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gleasonspictoria03glea_79 | English-PD | Public Domain | Their lungs are fixed against the ribs, and envel- oped with a membrane pierced with large holes, which permit the air to pass into cavities in the breast, abdomen, and even into the interior of the bones. This conformation not only renders them more buoyant, but also prevents any inter- ruption in their respiration, by the rapidity of their motion through a resisting medium, and increases their vital energy. Some idea may be formed of the capacity of birds for respiration from the fact stated by Lavoisier, that two spar- rows consume as much air as a Guinea pig. The anterior ex- tremities of birds, being solely fitted for the action of flying, are useless either for resting or grasp- ing ; hence these animals are bi- ped, and take objects from the ground with their mouth, for which purpose the neck and beak are elongated and very movable ; the body is also inclined forward beyond the feet; the thighs are in advance, and the toes of such a length as to form a sufficient ba- sis. The pelvis is very long, to give origin to muscles supporting the trunk on the thighs, and a set of muscles pass from the pelvis to the toes, so arranged that the sim- ple weight of the bird retains the toes in a fixed condition ; in con- sequence, they are able to sit perched upon one leg with secu- rity, and without becoming fa- tigued. The posterior parts of the pelvis (in common language known as the side-bones) are elongated and separated, to give room for the developement of the eggs. The bill of all birds con- sists of two mandibles, the upper and lower, the former being gener ally fixed and immovable, though in the parrots it has the power of motion to assist them in climbing. None of the feathered tribe have teeth, but the horny case which covers the mandibles supplies the place of these instruments, and is sometimes serrated, so as to re- semble them. In some birds, as the falcons, the base of the beak is covered with a skin called the cere; and in the turkey, the car- rier-pigeon, etc., it is covered with a earneous appendage. The bill is in some kinds straight; in oth- ers curved upwards or down- wards ; in some flat ; in others comic, wedge-shaped, or hooked, etc. It enables the bird to take hold of his food, to strip or divide it, to carry materials for building bis nest, or food to his young, and is a formidable weapon in the ra- pacious tribe. The nostrils are usually of an oval form, and pla- ced near the base of the beak. The eyes are so disposed as to distinguish equally well near and distant objects, and their sense of sight is exceedingly acute. The pparrow-hawk discerns small birds from an incredible distance. Be- sides the ordinary eyelids, there is a third, called the nicitating membrane, which is translucent, and defends the eye of the bird fiom the direct rays of the sun, without obstructing the sight. Birds have no external ear, with the exception of the nocturnal tribes : these have a large exterior conch, in the form of a thin leath- ery piece of flesh. The intemal ear, however, is very large, and their sense of hearing very quick. The brain of birds is distinguished by its great proportionate size, and appears to be formed of tubercles, and not of convolutions. Their diges- tive powers are very great: the stomach is com- posed of three parts — the crog, which is a thin membranous expansion ; succenturlum, also a membranous pouch, furnished with a multitude of glands ; and the gizzard, which is provided with two strong muscles, covered inside by a velvet-like cartilage : here the food is ground, or triturated, and its action is aided by the presence of small stones, which birds swallow for that purpose. The coverings or feathers of birds are admirably calculated for security, warmth, and celerity of motion. They are of three kinds; down, smaller feathers, and quills. The feathers which inve-t the body have small shafts and large vanes, and are placed over each other like shingles, so as, at the same time, to permit the water to run off^ and to exclude the cold. The down is placed under these, and serves as a fur- ther protection against the cold : hence it is most abundant in those species that inhabit the polar regions. The feathery covering of birds consti- tutes their peculiar beauty: on this nature has lavishoil Iho most beautiful colors. 2()2 GLEASON'S PICTORIAL DRAWING ROOM COIMPANION. t\Vrltt<>n for OlcnsoirM Pictorial.] "DONT tilVJG US' TlIU Sllll*." DY C. 0. DUNN. TToundod, faint iinil bleeding, dying, Noblo Liuvroncp deigiiH to npoiilt ; Thougli tho but; of death Is lying, Moaarcl),on iila bloodloss cboolc. Guzo upon tbat uyo of firo, Mark tliut fervent, quivering liii ; Hoar liim I now his voice flwelln higher, "fiailoral don't give up the ship!" Thougli the fatal wound bna broken Strongest tics of life apart; Still affection's mystic token Smiles within bii^ deathless heart. Flames of life thjit erst were living. names, that from bealth'a fount did sip, Dimly burnt, when he wan giving Orders — '■ Don't give up the ship I" Noblo Lawrence I bravo commauderl Fought, his country's rights to save ; America's immortal stjindard A guardian, o'er bim did wave. Freedom's banner, brightly shining, Faithful vigila o'er b;»i kept; Hope, though dim and faintly beaming, Never in hid bosom slept. i m*^ t [Written for Glejison's Pictorial.] THE HAPPY MISTAKE: — OK THE — FORTUNES OF A POOR COUSIN. BY SYLVANUS COBB, JR. Mr. Lot Perkins was a merchant, and Mrs. Lot Perkins was the merchant's wife. Mr. Lot Perkins was thought to be a great deal more wealthy than he really wus, and Mrs. Lot Per- kins held her head a great deal higher in society than slic ought to have done. They had one daughter, eighteen years of age, who was as proud as her mama, and whose blushes were bought at the perfumer's, and whose charming curls were given her in return for a certain sum which she had paid to the hairdresser. Arabel- la Perkins was not so beautiful as her mother had often assured her; but her father's supposed wealth gave a passing glow to her features, and she ranked among the beauties. There was, however, one beautiful being in the merchant's household. It was Maria Per- kins, a poor cousin, the daughter of the mer- chant's deceased brotlier. She was a year older than Arabella, but smaller in stature, more youthful in appearance, and more strong in prin- ciple. She was ever kind, ever gentle, with a sweet smile almost continually resting upon her features, except, indeed, when she met with chilly harshness and unkindness from those about her. And, alas ! this she met too often. Her position in the merchant's family was but that ofa meni- al at best, and in one respect she was even below the kitchen cook, for she labored full as hard, and received no pay for it, excepting her board and the scanty clothing she wore, and even this latter article she got but second-handed, for she was obliged to wear the cast off clothing of Arabella. "There, Maria," said Mrs. Perkins, as she handed the poor girl a soiled silk dress, " you can fix that over for yourself, after you get through your day's work." "It will need much cleaning, ma'am," return- ed Maria, as she saw the great wine-spots and grease-marks. "Then you can clean it; and, indeed, I think you ought to be very grateful for it, at any rate. 'Tisn't many girls in your humble position that can have silk dresses at all." "I am grateful for all your kindness," said the fair girl, with a smile. " So you ought to be." In fact, the poor girl was grateful ; but there was a heart-pang her countenance did not show, nor her lips speak. Her father and mother had both been called away from earth, and when her uncle bad taken her she was penniless ; there- fore, she felt grateful; and when sorrow for the unkindness she sometimes met sprang up in her ])03om, she would drive it back if possible, but hide it from others at any rate. . " 0, mother !" exclaimed Arabella, springing into the room just as Maria took tlie dress, " what shall I do '? Lucicn MiUium has arrived, and father says he will call here this week. My new dress must be finished before he calls." " Certainly it must," said the mother. " I de- clare, Bella, we must be up and moving. Wlicn you arc hin wife — " " O, mother, dont ! Miiria, go out of the room I" The fair cousin turned at tliis impcriou.s com- mand, and left the iipiirtment. What might, under otlicr circumstances, Inive caused her a thrill of anguish, proved a relief to hci- now, for the mention of Lucicn Milburn's name had pro- duced a strange emotion in her soul, and she gladly embraced the opportunity thus atfordcd her of hiding it from her proud relations. This Milburn was a young man, whose father had, years before, been a business partner with Mr. Perkins; Imt he had, some time before, moved to New Orleans, whore he had amassed considerable wealth. Between the two parents there had been a sort of agreeable understanding that Arabella, when she was old enough, should be Lucien's wife ; and during the time that Mr. Milburn lived in New Orleans,. the subject was often mentioned between the two friends. Wlicn the latter died, whicli was about a year previous to the opening of our story, and left the wliole of liis vast wealth to his son, Mr. Perkins corres- ponded occasionally with Lucicn, and the subject of the marriage still remained a tlicmc of the correspondence; so that, at the present time, though the young people had not seen each other for years, yet the parents of Arabella looked upon her as just about the same as betrothed to the wealthy heir. " Father says Lucien will send us word when he intends to call," said Arabella, as soon as Maria had left the room, and slie had recovered from the shock her sensibilities had received by her mother's hasty speech. "Certainly he will," returned mama; "but, perhaps, he may be at the party to-night. If Mrs. Longwortb knows he is in town, she will certainly invite him. You must fix up for it, at all events. Now, my daughter, you must keep in your mind the value of the prize you have to win. Lucien Milburn is a husband not to be met with often, and you must study out his weak points and flatter them. If you manage proper- ly, you have nothing to fear." " Let me alone for that," said Arabella, with a toss of her curl-Iadened head. And thus, for an hour, did the mother and daughter plan together for the consummation of their object — the trapping of the rich young hus- band ; and when they adjourned, they looked upon the matter as securely fixed. Arabella studied languishing positions, and with a large mirror before her, she studied any number of smiles that she had learned to call at will to her countenance. She went through a new course of steps and shutHes, and practised assiduously the latest fashionable sentences she had learned from the Prench. The most difficult task, how- ever, was to decide upon the exact tableau she should introduce when Lucien should " pop the question." But even this all-important point was at length settled, and the conquest was sm-e. That evening, Mr. and Mrs. Lot Perkins and their dauglxter went to Mi's. Longworth's party, and Maria was left at work upon a new satin dress for Arabella, with directions to remain in the large parlor, and answer the call of the door- bell. She remained undisturbed at her work until after nine o'clock; but, at length, the door- bell was rung. The poor cousin v.-as gathering the rich fabric up to lay it aside, when she heard the steps of one of the kitchen girls in the hall, and ere she could gain the parlor door, it was thrown open, and a young gentleman entered. " I\Iiss Perkins, I believe," said the stranger, in a voice full of richness and afl'able ease. " Yes, sir," almost unconsciously fell from Maria's lips. " My name is Milburn," continued the new comer, with a smile, "and if I am not mistaken, circumstances have rendered us far from stran- gers to each other." Ashe thus spoke, he took a seat; but in a moment more, as Maria's sweet face was turned full upon him, he started up and gazed earnestly into the fair girl's features. "What!" he exclaimed. "I cannot be mis- taken. Have we not played together when children V " Yes, sir," murmured Maria. " You once came with your mother and spent a long time at our house in the city, years ago, when wc wei'C both laughing, .sporting beings V " Yes, sir," answered Maria, striving hard to keep back the .strange emotions tliato-aged in her bo.som. " Strange that I should have forgotten a cir- cumstance that now comes so vividly back to mc," uttered Lucicn Milburn, once more sinking into his seat; "but the business of active man- hood makes sad liuvoe among the memories of cliildhood. Yet, Miss Perkins, when we can sometimes call up to mind those scenes of inno- cence and guilclcssness, they come with a calm, soothing inllucnee over the soul. Do you not Komctinies live in the past?" " Yes, sir," i-eturncd Maria, while a bright (car glistened on her dark lashes. "Sometimes I feel that all of joy is in the past; but, still, the present is kind, for it leads us to the future, and ttie future iiolds out to us the bright torch of hope." " You are right," uttered the young man, with his eyes fastened in beaming admiration upon the blushing girl before him. " You are right. Hopes are ever rising, and though some of them may be false lights, yet our present happiness clings to them for support. God grant that some of our sweetest hopes mayend in fruition." Maria was almost astonished at the presence of the power that sustained her, and ere long she became so absorbed by the mystic charm of cir- cumstances, by the words of her companion, and by the answering sentiment that they found in her own soul, that she fell into a conversation as easy and untrammelled as though she had been talking with an acquaintance of years. As the clock struck eleven, Mr. Milbiun took bis hat, and arose to depart. " Miss Perkins," he said, in a tone made strangely soft by some inward feeling, " it has been long years since I have passed two hours so pleasantly as those that have just fied ; but, I trust, they may not be the last. Hope — that hope in which we all must live — tells me they are but the precursors of many and happier ones to follow." Maria stood for a moment where Lucien had left her, and then, as she heard his departing footsteps upon the side-walk, she sank upon the sofa, and buried her face in her hands. "Indeed!" she murmured, as she at length arose, and moved towards the place where lay her work, " what a bright, and yet a cruel dream is this ! ' Two hours of happiness,' he said. Yes, they have been happy ; but for me they can bring no more." It was in vain that she endeavored to sew, for her eyes were filled with tears, and her hands trembled. At length her relations returned, and Arabella's first movement, as she entered the parlor, was to see how her dress progressed. " Well, I declare !" she exclaimed, "what a lazy good-for-nothing you must have been. Just look at that, mother, not half done," "What on earth have you been doing, Maria?" sharply asked Mrs. Perkins. "I expected you would have had this all finished to-night, and I have a great mind to make you sit up and do it now, I don't wonder you cry about it. Any- body ought to cry to be so negligent as you have been." "Perhaps she isn't well," suggested Mr. Per- kins, as he noticed" Maria's pain-marked counte- nance. " Then you can go to bed now," added the unfeeling woman ; " but this must be finished be- fore noon to morrow. Do you understand?" " Yes, ma'am." returned the poor girl ; and with a bursting heai't she hurried from the room. Little sleep visited the pillow of Maria that night. The circumstances of the evening whirl- ed through her brain till her head ached ; but, still, a soft stream of sunlight would now and then break across her padi. The soft, sweet words of him who had sat with her a few hours before still sounded in her ears; but suddenly, like the crashing ofa temple, that source of com- foi't was thrown down. "He has mistaken me for my cousin !" she wildly uttered to herself, and sank sobbing upon the couch. That niglit, Mr. Perkins held a long consulta- tion with his wife, the amount of which was that young Milburn nmst be secured as a means of propping up the father-in-law. Mr. Lot Perkins was upon the stormy sea of pecuniary difficulty, and he wanted the aid of Milburn's purse. He licsitated not at the barrier that strict honesty imposed, but reckless of moral consequences he laid his jjlans. "Well, Lucien," said Henry Porrcst, on the next morning after the visit above mentioned, as they met at the hotel, "did you make your in- tended visit last night?" Henry Porrcst had been a school-fellow with Lucien, and the confidence of former years was mutually extended by each to the other as soon as they had met on the return of the latter from the South. " Yes, Harry," returned Lucicn, with u joyous beaming smile. "And did you see Miss Perkins?" "Yes," " Well, and wliat is your opinion ?" " She is an ungtl." " P-h-c-c-e-c-w h !" " What do you mean by that, Harry?" " Are you in earnest, Lucicn V " To be sure I am." "Then I give you joy of your discovery. You have found out what no one else has ever done." " What do you mmti ?" " You say Miss Perkins is an angel ?" " Yes." "And she suits your taste? That is, she comes up to your beau ideal of a woman ?" " Yes." " Then I have nothing to say." " Yes ; but you shall say it, though. Now tell me what you mean." " You will be oit'ended, Lucien." "No, Harry. Go on." "Well, then, the lady in question has the name of being anything but an angel. She bor- rows her beauty from the rouge-cup, has dull leaden eyes, is ignorant, has a heart as hard as a flint, is proud and overbearing, and ready to jump for the first rich husband she can catch." " 0, how base is the slander ! Paint ! — Hariy, I saw her rich color come and go last night, like the sunset-clouds of heaven. Ignorant ! — She has a mind overrunning with the richest gems of thought. Hard-hearted, say you? — By hea- vens ! Harry, she has a heart as tender as a babe's. Proud! — No, no ; she is as meek and mild as the petted lamb, and as gentle as the dove. And I can tell you more than that. I found in her one whom my heart has held in se- cret for years — the laughing innocent playmate for a month when wc were but children." " Then either you or myself must be wonder- fully mistaken," said Henry, with a puzzled look. " You are wonderfully mistaken. But tcU me, Harry, how could you have formed such a set of will opinions ?" " Partly by observation, and partly by the re- port of others-" " The report of others is good for nothing ; but tell me of your own observations." " Well ; first, I don't like the color of her hair. That's beginning at the head." " Why, man, her hair is pure as refined gold." " Then she's colored it. Then I don't like the hatchet-look of her face." " Her face ! Why, it is the very acme of har- monious perfection," " Then I don't like her tall, gu-afFe-liko figure." " Why, bless my soul, Harry, are you crazy? She is a perfect model in her form — not over five feet two, and graceful as the wild gazelle." " Well, Lu., either you or I are blind. I sup- pose you will mairy the girl." "I intend to." " Then I hope you will find out that I am mistaken." " I know I shall. The girl is industrious, too, for I found her sewing last evening." " Sewing !" " Yes." " Then it was to trap you.'