept.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17234512", "score": "1.0942768", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Wentworth (TV series)", "text": "a more ensemble format. For the first three seasons, \"Wentworth\" was filmed on purpose-built sets in the suburbs of Clayton, Victoria. Production moved to Newport, Victoria, starting with the fourth season. The show has received a mostly positive reception from critics, and the first episode became the most watched Australian drama series premiere in Foxtel history. The series was picked up by several countries, including New Zealand and the UK, where it has been retitled \"Wentworth Prison\". A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth-season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16347565", "score": "1.0939965", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 2)", "text": "Wentworth (season 2) The second season of the crime drama television series \"Wentworth\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on May 20, 2014. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's director of drama Jo Porter. The season consisted of 12 episodes. The second season picks up three months after Bea Smith murdered Jacs Holt. While Bea was suffering in the slot, Franky Doyle rose to the position of top dog unopposed. However, the introduction of a new governor, Joan Ferguson is about to shake everything up. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> \"Wentworth\" was commissioned for a second season on 5 June 2013. The executive director of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17990741", "score": "1.0877033", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Wentworth (TV series)", "text": "Channel 5 in the UK. The head of acquisitions for the channel, Kate Keenan, commented \"\"Wentworth\" will be a great addition to Channel 5's drama output this autumn. This compelling cast of female characters packs an emotional punch and will appeal to the Channel 5 viewers who love our range of crime output from dramas to factual series.\" A trailer for the series began airing on the channel and its website in August 2013 and premiered on Channel 5 on 28 August. Channel 5 also re-titled the show, \"Wentworth Prison\". The second season began on Channel 5 on 3 September", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16347579", "score": "1.077668", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Wentworth (TV series)", "text": "at how they might incorporate the \"Prisoner\" theme tune, \"On The Inside\", into the new series. On 5 June 2013, it was confirmed that \"Wentworth\" had been renewed for a second season. A reporter for the Australian Associated Press said production would begin later in the year, and the season would air in 2014. Porter stated: \"We have assembled an extraordinary team of writers who can't wait to get started on series two. We have so many more stories to tell.\" In January 2014, it was announced that a third season of \"Wentworth\" had been ordered, before the second had", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16347570", "score": "1.0674169", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 4)", "text": "of \"Wentworth\". Our loyal \"Wentworth\" fans are not going to be disappointed and I know our amazing cast and crew are going to relish bringing to life these potent stories.\" Penny Win, the Head of Drama at Foxtel stated, \"All of us at Foxtel and FremantleMedia Australia are extremely proud of \"Wentworth\" and the passionate bond the series has forged with drama lovers, starting with our discerning Foxtel subscribers and expanding to captivate audiences around the world.\" On 5 November 2015, it was announced that Sigrid Thornton would step through the gates of Wentworth Correctional Centre, becoming the first actress", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19319091", "score": "1.0638036", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Wentworth (TV series)", "text": "subsequent seasons, and a re-release of the first season in 2016. Fremantle Home Entertainment initially held the rights for distribution in the United Kingdom, where the series is only available on DVD, and under the \"Wentworth Prison\" title. The first season was made available in a standard set and a Deluxe Edition, for which it included special features; both the second and third seasons received only Deluxe Edition releases, after which, Network distribution acquired ownership of all home media rights for all previous seasons and subsequent seasons from 2016 onwards. Furthermore, multiple season sets are available on DVD and Blu-ray", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16347589", "score": "1.0617453", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 2)", "text": "wrapped on 13 February 2014. Amanda Crittenden continues on as \"Wentworth\" producer. Kevin Carlin and Catherine Millar will return as directors and will be joined by Pino Amenta, Steve Jodrell and Dee McLachlan. Marcia Gardner will become script producer and part of the writing team alongside Tim Hobart, Pete McTighe and John Ridley. It was revealed that iconic \"Prisoner\" character Joan \"The Freak\" Ferguson, a sinster, lesbian prison officer, would be introduced in the second season. Porter commented \"\"Prisoner\" offered up a very rich well of amazing characters to draw upon and the \"Wentworth\" writers are very excited about revisiting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17990743", "score": "1.0588384", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Wentworth (season 3)", "text": "may no longer be Top Dog but she's not about to forget how Liz lagged on her, and Boomer is set to make Liz pay. Doreen's baby bump is growing and Ferguson is watching her closely. While Vera's instincts are more attuned to Ferguson's scheming, Will is none the wiser despite Fletch's apparent hit and run accident. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On 29 January 2014, it was announced that FremantleMedia had renewed \"Wentworth\" for a third season, set to air in 2015. Jo Porter, the Director of Drama at FremantleMedia stated, \"Foxtel have been the perfect broadcast partner and have given \"Wentworth\" the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18549242", "score": "1.0478061", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "Wentworth (TV series)", "long_answer": "A sixth season was commissioned by Foxtel on 9 May 2017, which will premiere on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019.", "chunked_long_answer": "A sixth season was commissioned by Foxtel on 9 May 2017, which will premiere on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019.", "short_answers": [ "19 June 2018" ] }

[ "Copernicus" ]

[ { "title": "Heliocentrism", "text": "of Samos's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier necessarily placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant. Problems with Ptolemy's system were well recognized in medieval astronomy, and an increasing effort to criticize and improve it in the late medieval period eventually led to the Copernican heliocentrism developed in Renaissance astronomy. The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus (d. 390 BC), who taught that at the center of the Universe was a \"central fire\", around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and planets revolved in uniform circular motion. This system postulated the existence", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1828973", "score": "1.1165156", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Johannes van Heeck", "text": "the universe, known as the Aristotelian model or the Ptolmaic system. This held that the stars were remote, fixed in their positions and unchanging, while movement and variance were associated with the planets, closer to the earth. An unusual event in the sky might take place close to the earth, and could therefore be explained within the standard cosmological model. However if it took place beyond the planets, this indicated that the stars, contrary to what was commonly believed, could not be fixed in a 'firmament'. Astronomers (still working with the unaided naked eye at this time) took measurements of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20234466", "score": "1.1121144", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Geocentric model", "text": "Alpetragius proposed a planetary model that abandoned the equant, epicycle and eccentric mechanisms, though this resulted in a system that was mathematically less accurate. Alpetragius also declared the Ptolemaic system as an imaginary model that was successful at predicting planetary positions but not real or physical. His alternative system spread through most of Europe during the 13th century. Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209), in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his \"Matalib\", rejects the Aristotelian and Avicennian notion of the Earth's centrality within the universe, but instead argues that there are \"a thousand thousand worlds (\"alfa", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "864327", "score": "1.100847", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Geocentric model", "text": "17th century competition between astronomical cosmologies focused on variations of Tycho Brahe's Tychonic system (in which the Earth was still at the center of the universe, and around it revolved the Sun, but all other planets revolved around the Sun in one massive set of epicycles), or variations on the Copernican system. Johannes Kepler analysed Tycho Brahe's famously accurate observations and afterwards constructed his three laws in 1609 and 1619, based on a heliocentric view where the planets move in elliptical paths. Using these laws, he was the first astronomer to successfully predict a transit of Venus (for the year", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "864339", "score": "1.0993962", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "History of physics", "text": "mainstream scientific paradigm in Europe until the time of Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton. Early in Classical Greece, knowledge that the Earth is spherical (\"round\") was common. Around 240 BCE, as the result a seminal experiment, Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE) accurately estimated its circumference. In contrast to Aristotle's geocentric views, Aristarchus of Samos (; c.310 – c.230 BCE) presented an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the Solar system, i.e. for placing the Sun, not the Earth, at its centre. Seleucus of Seleucia, a follower of Aristarchus' heliocentric theory, stated that the Earth rotated around its own axis, which, in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "173826", "score": "1.0907543", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Geocentric model", "text": "motion based on Plato's dictum stating that all phenomena in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion. Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus' system. In the fully developed Aristotelian system, the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe, and all other heavenly bodies are attached to 47–55 transparent, rotating spheres surrounding the Earth, all concentric with it. (The number is so high because several spheres are needed for each planet.) These spheres, known as crystalline spheres, all moved at different uniform speeds to create the revolution of bodies around the Earth. They were composed of an incorruptible substance", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "864310", "score": "1.0899878", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Copernican Revolution", "text": "is much older; it can be traced to Aristarchus of Samos, a Hellenistic author writing in the 3rd century BC, who may in turn have been drawing on even older concepts in Pythagoreanism. Ancient heliocentrism was, however, eclipsed by the geocentric model presented by Ptolemy and accepted in Aristotelianism. European scholars were well aware of the problems with Ptolemaic astronomy since the 13th century. The debate was precipitated by the reception by Averroes' criticism of Ptolemy, and it was again revived by the recovery of Ptolemy's text and its translation into Latin in the mid-15th century. Otto E. Neugebauer in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6090253", "score": "1.0800022", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Aristarchus of Samos", "text": "Aristarchus of Samos Aristarchus of Samos (; , \"Aristarkhos ho Samios\"; c. 310 – c. 230 BC) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it. He was influenced by Philolaus of Croton, but Aristarchus identified the \"central fire\" with the Sun, and he put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun. Like Anaxagoras before him, he suspected that the stars were just other bodies like the Sun, albeit further away from Earth.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "820117", "score": "1.0777371", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Heliocentrism", "text": "the Copernican Revolution. While a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BC in Pythagoreanism, and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC, these ideas were not successful in replacing the view of a static spherical Earth, and from the 2nd century AD the predominant model, which would be inherited by medieval astronomy, was the geocentric model described in Ptolemy's \"Almagest\". The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy. Ptolemy himself, in his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1828971", "score": "1.0753016", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Geocentric model", "text": "The geocentric model was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model. The earliest heliocentric model, Copernican heliocentrism, could remove Ptolemy's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds. Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity, and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent. Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate, and gave the same result.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Geocentric model", "text": "intended to explain changes in the brightness of the planets due to a change in distance. Eventually, perfectly concentric spheres were abandoned as it was impossible to develop a sufficiently accurate model under that ideal. However, while providing for similar explanations, the later deferent and epicycle model was flexible enough to accommodate observations for many centuries. Although the basic tenets of Greek geocentrism were established by the time of Aristotle, the details of his system did not become standard. The Ptolemaic system, developed by the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 2nd century AD finally standardised geocentrism. His main astronomical", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "864315", "score": "1.0714356", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Geocentric model", "text": "coelestium\" (\"On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres\"), which posited that the Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun. The geocentric system was still held for many years afterwards, as at the time the Copernican system did not offer better predictions than the geocentric system, and it posed problems for both natural philosophy and scripture. The Copernican system was no more accurate than Ptolemy's system, because it still used circular orbits. This was not altered until Johannes Kepler postulated that they were elliptical (Kepler's first law of planetary motion). With the invention of the telescope in 1609,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "864334", "score": "1.0691392", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Copernican heliocentrism", "text": "preserving the metaphysical implications of a mathematically ordered cosmos. Thus, his heliocentric model retained several of the Ptolemaic elements causing the inaccuracies, such as the planets' circular orbits, epicycles, and uniform speeds, while at the same time re-introducing such innovations as: Philolaus (4th century BCE) was one of the first to hypothesize movement of the Earth, probably inspired by Pythagoras' theories about a spherical, moving globe. Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BCE had developed some theories of Heraclides Ponticus (speaking of a revolution by Earth on its axis) to propose what was, so far as is known, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9481118", "score": "1.0684775", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "William Gilbert (astronomer)", "text": "of a more minute and practical knowledge of natural philosophy than Bacon, his opposition to the philosophy of the schools was more searching and particular, and at the same time probably little less efficient.\" In the opinion of Prof. John Robison, \"De Mundo\" consists of an attempt to establish a new system of natural philosophy upon the ruins of the Aristotelian doctrine. Dr. William Whewell says in his \"History of the Inductive Sciences\" (1859): Gilbert, in his work, \"De Magnete\" printed in 1600 has only some vague notions that the magnetic virtue of the earth in some way determines the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1424657", "score": "1.0551593", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Bernard of Verdun", "text": "to be insufficiently developed to challenge Ptolemy's system. Bernard of Verdun Little is known of the life of Bernard of Verdun, except that he was a Franciscan friar who may have been born in Verdun and lived in the second half of the thirteenth century. His most significant work was the Treatise on the Whole of Astronomy (\"Tractatus super totam astrologiam\"), in which he defended Ptolemy's theory of epicycles and eccentrics against al-Bitruji's system of homocentric spheres. Contrary to the criticisms of Averroes and al-Bitruji, Bernard maintained that Ptolemy's theory was consistent with Aristotle's physics. He further pointed out many", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14529604", "score": "1.0541091", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Heliocentrism", "text": "to the Ptolemaic geocentric system: a geo-heliocentric system now known as the Tychonic system in which the five then known planets orbit the sun, while the sun and the moon orbit the earth. Tycho appreciated the Copernican system, but objected to the idea of a moving Earth on the basis of physics, astronomy, and religion. The Aristotelian physics of the time (modern Newtonian physics was still a century away) offered no physical explanation for the motion of a massive body like Earth, whereas it could easily explain the motion of heavenly bodies by postulating that they were made of a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1829000", "score": "1.0531263", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Universe", "text": "was brought into nearly perfect agreement with astronomical observations by Ptolemy. The success of such a model is largely due to the mathematical fact that any function (such as the position of a planet) can be decomposed into a set of circular functions (the Fourier modes). Other Greek scientists, such as the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus, postulated (according to Stobaeus account) that at the center of the Universe was a \"central fire\" around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion. The Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known individual to propose a heliocentric model", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "434630", "score": "1.052701", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Geocentric model", "text": "knew about Tusi's work or that of the Maragha school. Not all Greeks agreed with the geocentric model. The Pythagorean system has already been mentioned; some Pythagoreans believed the Earth to be one of several planets going around a central fire. Hicetas and Ecphantus, two Pythagoreans of the 5th century BC, and Heraclides Ponticus in the 4th century BC, believed that the Earth rotated on its axis but remained at the center of the universe. Such a system still qualifies as geocentric. It was revived in the Middle Ages by Jean Buridan. Heraclides Ponticus was once thought to have proposed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "864332", "score": "1.0519032", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Spherical Earth", "text": "up. In this geocentric model, the structure of the universe was believed to be a series of perfect spheres. The Sun, Moon, planets and fixed stars were believed to move on celestial spheres around a stationary Earth. Though Aristotle's theory of physics survived in the Christian world for many centuries, the heliocentric model was eventually shown to be a more correct explanation of the Solar System than the geocentric model, and atomic theory was shown to be a more correct explanation of the nature of matter than classical elements like earth, water, air, fire, and aether. In proposition 2 of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1777754", "score": "1.044745", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Geocentric model", "text": "work, the \"Almagest\", was the culmination of centuries of work by Hellenic, Hellenistic and Babylonian astronomers. For over a millennium European and Islamic astronomers assumed it was the correct cosmological model. Because of its influence, people sometimes wrongly think the Ptolemaic system is identical with the geocentric model. Ptolemy argued that the Earth was a sphere in the center of the universe, from the simple observation that half the stars were above the horizon and half were below the horizon at any time (stars on rotating stellar sphere), and the assumption that the stars were all at some modest distance", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "864316", "score": "1.0441968", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Philolaus", "text": "ideas of fixed direction in space, and developed one of the first non-geocentric views of the universe. His new way of thinking quite literally revolved around a hypothetical astronomical object he called the Central Fire. In Philolaus's system a sphere of the fixed stars, the five planets, the Sun, Moon and Earth, all moved round his Central Fire. According to Aristotle writing in \"Metaphysics\", Philolaus added a tenth unseen body, he called Counter-Earth, as without it there would be only nine revolving bodies, and the Pythagorean number theory required a tenth. However, according to Greek scholar George Burch, Aristotle was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1823090", "score": "1.0435702", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Deferent and epicycle", "text": "steady underfoot. Some Greek astronomers (e.g., Aristarchus of Samos) speculated that the planets (Earth included) orbited the Sun, but the optics (and the specific mathematics – Isaac Newton's Law of Gravitation for example) necessary to provide data that would convincingly support the heliocentric model did not exist in Ptolemy's time and would not come around for over fifteen hundred years after his time. Furthermore, Aristotelian physics was not designed with these sorts of calculations in mind, and Aristotle's philosophy regarding the heavens was entirely at odds with the concept of heliocentrism. It was not until Galileo Galilei observed the moons", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1280095", "score": "1.043555", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "Geocentric model", "text": "not appear to a noticeable extent when the eccentricity is less than 5%, but the offset distance of the \"center\" (in fact the focus occupied by the sun) is very noticeable even with low eccentricities as possessed by the planets. To summarize, Ptolemy devised a system that was compatible with Aristotelian philosophy and managed to track actual observations and predict future movement mostly to within the limits of the next 1000 years of observations. The observed motions and his mechanisms for explaining them include: The geocentric model was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model. The earliest heliocentric model, Copernican heliocentrism,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "864322", "score": "1.0429767", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "Universe", "text": "Aristarchus's heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia, a Hellenistic astronomer who lived a century after Aristarchus. According to Plutarch, Seleucus was the first to prove the heliocentric system through reasoning, but it is not known what arguments he used. Seleucus' arguments for a heliocentric cosmology were probably related to the phenomenon of tides. According to Strabo (1.1.9), Seleucus was the first to state that the tides are due to the attraction of the Moon, and that the height of the tides depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun. Alternatively, he may have proved heliocentricity by determining the constants", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "434635", "score": "1.0410497", "original_retrieval_index": 42 }, { "title": "Seleucus of Seleucia", "text": "Seleucus of Seleucia Seleucus of Seleucia ( \"Seleukos\"; born c. 190 BC; fl. c. 150 BC) was a Hellenistic astronomer and philosopher. Coming from Seleucia on the Tigris, Mesopotamia, the capital of the Seleucid Empire, or, alternatively, Seleukia on the Erythraean Sea, he is best known as a proponent of heliocentrism and for his theory of the origin of tides. Teaching around 150 BC, he is known to have been a follower of the heliocentric theory of Aristarchus of Samos, which stated that the Earth rotated around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun. According to Plutarch,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3751159", "score": "1.0394212", "original_retrieval_index": 43 }, { "title": "History of astronomy", "text": "than with developing an explanation of the reasons for the motions of the Cosmos. In his \"Timaeus\", Plato described the universe as a spherical body divided into circles carrying the planets and governed according to harmonic intervals by a world soul. Aristotle, drawing on the mathematical model of Eudoxus, proposed that the universe was made of a complex system of concentric spheres, whose circular motions combined to carry the planets around the earth. This basic cosmological model prevailed, in various forms, until the 16th century. In the 3rd century BC Aristarchus of Samos was the first to suggest a heliocentric", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "181067", "score": "1.0384414", "original_retrieval_index": 44 }, { "title": "History of the center of the Universe", "text": "southern constellations rise higher above the horizon, and the shadow of Earth on the Moon during a lunar eclipse is round, and spheres cast circular shadows while discs generally do not. This understanding was accompanied by models of the Universe that depicted the Sun, Moon, stars, and naked eye planets circling the spherical Earth, including the noteworthy models of Aristotle (see Aristotelian physics) and Ptolemy. This geocentric model was the dominant model from the 4th century BCE until the 17th century CE. Heliocentrism, or heliocentricism, is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around a relatively stationary", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16394952", "score": "1.0383826", "original_retrieval_index": 45 }, { "title": "Geocentric model", "text": "Geocentric model In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth. The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations, such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy. Two observations supported the idea that Earth was the center of the Universe. First, from anywhere on Earth, the Sun appears to revolve around Earth once per day. While the Moon and the planets have their own motions,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "864304", "score": "1.0382297", "original_retrieval_index": 46 }, { "title": "Early world maps", "text": "the spherical nature of the earth. Posidonius (or Poseidonius) of Apameia (c. 135–51 BCE), was a Greek Stoic philosopher who traveled throughout the Roman world and beyond and was a celebrated polymath throughout the Greco-Roman world, like Aristotle and Eratosthenes. His work \"about the ocean and the adjacent areas\" was a general geographical discussion, showing how all the forces had an effect on each other and applied also to human life. He measured the Earth's circumference by reference to the position of the star Canopus. His measure of 240,000 stadia translates to , close to the actual circumference of .", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6194621", "score": "1.0314498", "original_retrieval_index": 50 }, { "title": "Geocentric model", "text": "According to Plato, the Earth was a sphere, stationary at the center of the universe. The stars and planets were carried around the Earth on spheres or circles, arranged in the order (outwards from the center): Moon, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, fixed stars, with the fixed stars located on the celestial sphere. In his \"Myth of Er\", a section of the \"Republic\", Plato describes the cosmos as the Spindle of Necessity, attended by the Sirens and turned by the three Fates. Eudoxus of Cnidus, who worked with Plato, developed a less mythical, more mathematical explanation of the planets'", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "864309", "score": "1.0311741", "original_retrieval_index": 51 } ]

{ "title": "Geocentric model", "long_answer": "The geocentric model was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model. The earliest heliocentric model, Copernican heliocentrism, could remove Ptolemy's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds. Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity, and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent. Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate, and gave the same result.", "chunked_long_answer": "The geocentric model was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model. The earliest heliocentric model, Copernican heliocentrism, could remove Ptolemy's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds. Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity, and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent. Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate, and gave the same result.", "short_answers": [ "Copernicus" ] }

[ "2006", "March 30, 2006" ]