* " No ; for she did not know that I was com- ing. I told Mr. Perkins I would send word be- fore I called ; and I took her unawares last even- ing on purpose to read her before she should prepare for the occasion." " By the way," muttered Henry, half to him- self, " Mrs. Longworth's party came ofl' last niglit, and I was there. At what time did you call at Perkins's 1" "At nine, and stopped till eleven." "Egad, Lu., I have made a mistake," cried young Forrest, bringing his hands together with a vigorous slap. " Of course you have ; but how could you have made so wild a one ?" " Simply by mistaking the person." " How is that ?" "There arc tico Misses Perkins. I had my mind on the other one." "Aha!" laughed Lucien, feeling greatly re- lieved. "Ha-ha-a-a-ha!" laughed Henry, with a com- ical look of roguery stealing over his features, "/meant Arabella Perkins," said Lucien. "Did you call her Arabella last evening?" GLEASON'S PICTORIAL DRAWING ROO^I COMPANION. 263 "No; I wasn't so familiar." Henry turned away to hide the rogue-imp that danced in his eyes, and shortly afterwards the breakfast- bell rang. During the day, Lucien called upon several of those who had been friends of his father, and once or twice it was whispered in his ear that Mr. Lot Perkins was on the brink of bankruptcy. One man assured him that he saw one of the merchant's notes on 'Change for sale. Though these things had but little effect upon the young man's mind, as far as the real worth of the daughter was concerned, yet they could not but throw him into a thoughtful mood, and, at length, he began to wonder if it were possible that he could have been mistaken in his estima- tion of Arabella's character ; but that thought was at once hushed, for he was too good a judge of human character to be thus deceived. In course of time, Lucien called at Kr. Per- kins's counting-room, and informed him that he should visit his family on the following evening. He found the old gentleman in the midst of a heap of papers, and he noticed that some of them were quickly hidden from sight wlien he entered. A warm greeting, but yet palpably strained in its cordiality, was extended to the young man, and in the course of the conversa- tion, Perkins took good care to speak of the im- mense anxiety which his daughter felt to see the friend of her childhood ; and he failed not to weave into his conversation sundry commenda- tions of the young lady. Some things that he said about his daughter sounded rather strange- ly to the young man, but the latter attributed them to the natural partialities of a father, and let them pass. " Let's see," said Lucien ; " you have a bro- ther, I believe?" "I had one, but he died some years ago." "And his wife?" " She, too, is dead," " I hardly remember him, and yet I think I have seen him. Was it you or your brother that saved me once from drowning 1 I think I have beard my father speak of such a circumstance." "Ah, yes. It was my brother, I believe," re- turned the merchant, with much hesitation ; and then he changed the subject of conversation. " This evening, then, we may expect you V "Yes." "At what time?" There was an anxiety manifested in this last question of the old gentleman's, and Lucien at once noticed it. "At nine o'clock," he returned. "At nine. Then we will be at home to meet yon." In a few moments more, the young man left, and when he reflected upon the manner of the merchant, something whispered to him that all was not right. There had been a constraint upon certain points, and a sort of over-reaching in others, and he allowed himself to sink into a nervous thought ; but, ere long, the sweet face and sweeter words of the fair girl, who had taken possession of his heart, came back to his mind, aud he felt re-assured. Instead of waiting until nine o'clock on that evening, to pay his promised visit, he went an hour earlier. Mr. and Mrs. Perkins were in the parlor, and so was Arabella and Maria. The former of the two girls was sitting on the music-stool, and the latter was arranging some ornaments in her proud cousin's hair. " Come, huiTy, Maria," said Mrs. Perkins, **for I want you to go to your own room as soon as you get through." At that instant the door-bell rang, and ere there was much chance for a theatrical arrange- ment of things, Lucien Milburn was ushered in- to the apartment. " Aha, good evening," uttered Mr. Perkins, with a smile. '■ My wife, Mr. Milburn. This is my daughter, Arabella, sir." Arabella arose mincingly from her seat, moved as though she were afraid of breaking in two by over-exeriion, and calling up a very delicate smile through the paint, she put daintily forward two fingers of her right hand. "Is this your daughter, sir?" uttered Lucien, so bewildered by the circumstance that he forgot to take the jewel-laden band that was so proper- ly proffered. " TJds your daughter ?" be con- tinued, gazing upon the palpable paint and ex- cruciatingly nice dying look that was thus raised up before him. " Yes," stammered the father. " And this ? Wlio is she ?" anxiously asked the young man, pointing to Maria. " One of our servant girls," quickly returned Mrs. Perkins, with a flushed face. "Maria, leave the room instantly !" "Maria!" repeated Lucien, with a start. " Stop, stop ! It is your brother's child, Mr. Perkins." And as he thus spoke, he plaf;ed his hand upon the fair girl's arm, and arrested her pro- gress from the room. "Yes," faintly stammered the merchant. " We give her a home here to protect her from poverty," added Mrs. Perkins. "Heavens! what a mistake I have made !" said the young man, as he gazed first upon the thing of paint, jewels, and satin, and then turned his eyes upon the trembling, fi-ightened being who had stopped beneath his touch. " Yes, yes," murmured Maria. " It was all a mistake. Let me go." " 0, indeed ! it was a happi/ mistake. No, no ; you must not, shall not, go from mc !" "Mr. Milburn, what is the meaning of all this V at length asked Perkins, as he found a tongue to articulate. "It means simply this," returned the young man, withont hesitation, as be drew Marianearer to him. "I came here with a slight expectation of finding one whom I might make my wife. A few evenings since I spent two hours here with this young lady, and until now I thought she was your daughter. 1 found in her one who was imaged in the love of m}'' childhood, and I loved her again, not as a child of yours, but for what I found her to be." " You deceitful huzzy !" gaspeti Mrs. Perkins, as Arabella, with an excellently modulated scream, fainted upon the sofji. "0! I thought you knew me, then," uttered Maria. " This is a strange piece of business, sir," pronounced Mr. Perkins, with a flash of anger and disappointed hopes. " Of course, sir, you will, now that j^ou see your en-or, make repara- tion to my daughter, and allow that girl to go about her business." "As for your daughter, sir," returned Lucien, " I have no reparation to make. That belongs to you ; but as for this fair being, if she will but accept the hand I now offer, togetlier with the heart that is already hers, this ' filra/ir/e business ' may be easily settled. Speak, Maria ; will you be mine !" " Yes !" trembled upon the poor cousin's lips, and as she spoke, her head sank upon the bosom of him to whom her answer was directed. Mrs. Perkins knew not what to do, so she happily fainted by the side of her daughter, and wliile the husband was gone for the smelling- salts, Lucien drew Maria aside, and whispered a few hurried words in her ear. A beam of hap- piness sprang to her cheek as she consented to the proposition she had heard, and shortly after- wards Lucien Milburn left the house. He now understood the strange remarks of Harry For- rest, and he knew that Perkins had been aiming at his money; but in his heart he thanked God for the turn affairs had taken. On the next morning, he called again at the merchant's dwelling, but no one was "at home" to see him, excepting Maria ; but seeing that she was the only one he wished to see, the disap- pointment was bearable. In less than a week, the " Poor Cousin " had become Mrs. Milburn. Her dream had not been cruel, for earth had not a happier realization than was her's. Before Lucien took his beautiful wife away with him to his sunny home in the South, he beard of the failure of Mr. Lot Perkins, and though be would gladly have helped a friend in distress, yet he felt that Mr. Perkins and his fa- mily needed the lesson they would thus receive, and he left them to profit by it. THE GREAT MORAL WANT. AVhat is the quality in which the improvident masses are so deficient? — sdf-restraint, the abili- ty to sacrifice a small present gratification for a prospective great one. A laborer, endued with due self restraint, would never spend his Satur- day-night's wages at the public-house. Had he enough self-restraint, the artizan would not live up to his income during prosperous times, and leave the future unprovided for. jMore self-re- straint would prevent imprudent marriages and the growth of a pauper population. And were there no drunkenness, no extravagance, no reck- less multiplication, social miseries would be trivial. — Social Statics. I am not now in fortune's power ; He that is down can sink no lower. — Sutler. [Written for Gleason's Pictorial.] GOOD-BY, MAMA. BT MBS. M. W. CURTIS. " Good-by, mama," said a lovely child, And the angel of death hovered near ; But they saw it not in that playful smile, Or that happy voice so dear. " Good-by, good-by," said the little one, And before the midnight hour The angel had marked her for his own, lie had blighted the little flower. Calm and still little Mary is sleeping now, A marble-like, dreamless sleep ; Cold, icy cold, is that fair young brow, She has gone where they never weep I She has joined her infant brother there, Where flowers celestial bloom ; And joys of earth may not compare With bliss, beyond the tomb. Mary and Arthur are angels now, Where no good-by is spoken ; Nor shadows come to cloud the brow, Where love ties are unbroken. THE TRIAL OF BAXTER. The trial of Baxter, the celebrated Non-con- formist, supplies an admirable specimen of the fashion in which a criminal case was conducted under these respectable auspices in theyear 16S5. When the trial came on, a crowd of those who loved and honored Baxter filled the court. Two whig barristers of great note, PoUexfen and Wallop, appeared for liie defendant. PoUexfen had scarce began his address to the jury, when the chief justice broke forth : " PoUexfen, I know you well. I will set a mark upon you. You are the patron of the faction. This is an old rogue, a schismatical knave, a hypocritical vil- lain. He hates the Liturgy. He would have nothing but long-winded cant without book;" and then his lordship turned up his eyes, clasped his hands, and began to sing through his nose, in imitation of what he supposed to be Baxter's style of praying — " Lord we are thy people, thy peculiar people, thy dear people." PoUexfen gently reminded the court that his late majesty had thought Baxter deserving of a bishopric. "And what ailed the old blockhead, then," cried Jeffreys, " that he did not take if?" His fury now rose to madness. He called Baxter a dog, and swore that it would be no more than justice to whip such a villain through the whole city. Baxter himself attempted to put in a word ; but the chief justice drowned all expostulation in a torrent of ribaldry and invective, mingled with scraps of Hudibras. " My lord," said the old man, " I have been much blamed by Dissenters for speaking respectfully of bishops." " Baxter for bishops," cried the judge, " that's a merry conceit, indeed! I know what you mean by bishops ; rascals like yourself, Kidderminster bishops, faction Presbyterians." Again Baxter essayed to speak, and again Jeffreys bellowed : "Richard, iVichard, dost thou think we will let thee poison the court? Kichard, thou art an old knave. Thou hast written books enough to load a cart, and every book as full of sedition as an egg is full of meat. By the grace of God, I'll look after thee. I see a great many of your brotherhood waiting to know what i\ ill befall their mighty don. But by the grace of God Al- mighty, I will crush you all !" The noise of weeping was heard from some of those who sur- rounded Baxter. " Snivelling calves !" said the judge. — Macaalay's History of England. A WORD WITH BROTHER JONATHAN. Perish all the cod and mackerel in the ocean — fine eating as they are — before we go to war with brother Jonathan for a cause as scaly as any fish can be that have no scales. We can't think of quarrelling with Jonathan about fish, at a time when our general enemy is plotting everywhere to reduce us, in a greater measure than we like, to a fish diet; and would, if possible, move all the nations, and heaven and earth, and another place also, even worse than Ireland, against us for that end. We must recollect that Jonathan is now the only national creature of any impor- tance, except ourself, that is not priest-ridden and soldier- ridden ; the soldier in the saddle, and the jack-priest on the crupper. Our natural relation to Jonathan at present should be that of a league, offensive and defensive, against despo- tism and papal petticoat government all over the world. — Punch. A BILJLION. What a very great sum is a billion ! It is a million of millions. A million seems large enough — but a million of millions ! how long do you suppose it would take you to count it ? A mill which makes one hundred pins a minute, if kept to work night and day, would only make fifty-two miUions five hundred and ninety-six thousand pins a year — and at that rate the mill must work twenty thousand years without stop- ping a single moment, in order to turn out a bil- lion of pins ! It is beyond our reach to conceive it — and yet when a billion of years shall have gone, eternity will seem to have just begun. How important then is the question, " Where shall 1 spend eternity V — Savannah Courier. An hour's industry will do more to produce cheei fulness, suppress evil humors, and retrieve your affairs than a month's moaning. THE FORBIDDEN BLUSH. Bed, it is said, enrages the bovine race; but we doubt the fact, stated as a peculiar trait. The thousands of instances in which old women with red cloaks, farmers with red waistcoats, and young girls with red ribands, have braved herds of horned cattle, are forgotten, in favor of the instances in which some unlucky wight with red appurtances of one sort or other has been gored and trampled. It is true that t!ie baited bull of the Spanish arena is inflamed by a red flag waved before his eyes ; but we question whether any other gentleman would not be equally irritated by the same treatment, and whether any other would not serve. Take any grandee, for exam- ple, place him in the arena,' shoot into his sides a few small darts adorned with fusees, whirligigs, and other variations of pyrotechnic art, prick him witli a few sharp goads, and tlien wave a riband of any color before his eyes, and see if human irritability is not as much excited as bo- vine would be — ay, even though the riband be yellow. The greatest argument with which we are acquainted in favor of the red theory, is the conduct of French officials and other Austrian- ized animals. In Spain, a man may wear a red smoking or travelling cap, and even a red sash, without molestation ; but, as we have observed experimentally, no sooner docs he cross the fron- tier than the otficial flies at him and obliges him to reUnquish the forbidden hue. It is a French axiom at present, that gules and government cannot coexist within the Gallic boundary. The antipathy extends, to a certain degrees, through- out absolutist domains. The reason foritisstUl obscure. Eouge is the ensign of two orders — the meretricious, and the ultra-republican ; but "supported by seven millions," "my lord bis highness, the prince president," cannot be alarm- ed at the mere memory of the Leicester Square classes of society. Red, however, is the color of blood, and, probably, "my lord," &c., in com- mon with his fellow-philanthropists of Naples and Vienna, may feel a fain ting-qualm at the sight. _ One proof of the supposition is, that when it became necessary for his plans to shed it, he tried to do so in the dark. — Spectator. STRANGE EXHIBITION. Great excitement was created at Cremorne Gardens, and indeed throughout the metropolis, recently, by the extraordinary daring gymnas- tic performance of Edward Bouthellier, under and with the Cremorne balloon. Bouthellier is one of the clever artists performing in SouiUier's Cirque Oriental, under the title of the Italian Brothers, and he was announced to make a dis- play of his extraordinary powers witli the bal- loon ; but the public were not prepared for what actually did take place. At 7 o'clock, a splen- did car, drawn by four beautiful horses abreast, was driven into the balloon-ground, from which descended Bouthellier appropriately dressed, and with a moment's preparation, he" bowed to the surrounding multitude, and catching hold of a small rope which was attached to the car, was immediately borne up and away. In an instant he threw himself over and was hanging by his heels without the slightest assistance of the hands, though the balloon was bearing him along at a rapid rate, and for fully half an hour did he exe- cute all the difficult positions for which he and his brother are so celebrated in the Cirque. Scarcely had the feelings of astonishment at this display subsided when his return was announced. The balloon had descended in Victoria Park, and a gentleman having kindly lent him his horse, he was back in the grounds by 9 o'clock, and was literally carried in triumph to the Cirque, where he went through bis usual per- formances, and from thence to the dancing arena, where he was received with unbounded applause. — London Sun. HARSH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEBI. What Anselm, of Canterbury, at the end of the eleventh century, said against the rigid mo- nastic discipline, is admirable. An abbot com- plained, in conversation with him, of the incor- rigible youths who would not be amended by all the correction he administered. Anselm replied : "You never cease beating the boys, and what sort of men will they be when they grow up ?" " Stupid and brutish," answered the abbot. "A good sign for your method of education," said Anselm, " when you educate men into brutes !" The abbot answered : " Is that our fault? We try to compel them in all manner of ways, to be better, and yet we effect nothing." "You com- pel them 1" answered Anselm. " Tell me, then, I pray you, if you planted a tree in your garden, and enclosed it on all sides, so that it could not spread out its branches in any direction, aud after some years transplant it in an open space, what kind of tree would it have become ! Cer- tainly a useless one, with crooked, tangled branches. — And whose fault would it be but your fault, who trained the tree in this over-compul- sory manner." — Meander's Memonals of Christian - Lifi- __ ECHOES. The best echoes are produced by parallel walls. At a villa near Milan, there extend two parallel wings about fifty-eight paces from each other, the surfaces of which are unbroken either by doors or windows. The sound of the human voice, or rather a word quickly pronounced, is repeated above forty times, and the report of a pistol from fifty to sixty times. Dr. Plot mentions an echo in Woodstock Park, which repeats seventeen syllables by day, and twenty by night. An echo on the north side of Shipley church, in Sussex, repeats twenty syllables. There is also a re- markable echo in the venerable abbey church of St. Albans. — Natural Pheiiomena. 264 OLEASON'S nCTCmiAL DRAWING I10()]M COMPANION. VIEW OF THE LUNATIC ASYLUM, AT WORCESTEE, MASd. liUNATIC ASYLUM AT WORCESTER. We present on this and the opposite page a series of pit'tures, drawn for us by our artist, and rcliitini: to Worcester, Mass., and some of its notable matters. Above, wc present a tine view of the Lunatic AsyUim, so well known in the coun- try. Thisediiice was erected in 1831-32, in pur- suance of an act of the legislature, passed the 10th of March, 1830. The tirst patient entered on the 19th of January, 1833. By the end of the year there were 1 64 patients ; in the first year it became so crowded that no less than thirty appli- cants were rejected for want of room. Dr. Samuel B. AVoodward became the superintendent that yeai'. In 1S33-34, 272 patients were ad- mitted, and 154 discharged; 70 were incurable, who had been previously inmates of jails, alms- houses and houses of correction, from periods ranging from ten to thirty-two years. In 1834, 47 were received, and 46 applications were re- jected for want of space. At that period, the proportion of insane persons was one in a thou- sand to the whole population. In 1835, an ex- tension was commenced, running hack fioin the former building 134 feet, and 34 feet^vide. This addition was occupied Sept. 28, 1836, by the class of incurables, being adapted for the occu- pancy of 57 patients. A north wing, accommo- dating 59 persons, was finished in September, 1837. The legislature, in that year, authorized the erection ot a chapel, also a wash-house, shoe- maker's shop and a carpenter's shop. In tlie year 1838, the legislature granted the sum of $8000 to defray the current expenses of the hos- pital, and S2500 for furnishing proper apart- ments for the sick. In the year 1841, the hospi- tal received a handsome bequest of George S. |
github_open_source_100_8_20165 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import React from 'react';
import { Col, Row, Container } from 'react-bootstrap';
class Camera extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
cameras: [
{
url: 'url1'
},
{
url: 'url2'
},
{
url: 'url3'
},
{
url: 'url4'
},
{
url: 'url5'
}
]
};
}
render() {
return (
<Container>
<Row style={{height: '80%'}}>
<Col>
<img src="http://192.168.1.2:8090/test.mjpg" width="100%"/>
</Col>
</Row>
<Row style={{height: '20%'}}>
<Col>
<img src="http://127.0.0.1:8080/cam.mjpg" width="100%"/>
</Col>
<Col>
<img src="http://127.0.0.1:8080/cam.mjpg" width="100%"/>
</Col>
<Col>
<img src="http://127.0.0.1:8080/cam.mjpg" width="100%"/>
</Col>
<Col>
<img src="http://127.0.0.1:8080/cam.mjpg" width="100%"/>
</Col>
</Row>
</Container>
);
}
}
//ffserver
export default Camera;
|
bub_gb_gxBf706EGUQC_15 | Italian-PD | Public Domain | Lettera XIII Vinata tu Un ; ma le sue rovine mostrano segni di grandezza e splendor più che ordinario. Vi abitano ancora alcuni pochi contadini, o sotto tuguri, fatti da loro di terra, a guisa di capanne, ovvero dentro alle caverne che restano ancora di quelle fabbriche antiche. Vi trovai, tra gli altri, alcuni pochi Cristiani di lingua araba, di rito greco, i quali mi condussero a vedere la chiesa che vi è ancora in gran parte intera, molto bella e grande; dentro alla quale mi fecero vedere una cappella che vi è sotterranea, ornata di sopra con una cupola dentro alla chiesa, come appunto la santa Casa di Gerusalemme; ma per andare nella cappella si scendono molti scalini, e sta, come ho detto, sotto terra. I Maomettani hanno in questo luogo grandissima devozione, e lo chiamano san Zaccaria; col quale nome chiamano anche bene spesso la stessa città o villa, per dire meglio, che tale appunto è al presente: e mi avevano già di questo luogo santo raccontato molte cose, e di questo Zaccaria e di Halifa (così chiamano san Giovanni Battista), alle quali io, per essere piene di favole secondo il loro costume, che tutte le storie imbrogliano con mille bugie, non avevo dato molte orecchie, né le avevo bene intese; tuttavia, quando io parlai con quei Cristiani arabi, parte in cenni, e parte in voce al meglio che si poteva, mi fu dato da loro da intendere, che quella cappella sotterranea era la prigione di san Giovanni Battista, dove da Erode, re e abitatore di quella città, fu fatto decapitare; cosa che io summa mente ebbi caro di vedere: e veramente non poteva essere di meno, che quella chiesa così grande non sarebbe stata fatta in quel luogo senza mistero. Ne ebbi poi maggior certezza in Damasco, dove da' Cristiani mi furono anche raccontate molte storie delle trasportazioni delle reliquie di questo santo; mescolandovi essi ancora idioticamente non so che di quelle di san Zaccaria trasportate in Damasco, che Dio sa se faceva a proposito: cose che i Turchi pur mi avevano raccontate, ma cambiate assai, ed inviluppate d’ infinite menzogne, che non sono degne ch’io perda tempo in riferirle. Digitized by Google DA A LEPPO 313 fuori di proposito, quando non fosse per altro, per la gran lontanza che vi è di là in Gerusalemme: ma, come uomo, che d’istorie e di cosmografia non era molto curioso, per quanto nei suoi scritti si vede, è degno di scusa, perchè equivocò nel nome di altre Sebasti e Sebastopoli, che molte ne sono state in Oriente; e stette ai semplici detti dei paesani ignoranti: ma che la vera Sebasti, e Samaria di Erode sia questa, che io dico, mi pare che per tutti gli argomenti mollo chiaro si provi; oltre della chiesa e della prigione, fin adesso così ben conservata, che come dico a V. S., io stesso col proprio occhio ho veduta. San Girolamo, in Sebaste, fa menzione più volte che vi fosse, non la prigione, ma il sepolcro di san Giovanni Battista; dove le sante reliquie di lui, insieme con quelle di Eliseo e di Abdia profeta si veneravano a quel tempo con gran concorso di fedeli, e con molto splendore di continui miracoli. Però non è inconveniente che nel medesimo luogo vi potesse essere l’uno e l’altro; cioè la prigione dove il santo fu decapitato, e anche la sepoltura dove le sue reliquie allora si conservassero. XVI. La sera seguente, ci andammo ad accampare sotto ad una città, moderna credo, e mediocremente buona, che si chiama Ginin; e per essere giusto in mezzo di Samaria e di Nazareno, non saprei bene dire se sia della Samaria, ovvero della Galilea; ma sia come si voglia, non vi vidi cosa degna di essere raccontata. Il giorno dopo, molto tardi arrivammo a' piedi del Monte Tabor, alle radici del quale, da quella banda, trovammo una piccola villa che pur Tabor è chiamata oggi dagli Arabi. Volevamo posarci in quel luogo, e già avevamo scaricate le robe e teso il nostro padiglione: ma vennero a trovarci non so quanti uomini della villa, e ci domandarono denari, come è solito di darli ai cafiri, ovvero assicuratori delle strade. Noi dicemmo che gli avevamo pagati, come era vero, ai loro superiori, nella città di Ginin; che per essere questi luoghi di Arabi, che poco riconoscono il Gran Signore, il comando con loro non serviva: e che da quei loro capi portavamo scritture, che gliele mostrammo, di franchigia per tutto il territorio a loro soggetto. Si quietarono i contadini alle scritture. Della Valle, V. I. 27 Digitale da Google 314 LETTERA XIII ma quando videro che per loro non vi erano denari, ci dissero liberamente che la notte ci guardassimo dai ladri, perchè di noi non potevano essi aver pensiero. Rispondemmo, chi avrebbe il coraggio di venirci a rubare sotto la villa dove stavamo attendendo? Dissero che, né anche dentro alla villa stessa, ci facevano sicuri. E domandando noi, dove erano i ladri? quali erano i ladri? Ve ne fu uno tanto scialo, che rispose a buona creanza, tutti siamo ladri, io ancora sono ladro. Mi presi gran gusto a vedere la smania e la scandescenza in cui diede il mio capigiro, sentendo queste parole; perchè è un di quegli uomini di bontà all’antica, ma di cui dice la Vallesia: Tu parli troppo, e si no caca sotto. Un pezzo bravava: un pezzo predicava: Come non avete coscienza? non temete Dio? Che modo di procedere a questo? ma gli Arabi si curavano poco delle sue parole e stavano in decreto. Consultammo che si aveva da fare; ed in fine facemmo risoluzione di partirci di lì, cosi a notte come era, perchè quando non fosse stato altro, ci avrebbero dato la veglia tutta la notte, e ci sarebbe bisognato star sempre in armi e far la guardia. Là vicino non so che miglia, dall’altra banda del monte vi era una fortezza con alloggiamento serrato e guardia di soldati turchi: vi saremmo arrivati presto; e là dentro potevamo star riposati dormendo; sì che conclummo di andarvi; e chiamai i camelli di nuovo, alzammo la tenda, e cominciammo a ricaricare bagagli un’altra volta. Quando gli Arabi ci videro in prossimità di partire, non so da che pensiero mossi, o per assaltarci mentre stavamo caricando, o per non lasciarci andare via, o per venir a romperci in qualche passo per la strada, o perchè si fosse, si misero a correre tutti come spiritati, chi di qua, chi di là, verso le case loro, e certe grotte a piedi della montagna, chiamandosi l'un l'altro da più parole; ed indi a poco tornarono tutti armati, chi d’archibugi, chi d’archi e freccie e scimitarre e changiari, chi a piedi, chi a cavallo con lande all'uso loro, con una bizzarria da impazzire; avendo molti di essi mandata giù la camicia dal braccio destro, con la spalla nuda allo scoperto da menar (Cani). Dalle mani, come in Belzoio ancora riferisce di aver osservato al suo tempo: in somma, credo certo che ci volevano inghiottire vivi. Noi, ancora, vedutoli di lontano venire in tal modo, demmo subito di mano alle nostre armi, accendemmo i miccoli, levò, chi aveva Treccie, il cappuccio alla faretra, e con tutte le altre poche armi che avevamo, ci mettemmo bravamente in battaglia per riceverli, mettendo in mezzo i cavalieri che finissero di caricare a loro comodo. Eravamo molto pochi, a rispetto degli Arabi, perché non eravamo se non quattro Francesi, uno dei quali era ammalato, e quattro Turchi, che oltre dei miei due soliti, ne aveva due altri, uomini di spirito che si erano accompaganti meco per la strada. Avevamo ancora intorno a dieci cammellieri che tutti avevano spade, changiarie e freccie; ma di costoro poco io mi fidavo, perchè, oltre che erano essi ancora Arabi, gli avevo anche per uomini poltroni: ed un giorno ne avevo visto uno che, con tutte le armi e Treccie alla cintura in procinto di tirare, aveva rilevato da un uomo disarmato una buona bastonata in buona sosta, e non solo non se ne vendicò, ma non fece pur mostra di essersene preso collera: di maniera che la speranza l’aveva solo in noi altri otto, i quali in tutto non avevamo più che due o tre archibugi, tre archi con frecce, ed ogni uno la sua spada o scimitarra, con alcuni changiari. Con tutto ciò, se gli Arabi erano, credo, più di sessanta, non mostrammo di stimargli punto; e messici in guardia, facemmo seguitare a caricare le nostre robe con ogni nostro agio. Si fermarono essi a guardarci, ed, o che non bastasse loro l’animo, o che, non ebbero ardire di darci fastidio. Noi, fornito di caricare, ci avviammo per la nostra strada, non facendone di loro conto alcuno. Gli Arabi, per un pezzo ci seguirono di lontano; ma parte attraversando il cammino, ci vennero in diversi luoghi a scontrarci per la via: ma noi, camminando piano piano, e sempre ridendo e burlandoci di loro, mostravamo i bauli e le armi; e dicevamo che se ne volevano, che venissero. Digitale da Google 310 LETTERA XIII a due miglia; e ferialmente essi ancora, quando furono stanzi, se n’andarono, salutandoci con buone parole, come appunto faceva il capitano Montamoros in commedia, quando le bravali non gli riuscivano. Questo fu il terzo e ultimo incontro che abbia avuto nel mio viaggio, di quella canaglia degli Arabi; di tutti i contrasti che io ci ho fatti, ne ho voluto scrivere a V. S. distintamente, acciò che sappia per la verità che genti sono; perchè so che in Italia vi è chi parla di loro assai più che non meritano. Arrivammo quella sera verso un’ora di notte alla fortezza che sta sulla strada maestra di Damasco, e si chiama Aiu’ettogiàr, cioè la fontana dei mercanti, per qualche acqua cosi chiamala che vi deve essere, fuor della quale vi è un canale abitato da genti, e pur serrato di buone mura, e con guardie per le corse dei ladroni; e là dentro andammo noi a tendere nostro padiglione e riposarci. XVII. La mattina seguente, che fu il lunedì venticinque di aprile, lasciai Tommaso a letto nel padiglione che riposasse un poco, e lasciai con lui Lorenzo, il servo del capo e tutti i cammellieri che lo servissero e guardassero le robe, ed io solo col capo e col mio pittore, con la guida di un Arabo a cavallo camminai bene armato, e me ne andai a Piazzarci, che era fuori di strada sei o sette miglia lontano da lì. La chiamano i paesani Nafra, ed ancora vi abitano alcune poche persone. Per andarviattraversai sempre montagnuole, ma fertili e piene di alberi che era gusto a camminarle. La città la trovai nella cima di un bel colle in sito irrigato da acqua e molto galante, ma è rovinata del lutto, e solo vi restano alcuni pochi luguri di contadini. Si vedono ancora le reliquie di una bella chiesa fabbricata nel luogo dove stava la santa Casa di Loreto, e sotto la chiesa vi è una cappella sotterranea infino adesso assai ben conservata, che dai paesani si dice essere stata la Casa della Madonna, e mostrano anche un luogo rilevato da terra come un poggiolo lungo dove dicono che fosse il suo letto, o dove dormiva, e due colonne di porfido che vi sono, dicono che vi siano poste per segni dei luoghi dove stavano in uno la Beata Vergine, e nell’altro l’Arcangelo Gabriele quando le annunciò l’essere fatta madre del Redentore. Ma io non pregiudicando alla santa Casa di Loreto, Digitale da Google DA AIEPPO 317 credo che la