[ { "title": "The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane", "text": "Awards finalist in the children's chapter book category. In 2007 the U.S. National Education Association named it one of \"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children\" based on an online poll. In 2012 it was ranked number 59 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by \"School Library Journal\" – the third of three books by DiCamillo in the Top 100. The book was featured in \"My Love from the Star\", a 2014 Korean drama about an alien living on Earth for 400 years who falls in love with a popular actress. This propelled the novel to the top of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9638149", "score": "1.3125043", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane", "text": "until a storm frees him from the seabed and a passing fisherman and his buddy pull him from their fishing net. The man takes him home to his wife where he is renamed and forced to wear dresses. Edward is passed from hand to hand of a succession of life-altering characters, such as a hobo and his dog and a four-year-old girl with tuberculosis and her brother. Edward's journeys not only take him far from home, but even farther from the selfish rabbit he once was. Eventually, Edward is cruelly broken against a counter top edge, repaired and then offered", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9638147", "score": "1.2083719", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Kate DiCamillo", "text": "In 2012 \"Winn-Dixie\" was ranked number 30 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by \"School Library Journal\", a monthly with primarily U.S. audience. \"Despereaux\" (51) and \"Edward Tulane\" (59) also made the Top 100 list. DiCamillo is the fourth U.S. National Ambassador for Young People's Literature. In 2005, \"Because of Winn-Dixie\" was released as a film by 20th Century Fox. Universal Pictures released \"The Tale of Despereaux\" on December 19, 2008. \"The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane\" was optioned by New Line Cinema and is in early pre-production. In 2013, Robert Zemeckis signed on to direct the \"Edward", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4397379", "score": "1.1380339", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Paul Tulane", "text": "Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 – March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years touring the southern United States with a well-educated male cousin, who was a member of the bar in France. It was from this tour that Tulane developed a keen interest in New Orleans. In 1822, he established", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4435915", "score": "1.0412767", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "William Marbury Carpenter", "text": "near Port Hudson, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. In 1842, he was a professor of \"materia medica\" at the University of Louisiana, where he was appointed dean in 1845. In 1844, he published a study on the habit of dirt eating among Negro slaves, and he published several other significant studies. He was a leading proponent of research into disease transportability and transmission as related to importation of disease and outbreak of epidemics. He joined the faculty of the Medical College of Louisiana as Professor of Botany and Geology, and from 1845-1846 he was Dean of the Tulane University School", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13388145", "score": "1.0314529", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Rudolph Matas", "text": "Rudolph Matas Rudolph Matas (September 12, 1860 – September 23, 1957), a prominent and innovative surgeon was born outside of New Orleans in Bonnet Carre, Louisiana. He spent much of his childhood in his parents' native land of Spain, returning to the New Orleans in 1877 to begin his medical training at the Medical School of the University of Louisiana, now known as Tulane University School of Medicine, receiving his medical degree in 1880 at 19 years old. Dr. Matas is one of Tulane's most distinguished alumni, with 42 years of teaching in the medical school and a vast array", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10404003", "score": "1.0293429", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Tulane Review", "text": "the design award of the AWP Literary Magazine. Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The \"Review\" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12064661", "score": "1.0120144", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Tulane Review", "text": "Tulane Review Tulane Review is a literary magazine published by the members of the Tulane Literary Society of Tulane University located in New Orleans, Louisiana. First published in 1996 The \"Review\" consists of submissions of art, poetry, and prose which are chosen by members of student review boards before being chosen for final publication. It accepts work from both professional and amateur artists and writers from across the world, but generally attempts to publish at least some work from the Tulane Community whenever possible. The magazine is twice a year in the fall and spring. \"Review\" is the recipient of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12064660", "score": "1.011081", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "John Lyon (poet)", "text": "prayer and gospel sermons. Because of these daily sermons and good relations between voyagers, all 48 non-Mormon passengers were baptized, including the captain and crew, making this specific emigration voyage unique. On 23 April 1853 the \"International\" docked in New Orleans. On their last day on the \"International\", Lyon was appointed to lead the 237 Ten Pound Saints (referring to the fact that they each paid ten pounds for the journey to Zion). The Ten Pound Saints stayed in New Orleans for four days before boarding the a Mississippi steamer called the \"Leah Tunah\" and prepared for the 1,200 mile,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14383620", "score": "1.010442", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane", "text": "The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo. Following the life of a china rabbit, the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Tulane University", "text": "university was Francis Lister Hawks, an Episcopalian priest and prominent citizen of New Orleans at the time. The university was closed from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. After reopening, it went through a period of financial challenges because of an extended agricultural depression in the South which affected the nation's economy. Paul Tulane, owner of a prospering dry goods and clothing business, donated extensive real estate within New Orleans for the support of education. This donation led to the establishment of a Tulane Educational Fund (TEF), whose board of administrators sought to support the University of Louisiana", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1430595", "score": "1.0095482", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Paul Tulane", "text": "D. Winters in his \"Civil War in Louisiana\" (1963) does not give the amount Tulane contributed. For many years he gave liberally to the charitable institutions and Presbyterian churches of Princeton and New Orleans. In 1882, he donated $363,000 (1882 value) to improve higher education in the city of New Orleans. Tulane's Act of Donation ultimately resulted in the renaming of the University of Louisiana (founded as the Medical College of Louisiana) to The Tulane University of Louisiana, in his honor and turning the once public institution into a private one, the only such instance in United States history. He", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4435917", "score": "1.0062478", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Tulane Green Wave men's basketball", "text": "and the 2004 realignment of conferences. It rejoined many of its previous conference mates when it became a member of the American Athletic Conference in 2014. Tulane's men's basketball team played its first game on December 9, 1905. The program fell victim to one of the biggest scandals of the 1980s in college sports when four players, including star forward \"Hot Rod\" Williams, were accused of taking money and cocaine to alter the final point spreads of games they played in. Clyde Eads and Jon Johnson were granted immunity to testify against Williams, the alleged ringleader. Although he was indicted,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14603321", "score": "1.005629", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Charles Eshleman", "text": "2–2–1 record. While at Tulane, he set the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association record in the 220-yard dash at 23.2 seconds. He was a member of Alpha Tau Omega. In 1900, he studied literature at Tulane, and in 1904, Eshleman received his medical doctorate from Tulane. In the spring of 1904, he attended the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland to take graduate medical courses. Eshleman was \"known for his altruism as well as for his notable achievements in the highly specialized field of Internal Medicine.\" He taught at the Tulane School of Medicine. In 1918, he was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14845396", "score": "1.0045438", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Theodore Clapp", "text": "no precedent in the New Testament for such political action. Clapp served on the Board of Trustees of the Medical College of Louisiana, which was to become The Tulane University School of Medicine. In 1847, he travelled in Europe, and in 1857, his health failing, and his church having been burned, he resigned his pastorate. He published in 1858, a volume of \"Autobiographical Sketches and Recollections\" of a 35 years' residence in New Orleans. The last nine years of his life were spent, chiefly in retirement, in Louisville, Kentucky. He died there on April 17, 1866, aged 74 years. He", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18840304", "score": "1.0010395", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Adrien Rouquette", "text": "on the banks of Bayou Lacombe until his death in 1887. Special Collections & Archives at Loyola University New Orleans preserves a small collection of writings by Rouquette and his brother, author and poet François Dominique. Adrien Rouquette Adrien Rouquette (February 26, 1813–July 15, 1887) was a writer and a Catholic missionary among the Choctaw Native Americans. Adrien Emmanuel Rouquette was born February 26, 1813, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the third of five surviving children. His father, Dominique, had emigrated to New Orleans from Fleurance, France, in 1800, where he soon married a Creole woman named Louise Cousin. By marriage,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11431329", "score": "0.997108", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Paul Tulane", "text": "died near Princeton, and is buried in the Princeton Cemetery on Witherspoon Street. In his honor, he has several streets named after him throughout the country, including Tulane Street in Princeton, and Tulane Avenue in New Orleans. Paul Tulane Paul Tulane (May 10, 1801 – March 27, 1887) was an American philanthropist, born near Princeton, New Jersey, the son of Louis Tulane, a French immigrant, and Maria Tulane. He was educated in private schools, including Somerville Academy of New Jersey, until he was fifteen years of age. He clerked briefly in a store in Princeton and thereafter spent three years", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4435918", "score": "0.994687", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "T. Wayland Vaughan", "text": "and Annie R. Hope. He entered Tulane University in 1885 intending to enter the medical profession, but became interested in physical science and graduated with a Bachelor of Science. From 1889–1892, Vaughan taught physics and chemistry at Mount Lebanon, Louisiana. During this time he published his first papers on the mollusks and trees of northwest Louisiana and began collecting fossils. This led him to study biology at Harvard University, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in 1893, a Master of Arts in 1894, and completing his Ph.D in 1903 with a thesis titled \"Eocene and Oligocene Corals of the United States\".", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16546431", "score": "0.9897008", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Middle American Research Institute", "text": "hinterland. The report of the First Tulane Expedition, Tribes and Temples, became the Department’s first publication. More staff hires included Ralph Roys, and Oliver La Farge. Following disputes between members of the Department of Middle American Research and the president of Tulane, Frans Blom took over in the position of Director of the Department. In this position, Blom decided to promote “archaeology as the major function of the department.” During Blom’s time as director, he led multiple extensive expeditions to Latin America. In his own words, Blom describes the first expedition: “We discovered twenty-four ruined cities hitherto unrecorded by scientists…", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20003588", "score": "0.98267615", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Ernest Lyon", "text": "in 1882. The next year, in 1883, Lyon became the first charge in La Teche. In 1894, he \"was appointed Sunday School Agent of the Louisiana Conference.\" He also served as the Conference statistical secretary and the reserve delegate of the General conference for several years. He was an editor of the Sunday school column in the \"Southwestern Christian Advocate\". By 1895, Lyon was the \"special agent of the Freedman's Aid and Southern Educational Society.\" Later he served as a pastor in multiple churches in New Orleans including the Mallalieu Methodist Episcopal Church in 1886, the Thompson Church in 1889,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15424096", "score": "0.9789423", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Dudley J. LeBlanc", "text": "then were exiled by the British in 1755. As a result of his research, LeBlanc wrote and published three books: \"The True Story of the Acadians\" in 1927, a revised \"improved version\" of the first book in 1932, and \"The Acadian Miracle\" in 1966. The books are considered to be seminal works in Acadian history and culture. In 2016, LeBlanc's granddaughter, award-winning author M. M. Le Blanc, revised, enhanced and edited his 1927 book as the 90th Anniversary Edition, and his 1966 book as the 50th Anniversary Edition. LeBlanc arranged three pilgrimages of \"Evangeline girls\" from Louisiana to Canada, stopping", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7939102", "score": "0.9771495", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Tulane University", "text": "In 1958, the university was elected to the Association of American Universities, an organization consisting of 62 of the leading research universities in North America. The School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine again became independent from the School of Medicine in 1967. It was established in 1912. Tulane's School of Tropical Medicine also remains the only one of its kind in the country. On April 23, 1975, President Gerald Ford spoke at Tulane University's Fogelman Arena at the invitation of Congressman F. Edward Hebert, a representative of Louisiana's 1st Congressional District. During the historic speech, Ford announced that the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1430601", "score": "0.9770925", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Tulane Hullabaloo", "text": "Tulane Hullabaloo The Tulane Hullabaloo is the weekly student-run newspaper of Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is published every Thursday of the academic year, except holidays, and has received multiple Pacemaker Awards, the highest award in college journalism. \"The Tulane Weekly\" began in 1905 to rival \"The Olive and Blue,\" another Tulane newspaper that dates back to 1896. (There were more Tulane newsletters and newspapers before \"The Olive and Blue\" named \"College Spirit,\" \"Collegian,\" \"Topics\" and \"The Rat.\") The first issue of \"The Tulane Weekly\" was published on November 8, 1905 and stated that \"the organization of this", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5059764", "score": "0.97662055", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Tulana", "text": "the current bishop replacing Heinrich Timmerevers, in 2016. Tulana Tulana also known as Tulanensis was a \"civitas\" (town) of the province of Africa Proconsularis during the Roman Empire. Very little is known of the town. Its location is now lost and the town is record only through the \"Notitia of Africa\" and the records of various Church Council. We know of a bishop of the town called Paul in the early 5th century and another named Pascasius who was exiled by the Vandal king Huneric in 484 AD. The ancient bishopric survives today as a titular see of the Roman", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20001227", "score": "0.9765339", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "John Laval", "text": "John Laval John Laval (September 21, 1854 – June 4, 1937) was a French-born bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States. He served as auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of New Orleans from 1911-1937. Born in Saint-Étienne, Loire, France, John Laval was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of New Orleans on November 10, 1877. On September 7, 1911 Pope Pius X appointed him as the Titular Bishop of \"Hierocaesarea\" and Auxiliary Bishop of New Orleans. He was consecrated a bishop by Archbishop James Blenk, S.M. on November 29, 1911. The principal co-consecrators were Bishops Cornelius Van de", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17848405", "score": "0.976231", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Benjamin Moore Norman", "text": "died, the younger Norman left his clerkship in New York City to take over the family bookstore. Shortly after, he left Hudson for Philadelphia, only to move to New Orleans in 1837, which would be his permanent home for the rest of his life. In December 1841, he had made progress on Stephen's by writing on the topic of the Maya Civilization in the Yucatán Peninsula. He traveled through the peninsula visiting Valladolid, Chichén Itzá, Uxmal, and San Francisco de Campeche. In this last location Norman was interviewed by Justo Sierra O'Reilly who, much later, characterized him in his newspaper,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18138209", "score": "0.9746983", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Tulane University", "text": "V. Schally. Other notables such as Rudolph Matas, \"father of vascular surgery\" and George E. Burch, inventor of the phlebomanometer in medicine, also were on faculty at Tulane. Five U.S. Supreme Court Justices have taught at Tulane, including Chief Justice William Rehnquist. Tulane has also hosted several prominent artists, most notably Mark Rothko, who was a Visiting Artist from 1956–1957. Currently on the faculty are James Carville, Nick Spitzer, and Melissa Harris-Perry. Several football alumni play in the National Football League, including 5 time NFL Champion Wide Receiver Max McGee of the (Green Bay Packers). Mewelde Moore (Indianapolis Colts), Matt", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1430632", "score": "0.9735487", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Herbert E. Longenecker", "text": "Herbert E. Longenecker Herbert Eugene Longenecker (May 6, 1912 – September 18, 2010) was the eleventh president of Tulane University from 1960 to 1975. Longenecker was born in Lititz, Pennsylvania to Abraham Sandoe and Mary Ellen Herr Longenecker. Both of his parents were educators and Mennonites who could trace their family roots back to the founding of Pennsylvania by William Penn. Abraham was the superintendent of the Lititz schools but he died in 1914 leaving Mary to support the family on her teacher's income. He had several jobs growing up. He graduated high school in 1929 where he was a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19982889", "score": "0.97352624", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Clarence Richard Silva", "text": "One of his first acts as bishop-elect was to travel on pilgrimage to Kalaupapa on the island of Moloka'i on May 19, to pay homage to then-Blessed Damien and then-Blessed Marianne. Marianne had only been beatified and raised to the title of \"Blessed\" by Pope Benedict XVI a few days earlier on May 14. Speaking of his pilgrimage Silva said, \"I will let that empower me in my ministry to the people of Hawai'i. Damien has been my hero since I was a boy.\" Silva's great grandfather was a patient of the leper colony. After the 2009 Canonisation of Father", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5132599", "score": "0.97169185", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Tulane University", "text": "year later, Schools of Dentistry and Pharmacy were established, albeit temporarily. The School of Dentistry ended in 1928, and Pharmacy six years later. In 1914, Tulane established a College of Commerce, the first business school in the South. In 1925, Tulane established the independent Graduate School. Two years later, the university set up a School of Social Work, also the first in the southern United States. Tulane was instrumental in promoting the arts in New Orleans and the South in establishing the Newcomb School of Art with William Woodward as director, thus establishing the renowned Newcomb Pottery. The Middle American", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1430599", "score": "0.9705535", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane", "long_answer": "The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo. Following the life of a china rabbit, the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo. Following the life of a china rabbit, the book won the 2006 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award in Fiction category.", "short_answers": [ "2006" ] }

[ "Lord Banquo", "Banquo" ]

[ { "title": "Macbeth", "text": "would already be aware that a ghost enters at that point. Ferdinand Fleck, notable as the first German actor to present Shakespeare's tragic roles in their fullness, played Macbeth at the Berlin National Theatre from 1787. Unlike his English counterparts, he portrayed the character as achieving his stature after the murder of Duncan, growing in presence and confidence: thereby enabling stark contrasts, such as in the banquet scene, which he ended babbling like a child. Performances outside the patent theatres were instrumental in bringing the monopoly to an end. Robert Elliston, for example, produced a popular adaptation of \"Macbeth\" in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "247899", "score": "1.0406438", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Lady Macbeth", "text": "Lady Macbeth Lady Macbeth is a leading character in William Shakespeare's tragedy \"Macbeth\" (c.1603–1607). The wife of the play's tragic hero, Macbeth (a Scottish nobleman), Lady Macbeth goads her husband into committing regicide, after which she becomes queen of Scotland. Later, however, she suffers pangs of guilt for her part in the crime, which drives her to sleepwalk. She dies off-stage in the last act, an apparent suicide. According to some genealogists, Lady Macbeth and King Duncan's wife were siblings or cousins, where Duncan's wife had a stronger claim to the throne than Lady Macbeth. It was this that incited", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4403360", "score": "1.0218211", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Macbeth (2015 film)", "text": "show him a vision of slain soldiers who tell him to beware of Macduff, and that Macbeth shall be King until Great Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill, where the royal castle is built. Finally, the ghost of the slain boy soldier who gave him the dagger tells Macbeth that he won't be slain by any man born of a woman. The King is found wandering the hills by Lennox who tells him that Macduff has fled to England. Anxious at this, in a fit of rage, Macbeth orders Macduff's family and servants to be killed. Lady Macduff and her", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17357723", "score": "1.009271", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Macduff (Macbeth)", "text": "Macduff (Macbeth) Lord Macduff, the Thane of Fife, is a character in William Shakespeare's \"Macbeth\" (c.1603–1607). Macduff plays a pivotal role in the play: he suspects Macbeth of regicide and eventually kills Macbeth in the final act. He can be seen as the avenging hero who helps save Scotland from Macbeth's tyranny in the play. The character is first known from \"Chronica Gentis Scotorum\" (late 14th century) and \"Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland\" (early 15th century). Shakespeare drew mostly from \"Holinshed's Chronicles\" (1587). Although characterised sporadically throughout the play, Macduff serves as a foil to Macbeth and a figure of morality.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2564054", "score": "1.0088774", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Macbeth (2015 film)", "text": "done, and how her hands are covered in blood. She then sees the ghost of her dead child, which she urges to go to bed. Then she wanders in the hills and sees the three witches as she walks towards them. In the castle, rumours spread that Macbeth has gone mad and his subjects fear his anger and tyrannical behaviour. Macbeth is told that his wife is dead. Saying \"tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow\", he then lifts her body and carries it around the chamber in despair. Seyton then brings him news that Malcolm is leading an army against him", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17357725", "score": "1.0080383", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Macduff (Macbeth)", "text": "2, scene 3 to the drunken porter to report to his duty of awaking King Duncan when he is sleeping for the night at Macbeth's castle. When he discovers the corpse of King Duncan (murdered by Macbeth, but it appears that nearby guards are guilty since Macbeth—at the prodding of Lady Macbeth—put his knife by them and smeared them with Duncan's blood), he raises an alarm, informing the castle that the king has been murdered. Macduff begins to suspect Macbeth of regicide when Macbeth says, \"O, yet I do repent me of my fury / That I did kill them\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2564058", "score": "1.0056489", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Macbeth (2015 film)", "text": "sees the ghost of one of the dead boy soldiers who gives him a dagger and leads him towards Duncan's tent. Macbeth brutally slays Duncan. Malcolm enters the tent and, seeing what Macbeth has done, flees in fear. Shaken, Macbeth goes to his wife and gives her the dagger he has used to kill the King. Lady Macbeth rebukes him, saying that he should have left it in the tent and she goes herself to place the dagger in the hands of the sleeping chamberlains. Later she meets Macbeth in the church where they both wash the blood from their", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17357719", "score": "1.004879", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Macbeth (2015 film)", "text": "hands and she tells him that the water has washed their deed away. In the morning, Macduff finds Duncan dead, and Macbeth slaughters the sleeping servants to prevent their denial of the murder. Macduff and Lennox, a Scottish noble, discuss that as Malcolm has fled to England that puts him under suspicion of being involved in the murder. They also admire Macbeth's justice on the supposedly-treacherous servants. With Malcolm gone, Macbeth is asked to become King of Scotland. After the coronation he sits in a sour mood in his chamber where Lady Macbeth comes to him. He complains that killing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17357720", "score": "1.0031348", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Duncan I of Scotland", "text": "probably on 14 August 1040. He is thought to have been buried at Elgin before later relocation to the Isle of Iona. Duncan is depicted as an elderly King in the play \"Macbeth\" (1606) by William Shakespeare. He is killed in his sleep by the protagonist, Macbeth. In the historical novel \"Macbeth the King\" (1978) by Nigel Tranter, Duncan is portrayed as a schemer who is fearful of Macbeth as a possible rival for the throne. He tries to assassinate Macbeth by poisoning and then when this fails, attacks his home with an army. In self-defence Macbeth meets him in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1312054", "score": "1.001879", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Banquo", "text": "Lord Banquo /ˈbæŋkwoʊ/, the Thane of Lochaber, is a character in William Shakespeare's 1606 play Macbeth. In the play, he is at first an ally to Macbeth (both are generals in the King's army) and they meet the Three Witches together. After prophesying that Macbeth will become king, the witches tell Banquo that he will not be king himself, but that his descendants will be. Later, Macbeth in his lust for power sees Banquo as a threat and has him murdered by two hired assassins ; Banquo's son, Fleance, escapes. Banquo's ghost returns in a later scene [Banquet Scene] , causing Macbeth to react with alarm during a public feast.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Paris during the Bourbon Restoration", "text": "of the Comédie-Française, who had been a favorite of Napoleon. His version of \"MacBeth\", according to an English visitor who saw it in 1814, his performance had some notable differences from the usual English version. The witches and ghosts in the play never appeared on the stage, since, in Talma's view, they existed only in his imagination; he simply described them to the audience. Mademoiselle George was the most famous female dramatic actress, Abraham-Joseph Bénard, known as Fleury, was the most famous comic actor, and Mademoiselle Mars was the leading comic actress on the Paris stage. The English visitor commented", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18682677", "score": "0.9990649", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Donalbain (Macbeth)", "text": "Polanski's film of Macbeth, in which Donalbain, returning to Scotland after the death of Macbeth, hears the witches murmuring in the heather and gets off his horse to investigate, evidently alludes to the historical fact that Donalbain seized the throne after the death of Malcolm. Donalbain (Macbeth) Donalbain is a character in William Shakespeare's \"Macbeth\" (c. 1603–1607). He is the younger son of King Duncan and brother to Malcolm, the heir to the throne. Donalbain flees to Ireland after the murder of his father for refuge. He is based upon a personage in an account of King Duncan in \"Holinshed's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12783440", "score": "0.9973488", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "King Duncan", "text": "\"Macbeth on the Estate\" (1997), Laurence Payne in \"\" \"Macbeth\" (1992), Griffith Jones in \"A Performance of Macbeth\" (1979), and Jacques Mauclair in \"Macbett\" (1974), Kevin Coughlin on the \"Goodyear Television Playhouse\" (1955), and Lee Patterson on the \"Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Presents\" \"Dream Stuff\" (1954). Other television performers of the role include Philip Madoc (1998), Mark Dignam (1983), Powys Thomas (1961), Malcolm Keen (1960), Leo G. Carroll (1949), Arthur Wontner (1949). King Duncan King Duncan is a fictional character in Shakespeare's \"Macbeth.