cappella sotterranea di Ezzo fesse il fondamento della parte bassa e sotterranea della casa che dai Cristiani poi fosse ridotta in forma di cappella, come credo che sia successo in molti altri luoghi della Terra Santa che, per conservare la memoria del luogo proprio, hanno cavato sotto terra, e lì sotto fatto le chiese o le cappelle, e nuovamente sopra terra, dove facilmente con le mutazioni del tempo potevano guastarsi. Veduta Nazzaret, risalimmo di nuovo a cavallo, ed accompagnati da una lenta pioggia che di quando in quando ci andava sbracciando, ce ne andammo alla volta del Monte Tahor per salirci in cima e vedere quello che il giorno innanzi non avevamo potuto vedere, per esser troppo tardi e per lo disturbo degli Arabi. Sta questo monte in mezzo di una bella pianura spiccato e lontano alquanto da molti altri monti che la pianura d’ogni intorno circondano, e per essere più alto di tutti, pare che come signore loro gli domini, e da tutte le parti appare molto bello, essendo come appunto san Girolamo lo descrive di forma rotonda, alta, e vestito di grossi alberi tanto folti, che da capo a piedi pare tutto una selva. Andammo a cavallo fino a un terzo, o poco meno della montagna, e mi ebbe a costare caro, perchè in un passo ripido sopra certe pietre molto liscie, e dalla pioggia bagnate, sdrucciolò il mio cavallo, ancorché fosse arabo ed avvezzo a quelle strade, e cadendomi sotto, mancò molto poco che non mi spezzasse la gamba destra: tuttavia con la grazia di Dio non mi feci altro male che una leggera scivolata di carne, e veramente non era possibile che mi facessi male, mentre andava per far bene. Giunti alla salita ripida, dove le bestie non possono più andare, smontammo da cavallo, e lasciato il capo al suo posto con l’Arabo a cavallo a guardia delle bestie, io col pittore e con un altro Arabo a piedi, che ci aspettava là per mostrarci la via, cominciai a rimproverare all’insù per la più corta. Era fastidiosa molto Tandala per le pietre e per le erbe bagnate, sopra le quali si camminava, che sdrucciolavano; per i rami degli alberi che ci s'attraversavano di passo in passo, e per la ripidità del monte senza strada che il più delle volte bisognava aiutarsi con le mani. La pioggia poi andava rinforzando, e LETTERA XIII Dalla parte loro sopra ci rinfrescava assai bene. Con Giulio ciò, in termini di un'ora e un po' più, salimmo laddove avevamo lasciati i cavalli fin in cima, e lassù trovai resti molto riguardosi di una grande chiesa e di un monastero, per quanto posso immaginarmi, che era stato fabbricato nel luogo dove nostro Signore si trasfigurò, e mostrò a tre Discepoli una parte della gloria sua. Mi meravigliai di quelle fabbriche di pietre grossissime nella cima di un monte tanto alto, dove non potevano essere state condotte senza grandissima fatica ed artificio; se ben di lassù poi scorsi che il monte da un'altra banda ha una salita assai piana da potervi andare comodamente con le bestie. Della vista molto bella che si gode lassù, non potei gustare per lo nuvolo e per la pioggia che non lasciava scoprirsi di lontano. Solo andai girando tutta l'altezza del monte, e trovai che in molti luoghi in cima era seminale di biade: di che stupii nel principio, parendomi molto strano che i paesani, che al monte hanno pianure bellissime, e tanto terreno d'avanzo, lasciando quello, si prendessero fastidio di andare a seminare fin nella cima del monte. Ma vidi poi che il monte là sopra era abitato, e che fra quelle rovine di fabbriche antiche, vivevano, non so come, sequestrate dal commercio del mondo, alcune poche e miserissime famiglie, delle quali doveva essere il seminale, che certo n'ebbi compassione a vederle in tal luogo; particolarmente certe donne che erano mezze nude, e certi figlioletti di quattro o cinque anni che vidi andare correndo fra quegli alberi appunto come gatti selvatici. Veduto che ebbi queste cose, scesi il monte, e ritrovai il capo coi cavalli, dove gli avevo lasciati, me ne tornai all'alloggiamento dove era restato Tommaso, e quivi riposammo tutta quella notte. Il giorno che venne appresso, dopo aver camminato alquante miglia, ci trovammo sulla sponda del lago Genesaree, chiamato impropriamente mar di Galilea, o di Tiberiade, come anche gli Arabi lo chiamano. Voltammo a man sinistra verso tramontana, e lo costeggiammo un pezzo: infine la sera al tardi ci posammo pure sulla sponda del lago presso una terra rovinata che dagli Arabi si chiama Monia, ma ALEPPO 310 Per avervi io visto segni d'aulichilà, ho qualche dubbio che sia alcuna di quelle nominate nel Vangelo, e forse, o Betsaida, o (Cafarnaum); di che, per l'ignoranza dei paesani non potei chiarirmi, e mi colenlai solo di mangiarvi la sera di quei pesci, dei quali già il mio san Pietro vi doveva pescare. L'altro giorno penammo molto pur intorno al lago per una strada molle e fangosa, tanto più che avevamo un po' di pioggia; ma pure alfine, lasciato il lago di Tiberiade, arrivammo in un campo, dove innanzi a una casa disfatta, trovammo un pozzo o cisterna piccola, ma coperta sopra con una cupoletta ben fatta e sostenuta da quattro pilastri con quattro colonne di assai buona architettura. Erano qui con noi molte genti di quella carovana che andava per la medesima via; e vedendo io che tutti smontavano e andavano a bere dell'acqua di quella cisterna, per fare come gli altri, come fanno le capre, andai anch'io a bere; e mi dissero che quella era la cisterna dove Giuseppe fu messo dai fratelli quando lo venderono, che in quel tempo per qualche caso era vuota, senz'acqua. Notissima a tutti l'istoria; e da' paesani chiamata volgarmente la cisterna di Giuseppe; ma io sto in dubbio se il caso seguisse in tal luogo, e me ne rimetto alla Sacra Scrittura, la quale non avendo appresso di me, non posso accertarmi di questo, né di molti altri dubbi. Arrivammo quel medesimo giorno verso il tardi al Giordano prima che entri nel lago, e passammo per un ponte di pietra, che infino oggidì si chiama Ponte di Giacobbe; vicino al quale si addita anche una casa rovignola, che pure di Giacobbe si chiama, e dicono che egli in quel posto un tempo abitasse. Di là dal fiume piantammo la tenda, e posammo la notte: la mattina poi cominciammo a camminare per la regione Traconilide, tutta sassosa, ma fruttifera e coltivata; ed entro della giornata ci posammo sotto le mura d'une grossa terra chiamata Conder, dove cominciammo a scoprire, anzi avevamo molto vicino a man sinistra il Monte Libano tutto carico di neve. Digitale da Google LETTERA XIII Quando ci alloggiammo in riva ad un fiumicello, chiamato dagli Arabi Nahr-aug, cioè fiume torto. Avevamo in questo luogo molto più vicino il Monte Libano, dal quale per le nevi spirava un vento tanto fresco, che la notte con tutte le coperte imbottite di bambagia ci fece sentire freddo. XVIII. La mattina seguente, che era l’ultima di aprile, partimmo da Saasar, e dopo aver camminato quasi tutto il giorno per una grande pianura spoglia di alberi, arrivammo finalmente sul far della sera a Damasco. La qual città, quasi come Roma appunto, è talmente circondata di giardini, e già prima di arrivare alle mura, camminammo un miglio o due per mezzo di quelli. Alloggiammo dentro alla città (nel mezzo quasi) nelle stanze di un chan, che sta nel bazar della seta, strada molto frequentata, e quivi, la prima cosa, diedi ricapito a Tom musetto, che era un poco peggiorato con la fatica del viaggio, benché lento, e lo feci mettere a letto, procurando che si trovasse medico, ciò che bisognava per guarirlo. Il primo giorno di maggio, che era anche domenica, diedi principio a vedere la città; e prima di ogni altra cosa, cercai la chiesa dei Maroniti, perchè Franchi non vi sono, e la trovai molto povera ed umile, ma non vi ebbi messa, che era già finita. Andai vedendo certe altre chiese di Greci, e molte strade; ma, come quello che non aveva guidami, non faceva cosa buona: però il lunedì venne a trovarmi un sacerdote maronita che aveva saputo che io ero stato alla sua chiesa, e parlando costui un poco italiano, cioè quella lingua bastarda, sempre per infinito senz'altri tempi di verbi, che in queste parti d’Oriente la chiamano franco piccolo, mi fu di straordinaria consolazione. Perché, oltre che mi fece vedere tutte le cose notabili, mi tenne continua conversazione finché dimorai in Damasco, che tutto il giorno era meco dalla mattina alla sera, e facemmo un’amicizia grande; gustando egli molto di me, ed io altrettanto di lui per averlo conosciuto un uomo dabbene, pratico del paese, virtuoso e dotto in arabo e nella lingua loro siriana, o caldea. Passai dunque con questo buon uomo, che si chiama il padre Michel Tatala, tutti i miei giorni in Damasco, e non mi lo lasciava mai partire da causa, eccetto la nelle che era obbligato a sua moglie, che secondo l’uso loro l’aveva. Usammo poi della città per la porta orientale, e girando un po' a destra lungo le mura, vedemmo il luogo dove fuggì san Paolo, mandato giù nella sporta quando i Giudei di Damasco lo volevano prendere e uccidere perchè si era fatto cristiano. Entrati poi nella città per la medesima porta, camminammo un gran pezzo per una strada lunghissima e dritta, che vi è in faccia, ed è quel medesimo Ficus rectus, di cui si fa menzione nella Scrittura, dove san Paolo, essendoci cieco, dimorò nella casa di quel Giuda; la quale casa di Giuda vedemmo ancora pur abitata da’ Turchi; ma fummo lasciati entrare a veder dentro un picciolo svolgimento, che si conserva ancora al piano del cortile, dentro al quale san Paolo, ancora cieco, senza mangiare, nè bere, stette tre giorni orando finché da Anania fu battezzato. Vedemmo anche là vicino, nel bazar, una fontana che vi è, come in infiniti altri luoghi della città, che tutta è piena d'acqua, ed è quella dove san Paolo dal sopraddetto Anania ebbe il battesimo. In somma, mi condusse in più voli a veder tutti i luoghi notabili, cioè, la meschita principale, che era al tempo dei Cristiani la chiesa di san Zaccharia (diceva il prete maronita) dove vogliono che il corpo dello santo fosse seppellito; ma io credo piuttosto che fosse la chiesa di san Giovanni Battista, per quel che ne scrive il fautore antico di centinaia di anni che fece l’aggiunta alla opera dei Lettera XIII luoghi ebraici di san Girolamo. Mi fece vedere anche il castello, la casa del Lascia, molte altre inecchile, e tutti i bazarri che nelle città della Turchia sono le migliori cose che si vedano, e questi di Damasco li trovai molto belli, massimamente alcuni coperti con cupole, e serrati di giro assai grandi, e di buona fabbrica di pietre che non poco mi piacquero. I bazarri, come credo di avere scritto altre volte a V. S., sono luoghi di mercato da vendere roba; ed ogni strada dove alcuna cosa si vende, si chiama anche bazar, e si distinguono fra di loro coi nomi delle cose che si vendono, come il bazar della seta, dei panni e simili. La città di Damasco è grande quanto Napoli, e di molte cose ancora a Napoli simile, come d’abbondanza di popolo, di borghi grandi e molto abitati, di quantità di giardini, d’abbondanza di seta ed altre cose; ma non vi è poi quella bellezza di sito, di fabbriche e di strade, né quella civiltà di vivere e quel splendore all’italiana. Ebbi tempo di vedere minutemente e considerare queste cose, perchè contro la mia voglia fui costretto a trattenermi vi molto giorni per l’infelice infermità di Tommasetto, il quale, arrivato in Damasco, andò sempre peggiorando; e quello che fu peggio, in quella città, con tutto che sia delle migliori della Turchia, non mi fu mai possibile a trovar medico, né medicine, neppure una galanteria da ammalato, forse per la poco pratica di noi altri in quel luogo. Tommaso poi, che come V. S. Si era avvezzo a stare molto bene, ed a patire molto poco, vedendosi in tale stato in tal luogo, tra la paura che aveva grandissima, e la malinconia, era entrato in una smania tanto grande, che faceva il male assai maggiore. Si ricordava la casa, i parenti, le comodità e carezze d’Italia: si disperava, si affliggeva, si teneva spedito: poiché non poteva avere cose buone, voleva le triste: non poteva soffrire la sete, beveva, faceva disordini: il male cresceva, rimedi non vi erano: insomma, si condusse a tale, che bisognò confessarsi al meglio che si poteva in Franco, piccolo col padre Michele, il quale volle anche comunicarlo, ed insieme con la comunione dargli, come costumano i Maroniti, l'olio santo. In che intrigo ci trovò tra le mani. Dal Lepro 323 vaglio io mi trovassi, V. S. lo può da sé pensare. Ma, come piacque a Dio, in capo a certi giorni, cominciò il male ad aggravarsi un poco, si trovò un Ebreo, stato, credo, in cristianità, che gli seppe fare un poco di orzaiola; e con quella, e con certa acqua stillata di erbe, buona, come dicono i Turchi, per la febbre, che noi crediamo che fosse acqua di ruta caprara con qualche altra mescolanza, tanto fece, che a poco a poco l'andò liberando dal male; nel qual caso mi parve che si verificasse molto quella mia opinione che il nostro sig. Andrea non vuol sentire, cioè, che gli uomini muoiono solo quando Dio vuole, e quando giunge l’ora stabilita da lui; e non quando le genti pensano che per disagio o patimento debbano morire, e che quando Dio non vuole, né è venuta l'ora prefissa; male a sua posta, disagi, patimenti, e pericoli a sua posta, non si muore. Testimonio ne sia Tommasello, il quale, senza medici, senza cura, senza comodità, né regalo alcuno, ridotto quasi con la croce a capo in Damasco, oggi con la grazia di Dio e col solo suo aiuto, passeggia sano e salvo per Aleppo, e brava di andare di lì dalle Indie se bisogna; con tutto che più volte, mentre stava ammalato, con voce languida, piano piano dicesse, che se il Signore Dio gli faceva grazia di rivedere Italia e la sua patria, mai più non voleva cercare, che per brevità tralascio. Io poi, di tutti i guai avuti per questa infermità, mi consolai in una sola mattina, perchè condotto dal padre Michele da un Ebreo mio amico e interprete a vedere fuori della città nei giardini alcune poche case che vi sono di Ebrei samaritani, oltre del gusto che ebbi di vedere i giardini, e quelle case che dentro trovai galantissime (benché di fuori fossero di mala apparenza), messe tutte ad oro con pittura e con lettere loro samaritane intagliate e miniata in più luoghi, e così ancora la loro sinagoga; ebbi anco grandissimo contento di vedere in casa di un dei loro rabbini, o savi i quattro libri traslitterati di quella scrittura samaritana che io tanto cercavo. Non vidi anche degli altri di altra sorte in mano di costui e d'altre persone. In conclusione, tanto feci con un poco di denari, e con la diligenza dell'Ebreo mio interprete, che con due testi sottoscritti di quella scrittura mi restarono in mano: uno di quelli in pergamena, il migliore dei tre puri ebraici del calamo, ed uno altro, che era di una donna, scritto in carta, ma pur antichissimo, e molto corretto, come ne' fogli bianchi in fine fanno fede con parole arabe quattro o cinque calami, ciascuno in diversi tempi dice di averlo letto tutto da capo a piedi, e di non avervi trovato un errore. Presi due di questi libri, perchè uno, cioè quello in pergamena, che era di lingua ebraica con lettere samaritane, lo volevo per donare al mio signor di Sans y ambasciatore di Francia in Costantinopoli, che cosi lo desiderava, al quale l'ho già mandato; l'altro in carta, che non solo è scritto con lettere samaritane, ma in lingua anche propria dei Samaritani, che è un misto della ebraica e della caldea; e però al mio parere è forse più curioso e più singolare, voglio che resti con me: che sebbene fino adesso non l'intendo, servirà per ornamento, tra gli altri libri stranieri della mia piccola libreria. E ne ho gusto grande, perchè una cosa tale, che pure è di molta stima e per l'antichità, e per la novità, e per l'utile che se ne può cavare, come dice il signor ambasciatore; giacché ognuno che intende ebraico ed ha qualche cognizione del caldeo, imparato che avrà l'alfabeto facilissimo, lo leggerà, ed intenderà come l'ebraico ordinario; sono sicuro che in Italia non vi sarà, forse ne' anche in biblioteca Vaticana. Digitale da Google DA A LEPPO 335 poteva averla, ma non so per quale negligenza, non avendo allora il libro, non la presi; adesso ho mandato là i danari per averla, e non ho scritto con diligenza, ed aspetto che mi sia mandata fino in Costantinopoli, dove mi verrà senz’altro, se però un'Ebrea che ne era padrona non fosse pentita di venderla. Basta, per me non mancherà. Nelle case dei Samaritani vidi un’altra cosa curiosa, cioè, in un lato di una camera, accanto al muro, un materasso in terra piegato, ed intorno a quello da ogni parte, dove non era il muro, molti sassi piccoli in terra posti in fila per ordine uno ad uno che facevano quasi siepe al materasso. Domandai che significava, e mi dissero che in quel luogo, fra di loro, stava sempre, senza muoversene mai, la donna durante i suoi mestrui, nel quale tempo a loro è vietato di toccarla e di accostarsi a lei; anzi, che tengono per immonda ogni cosa che la tocchi, e però la fanno stare in quel luogo a parte separata, dove niuno si accosta fino al segno dei sassi in terra; e suole stare la donna in questa guisa otto giorni; ma se in questo tempo non le mancano le purghe, conviene che ve ne stia otto altri, e così fino a quando le manchino. Cerimonia che gli Ebrei ordinari non credo che osservino con tanto rigore. Ma torniamo al viaggio. XIX. Essendo già Tommasetto guarito ed in istato di poter andare nelle ceste, con occasione della compagnia di una carovana, perchè, per quella strada, i camellieri bugiardi per interesse loro dicevano, e davano ad intendere che non si poteva andare solo : un lunedì, il ventitré di maggio, partimmo da Damasco, e due ore dopo mezzogiorno arrivammo a una villa detta Cossair, dove piantata la tenda, riposammo fino al tramontare del sole. A quell’ora poi facemmo levata di nuovo per camminare la notte; perchè, essendo il caldo cresciuto di giorno molto, non si poteva camminare, e bisognava mutare stile di viaggio, facendo del giorno notte, e della notte giorno. Camminammo dunque fino a mezzanotte passata, che arrivammo a una terra chiamata Cuteifa, dove anche è un canale fuori delle mura con castello forte e ben guardato; dentro a quel canale ci fermammo di nuovo a riposare e dormire quel che avanzava della notte con la maggior parte del giorno seguente. 11 martedì, ventiquattro di maggio, partimmo da Cutesifa a Della Valle, V. I. 28 LETTERA XIII Due ore dopo mezzogiorno, e camminammo giorno e notte finché avemmo la luna; al tramonto di questa ci fermammo a riposare sotto la terra di Nebe. Da questa il mercoledì partimmo a tre ore di giorno, ed al mezzogiorno andammo a riposarci sotto un'altra terra grossa chiamata Caralar, la quale, per molte rovine che ha intorno, mostra di essere stata altre volte gran città: ma questo nome moderno, ignoto all'autore dell’Epitome geografica, fa che io non sappia accertarmi quale città fosse in tempi antichi. Il giovedì, poco innanzi l’alba, partimmo da Caralar, ed al mezzogiorno ci riposammo sotto di Assia, terra pur grossa, di nome arabo moderno. Dimorammo qui fino a tre o quattro ore di notte, e poi tornammo a camminare di nuovo; ed il venerdì, a tre ore di giorno, arrivammo ad Ams, ovvero Amus, città famosa oggi ancora, benché più celebre fosse ai tempi antichi col nome di Emissa, secondo vogliono alcuni, ed io credo. Vidi dentro alla città un piano vi era, o trovai pieno di ogni cosa di marmi, e per tutto reliquie di fabbriche molto belle, benché al presente siano quasi tutte distrutte, per essere abitata da poche genti, per le soggezioni che vi sono degli Arabi del deserto, che fin là si fanno sentire, e vanno spesso a riscuoter per forza grossi tributi. Fuori poi della città vidi quelle grandissime e belle pianure, dove Aureliano, imperatore nostro, diede la battaglia, ed ebbe quella gran vittoria contro la famosa regina Zenobia. Osservai anzi vicino alla città quel sepolcro antico, del quale fa menzione il Belonio, con una iscrizione greca di Cairn Cattar, dice egli; ma io fui più diligente in leggerla meglio, ed in copiarla tutta, come feci, e trovai essere un TAOIC IOT-ALOC, ma non Cattar, come V. S. vedrà dalla copia che ne tengo. Vedute queste cose il giorno, la sera a mezz’ora di notte, dopo aver cenato allo alto, tornammo di nuovo a camminare. Due ore innanzi al giorno passammo il fiume Oronle, chiamato dagli Arabi Asi, cioè Ribello, per un ponte lunghissimo di pietra. Il Belonio mette in dubbio, se sia l’Oronte; ma io mi accertai che era senz’altro. Alle tre ore del giorno e un po' più, arrivammo alla città, che dagli Arabi è chiamata oggi Amali, ed amicamente si chiamava Apamea di Siria, secondo l’Epitome geografica. Qui ancora s’ingannò il Belonio, perché questa città di Amali crede esser Tarso; e che il fiume che le passa in mezzo e la divide, fosse diverso da quello del ponte che trovammo la notte, e che fosse il Cidno che passa per Tarso; ma mette poi in dubbio che potesse essere anche Apamea, quasi che Apamea e Tarso fosse una medesima cosa. Con sua buona grazia, in questo tanto non seppe che si dire. Io, con la guida dell’Epitome, e con l’informazione de’ paesani, l’ho trovata meglio. Amali è Apamea senz'altro; e si prova, poiché il fiume che la divide è il medesimo che quello del ponte che trovammo prima; ed è l'Oronte senza dubbio, perchè è lo stesso che va in Antiochia; e l’Oronte per Antiochia e per Apamea si sa che passava. Tarso poi è un’altra città più verso il mare, che ha fiume diverso dal Cidno, e credo che oggi si chiami Terassa, come benissimo dice l'Epitome, per quanto potei sapere da un Arabo ignorante, che io quella non l’ho veduta. Questa città di Apamea, a chi viene di fuori, pare molto bella, perchè è grande, e sta fabbricata nelle sponde di una valle, che mostrano la prospettiva di tutte le cose una sopra l’altra con bellissima vista : ma dentro non vi è cosa di notabile, come in tutte le altre città della Turchia che sono spoglate affatto di ogni gentilezza : solo vi osservai quelle medesime ruote grandissime di legno, viste dal Belonio, che alzano l’acqua bassa del fiume in condotti alti, i quali la spargono poi per tutta la città. Vi trovai buon bazar, e qualche tratto di mercanzia ; per le tele da botta, che di là vengono, e si mandano a Tripoli, dove poi le pigliano i Franchi, e con vascelli le portano in cristianità. Ci trattenemmo in Amath due giorni e più; il lunedì poi, trenta di maggio, all’ora del chiendent' o della compieta, ne partimmo, e passando il fiume un’altra volta per il ponte che sta dentro alla città vicino alle ruote, seguitammo a camminare tutta la notte. Dopo la partenza, mi fu dello che i Cristiani del paese (che pur alcuni vengono sono), non so se in Ams, o in Amali, tengono con venerazione una certa memoria di Giobbe, e che hanno opinione che vivesse in quei luoghi. Io non la vidi per non averlo saputo a tempo. Sospendendo anche il giudizio intorno alla verità di essa, avendo qualche dubbio che quella terra, per poter essere stata la patria di Giobbe, non sia un pochino troppo settentrionale: perciò potrebbe essere. Perché, sebbene i Sabei, popoli assai più meridionali nell’Arabia Felice, come abbiamo nella Sacra Scrittura, furono di quelli che saccheggiarono le robe di Giobbe, onde parere che l’abitazione di lui dovesse essere stata a loro vicina; tuttavia Strabone dice, che gli stessi Sabei solevano scorrere di lontano, e venire a rubare infine nella Siria, prima che fosse dei Romani; nella quale provincia appunto stanno le città di Amali e di Ams, dove c’è questa tradizione che Giobbe viveva. Il martedì, poco prima dell’alba, arrivammo ad un alloggiamento in campagna, chiamato Seeichun-chani, che sta vicino alla villa Chiefertab: quivi riposammo tutto il giorno; e la sera all’avemaria ci rimettemmo al solito in viaggio. Il mercoledì, primo giorno di giugno, arrivammo inanzi giorno alla città che il Belonio chiama Marat, ma i Turchi Marra, la quale è sede di un sangiacomo che la possiede per eredità, sottoposto però come feudatario al Gran Signore; ci riposammo quivi fino alla compieta, e poi di nuovo ci rimettemmo in cammino. Il giovedì, due ore inanzi giorno, arrivammo ad una villa della A(ìs, ci riposammo fino a compieta, e poi di nuovo a camminare. Poco inanzi mezzanotte arrivammo ad un alloggiamento in campagna, che si chiama Ghan-loman, lontano da Aleppo dodici miglia circa. Quivi, io solo coi miei mi fermai a riposare, seguitando il resto della carovana il viaggio: e volli restare in questo luogo, perchè dovendo io trattenermi più giorni in Aleppo, non mi parve tenere di andare a smontare in casa del signor consolo di Francia, si perchè non sapeva certo chi ero, si perchè si trattava di mutazione, si anco perchè se io vi smontavo, mi avrebbe trattenuto per sempre in casa sua, e mi pareva soverchio dargli tanto incomodo. Però stimai meglio di fermarmi un pochino in quel. Dalle allepre 329 luogo, e mandai, come mandai, il mio pittore solo innanzi con la carovana, acciò che in Aleppo mi preparasse stanze a parte, dove io potessi andare e smontare; tanto più che sapeva che il signor consolo di Francia stava molto stretto di abitazione. Mi trattenni dunque, e mandai quest’uomo con ordine che baciasse le mani al signor consolo da parte mia, dopo aver preso le stanze, e che lo pregasse caldamente che non mandasse alcuno ed incontrarmi, perchè, per certi miei rispetti, non aveva caro di esser troppo conosciuto in Aleppo, e però anche gli ordinai, che con altri che col signor consolo non parlasse di me parola, che, prese le stanze, venisse fuori della città ad incontrarmi per condurmi dove fosse bisognato, e per ragguagliarmi della persona del consolo, chi era, e di tutti i particolari. Andò il pittore con questa commissione, ed io per dargli tempo mi trattenni a Chan-loman fino a mezzogiorno del venerdì, che era il tre di giugno; ma dopo che ebbi desinato, mi avviai piano piano verso Aleppo, e vi giunsi in termine di tre ore. Trovai fuori della porta un pezzo il pittore che mi aspettava insieme con un uomo del signor. consolo di Francia, che io avevo già conosciuto in Costantinopoli, ed ebbi nuova, che consolo non era più quel che era prima ; ma il nuovo, cioè il signor Pietro de la Fevre, destinato un pezzo fa, creatura del sig. ambasciatore di Costantinopoli, di cui molto mi rallegrai, e di già gran tempo mi stava aspettando. E quando seppe dal pittore che io venivo, voleva in ogni modo mandare tutta la nazione ad incontrarmi con bellissima cavalcata (che in Aleppo è lecito a’ Cristiani cavalcare cavalli, e tutti ne hanno molti belli), ma si restò di farlo a preghiera del pittore, al quale anche, dopo lungo contrasto, diede licenza che io potessi andare a smontare alle stanze che già mi aveva preparato. Mi dissero di più, che la mia venuta era gran pezzo che si aspettava in Aleppo, che tutti la sapevano, perchè io, in vero, avevo tardato assai più che non credeva, e molti, venuti prima di me dal Cairo e da Gerusalemme ne avevano portato nuova. E che in particolare il signor consolo veneto, che era il signor Girolamo Foscarini, gentiluomo garbatissimo, essendone avvisato, e dal signor ambasciatore di Francia, e dal signor bailo di Venezia ancora, me li carissimi signori io Costantinopoli, mi aspettava col gran desiderio, e mi voleva in casa in ogni modo, tenendo già preparata stanze a questo effetto; col pensiero anche di mandarmi ad incontrare da tutta la sua nazione quando avesse saputo l’arrivo; ma che non sapeva, perchè conforme al mio ordine non gli aveva detto niente. Di questi avvisi ebbi in parte gusto, ed in parte disgusto: gusto per l'onore che quei signori mi facevano, e per l'affetto che mi mostravano, ma disgusto perchè avrei voluto stare in Aleppo manco conosciuto: però, giacché non si poteva fare altro, andai cheto cheto per certi vicoli alla mia casa già preparata, e di là, spogliato e mutato che fui, andai subito a visitare il signor consolo di Francia, e poi quello di Venezia; e dall’uno e dall’altro fui ricevuto con accoglienze e cortesie straordinarie. In questa guisa, con queste persone, sta passando ora il tempo. Ho già visto buona parte della città; e benché per cosa di Turchia sia bellissima, e delle più grandi e più famose, tuttavia molto poco ci trovo di riguardevole. Solo il castello mi piace assai, fondato in mezzo alla città sopra un monte assai bene alto; il quale monte, come dicono, e si vede, non è naturale, ma fatto ad arte con pietre, di forma uguale, che circonda al rotondo, scosceso, qual si conviene a fortezza, e con un gran fossato attorno pieno quasi tutto di acqua piovina molto profonda. Si sale al castello per una sola porta sopra un ponte, che passa l’acqua, e va dal piano della città fin in cima, molto bello. Del resto poi, ci sono bazar, ineschile ed altre cose al ordinario di città grande e popolata; ma non particolarità degne di esser raccontate. Sopra tutto è celebre questa città per lo traffico delle mercanzie grandissimo; concorrendoci, da una parte, tutto l’Oriente, con le sue gioie, seta, droghe e drappi; e dall’altra parte il Occidente, cioè, Francia in grandissima quantità, Venezia, Olanda ed Inghilterra, con buone navi, cariche per il più solo di piastre di reali da otto; delle quali c’è tanta copia, come anche di ogni altra sorte di moneta che, nel fare le mercanzie, non si contano, ma si pesano casse intere di denari; e non si fa mai compra o vendita, dove non corra quaranta, cinquanta, ottanta o centomila scudi che più a minuto non si parli, e sarebbe vergogna. Il maggior negozio della seta che viene dalla Persia, e d’altre parti, nonostante la guerra. Non lascerò di dire a V. S. che il primo giorno dopo che fui arrivato in Aleppo, lo consumai tutto in leggere lettere che sette o otto spacci ne trovai in mano del signor consolo di Venezia, fin al numero di quarantatre, tra quelle d’Italia e quelle di Costantinopoli; senza molte che io so, che in Costantinopoli per buon rispetto sono rimaste. Che contento avessi in leggere queste lettere, lo lascio considerare a V. S.; essendo a nove mesi che non ne aveva ricevuto alcuna. Tras le altre, mi rallegrai molto d’una di V. S., che trovai con alcune altre della carovana di Napoli, scritta il ventisei di settembre 1664, in risposta alla quale mi occorre dire, che non ametto la scusa della negligenza nello scrivermi; perchè so che una volta al mese, e più di rado ancora, non sarebbe gran cosa rubare un quarto d’ora di tempo alle sue urgentissime occupazioni, letto, che ricevo di buon cuore l’ammirazione che V. S. mi fa, quale Mercurio ad Enea; e che le prometto di ubbidirla. Ne vedrà l'effecto sopra di me, e presto avrà nuova che io, staccato adatto da ogni sorte di piaceri, mi sarò di nuovo immerso nelle solite virtuose fatiche. |
github_open_source_100_8_20166 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package jetpack.jre;
import static javax.util.List.*;
import java.net.URL;
import javax.io.File;
import javax.util.List;
public class Jre {
public static String VERSION_1_8 = "1.8.0_131";
public static List<String> VERSIONS = list(VERSION_1_8);
public static String PLATFORM_LINUX = "linux";
public static String PLATFORM_WINDOWS = "windows";
public static String PLATFORM_MACOS = "osx";
public static List<String> PLATFORMS = list(PLATFORM_LINUX, PLATFORM_WINDOWS, PLATFORM_MACOS);
public static String BIT_32 = "32";
public static String BIT_64 = "64";
public static List<String> BITS = list(BIT_32, BIT_64);
protected String version;
protected String platform;
protected String bits;
protected URL url;
protected File path;
protected Jre(String version, String platform, String bits, URL url, File path) {
this.version = version;
this.platform = platform;
this.bits = bits;
this.url = url;
this.path = path;
}
public boolean equals(Object object) {
return this.toString().equals(object.toString());
}
public boolean equals(String version, String platform, String bits) {
return this.version.equals(version) && this.platform.equals(platform) && this.bits.equals(bits);
}
public String toString() {
return "jre [v" + this.version + " " + this.platform + " " + this.bits + "bits]";
}
public String getVersion() {
return this.version;
}
public String getPlatform() {
return this.platform;
}
public String getBits() {
return this.bits;
}
public URL getUrl() {
return this.url;
}
public File getPath() {
return this.path;
}
public File getJava() {
return new File(path, "/bin/java" + (this.platform.equals(Jre.PLATFORM_WINDOWS) ? ".exe" : ""));
}
} |
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/1w1m6g/articles/DTL48_1 | BNL Newspapers | Public Domain | der politischen Tagesereignisse. Deutsches Reich. Mit Nächstem tritt die Commission zusammen, welche auf Grundlage der Fest» setzungen des Pariser Friedens die Grenzregulirung in Bessarabie» vorzunehmen berufen ist; die größte Folge dieser Regulirung ist die vollkommene Freiheit der Donau. — Hie Einleitungen zu einer Zusammen» kunft zwischen dem Kaiser Aleranber von Nußland und dem Kaiser Napoleon im Spätsommer oder im Beginne des Herbstes sollen in den letzten Tagen in ganz bestimmter Weise getroffen worden sein. Man scheint demnach in Petersburg die Hoffnungen auf eine französisch-russische Allianz noch immer nicht auf» gegeben zu haben.—Die Arbeiten des in Wien ver» sammelten Episkopates werden in der laufenden Woche beendigt werden und die feierliche Schlußsitzung dann bis Sonntag den 22. d. stattfinden. Zwischen der Re» gierung und den Bischöfen herrscht das beste Einvernehmen. Selbstverständlich wird das durch die Berathungcn erzielte Material noch der Gegenstand einer definitiven Vereinbarung zwischen dem Cabinette und dem heiligen Stuhle werden.—ln den meisten deutschen Ländern sind große Verheerungen durch die Gewitterregen vorgekommen. Frankreich. Der zweite Festtag der Tauffeier des Thronerben wurde ebenfalls mit Artillerie-Zalven begrüßt. In den Champs Elysees, auf dem Mars» felde, auf der Esplanade der Invaliden und an der Barriere du Trone war eine ungeheuere Menschen» menge versammelt, um die dortigen Volksbelustigungen anzusehen. Auf der Seine war eine Unzahl Barken mit Musikbanden. —Man erzählt sich, der Präsident eines demokratischen Klubs in Lyon habe dem Kaiser geschrieben: in Folge seines edlen Benehmens gegen die Überschwemmten habe der Klub beschlossen, die Demokratie aufzugeben. Mehrere Tausend Arbeiter an der Loire haben beschlossen, durch eine Deputation dem Kaiser zu danken. Von einem oft schon bestraften Demagogen in Lyon erzählt man, er habe sich dem Kaiser genähert und in seiner republikanischen Sprache ihn also angeredet: „Mein Herr, ich theile Ihre Ansichten nicht und gehöre nicht zu Ihrer Partei, aber ich billige es, was Sie hier thuen, es ist sehr gut." — Die Subscriptionen belaufen sich bereits auf viele Millionen. In Paris sind nach Ausweis der Listen am freigebigsten die Armee, am zurückhaltendsten die Finanzmänner. — Man glaubt, Frankreich habe sich entschlossen, England und l Nordamerika seine Vermittlung anzutragen. England. Der Gesandte und die Consuln Englands in Nordamerika sind in London eingetroffen. In der Presse und im Parlament herrscht noch immer dieselbe Unschlüssigkeit, ob ein Krieg mit Nord» amerika anzufangen sei oder nicht; die Regierungs» organe neigen sich zum Kriege hin. |
1424055_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 시와구치역()은 일본 히로시마현 히로시마시 아사키타구에 위치한 서일본 여객철도 게이비 선의 철도역이다. 섬식 승강장 1면 2선의 구조를 갖춘 지상역이다.