\" He is the father of two youthful sons (Malcolm and Donalbain), and the victim of a well-plotted regicide", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12708182", "score": "0.9970821", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Malcolm III of Scotland", "text": "Then Ross comes and Duncan decides that Macbeth should take the title of Thane of Cawdor. Then he later appears in Act 1.4 talking about the execution of the former Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth then enters and they congratulate him on his victory. He later appears in Macbeth's castle as a guest. When his father is killed he is suspected of the murder so he escapes to England. He later makes an appearance in Act 4.3, where he talks to Macduff about Macbeth and what to do. They both decide to start a war against him. In Act 5.4 he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "288661", "score": "0.9970688", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Macbeth", "text": "Elder), the Earl of Northumberland, against Dunsinane Castle. While encamped in Birnam Wood, the soldiers are ordered to cut down and carry tree limbs to camouflage their numbers. Before Macbeth's opponents arrive, he receives news that Lady Macbeth has killed herself, causing him to sink into a deep and pessimistic despair and deliver his \"Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow\" soliloquy (V.v.17–28). Though he reflects on the brevity and meaninglessness of life, he nevertheless awaits the English and fortifies Dunsinane. He is certain that the witches' prophecies guarantee his invincibility, but is struck with fear when he learns that the English", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "247837", "score": "0.9963415", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Macbeth (opera)", "text": "the encounter with the witches. She is determined to propel Macbeth to the throne - by fair means or foul. Lady Macbeth is advised that King Duncan will stay in the castle that night; she is determined to see him killed (\"Or tutti, sorgete\" / \"Arise now, all you ministers of hell\"). When Macbeth returns she urges him to take the opportunity to kill the King. The King and the nobles arrive and Macbeth is emboldened to carry out the murder (\"Mi si affaccia un pugnal?\" / \"Is this a dagger which I see before me?\"), but afterwards is filled", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4947559", "score": "0.99452615", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Macbeth (1971 film)", "text": "seeks out the witches, who are performing a nude ritual. The witches and the spirits they summon deceive Macbeth into thinking he is invincible, as he cannot be killed except by a man not born of woman, and will not be defeated until \"Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane.\" After Macduff flees to England, Ross leaves Fife's castle doors open, so Macbeth's murderers can kill Lady Macduff and the rest of the family and servants. With nobles fleeing Scotland, Macbeth chooses a new Thane of Cawdor, bestowing the title on Seyton over Ross. Disappointed, Ross joins Malcolm and Macduff in England,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2823232", "score": "0.9936086", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Macbeth, King of Scotland", "text": "Macbeth, King of Scotland Macbeth (Medieval Gaelic: \"Mac Bethad mac Findlaích\"; Modern Gaelic: \"MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh\"; nicknamed \"\", \"the Red King\"; – 15 August 1057) was King of Scots from 1040 until his death. He was titled King of Alba during his life, and ruled over only a portion of present-day Scotland. Little is known about Macbeth's early life, although he was the son of Findláech of Moray and may have been a grandson of Malcolm II. He became Mormaer of Moray – a semi-autonomous lordship – in 1032, and was probably responsible for the death of the previous mormaer,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "273251", "score": "0.9891875", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Donalbain (Macbeth)", "text": "Donalbain (Macbeth) Donalbain is a character in William Shakespeare's \"Macbeth\" (c. 1603–1607). He is the younger son of King Duncan and brother to Malcolm, the heir to the throne. Donalbain flees to Ireland after the murder of his father for refuge. He is based upon a personage in an account of King Duncan in \"Holinshed's Chronicles\", a history of Britain familiar to Shakespeare. He is ultimately based on the historical King Donald III of Scotland. In the original text of the First Folio his name is spelled Donalbaine, and is sometimes also spelled Donaldbain. Shakespeare's Donalbain is based upon 'Donald", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12783437", "score": "0.97483814", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Macbeth, King of Scotland", "text": "kings. Macbeth was initially succeeded by his stepson Lulach, but Lulach ruled for only a few months before also being killed by Malcolm III, whose descendants would rule Scotland until the late 13th century. Macbeth is today best known as the main character of William Shakespeare's tragedy \"Macbeth\" and the many works it has inspired. However, Shakespeare's Macbeth is based on the \"Holinshed's Chronicles\" (published in 1577) and is not historically accurate. Macbeth's full name in Medieval Gaelic was '. This is realised as ' in Modern Gaelic, and anglicised as Macbeth MacFinlay (also spelled Findlay, Findley, or Finley). The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "273253", "score": "0.9744673", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Ghost (Hamlet)", "text": "Ghost (Hamlet) The ghost of Hamlet's father is a character from William Shakespeare's play \"Hamlet\". In the stage directions he is referred to as \"Ghost\". His name is also Hamlet, and he is referred to as \"King\" Hamlet to distinguish him from the Prince. He is loosely based on a legendary Jutish chieftain, named Horwendill, who appears in \"Chronicon Lethrense\" and in Saxo Grammaticus' \"Gesta Danorum\". According to oral tradition, the Ghost was originally played by Shakespeare himself. The Ghost appears three times in the play: in Act I, Scene i; in the continuum of Act I, Scenes iv and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4481280", "score": "0.97432363", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Macbeth (character)", "text": "make him audition for more Shakespearean plays and kills himself so he doesn't need to audition any more. On stage and film, Macbeth has been portrayed by many notable actors, including Sean Connery, Laurence Olivier, Christopher Eccleston, Alan Cumming, Sam Worthington, Orson Welles, Ian McKellen, Toshiro Mifune, Nicol Williamson, Jon Finch, Daniel Day-Lewis, James McAvoy, Jeremy Brett, Patrick Stewart, Dwij Vasavada, Alec Baldwin, Ethan Hawke, Michael Fassbender and Kenneth Branagh. Macbeth (character) Lord Macbeth, the Thane of Glamis, is the title character and titular main protagonist turned primary antagonist of William Shakespeare's \"Macbeth\" (c. 1603–1607). The character is based on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9115176", "score": "0.9736054", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Macbeth (opera)", "text": "dining hall in the castle\" Macbeth receives the guests and Lady Macbeth sings a brindisi (\"Si colmi il calice\" / \"Fill up the cup\"). The assassination is reported to Macbeth, but when he returns to the table the ghost of Banco is sitting in his place. Macbeth raves at the ghost and the horrified guests believe he has gone mad. Lady Macbeth manages to calm the situation once - and even mocks it by calling for a toast to the absent Banco (whose death is not yet public knowledge), only for the ghost to appear a second time and terrify", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4947562", "score": "0.97263724", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Opera in Scotland", "text": "a sympathetic character in southern Europe due to her Catholicism. In a 2001 article, \"Mary Stuart and the opera in her honour by Carlo Coccia\", Professor Alexander Weatherson writes: Other depictions in opera Rossini's \"Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra\", 1815, does not deal directly with Queen Mary, but does has several Scottish characters in it, and also relatives of the Scottish queen. Macbeth was a genuine historical figure: Mac Bethad mac Findlaích (Modern Gaelic: MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh), anglicised as Macbeth, and nicknamed \"Rí Deircc\" (Righ Dearg), \"the Scarlet King\"; died 15 August 1057) was King of the Scots (also known as the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17046752", "score": "0.96883255", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "Lady Macbeth", "text": "her jealousy and hatred of Duncan. The character's origins lie of the accounts of Kings Duff and Duncan in \"Holinshed's Chronicles\" (1587), a history of Britain familiar to Shakespeare. Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth appears to be a composite of two separate and distinct personages in Holinshed's work: Donwald's nagging, murderous wife in the account of King Duff and Macbeth's ambitious wife Gruoch of Scotland in the account of King Duncan. Lady Macbeth is a powerful presence in the play, most notably in the first two acts. Following the murder of King Duncan, however, her role in the plot diminishes. She becomes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4403361", "score": "0.9670474", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "Macbeth", "text": "character jarred harshly with her public image. Adelaide Ristori, the great Italian actress, brought her Lady Macbeth to London in 1863 in Italian, and again in 1873 in an English translation cut in such a way as to be, in effect, Lady Macbeth's tragedy. Henry Irving was the most successful of the late-Victorian actor-managers, but his \"Macbeth\" failed to curry favour with audiences. His desire for psychological credibility reduced certain aspects of the role: He described Macbeth as a brave soldier but a moral coward, and played him untroubled by conscience – clearly already contemplating the murder of Duncan before", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "247906", "score": "0.9669876", "original_retrieval_index": 41 }, { "title": "Lady Macbeth", "text": "murder of Duff has its motivation in revenge rather than ambition. In Holinshed's account of King Duncan, the discussion of Lady Macbeth is confined to a single sentence: Not found in Holinshed are the invocation to the \"spirits that tend on mortal thoughts,\" the sleepwalking scene, and various details found in the drama concerning the death of Macbeth. Lady Macbeth makes her first appearance late in scene five of the first act, when she learns in a letter from her husband that three witches have prophesied his future as king. When King Duncan becomes her overnight guest, Lady Macbeth seizes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4403365", "score": "0.96658206", "original_retrieval_index": 43 }, { "title": "Lady Macduff", "text": "Lady Macduff Lady Macduff is a character in William Shakespeare's \"Macbeth\". She is the wife of Lord Macduff, the Thane of Fife, and the mother of an unnamed son and other children. Her appearance in the play is brief: she and her son are introduced in Act IV Scene II, a climactic scene that ends with her and her son being murdered on Macbeth's orders. Though Lady Macduff's appearance is limited to this scene, her role in the play is quite significant. Later playwrights, Sir William Davenant especially, expanded her role in adaptation and in performance. Macduff and Lady Macduff", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5749284", "score": "0.9663646", "original_retrieval_index": 44 }, { "title": "Sarah Siddons", "text": "celebrity. Her most famous role was that of Lady Macbeth, which she first performed on 2 February 1785.She spellbound her audience through the grandeur of her emotions as she expressed Lady Macbeth's murderous passions. Rather than portraying Lady Macbeth as a murderous evil queen, Siddons depicted her with a strong sense of maternity and a delicate femininity.As she noted in her own \"Remarks to the character of Lady Macbeth\", Siddons found an unearthed fragility in this role. \"She read, in the 'I have given suck' soliloquy, a 'tender allusion [to] the maternal mother yearning for her babe'; it is therefore", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1728401", "score": "0.9647098", "original_retrieval_index": 46 }, { "title": "Voodoo Macbeth", "text": "Voodoo Macbeth The Voodoo \"Macbeth\" is a common nickname for the Federal Theatre Project's 1936 New York production of William Shakespeare's \"Macbeth\". Orson Welles adapted and directed the production, moved the play's setting from Scotland to a fictional Caribbean island, recruited an entirely Black cast, and earned the nickname for his production from the Haitian \"vodou\" that fulfilled the role of Scottish witchcraft. A box office sensation, the production is regarded as a landmark theatrical event for several reasons: its innovative interpretation of the play, its success in promoting African-American theatre, and its role in securing the reputation of its", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13638353", "score": "0.9641223", "original_retrieval_index": 47 } ]

{ "title": "Banquo", "long_answer": "Lord Banquo /ˈbæŋkwoʊ/, the Thane of Lochaber, is a character in William Shakespeare's 1606 play Macbeth. In the play, he is at first an ally to Macbeth (both are generals in the King's army) and they meet the Three Witches together. After prophesying that Macbeth will become king, the witches tell Banquo that he will not be king himself, but that his descendants will be. Later, Macbeth in his lust for power sees Banquo as a threat and has him murdered by two hired assassins ; Banquo's son, Fleance, escapes. Banquo's ghost returns in a later scene [Banquet Scene] , causing Macbeth to react with alarm during a public feast.", "chunked_long_answer": "Lord Banquo /ˈbæŋkwoʊ/, the Thane of Lochaber, is a character in William Shakespeare's 1606 play Macbeth. In the play, he is at first an ally to Macbeth (both are generals in the King's army) and they meet the Three Witches together. After prophesying that Macbeth will become king, the witches tell Banquo that he will not be king himself, but that his descendants will be. Later, Macbeth in his lust for power sees Banquo as a threat and has him murdered by two hired assassins ; Banquo's son, Fleance, escapes. Banquo's ghost returns in a later scene [Banquet Scene] , causing Macbeth to react with alarm during a public feast.", "short_answers": [ "Banquo", "Lord Banquo" ] }

[ "1603" ]