타는 곳
이용 현황
역 주변
히로시마 시 아사키타 구청 시라키 출장소
인접 역
서일본 여객철도의 철도역
히로시마시의 철도역
1915년 개업한 철도역
일본국유철도의 철도역.
|
sn83045830_1910-03-19_1_5_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | HA PHOTOGRAPHY Rumored Mr. and Mrs. Taft Will Visit Old Point. PREPARING THE GOLK LINKS Chief Executive and Wife Expected to be Guest of Dr. Frisset During Stay on the Peninsula—Will View Fleet. According to a report going to the Virginia peninsula yesterday, President Taft is soon to come to the Virginia peninsula for a stay of three or four days. It is understood that the President will come here as the Bisses Dr. H. H. Burke Frissell, principal of the Hampton Normal school, and will rest for a few days before going on his summer trip. It is further asserted that the President will be given an opportunity to play golf on the links of the Hampton High and County Club and that he is likely to find plenty of sport on the local golf links. The anniversary exercises of the Hamilton Normal school will be held this year on April 28 and 28 and as usual, a large number of distinguished educators will be in attendance. President Taft is a member of the board of trustees of the school, which board will meet in annual session during the anniversary services. Whether the President is coming at that time or sooner cannot now be foretold. For no one in authority will discuss the report coming of the chief executive to the peninsula. Profess Ignorance. Inquire at the Normal school yesterday and last night failed to throw any light on the reported visit of the President. Mr. W. H. Scoville, general business manager, said that he had not heard of the report and was therefore unable to confirm or deny such a rumor. Others at the school professed ignorance of the contemplated visit of Mr. Taft. The report, however, came from a very good source, as it is said the letter has already been given to get the golf links in good shape so that President Taft will be amply repaid for spending sometime on the links. It is understood that if the President comes here his visit will be purely to give him the opportunity of resting after the work of congress has ceased. The salt breezes are expected to peeve a great benefit to Mrs. Taft, who will, it is said, accompany her distinguished husband. Wants to See Fleet. Another reason, it is said, the President desires to come here is the fact that the ships of the Atlantic fleet are to be in Hamilton Roads and Mr. Taft is anxious to see the great Atlantic fleet. The ships are expected to arrive at Old Point about March 6, and will remain in these waters until the first day of June. With the meeting of the board of trustees at the Normal school and the presence of the Atlantic fleet in Hamilton Roads, President Taft would be able to "kill two birds with one stone." Should the rumor of his coming visit prove true. Saturday Cigar. Ar Specials. At Hull's Cut Rate Drug Store, 7 for $1. His is as follows: Cremo, Buck, King Alfonso, Governor Swanson. Exports, Araericus, (Havana) Bond, Danklin. Old Dominion, El Toro, Porto Rico.) Van Bibber Bouquet, 1 pack packages, 5c. Official Seal, 1 pack, National Cigar Stands, 5c. Old Bay, Use Invincible, (10c), 5c. Yankee Cigar Stands, 4 for $1. James Blaine, 5c for 10c. Lilian Russell, 3 for 10c. Bat, Two full registered druggists at Hull's Cut Rate Drug Store, night and day. Phone 288. Easter Sale Benefit of Presbyterian church at Hampton College Saturday afternoon, March 11th, from four to seven. NOW IS A SPLENDID TIME TO ORDER YOUR SPRING SUIT BEST SELECTIONS Of imported and Domestic Woolens. Perfect Workmanship and Fit Guaranteed. If you wear a Frankel & Eisen man Suit once you will not care for any other. From $18 TO $50! SPRING HATS AND MANHATTAN SHIRTS Are Here. "Queen Quality" 212. Hampton's Best Store. THERE IS A HAT for You! In the magnificent assortment we are showing at $5.00 Absolutely the best value ever offered in Trimmed Hats. Hundreds of designs to select from?and no two alike. Here is an individual for each individual head. SEE WINDOW DISPLAY. Mrs. Minnie Prince, of Raleigh, N.C., is visiting her sisters, the Misses Wood, in Mallory avenue. Mrs. S. S. Cunningham, who has spent several months in Leesburg, returned to her home in Lexington street yesterday. She was accompanied back by Mr. and Mrs. Walter H. Burke, Master Samuel Burke and little Miss Nancy Burke. Mrs. William Burbage, who has been visiting in Baltimore, is expected to return home today. She will be accompanied back by Miss Georgia Hedding, who comes to visit her sisters, Mrs. H. W. Saunders and Mrs. H. K. Hudgins. Mrs. K. C. Humphries has left for Northampton county in response to a telegram announcing the serious illness of her mother, Mrs. Dawson, who received a stroke of paralysis. TO ORDAIN DEACONS. Interesting Services to Occur at Liberty Baptist Church Tomorrow Deacons will be ordained at the services in Liberty Baptist church tomorrow afternoon, when the pastor, Rev. W. C. Royal, will be assisted by Rev. T. Y. Seymour, of Newport News. Following the ordination ceremonies, Mr. Seymour will preach a special sermon. Tomorrow morning Mr. Royal will fill his pulpit in the East Hampton Baptist church and at night he will be at the Riverview Baptist church. MR. ACKLEY COMING. State Secretary to Pay Visit to Hampton Y. M. C. A. Mr. S. A. Ackley, general secretary for Virginia of the Young Men's Christian Association, will visit Hampton next Tuesday as the guest of the local Y. M. C. A. Tuesday night. Mr. Ackley will confer with the Board of directors over several matters of interest to the work here. Engagement Announced The engagement of Miss Golden In the city of Riverview, and Mr. B. C. Hanmack, sergeant major, second grade. United States artillery school at Fort Monroe, has just been announced by Mrs. Hudgins, the sister of the bride-elect. The wedding is to take place very soon after the Lenten season ends. Miss Derby is well known in Hampton, Newport News. Phoeb-is and Old Point, while Sergeant-Major Hanno is a popular on-commissioned officer of the Fort Monroe school. Charged With Wife Beating. James Thomas, a negro, was arrested last night by Officer R. L. Hope on the charge of beating his wife. Thomas is said to be an old hand at beating his spouse and will have to explain it all to Mayor Jones this morning. Seipen Wormley will be in the police court this morning to answer an assault charge, having been summoned to appear before the mayor by Officer Hope. Mr. Scott C. Wood yesterday qualified before Clerk of the Courts H. H. Holt as administrator of the estate of the late Mrs. Elizabeth Wood, giving bond in the sum of $600. Messrs. W. H. Parker, John Wood, and George Haas Wood were named as the appraisers. Two J. H. Millet, proprietor at Miller's hotel in Phoebus. The charge of smuggling a questionable house by Mayor I. P. Fumes in the Phoebus police court was overruled by Judge Miller. Miller was represented by Mr. Kay S. Collier and the case continued some little time in its hearing. Mr. Miller frankly testified that he had no knowledge of the present case of Ethel Simpson and G. W. Verkeley in his hotel on Thursday night, as he had retired early in the evening and had given strict orders to the clerks in charge to be very careful in permitting men and women to secure rooms in the hotel. He showed that Verkeley came to the hotel office and secured the room, without informing the clerk that he had a woman with him. After hearing the evidence, Mayor Kurilen dismissed the case. Ethel Simpson, the Newport News woman, and G. W. Verkeley, the Fort Monroe artillerymen, were each fined $25 and costs for committing a misdemeanor. The fines were paid by Major Chapman, a negro, got thirty days in the county Jail for being a general nuisance in the town. CONFEDERATE VETERANS ELECT DELEGATES R. E. Lee Camp Holds Meeting and Matter of Marking Graves is Discussed. At the meeting of R. E. Lee Camp, Confederate Veterans, last night in the office of Commander R. E. Curtis, delegates were chosen to represent. The camp at the coasting session of the Grand Camp in Mobile, Ala., next May, Commander R. K. Curtis and C. C. D. Parker were chosen delegates and they named their delegates. The following were chosen: Messrs. R. H. Richardson and R. Massetberg. George W. Wray, chaplain of the camp, was present and opened the meeting with prayer. The camp discussed the matter of making the graves of the Confederate soldiers buried in Oakland and St. Coburn's cemeteries and it was practically decided to secure some sort of burial for the purpose. This, however, will be settled soon at the next meeting. FORM BUSINESS ASSOCIATION. Hampton Negroes Hold Meeting and Perfect Organization. A number of well-known negroes met in the rooms of the People's Building and Loan Association last night and organized the Hampton Business Men's Association. Major R. R. Motley, commanding at the Hampton Normal school, addressed the gathering, in which he urged the men to organize and help further the general business interest in the community of the negroes. Following the organization, officers were chosen as follows: President, A. W. K. Rasselte, Jr.; secretary, J. Wirt Robinson; treasurer, Thomas Harmand. LIEUTENANT CHAWFORD HURT. Horse Falls On the Fort Monroe Officer. First Lieutenant Crawford, a student officer in the Artillery school at Fort Monroe, was painfully hurt Thursday afternoon by having his horse fall upon him. Lieutenant Crawford had been on for a ride and was returning to the fort, when his steed stumbled and fell. The officer was thrown to the ground and the horse rolled over. Lieutenant Crawford's horse fell, and he was thrown to the ground. It is said that the injuries received by the officer consisted of a sprained knee and bruises about the leg, necessitating the use of crutches by the officers for the next several days. BALL GAME AFTERNOON. Fort Monroe Post Nine to Battle With McAllister's Peninsula Leaguers. The baseball season will open here this afternoon with a game on New Park diamond between the Hamilton Peninsula league team and the post team of Fort Monroe. The game will be called at 3:30 o'clock and while the contest is more of a practice game than anything else, Manager McAllister expects a very exciting battle. Durand will be on the firing line for Hampton, with Flanders probably will wear the liverpad. The post team at the fort is made up of the best players among the artillerymen. Colonel Bailey, formerly at the line at Fort Monroe, but now connected with the headquarters of the artillery branch in Washington, is spending several days at Port Monroe on official business. Amateur photography is no fad, pictures have become a part of the life of many of us - almost said most of us - excepting only. Perhaps the submerged tenth. A...?>> ttrrwnte in the hands of a boy makes better pictures than the old masters. Cheyne talking again. 19. ATHLETICS Pupils wanted for private boxing tournaments. Lessons given at my residence. No 11 Hop. St., Phoebus, Va. Hours arranged to suit your convenience. Charges very low. For further information, apply JACK HENSHAW, No. 11 Hope St., Phoebus, Va. FOR RENT FOR RENT That desirable location. From the rest of the world, Mrs. Waller's is Queen Street. Her M. O. LACKS, St. WANTED. I WANTED? A GOOD SITUATION Wanted. Will refer to M. King Street, between the hours of 9 am and 12 am. WANTED - CABINET MAKERS A T oiu.'. Apply LAPIDARY, Phoebus, Va. 21 IT MAKES NU DIPPED what it is. We will buy or sell it for >on. WHITE PRONT AUCTION HOUSE; ii.i w. Queen St., Haaai inn. Va. 24 WANTED - TRUSTED GOOD KAUM lianils. tiiMMi ararai in right nun lt. s. HUDCUNS, si. Hampton, Va. It, LEE NO IN A IMSIRION TO I?o prurih-al house, alga, ornamental painting, paper hanging, eir, 1 will iBnai fail furnish estimates same and guarantee, satisfaction nu| all work entrusted to my care. Leere orders at 01 West Queen St. Hiiuptuu, Va. E FORREST BORN. 3-2?. FOR SALE. FOR SALE - HIGH DESK, M FOOT show. ase. t cash register, I listSsSSj phonograph, 1 door showcase, wagon. WHITE FRONT AUCTION HOUSE, ll.'. W. Queen St., Hump ton, Va. 24. FOR SALE - HORSES AND MULES| bought, mild unit exchanged. O. .1. SHIPLEY. 24 Mallory St., Phoebus. phone. 40. 22. SMITHFIELD MEATS Just received a shipment of N. W. Smithfield Meat Shoulders Jowls Bacon HEINE CHILI SAUCE?Something delicious, 25c bottle. Balk Preserves, 10c lb. Don't forget to stop and get a drink at our fountain. C. H. Wilson & Son. 129 ARM! STEAD AVENUE. HAMPTON? VIRGINIA. 'Phone 296. CITY MARKET CO. 'TIS TRUE That the fresh Beef and Pork situation looks alarming, but as yet our prices on the very best Beef we can buy remains the same and we promise you to keep them down as far as possible. But as to Pork, it's not a question of price with that commodity, but of securing good Steak we have had to advance the price of the same, so rapid have been the strides made by it in the wholesale market. Nice Home Killed Veal and Fresh Hogs, Cooked Corned Beef today. Call Phone, No. 19. CITY MARKET CO., 9 E. QUEEN ST. TO OUR PATRONS AND FRIENDS: Please call to see us at our new home. 44 West Queen St., Lake Bid. Where shall we better equip? To take care of your business. Newell & Co., No. 44 W. Queen St. Tinie H. Hampton, Va. COOK WITH CAKES AND OIL, be independent, and if the prices of that commodity don't suit your purse, substitute vinegar, and will stay in. The in-KvaiMiruii il IV:i< hm\ iHiuml.10c Fancy Large Apples, pound.12c Fancy Blue Apples, pound.12c Fancy Blue Apples, pound.10c Good Canned Peas, 10c. 3 for 25c Bimmie Peas, can. 10c Good Canned Peas, 10c. 3 for 25c Fancy White Mackerel, each 5c Fancy White Mackerel, each 5c OMN. *'. Ron lacing, Hosen.30c I I ASH. ||m new cleaner for the hands, or general i lean itlg. "<" injurious to either 10c. A paste in tin boxes. Richardson WASH DOWN THE EASTER DINNER With a glass or two of good pure wine Santa for "your stomach's sake" as I'uul advised and to make the feast all the merrier, get the wine here, You'll find out part, sherry, claret, etc. exquisite in flavor and bouquet and fit for a king's table. By the bottle or gallon as you choose. Duff Garden Imported Sherry, per gal.$2 00 California Pounds Claret.1.00. Sweet California.. 1.00 Blackberry. 1.00 Blue Wine, per bottle. 60c. Whiskies, full quarts bottled in bond. Mt. Vernon $1.85 Green River $1.25 Melwood $1.00 Overholt $1.00 Old Oscar Pepper $1.00 Glengener $1.00 Old Taylor $1.00 Piedmont $1.00 Golden Heritage $1.00 Hunter $1.00 Duffy's Malt $0.85 Paul Jones $0.75 Straight Whiskies in bulk, per gal $0.40 Monticello $4.00 Harper $4.00 Paul Jones $2.75 Old Charter $2.60 Parkwood $2.00 Double Stamp Strain Gin $2.00 Bottled Beer, Ale and Porter per dozen $0.50 N. LEONARD 18 Mellen St. Phoebus, Vs. SAND CEMENT, Gravel, Crushed Stone and Building Material, J. V. BICKFORD SAND AND GRAVEL CO. Hampton and Newport News. Hampton. Phone 3. D'Mver Sand, etc., Anywhere in Hampton or Newport News. Agent Alpha Portland Cement Northampton Portland Cement. Plumbing, Tinner, Repair Shop Having leased the room formerly occupied by W. J. A. Dimmick, In the dining building, 4t East Queen Street, I desire to announce to the public that I am now prepared to do quick work in plumbing, tin work and repair work of all kinds. I will carefully furnish estimates on all work however, small and will. Give each Job my personal attention. Phone 174. J. B. Roberts We Install Bath Rooms at Small Cost. General Contractors!!! Pamting and Decorating. Paper Hanging and Sign Painting. We guarantee satisfaction. J. E. HLDGINS & BRO, 209 ARMISTEAD AVENUE. P. O. Box 412, Hampton, Va. D POINT. Hairaaca, J. North King St., Mala hntraac*. 12-1? Wnl Oat.ri St. GIMfallAMS a now assortment of Im IK.ii.il liiiu'liuins bus urriv.-.i in dainty checks and stripes, I ut i he yard.25c | The Famous family drap SUM |m a?iiiiKttum liiut will wash, ui iho yard.15c | Halo's tighum in fancy i Ih < I... Just UM UNMJ for school dishes, ui 11,,' MnJ.'2!c WAISTINGS A very beautiful line of Watattag?elarlej awaits you in our while good i depai i uieiit. i?uintv Figured Madras trees. the >urd.12Jc to 36c Harras! Madras from, tun yard.12;c to 25c a duplicate shipMsai of i'iax on. the queen ul while j.-ods, bus Just come in from, the yard. 121c to 33c ROWE'S Department Store. Hampton, Va. Kanaone I brothers EASTER GOODS Each Department Crowded Ladies' Butts. Misses' silk. Misses' silk. Cloth, all colors.. Himalaya Cloth, all colors.. $10,?12.50.?15.?20. .16,?6 S. 7.50 yard, 29c yard, 39c yard, 79c yard, 98c yard. Lonsdale Cambric 12 12c yard. Ransome Bros, Lumber Co. MILLINERY OPENING! MRS. J. T. HANCOCK The Fashionable Milliner, Invites her many patrons to her Easter Opening, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, March 13, 10 and 11. 105 East Queen Street Under Augusta Hotel Millinery Opening CONTINUES ALL THIS WEEK AT, Burges' Millinery Store. HERE YOU WILL SEE THE PRETTIEST LINE ON THE LOWER PENINSULA. Get the Best Several hundred barrels of the finest Maine grown and second crop seed Potatoes left, making special low prices in quantities. Be sure and see the quality and get our prices before buying. The J. W. ROWE CO., Inc. HAMPTON, VIRGINIA. HENRY L. SCHMELZ, FRANK W. DARLING, President. Vice-President. The Bank of Hampton, Hampton, Va. ITS THE OLDEST AND LARGEST IN EITHER HAMPTON OR NEWPORT NEWS. Capital, $100,000.00 Surplus, $140,000.00 Deposits Over One Million Dollars The only designated depositary in the State of Virginia to Eastern Virginia. We make loans, on Real Estate? NOT PROHIBITED? as are the National Banks. 4 Per Cent Interest Paid on Savings Accounts. NELSON S. GROOME, Cashier. |
bpt6k36614664_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Texte détérioré — reliure défectueuseNF Z 43-120-11 -UXRANTE-CINQUiÈME ANNÉEN* 15,32410 • w ■PRIX DE L’ABONNEMENT lUwl,*,, tvlllst ....••••••••—••. e Gironde. Lot-et-Garonne, Lande*, Ch* rente-Inférieure,Dordoo-n* .............. 3 50 »S«ir toute astro. département* A • ennui (raafaüM et tri 1«* P»P de l’soie* peule : De a*. 60 fr.; troc moi*, 15 te,BUREAUX .Rue de Cheverus, 8. .'.kwn« iu*ei * Farte, à latence Parisienne de La Ouonor et de La Petits Orsero* ” viol. rue de Richelieu, — à "Agence Bava*, — et dans tous le* bureaux de poelfc' Uf lettres m» ef rasta «e»i re/Usées. — Lu *«Hiu<nU we vent >u grenées.IO Centimes dans la Gironde et les Départements limitrophes. -* IB Centimes dans les autres Départements.Y BORDEAUX, DIMANCHE I8 juilletILLET #897 : " TARIF DES ANNONCES ~Amnonom à 1* 4» page (10 colonne* à 1* pégo ), mesurée» en 6 Aiimonc** Maüitiu*» (7 colonne*), mesurées râ 6 e 80 Annokcm AsoiAtee* ou Réctix*» (7colonne*!,mesurée* en7..... | s Amhon'*** Fait* Divers, mesurées en 7 g » ▲nkokc»»-Ch*o»iuum» 3‘ page/, mesurée» en 7 3 eS'edrasser, peur las dmiancM ; é BOUDKAb'I, kireeus <u jewssl. t, re« <k Ckmrs» à M. Chasles LKSFARGUKS. üirntewr; d PARIS, Agent* de La gironds ei de La Périr* Gihomok, 101, rue de Ricbeliea:Elles sont également reçues, a Borieaux et à P.irie. â l'Aasnc* Uavas«t dans "(eûtes (es silences de PuHirité. Ui ÂM611CIS LEGALES sent reçues exclu» revend fir le Bureii de keufCOBBISPOBDANCE TÉLÉGRAPHIQUE(Par le fil spêml de la GIRONDE)CHAMBRE DES DÉPUTÉSBORDEAUX, 17 JUILLETSocialistes et RurauxIl paraît qu’à la suite des dernières manifestations du socialisme parlementaire et de leur échec, nous sommes menacés, d’un bout à l’autre du territoire, « d’une vaste et formidable agitation agraire et socialiste. » On a dû reconnaître que les trois interminables harangues de M. Jaurès sur la crise agricole avaient trouvé l’opinion sceptique, sourde, réfractaire. Jacques Bonhomme a senti le creux de cette éloquence : il ne s’est pas reconnu au portrait qu’on a fait de lui ; il ne croit ni à l’exactitude du tableau de fantaisie tracé par le tribun socialiste, ni à l’efficacité des vagues remèdes pompeusement promis. Jacques Bonhomme se réserve et se tait; il ne se livre pas, il n’est pas conquis. Ceux qui s’imaginaient l’avoir entraîné ne le tiennent pas encore, et leur infatuation habituelle ne suffit pas à leur dissimuler toute l’étendue de leur insuccès.Force leur est donc de chercher une revanche : ayant échoué du haut de la tribune, ils veulent, ils comptent se rattraper ailleurs, dans la propagande locale, dans les réunions de chef-lieu de canton, dans les palabres ménagés çà et là par des agents ad hoc entre les travailleurs des champs et les conférenciers du socialisme. A cette croisadeLes membres de la commission d’enquête du Panama sont arrivés un peu avant dix heures au palais du Luxembourg, et ont été introduits quelques instants après auprès do M. Loubet, dont ils ont reçu la déposition.Le ((Journal officiel» Emprunta et Impowltlon» extrnordl-JLu Camp de Ch&lons. Le Matin annonce que le ministre de la guerre et plusieurs membres du Conseil supérieur de la guerre viendront suivre pendant quelques jours les manoeuvres spéciales d'artillerie qui viennent de commencer à Mourmelon-le-Grand, ainsi que d'autres généraux de toutes armes, et les cinquante officiers supérieurs qui font un stage d'instruction de trois semaines à l’Ecole normale de tir de l'infanterie.On attend également la visite du Président de la République, dont le pavillon est préparé au grand quartier général du camp.Londres, 17 juillet. On télégraphie d'Athènes au Times : « Los réfugiés musulmans de Candie, désespérant de no pouvoir jamais retourner dans 'ours villages, démolissent les maisons des chrétiens do la ville pour s’en construire eux mêmes à Candie. »Le Journal officiel publie : Une loi autorisant le département des DeuxSèvres à s’imposer extraordinairement pour une subvention d'établissement à la Compagnie du chemin de fer d’intérêt général de Ferrières-Courçon à Epannes.Une loi autorisant le département de La Corrèze à contracter un emprunt de 24.222 francs et ù s'imposer extraordinairement pour la réparation des dégâts causés aux chemins vicinaux et d'intérêt commun par les pluies torrentielles de 1897.Une loi autorisant la Chambre de commerce de Rochefort à contracter un emprunt de 46,000 franco en vue de subvenir aux travaux de parachèveront d’outillage.Armée. M. Laforgue, chef de bataillon breveté au 6» régiment d'infanterie, a été mis en activité hors cadres en remplacement du lieutenantcolonel breveté Lefèvre de Rumford,réintégré dans les cadres de l’arme de l'infanterie, et a été nommé à l'emploi de chef état-major de la 35» division d'infanterie, 18' corps.M. Ravaut.chef de bataillon au 90* régiment d’infanterie, est nommé au commandement du bureau de recrutement de Tulle.M. Veillon, chef d'escadron de gendarmerie hors cadres, commandant le bureau de recrutement de Tuile, est nommé au commandement du bureau de Riom.Nouvelles de l’Extérieur. Londres, 16 juillet. La Gazette officielle publie une lettre de la reine à tous ses sujets pour les remercier des manifestations d'attachement dont elle a été l’objet de leur part à l’occasion du Jubilé.Londres, 17 juillet. Les mécaniciens grévistes de Londres reçoivent 15 shillings par semaine, plus 6 ponce par semaine pour chacun de leurs enfants.Cent quatre-vingt-quinze maisons du Royaume Uni ont affiché des notices de mises â pied.Tous les ateliers de la Clyde ayant cessé leur travail, tous les autres ateliers sont dans le désarroi. Si les mécaniciens de Londres obtiennent gain de cause, ceux de la Clyde se remettront au travail, car ils ne demandent pas la journée de huit heures.Le Time* signale un abordage à Portland, entre le yacht Dysili» et le steamer Francesco. Le yacht a coulé A pic. L'équipage est sauvé.Chambre de» commune». — La Chambre continue la discussion du budget des postes et télégraphes.M. Hamburg, répondant à des plaintes au sujet des réclamations de» employés des postes et télégraphes, proteste vivement contre la mauvaise habitude croissante des employés de l’Etat de faire Intervenir une pression politique pour obtenir satisfaction. Le Trésor restera sourd à toute considérationLa Guerre Turco-Grecque. Athènes, 16 juillet. D'après des renseignements de source authentique, les puissances auraient fixé l'indemnité du guerre à 4 millions de livres. La question des capitulations ferait l’objet de négociations directes entre la Grèce et l’Italie, sous la surveillance de l'Europe.Londres. 17 juillet. Le correspondant du Daily Mail iX Vienne télégraphie que le sultan a consenti â évacuer la Thessalie, mais seulement quand la Grèce aura versé le montant de l'indemnité de guerre.Los Officiers italiens et le Prince Henri d’Orléans. Le prince d'Orléans, dit le Cri de Paris, aura â son arrivée une affaire à régler, non pas peut-être avec M. B<>nvalot, qui considère l’incident de Dj’bouti comme définitivement clos, et qui n’y donnera aucune suite, à moins que le jeune voyageur n'insiste absolument, mais avec le général Albertone, l'ancien prisonnier de Ménélik.Fort malmené par le prince voyageur et reporter dans une de ses lettres d’AddisAbeba, le général Albertone ne s’est pas contenté de répondre de sa bonne encre et de qualifier vertement des appréciations qui « ne sont, a-t-il dit, ni d’un prince ni d’un gentilhomme *; il a donné sa démission pour être entièrement libre d’agir à son gré, et il est probable que le prince Henri trouvera à son débarquement un cartel en bonne et due forme.Le Figaro annonce que c'est le 10 août prochain que le prince Henri arrivera à Paris.D’autre part, on mande de Rome : « Lorsque les officiers italiens arrivèrent du Harrarct connurent les attaques du prince Henri d'Orléans, on tira au sort le nom de trois d'entre eux qui sont chargés à toute éventualité de représenter les officiers pri sonniers. Le sort a désigné le lieutenant Fini four envoyer un défi au prince d'Orléans. La lettre de défi, rédigée en trois exemplaires, a été envoyée sous plis chargés A Djibouti, à Marseille et â Paris. Jusqu'Ici, on ignore quelles suites cette lettre a eue. »En Russie. Le maire de Pétersbourg. M. Ratkow Rojnom, a quitté Paris par le rapide de neuf heures vingt-cinq hier soir, se rendant directement à Pétersbourg, où l'appellent les préparatifs des fêtes qui serontdonnéesenl’honneur des hôtes successifs de l'empereur.Plusieurs journaux annoncent que la veille de l'arrivée de l'empereur Guillaume à Péterhof, l'impératrice douairière quittera cette résidence. Elle ira soit au Caucase, voir son fils le czarewitch, soit à Copenhague, voir son père ; mais sûrement elle fera un voyage, de courte durée, d'ailleurs, car elle reviendra â Pétersbourg juste la veille de l’arrivée de M. Félix Faure.il n'est pas difficile de comprendre ce que signifie celte attitude de la veuve d’Alexandre III.Iecrin, 15 juillet. M. Brisson monte au fauteuil à neuf heures. C'est pour entendre M. Antide Boyer développer la dixième ou douzième interpellation de l'année sur les affaires d’Orient que nous voici en séance dès ce matin.Si encore le député de Marseille était monté à la tribune en costume de palikare, cela nous aurait quelque peu dédommagés; malheureusement, c’est en simple redingote que le brave armature ou capitaine des palikares monte à la tribune. «Mais il n'y a personne ici!» s’écrie M. Berteaux, qui veut faire remarquer sa présence.Ça ne fait rien, dit une voix au centre gauche.M. Vivian! : On peut attendre un peu; nous sommes quarante ù peine.M. Michou : Comme à 1* Académie. (Hilarité).M. le Président : Messieurs, jai tenu la tribune dans une séance du matin, de neuf heures à midi, devant quelques députés seulement : on est toujours en nombre pour délibérer.M. Antide Boyer débute. Au milieu d’un silence qu'à Marseille on ne manquera pas de qualifier d'admiratif, l'orateur socialiste fait l’historique des événements d'Orient et demande où en est l'état des négociations, soit au sujet de la paix entre la Grèce et la Turquie, soit au sujet du régime à établir en Crète.Il est bien doux, le fougueux héros de l'indépendance grecque ; il n’a pas, dit-il, la prétention de renverser le ministère, et cette affirmation fait sourire. Il veut simplement avoir des renseignements.Reconnaissons que M. Antide Boyer paraît intéresser son auditoire lorsqu'il parle des faits qu'il a vus lui-même de ses propres yeux, des mutilations de cadavres de chrétiens par les musulmans, des femmes éventrées, des enfants déchiquetés, des villages en feu. Le tableau est vraiment sinistre et ferait frémir, si l’orateur ne débitait pas son discours sur un ton détestable et d'une voix déplorablement monocorde.11 a vu aussi, comme Astier-Réhu de l'immortel, àe Daudet, il a vu aussi couler des navires qui portaient des vivres aux insurgés et empêcher des Grecs d’aller défendre leurs frères crétois.La séance continue.BOURSE DE BORDEAUX du 17 juillet. 1 o/o comptant nominatif, 104 50; — dito auporteur, 101 50; — dito en liquidation du 31 juillet, lui 52. 55, 57, 60; — dito dont 25 c., 101 72; — dito dont 25c., 105. 3 0/0 Amortissable comptant, 102 35. 31/2 O/OG8O4» comptant nominatif, 108; — ditoau porteur, lue. Obligation» de la Ville de Pari», emprunt 1886comptant, 4Oi. Banque de France comptant. 3,680. Banque de Parie comptant, t‘60. Obligation* foncières 1883 comptant, 472. Obligation* Miuoières 1805 t. p.comptant. 501 60. crédit lyonnais en liquidât, de 81 Juillet, hierd. 5, 78». Economique* comptant, 47 25. Ljon et Méditerranée (Pari* à), obligation*fusion 3 0/u comptant, 48650; — dito nouvelle* comptant. 481, 484. Midi, obligation* 3 0/0 ancienne*! comptant,♦85. 484 _ Midi,obligations30/0 nouvelle* compt., 488. Nord, actions de 500 fr„ en liquidation, 1,965. Orléans, obligations 3 0/0 anciennes, coma-tant, 482. Panama, obligations à lots (t. p.), rompt. 127. Lots Congo comptant, 82 59,75. Extérieure 4 0/0(80, en liquidation du 81 juillet,62 30,32. Russe 1867-1860 comptant, 103 45 Russe consolidé (200icomptant, 102 20; (20), 103 20. Russe 1896 3 0/0 comptant, 91 32. Russse 1894 4 0*0(6» émission) comptant 104 80. Banque ottomane en liquidât, du 31 juillet, 560. Nord-Espagne en liquidation du 31 juillet. 