[ { "title": "As You Like It", "text": "productions of \"As You Like It\" include the 1936 Old Vic Theatre production starring Edith Evans and the 1961 Shakespeare Memorial Theatre production starring Vanessa Redgrave. The longest running Broadway production starred Katharine Hepburn as Rosalind, Cloris Leachman as Celia, William Prince as Orlando, and Ernest Thesiger as Jaques, and was directed by Michael Benthall. It ran for 145 performances in 1950. Another notable production was at the 2005 Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, which was set in the 1960s and featured Shakespeare's lyrics set to music written by Barenaked Ladies. In 2014, theatre critic Michael Billington said his favourite", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13533236", "score": "1.2233777", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Laurie Woolery", "text": "adaptation of \"As You Like It\" premiered on September 1, 2017 at the Delacorte Theatre in New York City. As part of Public Works at The Public Theater’s mission of community engagement, the musical featured over 200 actors and community members and tickets were completely free to the public for all five nights of its run. Adapted from William Shakespeare's classic story, “As You Like It” is a dreamy production exploring themes of friendship, family, and love. Orlando, Duke Senior, his daughter Rosalind and niece Celia are exiled from their homes and flee to the magical and welcoming Forest of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20976602", "score": "1.1307265", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Charlie Fink", "text": "received a five star review from Michael Billington at the Guardian, who called it \"the best family show since Matilda.\" The original production ran from 2 December 2015 to 16 January 2016. The production returned to The Old Vic in 2017 to further five star reviews. \" It has since gone on to tour in Toronto, Minneapolis and San Diego. It was announced that Fink was writing the music for a production of 'As You Like It' in Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in July 2018. The show opened to positive reviews with the Times describing it as 'Gorgeous'. Fink", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12773805", "score": "1.1216648", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "As You Like It (1936 film)", "text": "As You Like It (1936 film) As You Like It is a 1936 British film, directed by Paul Czinner and starring Laurence Olivier as Orlando and Elisabeth Bergner as Rosalind. It is based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name. It was Olivier's first performance of Shakespeare on screen. It was the final film of stage actors Leon Quartermaine and Henry Ainley, and featured an early screen role for Ainley's son Richard as Sylvius, as well as for John Laurie, who played Orlando's brother Oliver. (Laurie would go on to co-star with Olivier in the three Shakespearean films that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7249280", "score": "1.0880476", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "As You Like It", "text": "Ayres\", published in London in 1600 contains a musical setting for the song \"It was a lover and his lass\" from \"As You Like It\". This evidence implies that the play was in existence in some shape or other before 1600. It seems likely this play was written after 1598, since Francis Meres did not mention it in his \"Palladis Tamia\". Although twelve plays are listed in \"Palladis Tamia\", it was an incomplete inventory of Shakespeare's plays to that date (1598). The new Globe Theatre opened some time in the summer of 1599, and tradition has it that the new", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13533215", "score": "1.0872798", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "As You Like It", "text": "the First Folio among those which \"are not formerly entered to other men.\" By means of evidences, external and internal, the date of composition of the play has been approximately fixed at a period between the end of 1598 and the middle of 1599. \"As You Like It\" was entered into the Register of the Stationers' Company on 4 August 1600 as a work which was \"to be stayed\", i.e., not published till the Stationers' Company were satisfied that the publisher in whose name the work was entered was the undisputed owner of the copyright. Thomas Morley's \"First Book of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13533214", "score": "1.083805", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "As You Like It", "text": "band Johnny Flynn and The Sussex Wit. The production included Pippa Nixon as Rosalind, Luke Norris as Orlando, Adrian Scarborough as Touchstone, William Houston as Jaques, Ellie Kendrick as Celia and Jude Akuwudike as Corin. \"As You Like It\" was Laurence Olivier's first Shakespeare film. Olivier, however, served only in an acting capacity (performing the role of Orlando), rather than producing or directing the film. Made in England and released in 1936, \"As You Like It\" also starred director Paul Czinner's wife Elizabeth Bergner, who played Rosalind with a thick German accent. Although it is much less \"Hollywoody\" than the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13533239", "score": "1.0816232", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "As You Like It", "text": "Sir Oliver Martext's possible reference to the Marprelate Controversy which transpired between 1588 and 1589. On the basis of these references, it seems that \"As You Like It\" may have been composed in 1599–1600, but it remains impossible to say with any certainty. Though the play is consistently one of Shakespeare's most frequently performed comedies, scholars have long disputed over its merits. George Bernard Shaw complained that \"As You Like It\" is lacking in the high artistry of which Shakespeare was capable. Shaw liked to think that Shakespeare wrote the play as a mere crowdpleaser, and signalled his own middling", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13533219", "score": "1.0759373", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "As You Like It (1936 film)", "text": "not simply represent, as Celia sees it, a place to spend time and relax so much as an escape to freedom. This view is reflected in the film created by refugees, and speaks to other refugees and exiles. The film is notable for being scored by William Walton, who was to become Olivier's longtime musical collaborator, scoring his films of \"Henry V\", \"Hamlet\" and \"Richard III\", and defending his score for the film \"Battle of Britain\" against its replacement by Ron Goodwin's. As You Like It (1936 film) As You Like It is a 1936 British film, directed by Paul", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7249285", "score": "1.0646554", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "As You Like It", "text": "As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio in 1623. The play's first performance is uncertain, though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Till There Was You", "text": "Was You\" was covered by the Beatles in 1963. The first recording of the song to be released was produced by Nelson Riddle, featuring his orchestra and 17-year-old vocalist Sue Raney. Promotional copies of the 45 rpm single, Capitol P3847, were released on November 26, 1957, even before the Broadway production had premiered on December 19, 1957, and a month ahead of the original cast album. An earlier version of this song, \"Till I Met You\", was first recorded by Eileen Wilson in 1950 and later appeared on the January 14, 1951 edition of \"The Big Show\", performed by Fran", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5580591", "score": "1.063311", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Live Not as You Would Like To", "text": "rough draft of it appeared in August 1854. The play's second version, a three-act drama now called \"Live Not As You Would Like To\" was set in the 18th century Moscow, in the days of the traditional Russian Maslenitsa pancake carnival. In November 1854 the play was completed and on December 3 premiered at the Maly Theatre. It was published in September 1855 (with 600 copies of a separate book edition pressed simultaneously), proving to be Ostrovsky's final publication for \"Moskvityanin\". This magazine's text had to undergo some changes, though. The new, edited version appeared in the 1859 \"Works by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16730016", "score": "1.0601922", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "As You Like It", "text": "\"Young\". Donovan set \"Under the Greenwood Tree\" to music and recorded it for \"A Gift from a Flower to a Garden\" in 1968. Michael John Trotta composed a setting of \"Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind\" for choir in 2013. According to the history of radio station WCAL in the US state of Minnesota, \"As You Like It\" may have been the first play ever broadcast. It went over the air in 1922. On 1 March 2015, BBC Radio 3 broadcast a new production directed by Sally Avens with music composed by actor and singer Johnny Flynn of the folk rock", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13533238", "score": "1.054841", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "As Is (play)", "text": "As Is (play) As Is is a play written by William M. Hoffman. The play was first produced by Circle Repertory Company and The Glines and directed by Marshall W. Mason. It opened on March 10, 1985 at the Circle Theatre in New York City, where it ran for 49 performances. The subsequent Broadway production, produced by John Glines, Lawrence Lane, Lucille Lortel, and the Shubert Organization, opened on May 1, 1985 at the Lyceum Theatre, where it ran for 285 performances following six previews. The cast included Robert Carradine, Jonathan Hadary, Jonathan Hogan, Lou Liberatore, Ken Kliban, and Claris", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8938342", "score": "1.0430275", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Rosalind (As You Like It)", "text": "play directed by Basil Coleman, and Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2006 production directed by Kenneth Branagh. American actress Patti LuPone played the role at the Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis, after her award-winning portrayal of Eva Peron in the original Broadway run of \"Evita\". This caused much speculation because LuPone was leaving the Broadway stage and moving to \"regional\" work. Adrian Lester won a Time Out Award for his performance as Rosalind in Cheek by Jowl's 1991 production of \"As You Like It\". A male actor in the role (as would have been the norm in Shakespeare's time) underlines the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12558759", "score": "1.0375735", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "As You Like It", "text": "no evidence that the poem was written before \"As You Like It\". The second suggested source is \"The Historie of Orlando Furioso\" by Robert Greene, acted about 1592. It is suggested that Shakespeare derived the idea of Orlando's carving his lady's name on barks of trees from this play, but a lover carving love-poems on barks of trees was already in Lodge's tale. \"As You Like It\" was first printed in the collected edition of Shakespeare's plays, known as the First Folio, during 1623. No copy of it in Quarto exists, for the play is mentioned by the printers of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13533213", "score": "1.0366986", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Exactly Like You (musical)", "text": "Ward as Arlene Murphy, Susan Mansur as Pricilla Vanerhosen and Michael McGrath as Martin Murphy. Exactly Like You (musical) Exactly Like You is a 1999 musical by composer Cy Coleman and the book writer A. E. Hotchner. The musical premiered at the Goodspeed Opera House's Norma Terris Theatre in Chester, Connecticut in May 1998. The musical was directed and choreographed by Patricia Birch and featured Barbara Walsh and Michael McGrath, The musical was next produced Off-Broadway at the York Theatre at St. Peter's running from April 14, 1999 to May 9, 1999. The musical was directed and choreographed by Patricia", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13325806", "score": "1.0293198", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "As You Like It", "text": "production of the play was Cheek by Jowl's 1991 production, directed by Declan Donnellan. Thomas Morley (c. 1557–1602) composed music for \"It was a lover and his lass\"; he lived in the same parish as Shakespeare, and at times composed music for Shakespeare's plays. In 1942, Gerald Finzi included a setting of \"It was a lover and his lass\" (V, iii) in his song cycle on Shakespearean texts \"Let Us Garlands Bring\". Cleo Laine sang a jazz setting of \"It was a lover and his lass\" on her 1964 album \"Shakespeare... and all that Jazz\". The composer is credited as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13533237", "score": "1.0208576", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "As Is (play)", "text": "of \"Time Out\" magazine, and transferred to the Trafalgar Studios in 2015. As Is (play) As Is is a play written by William M. Hoffman. The play was first produced by Circle Repertory Company and The Glines and directed by Marshall W. Mason. It opened on March 10, 1985 at the Circle Theatre in New York City, where it ran for 49 performances. The subsequent Broadway production, produced by John Glines, Lawrence Lane, Lucille Lortel, and the Shubert Organization, opened on May 1, 1985 at the Lyceum Theatre, where it ran for 285 performances following six previews. The cast included", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8938345", "score": "1.0138971", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Live Not as You Would Like To", "text": "A.N.Ostrovsky\" in two volumes published by Count Grigory Kushelev-Bezborodko. \"Live Not As You Would Like To\" premiered at the Maly Theatre on 3 December 1854, as a benefit for Kornely Poltavtsev who played Pyotr. It featured Prov Sadovsky as Agafon, Lyubov Nikulina-Kositskaya as Grusha and Sergey Vasilyev as Vasya. Its Alexandrinsky Theatre premier took place on 12 January 1885, featuring Pyotr Stepanov (Pyotr), Alexandra Chitau (Dasha), Yulia Linskaya (Afimya) and Alexander Martynov as Yeremka, among others. The play was less successful than all of its predecessors. It ran one season (1854–55, four performances) in the Maly, then dropped from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16730017", "score": "1.0123727", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "As It Is in Heaven (play)", "text": "As It Is in Heaven (play) As It Is In Heaven is a play by actor/director Arlene Hutton. It premiered at 78th Street Theater Lab, followed by a performance at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, and making its way to the Off-Broadway Arclight Theatre in New York City, New York, where it ran from January 11 to February 5, 2002. Hutton wrote the play after visiting the Pleasant Hills Shaker Village in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, a restored community that the Shakers occupied for more than a century, before abandoning it in 1927, after being unable to attract new converts. The title comes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14219538", "score": "1.0070492", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Live Not as You Would Like To", "text": "musical piece and suggested Alexander Serov might do that. Leo Tolstoy enjoyed \"Live Not As You Would Like To\", admitting that his own \"The Power of Darkness\" has been written under the influence of Ostrovsky's play. Live Not as You Would Like To Live Not as You Would Like To (, Romanized as: Ne tak zhivi kak khochetsya) is a play by Alexander Ostrovsky. It premiered on 3 December 1854 at the Moscow's Maly Theatre and was published for the first time in the No. 17, September 1855 issue of \"Moskvityanin\" magazine. Initially Ostrovsky had in mind a five-act drama,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16730022", "score": "0.99878263", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Ruža na asfaltu", "text": "musical to play its final performance on April 14, 2008. \"Ruža na asfaltu\" was performed once more on June 28, 2008, as a part of Komedija Theatre's free concert series given at Zagreb's Bundek Lake. Originally planned as a two-evening event, one performance was ultimately canceled because of bad weather. A shortened version of the show was performed at this venue, with most of the dialogue and several songs cut. Ruža na asfaltu Ruža na asfaltu (The Asphalt Rose) is a Croatian musical with a book by Igor Weidlich, music by Darko Hajsek and lyrics by Darko Hajsek and Ladislav", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14668231", "score": "0.998532", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "As You Like It", "text": "Jaques both elect to remain within the forest. University of Wisconsin professor Richard Knowles, the editor of the 1977 New Variorum edition of this play, in his article \"Myth and Type in As You Like It\", pointed out that the play contains mythological references in particular to Eden and to Hercules. \"As You Like It\" is known as a musical comedy because of the number of songs in the play. Indeed, there are more songs in it than in any other play of Shakespeare. These songs and music are incorporated in the action that takes place in the forest of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13533227", "score": "0.99744004", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "It's Love-Love-Love", "text": "before trans-genderism came into vogue). Perhaps it was a live recording, or more likely Crosby was playing it for further laughs, as it is a comic tune to begin with. It's Love-Love-Love \"It's Love, Love, Love\" is a popular song. The music was written by Joan Whitney and Alex Kramer, with lyrics by Mack David, and published in 1943. The best-known recording was by Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians. It was recorded on January 7, 1944, and released by Decca Records as catalog number 18589. It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on April 6, 1944 and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10063638", "score": "0.9891885", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Exactly Like You (musical)", "text": "Exactly Like You (musical) Exactly Like You is a 1999 musical by composer Cy Coleman and the book writer A. E. Hotchner. The musical premiered at the Goodspeed Opera House's Norma Terris Theatre in Chester, Connecticut in May 1998. The musical was directed and choreographed by Patricia Birch and featured Barbara Walsh and Michael McGrath, The musical was next produced Off-Broadway at the York Theatre at St. Peter's running from April 14, 1999 to May 9, 1999. The musical was directed and choreographed by Patricia Birch, with sets by James Morgan and costumes by Richard Schurkamp. The cast featured Lauren", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13325805", "score": "0.98861676", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "The Disorderly Room", "text": "various popular songs of the day. It was first performed live in a 15-minute form on the BBC Television Service at 3.45pm, Saturday, 17 April 1937. Such was its popularity, however, that the production was restaged on various occasions before the suspension of the fledgling television service for the duration of the Second World War in September 1939. Later performances were on 30 August 1937 (twice: 35 minutes and 30 minutes); 23 December 1937 (15 minutes); 15 August 1939 (30 minutes) and finally on 20 August 1939 (30 minutes). None of these has survived because technology to record them did", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5317426", "score": "0.9877143", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "I Didn't Know What Time It Was", "text": "of the 1957 film \"Pal Joey,\" where it was sung by Frank Sinatra. I Didn't Know What Time It Was \"I Didn't Know What Time It Was\" is a popular song composed by Richard Rodgers with yrics by Lorenz Hart for the musical \"Too Many Girls\" (1939). Early hit versions were recorded by Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw. The Crampton Sisters 1964 revival for the DCP label was a Hot 100 entry. The song was introduced by Richard Kollmar and Marcy Westcott in the musical \"Too Many Girls.\" It was performed by Trudy Erwin – dubbing for Lucille Ball in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8533782", "score": "0.9856208", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "text": "true story of Thomas John Barnardo. They produced a demo tape of that work in 1966, but the project failed to gain a backer. Although composed in 1965, \"The Likes of Us\" was not publicly performed until 2005, when a production was staged at Lloyd Webber's Sydmonton Festival. In 2008, amateur rights were released by the National Operatic and Dramatic Association (NODA) in association with the Really Useful Group. The first amateur performance was by a children's theatre group in Cornwall called \"Kidz R Us\". Stylistically, \"The Likes of Us\" is fashioned after the Broadway musical of the 1940s and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "655378", "score": "0.9811789", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Pepita Jiménez (opera)", "text": "Sorozábal’s version was performed at the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid on 6 June 1964, with Pilar Lorengar as Pepita and Alfredo Kraus as Don Luis. This version was also used in the first recording starring Teresa Berganza as Pepita and released in 1967 on Columbia LPs (SCE 931/2). A new critical edition by Borja Marino (based on the 1897 version) was premiered on 28 October 2012 at the Teatro Argentino de La Plata, Argentina, with Nicola Beller Carbone as Pepita and Enrique Ferrer as Don Luis, conducted by Manuel Coves and directed by Calixto Bieito. This was the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12942235", "score": "0.9806272", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "As You Like It", "long_answer": "As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio in 1623. The play's first performance is uncertain, though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility.", "chunked_long_answer": "As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio in 1623. The play's first performance is uncertain, though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility.", "short_answers": [ "1603" ] }

[ "1980s" ]

[ { "title": "Computers in the classroom", "text": "schools became a major issue, leaving many teachers unable to provide enough computers for students to use. Despite this, by 1989 computer usage shifted from being a relative rarity in American public schools, to being present in nearly every school district. The early 1990s marked the beginning of modern media technology such as CD-ROMs as well as the development of modern presentation software such as Microsoft PowerPoint. Other computer-based technology including the electronic whiteboard and the laptop computer became widely available to students. In 1990, the Methodist Ladies' College became the first campus to require every student to purchase a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14577394", "score": "1.1100228", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Computers in the classroom", "text": "13% of the nation's public high schools used computers for instruction, although non-users still outnumbered users at a ratio of 2 to 1. The study also concluded that computers proved to be very popular with students, and that applications run on early models included sports statistic managers, administration tools, and physics simulators. In 1975, Apple Inc. began donating Apple 1 model computers to schools, and mainframes began to lose their former dominance over academic research. Computer usage continued to grow rapidly throughout this era. In 1977, it was estimated that over 90% of students at Dartmouth College had used computers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14577392", "score": "1.0535375", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Participatory culture", "text": "not enough to ensure youth and adults learn how to use the tools effectively. Most American youths now have at least minimal access to networked computers, be it at school or in public libraries, but \"children who have access to home computers demonstrate more positive attitudes towards computers, show more enthusiasm, and report more enthusiast and ease when using computer than those who do not (Page 8 Wartella, O'Keefe, and Scantlin (2000)). As the children with more access to computers gain more comfort in using them, the less tech-savvy students get pushed aside. It is important to note that it", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10112939", "score": "1.0301445", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Computer literacy", "text": "computers have made Numbers more flexible to some extent. In the United Kingdom, the BBC Computer Literacy Project and the BBC Micro, which ran from 1980 to 1989, educated a generation of coders in schools and at home, prior to the development of mass market PCs in the 1990s. The ZX Spectrum, released in 1982, helped to popularize home computing, coding and gaming in Britain and was also popular in other countries. On development, many computers have long since evolved to use data computing, and now use computers in three standard ways: batch, online, and real-time. Reading and writing are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4939479", "score": "1.0295308", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Computers in the classroom", "text": "continuing support of government funding, the prevalence of educational computer usage boomed during this era. Between 1997 and 1999, the ratio of students to multimedia computers decreased from 21 students per machine to less than 10 students per machine. Colleges began creating specialized classrooms designed to provide students with access to the utilization of the most modern technology available. Classrooms such as the \"Classroom 2000\" built at Georgia Tech in 1999 which featured computers with audio and video equipment designed to capture detailed recordings of lectures as a replacement for traditional note taking began to become more common. By 2000,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14577396", "score": "1.0270541", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Computers in the classroom", "text": "is not simply about typical concepts or facts as laid out in school curricula. Instead, it is about the process of building connections As a result, the awareness of the importance and the value of communication is becoming instilled into children. Today, with a single laptop, Webcam, projector, and an Internet connection, a teacher can broadcast and begin collaboration with any other classroom. As groups of learners coalesce around shared passions online, they experience something that is difficult to replicate in physical space. Classroom computer access to Web 2.0 applications such as online learning communities and interactive educational tools offer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14577401", "score": "1.02549", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Computers in the classroom", "text": "laptop. Governments around the world began to take notice of the effectiveness of this policy, and began financial initiatives to significantly increase the use of laptop computers in other colleges as well. In 1996, Bill Clinton made over $2 billion in grants available in the Technology Literacy Challenge Fund, a program which challenged schools to make computers available to every student, connected to the outside world, and engaging. This marked a significant increase in the demand for computer technology in many public school systems throughout the globe. Correlating with the development of modern operating systems like Windows 98 and the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14577395", "score": "1.0235069", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Computers in the classroom", "text": "Computers in the classroom Computers in the classroom include any digital technology used to enhance, supplement, or replace a traditional educational curriculum. As computers have become more accessible, inexpensive, and powerful, the demand for this technology has increased, leading to more frequent use of computer resources within classes, and a decrease in the student-to-computer ratio within schools. College campuses used computer mainframes in education since the initial days of this technology, and throughout the initial development of computers. The earliest large-scale study of educational computer usage conducted for the National Science Foundation by The American Institute for Research concluded that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14577391", "score": "1.0158064", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Information and communications technology", "text": "classroom. As technology evolved and became more widely used, efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa were also expanded. In the 1990s a massive effort to push computer hardware and software into schools was undertaken, with the goal of familiarizing both students and teachers with computers in the classroom. Since then, multiple projects have endeavored to continue the expansion of ICT's reach in the region, including the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project, which by 2015 had distributed over 2.4 million laptops to nearly 2 million students and teachers. The inclusion of ICT in the classroom, often referred to as M-Learning, has expanded", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4133742", "score": "1.0076", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Home computer", "text": "Home computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977, and becoming common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user. These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business, scientific or engineering-oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC, and were generally less powerful in terms of memory and expandability. However, a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporary business computers. Their most common uses were playing", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Computers in the classroom", "text": "the student to computer ratio at some schools in the US decreased to only 5 students per school computer. As collaborative classroom environments became mainstream, more schools as a whole began to invest in powerful networks and faster Internet connections. By 2010, many school districts implemented or encouraged \"1:1 learning programs\" which would ensure that all students in grade school would be provided with a personal laptop. Computers have significantly changed traditional teaching methodology into a more \"hands-on\" approach, with Forbes predicting that, \"Instead of parking themselves in a lecture hall for hours, students will work in collaborative spaces, where", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14577397", "score": "1.0060794", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Home computer", "text": "may be the sales outlet through which they are purchased. Another change from the home computer era is that the once-common endeavour of writing one's own software programs has almost vanished from home computer use. As early as 1965, some experimental projects such as Jim Sutherland's explored the possible utility of a computer in the home. In 1969, the Honeywell Kitchen Computer was marketed as a luxury gift item, and would have inaugurated the era of home computing, but none were sold. Computers became affordable for the general public in the 1970s due to the mass production of the microprocessor", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14008167", "score": "1.00157", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "David F. Duncan", "text": "on computers in health education offered at any college. In 1980, he and Gold published two papers that spurred interest in the use of computers in health education. One of these papers was the first publication to suggest that microprocessors, as personal computers were then known, could be preferable to mainframe terminals for use in computer assisted learning. A few years later, Duncan and Gold, then at Southern Illinois University, taught the nation’s first college-level course on PC-based methods in education. Three years later, Duncan argued for the value of portable computers, which were just being introduced, for educational and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10288072", "score": "0.9952439", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Computer literacy", "text": "which impeded the development of computer writing. Students whose major is computer science will also improve their reading and writing skills if they can enhance the introduction and use of computer literacy. Computers will also be further developed. The government published a 'digital skills strategy' in 2017. In the United States, students are introduced to tablet computers in preschool or kindergarten. Tablet computers are preferred for their small size and touchscreens. The touch user interface of a tablet computer is more accessible to the under-developed motor skills of young children. Early childhood educators use student-centered instruction to guide the young", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4939481", "score": "0.99175787", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Ellen Wartella", "text": "held two years prior to that of the more recent. Wartella revealed that from 2012 to 2014, the number of preschool teachers with tablet computers in their classrooms nearly doubled, rising from 29 to 55 percent. More than half of the teachers with tablets said they used the computers to help teach students while three-quarters of them said they used them for administrative tasks, such as emailing parents. There isn't a consensus on how to use these technologies in preschools, with young children and their developing brains, in developmentally appropriate ways, she said. After years of researching the use of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11026579", "score": "0.99169075", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "One-to-one computing", "text": "in their Schools as in their homes.\" By 2009 all 300.000 students were equipped with hardware and all schools had WiFi. By 2013 use of Google-drive and apps were added to CREA and By 2015 95% of urban schools had fibre-optic connections. By 2016 Chromebooks were added to the available hardware. Since the original hardware was Fedora based Uruguay has held the top-spot of Linux uptake for years, according to statcounter. 1:1 Programs in US schools have gained serious momentum somewhere around 2016/2017. In February 2017 edtechmagazine reported more than 50% of teachers reported using 1:1 computing. In March 2017", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8480782", "score": "0.9857199", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Ronald Anderson", "text": "and science regarding their use of computers in teaching.[29] They found that in 1978, before the release of the PC, half of the teachers used computers in their classes and the social context and social attributes of the teachers determined computer utilization. In 1982, then U.S. Congressman Al Gore invited Anderson to participate in the “Computers and Education Hearings” of the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the House Science and Technology Committee in Washington, D.C., on September 29, 1983. The full Statement of Dr. Ronald E. Anderson before the Subcommittee can be downloaded from the ACM Digital Library. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16675024", "score": "0.98435974", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Home computer", "text": "to vanish by the early 1990s in the US. In Europe, the home computer remained a distinct presence for a few years more, with the low-end models of the 16-bit Amiga and Atari ST families being the dominant players, but by the mid-1990s even the European market had dwindled. The Dutch government even ran a program that allowed businesses to sell computers tax-free to its employees, often accompanied by home training programs. Naturally, these businesses chose to equip their employees with the same systems they themselves were using. Today a computer bought for home use anywhere will be very similar", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14008184", "score": "0.98351353", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Home computer", "text": "for the World Wide Web to provide a compelling reason for most people to want a computer in their homes. Separate 1998 studies found that 75% of Americans with Internet access accessed primarily from home and that not having Internet access at home inhibited Internet use. Predicted aspects of the revolution were left by the wayside or modified in the face of an emerging reality. The cost of electronics dropped precipitously and today many families have a computer for each family member, or a laptop for mom's active lifestyle, a desktop for dad with the kids sharing a computer. Encyclopedias,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14008229", "score": "0.9829829", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "History of computing hardware (1960s–present)", "text": "of the day. They were designed for fun and educational purposes, not so much for practical use. And although you could use some simple office/productivity applications on them, they were generally used by computer enthusiasts for learning to program and for running computer games, for which the personal computers of the period were less suitable and much too expensive. For the more technical hobbyists home computers were also used for electronics interfacing, such as controlling model railroads, and other general hobbyist pursuits. The advent of the microprocessor and solid-state memory made home computing affordable. Early hobby microcomputer systems such as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1912824", "score": "0.9817785", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Computers in the classroom", "text": "meaningful activities that involve the students. Teachers also appear to abandon the intended educational uses of the computers purely for communication between staff and parents as well as preparation of more traditional learning materials. A survey collected data from 306 in-service teachers from eight secondary schools. One concept that was found in the research was that for the individual category, which included personal skills and feelings, saw that anxiety and computer self-efficiency had an impact on the teachers ability to teach. Through different organizational skill sets, technology could either be stressful and negative or reinforcing and positive for teachers. Computers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14577412", "score": "0.98125654", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Home computer", "text": "Leininger, designer of the TRS-80 Model I, admitted that \"As an industry we haven't found any compelling reason to buy a computer for the home\" other than for word processing. A 1985 study found that, during a typical week, 40% of adult computer owners did not use their computers at all. Usage rates among children were higher, with households reporting that only 16-20% of children aged 6––17 did not use the computer during a typical week. It would take another 10 years for technology to mature, for the graphical user interface to make the computer approachable for non-technical users, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14008228", "score": "0.9808861", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Educational technology", "text": "Stanford University psychology professors Patrick Suppes and Richard C. Atkinson experimented with using computers to teach arithmetic and spelling via Teletypes to elementary school students in the Palo Alto Unified School District in California. Stanford's Education Program for Gifted Youth is descended from those early experiments. Online education originated from the University of Illinois in 1960. Although internet would not be created for another nine years, students were able to access class information with linked computer terminals. The first online course was offered in 1986 by the Electronic University Network for DOS and Commodore 64 computers. Computer Assisted Learning eventually", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5191956", "score": "0.97491395", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "International Computer and Information Literacy Study", "text": "that ‘Only 2% of students use their critical thinking and teachers lack confidence in teaching essential ICT skills.’ 83% of the student population achieved Level 1 status, while 2% of the population achieved Level 4 status. The study found that students use computers 87% of the time at home, more than they do in school, 54% of the time. ICILS has shown that in school, student’s use 45% of their time to prepare essays, 44% to prepare presentations, 40% working with other students at the same school, 39% completing school exercises and 30% organizing time and work. At home, student’s", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18475961", "score": "0.9738709", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Digital studio", "text": "hailed in \"The New York Times\" as the \"new goal in schools.\" As computer technology became more ubiquitous, as the world wide web became more popular and accessible, and as the teaching of computer skills became official US policy with the enactment of the \"Technology Literacy Challenge\" by the Clinton Administration in 1996, educators across the disciplines began to investigate with renewed vigor the role of computer technology in the curriculum as both a means and an end. The same year that President Clinton initiated the \"Challenge,\" the New London Group (NLG) issued a call for scholars of literacy pedagogy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15499769", "score": "0.9656246", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Computer-induced medical problems", "text": "computers become more important in every corner of employment the medical effects caused by them will elevate unless sufficient research is performed and time is dedicated into eliminating and reducing these problems as much as possible. It is estimated that today at least 75% of all jobs involve some level of computer use; this means three-quarters of the workforce are being exposed to numerous health problems, the same can be said of students and educators who do not go through any day without access to a computer for academic work. The figure for people working with and using computers recreationally", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15066252", "score": "0.9618299", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Computers For Schools", "text": "Computers For Schools Computers For Schools (CFS) () (OPÉ) is a pan Canadian program, founded in 1993 by both Industry Canada and the TelecomPioneers. The Computers for Schools (CFS) Program is a national, Innovation, Science, Economic Development Canada-led initiative that has offshoots in all provinces and territories. The different organizations operating the program collectand refurbish donated surplus computers from both public and private sector sources, and redistribute them to schools, public libraries, not-for-profit organizations and Aboriginal communities throughout Canada. Since 1993, CFS has donated over 1.5 million refurbished computers nationwide, reducing the overall impact on the environment. In 2015, $2", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17747365", "score": "0.9613275", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Computer technology for developing areas", "text": "be in the home at first, it will be accessible.\" South Africa has one of the largest and most successful introductions of computers to the residents in Africa with the Smart Cape Access Project initiated in 2000 in Cape Town winning the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Access to Learning Award in 2003 (Valentine, 2004. The project piloted 36 computers in six public libraries in disadvantages areas of Cape Town in 2002 with four computers designated for public use for each library. Libraries had the important structure with security, electricity and telephone connections, and known access by the public. Cape", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15196748", "score": "0.9585849", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "One-to-one computing", "text": "schools started recommending devices for parents to buy (examples for both iPads and Chromebooks being used 1:1 in schools, but being paid for by parents exist, there may be similar evidence for other devices). The term 1:1 computing in education is now redefined to a situation where students have access to a device per individual that is used in the teaching as a tool for learning. Historically, the programs have centered around the following devices: The level of education will influence the type of adoption, through factors such as: user-readiness, budget, expected merits, and cost-benefits. There seems to be consensus", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8480769", "score": "0.95628434", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Gail Carmichael", "text": "describes her love for the computer was founded in the fact that she loved to create things on the computer. However, it was not till high school that she learned what was happening behind the screen while she created different things on the computer and discovered programming. Carmichael says that her inspiration for computer technology came from her boyfriend, in high school, who is now her husband, who was interested in computer sciences as well. She maintains her personal life by living in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada married to her husband with two children. Carmichael’s education after high school started at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20627617", "score": "0.95605767", "original_retrieval_index": 36 } ]

{ "title": "Home computer", "long_answer": "Home computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977, and becoming common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user. These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business, scientific or engineering-oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC, and were generally less powerful in terms of memory and expandability. However, a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporary business computers. Their most common uses were playing video games, but they were also regularly used for word processing, doing homework, and programming.", "chunked_long_answer": "Home computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977, and becoming common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user. These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business, scientific or engineering-oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC, and were generally less powerful in terms of memory and expandability. However, a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporary business computers. Their most common uses were playing", "short_answers": [ "1980s" ] }