82. Saragosse en liquidation du 31 juillet, 134. Rio-Tinto en liquidation du 31 juillet, 556, 557. Ville de Bordeaux, emprunt 1863 comptant, 123;— dito emprunt 1881 comptant, 536.bulletin de la î« partie. Compagnie électrique du secteur de la rivegauche de Pans 51>/0 comptant, 500.politique lorsqu’il étudiera les plaintes des employés des postes et télégraphes. La commission royale d'enquête a décidé à la presque unanimüéque si celte mauvaise habitude ne disparaissait pas, elle étudierait la question de priver tous les employés de l’Etat du droit de vote.M. Mac-Hugh, membre irlandais de la Chambre des communes, ayant refusé de se soumettre après avoir été rappelé ù l'ordre par trois fois, a reçu l'ordre de se retirer; mais il a refusé de nouveau et a été expulsé par les gardiens de service.Le budget dos postes et télégraphes est adopté.Rome, 16 juillet. Le Don Chisciotte dénient que le major Nerazziai ait avancé son retour. Le major Nerazziai n'avait pas pour mission de régler la question des frontières avec l'Ethiopie, attendu que d'après le traité d'Addis-Abeba.ces négociations devront être conduites par des commissions spéciales des deux E aïs.La mission du major Nerazzini consistait seulement à recueillir des informations en vue do cos négociations. Cela fait, il était naturel qu'il revînt en Italie.Madrid, 16 juillet. Le calme est rétabli à Somellamos, dans la province de Ciudad-Roal.Tanger, 16 juillet. Un délégué spécial du sultan est arrivé à Saffi pour régler le différend entre la GrandeBretagne et les débiteurs marocains. Le sultan a donné l'ordre au gouverneur de l'intérieur d'envoyer dix débiteurs de chaque district.NOUVELLES DU MATIN Pe»rle, 17 juillet. Affaire du Panama. Lee Démenti* «le Cornéllu* lier*. Le texte du télégramme expédié par Cornélus Herx â M. Plichon semblant plutôt donner un démenti aux journaux anglais qui racontent l'entrevue des délégués de la commission et de l'éternel malade de Bournemouth qu’à M. Plichon lui-même, le Matin a analysé tous les comptes rendus parus dans les journaux anglais d’hier matin, et notamment ceux du Time», du Daily News et du Daily Triegraph.. « Or, dit il, les récits des journaux ne diffèrent en rien de ceux qui ont été publiés par les journaux français sur les déclarations de MM. Plichon et Rouanet. C’est donc bien A MM. rticnon et Rouanet que s'adresse le démenti. D’autre part, les délégués maintiennent absolument leurs dires. Alors, n'est-on pas en droit de se demander ce que tout cela Signifie 7 »Le Véreelté de M. Imbert. M. Scott, qui, comme on sait, est chargé à Paris des intérêts du docteur Herz, a adressé a lettre suivante au directeur du journal le Matin, relativement â un article publié dan» ce journal :• Monsieur, • D’après le compte rendu paru ce matin dawtX°ir2i*fU!1A ® j?Vrénal* MImbert aurait dit à M. le député Plichon qu’lise serait rendu chez le docteur Cornélius Herz pour faire signer* ce dernier la transaction entre lui et la succession Reinach-, que M. Imbert ayant remarqué que 1* docteur hésitait un Instant, lui aurait dit :• Mais signez donc • tteêquol le docteur aurait répondu ;• MaieAu Pôle Nord en Ballon. Stockholm, 16 juillet. Voici les détails que VAItonbladeta reçus de Tromsoë, de M. Andrée, au moment de son départ :«Conformément à notre décision antérieure, télégraphie M. Andrée, nous avons commencé dimanche, à dix heures trentecinq, les préparatifs de notre ascension, et en ce moment, à deux heures et demie après midi, nous sommes prêts à partir. Nous serons probablement poussés dans la direction nord-nord est; nous espérons arriver peu à peu dans des régions où les vents nous seront plus propices. Au nom de tous nos camarades, j adresse notre salut le plus chaleureux aux amis de la patrie. » Signé : Andukk. »Stockholm, 16 juillet. L’Aftonbladct a reçu ce soir de son correspondant la dépêche suivante de Tromsoë :« Comme le vent était plus favorable dimanche malin, l’ordre du départ a été donné. Les préparatifs ont duré trois heures et demie. Le ballon a reçu le nom de Adler. La montée a eu lieu en bon ordre, au milieu des hourras et des souhaits de bon voyage.» Malgré la faiblesse du vent, le ballon est monté à 200 mètres, mais il est redescendu presque au niveau de la mer, pour remonter après avoir jeté du lest. Il a été poussé dans la direction du nord par un vent du sud frais. Le temps était clair.* UAdlerest resté visible pendant une heure. Il allait à une vitesse au moins de 35 kilomètres par heure vers le nord-nord-est. Le départ a été émouvant. L’ascension faisait un effet imposant. Le vent du sud domine.» Le Scenskound a quitté lie des Danois le 13 juillet au soir, et a eu, sur tout son parcours jusqu'à Tromsoë, un fort vent de sudouest. »Washington, 16 juillet. Le département d’Etat et la négation japonaise démentent le bruit d'une prétendue alliance entre l’Espagne et le Japon. La négation japonaise fait observer que la presse espagnole est aussi montée contre le Japon, quelle accuse d'intriguer aux Philippines, que contre les Etats-Unis relativement à Cuba.Lies Evénements de Cuba.Madrid, 16 juillet. La troupe a été surprise dans la province de la Havane. Elle a eu sept morts.D’autre part, les insurgés ont perdu neuf des leurs, parmi lesquels trois officiers.New York, 15 juillet (source cubaine). De riches négociants et des banquiers espagnols ont été emprisonnés hier à la Havane sous l'accusation de vendre du linge et dos médicaments aux patriotes. Parmi eux se trouvent l ex maire Quesada, Arguelles, Jimiso, Sarre, Johnson Alvarez. Torralbas.Des forces de Corrillo, dans la province de Matanzas, ont mis en déroute la colonne espagnole d’Almendares, à Jaguey Grande.Une grande activité règne autour de Cardemas, près de Matanzas.• c'est notre ruine complète que nous allons • signer! • Qu’alors M,k Herz, sur un ton moitié railleur moitié sérieux,aurait déclaré : « Oui, il nous faudra un second Panama pour » nous relever! »• Je puis vous certifier que tout est vrai, dans 1 étonnante affirmation de M. Imbert, sauf : l»Que celui-ci rie s’est pas rendu chez le docteur Herz pour faire signer quoi que ce soit;-2* qu’en conséquence le docteur n a pas pu exprimer une hésitation quelconque ni faire aucune remarque ; 3e qu'a fortiori M»« Herz n’a pas pu prononcer la phrase qui lui est attribuée.• En réalité la transaction en question, que j'ai sous les yeux et qui porte la signature de " M. Imbert, a été rédigée à Paris et signée ù Paris par M*« Herz. mandataire de son mari, malade en 1894 comme il l'est encore. Mllchez n’a pas assisté â cette séance. A vos 1 acteurs d'apprécier l'esprit de véracité dont s'est inspiré M. Imbert. •NOUVELLES DE LA NUIT Paris, 16 juillet, » heures soir Sur la Tombe des Concourt. Cest cette exprès midi, à quatre heure» et demie, qu’on a posé sur la tombe des deux frères de Concourt, au cimetière de Montmartre, le médaillon d’Edmond de Goncourt que le sculpteur Lenoir, auteur du médaillon de Jules de Goncourt, vient de terminer.Cette cérémonie a eu lieu eam aucun apparat, en présence d'un grand nombre de littérateurs et de la plupart des habitués du Grenier d’Auteuil.La Ligue franco-italienne.Milan, 16 juillet. Le « Sole * annonce que le comité permanent franco-italien de propagande conciliatrice, siégeant à Rome, est eu train de constituer une commission italienne a tin d’amener un accord d commercial avec la France. Un groupe analogue est en voie de constitution à Paris.Ces coma és agiront parallèlement et séparément; mais, s’il est nécessaire, les deux groupes n’en formeront qu’un, ainsi que cela se produisit entre les Français et les Suisses, relativement à l’union qui aboutit au traité franco-suisse.Naufrage.Hambourg, 16 juillet. Le bateau de pèche allemand « Alloua » a ramené l’équipage du vaisseau de pèche français « 230 G * qui avait fait naufrage.L’équipage naufragé, composé du capitaine et de six hommes, a reçu l’abri dans la Maison des Marins, en attendant le rapatriement.Au Pôle en Ballon.Tromsoë, 16 juillet. Le vapeur «Svensksund» est rentré ici A lest heures, venant du Spitxberg. Le capitaine rapporte que M. Andrée a opéré son ascension dimanche dernier, à deux heures et demie de l'après-midi dans des conditions favorables. Le vent était bon et tout le monde allait bien. Pa»«l*, il Juillet, 1 b. matin.Légion d’Honneur.Sont promus ou nommés dans la Légion honneur, sur la proposition du grand-chan-Au gradée d’officier : M. Lespiault, doyen honoraire de la Faculté les science» de Bordeaux.Au gradée de chevalier : M. de Pallarès, président honoraire du tribunal civil de Prades. La Santé de l’Empereur Guillaume.Berlin, 16 juillet. Le yacht impérial « Hohenzollern » est attendu demain à Kiel, soi-disant pour prendre iu charbon, mais en réalité afin que des mlidem occultistes puissent examiner la blessure de l'empereur. De l’opinion les médecins dépend la continuation ou la cessation du voyage le l'empereur.Les nouvelles reçues sur l’état de l'empereur ■v-itinuent ù être satisfaisantes.Assassinat.Belley, 16 juillet. Un assassinat a été commis à Chaley, près « Hanseville, sur M. Coches, boulanger à Chaley.Ce dernier était sorti à dix heures du soir en compagnie de sa femme, pour se promener, lorsqu'au détour d’une rue Mme Coches reçut à la tête un coup de pierre qui l’étourdit. Son mari s’empressait de la relever, mais m même moment il reçut cinq coups de couteau dans le ventre et dans le dos.Aux cris poussés parles victimes, les passants accoururent et portèrent secours aux malheureux.Les blessures de M. Coches étaient horribles; les intestins s'échappaient et se répandaient sur le sol. Son état est désespéré.La gendarmerie se mit en campagne aussitôt et arrêta quatre individus, d'origine italienne, soupçonnés d'être les auteurs du crime.Vol au Narcotique.Marseille, 16 juillet. Un négociant de Marseille, rentrant ce matin de voyage, est venu déclarer au commissaire spécial de la gare qu’il venait d'être victime d’un vol de 60,000 fr., entre Arles et Mt seille.D’après son récit, il se serait endormi et un Inconnu qui se trouvait dans le compartiment lui aurait probablement fait respirer un narcotique pour le jeter dans un sommeil plus profond, puis il l'aurait fouillé et aurait pris dans la poche du gilet 60,000 fr. en billets de banque de 1,000 fr.ils vont consacrer, noue dit on, et la t session des Conseils généraux et les vacances parlementaires.Ce n’est pas la première fois qu’ils tentent celte campagne, et jusqu’ici leur succès a été mince. N’ayant I que des mots et des formules à donner au paysan, ils l’ont trouvé déI fiant et goguenard: les. « bavards » et les «avocats» n’ou pa« encore découvert le chemin de son cœur. On aura beau mobiliser, comme on l’annonce, tout un escadron d’orateurs ambulants : députés en exercice ou en espérance, jeunes avocats, jeunes professeurs, normaliens tout frais émoulus de la rue d’Ulm et séduits par la gloire du « camarade » Jaurès, étudiants formés aux réunions socialistes du quartier Latin, on aura beau mettre sur pied tout ce personnel en quête de situations et de candidatures, on n’entamera pas aisément le solide bon sens de l’homme des champs.Nous dirons même qu’au fond la conquête du paysan n’est pas à désirer pour le socialisme, et que la victoire qu’il convoite de ce côté le plongerait dans une inextricable série d'embarras et de conflits.Supposons, pour un instant, le paysan de France converti au socialisme. Ce serait pour le parti le signal d’une division profonde, dont les discordes actuelles ne sauraient donner une idée. Où donc s’est recruté jusqu’à présent, chez nous, le socialisme? Dans les villes, dans les grandes agglomérations d’ouvriers, dans la démocratie industrielle, dans la masse des travailleurs qui vivent côte à côte, dans l’atelier ou dans la mine. Tout ce socialisme industriel a des intérêts, des goûts, des traditions communs. Il peut assez facilement se grouper et s'enregimenter ; et pourtant quelles divisions déjà et quels antagonismes, quelles jalousies et quelles méfiances, entre les soldats comme entre les chefs do cette armée turbulente et mobile!Que serait-ce donc, si l’homme de la glèbe et du sillon s’était lait socialiste à son tour? Comment les hommes prévoyants du parti no comprennent ils pas que le socialisme agraire et le socialisme industriel seraient inévitablement, fatalement, deux frères ennemis, deux forces hostiles l’une à l’autre, inconciliables! L’idée de communisme est assez naturelle peut-être aux hommes groupés d’avance pour les grandes exploitations industrielles. Mais le paysan, individualiste à fond, par nature et par éducation, par statisme et par nécessité quotidienne; le paysan, propriétaire dans l'âme, et dont la première et dernfërè ambition fut 3ëT tout temps de pouvoir enfoncer le soc ou planter la bêche dans un coin de terre qui soit bien à lui et qu’il puisse transmettre, arrosé de sa sueur, fertilisé par ses mains, à sa descendance; le paysan, homme de la terre et do lamaville, comment espère t-on transformer son esprit et son âme, sa mentalité vingt fois séculaire, au point d’en faire un vrai socialiste? Combien de siècles faudrait-il encore avant que le mot de socialisme signifiât autre chose à son esprit que le partage et l'appropriation des gros domaines à portée de sa main? 1,0 socialisme, pour lui, c'est l'extension de sa propriété personnelle. Interrogez le un peu et voyez s’il entendit jamais le socialisme autrement.S’il y avait donc un socialisme agraire, il serait non communaux ». mais simplement « partageux », Il aspirerait à la consolidation de la propriété individuelle, et il entraînerait ses chefs avec lui dans cette voie. Et le socialisme urbain n’aurait pas de plus indomptable ennemi que le socialisme rural! Déjà la démocratie, considérée dans son ensemble, n’est-elle pas libre écha* liste dans les villes et protectionniste dans les campagnes? Et que d’autres antinomies éclateraient entore entre la ville et la campagne si, par impossible, les paysans devenaient socialistes! C’est alors que le socialisme apparaîtrait plus que jamais irréalisable ! Les grands chefs du socialisme oratoire y ont-ils songé? Non, sans doute, car il n’est pas dans leurs habitudes de se préoccuper des réalités. Il leur suffit encore, comme au temps d’Aristoahane, de vivre dans le rêve et d’édifier dans les nuages.RENAN ET BERTHELOTL'excellente Revue de Pari», à laquelle nous devons la publication de tant de correspondances inédites du plus vif intérêt anecdotique et littéraire, nous donne aujourd’hui les lettres échangées par Renan et Berthelot depuis 1847 jusqu'à 1892. L'étroite amitié qui unit l'écrivain et le savant avait de profondes racines intellectuelles. La sympathie se fortifiait d'une communauté d’aspirations, de curiosités, d’enthousiasmes. Voici comment M. Berthelot définit cotte amitié célèbre:« ...Il y avait entre nous, dit-il, un sentiment profond qui nous a rapprochés dès le premier jour : nous étions animés, c’est trop peu dire, enflammés par une ardeur commune et désintéressée, qui nous portait à aimer audessus de tout et avant tout le bien, l’art et la vérité : c'est cela, c’est ce goût des choses pour elles mêmes qui a constamment maintenu notre intimité, alors que nos carrières se dé voloppaient parallèlement suivant des voies distinctes, que chacun de nous parcourait avec ses directions et avec son caractère personnel...» Nous étions alors tous deux jeunes et ignorants do la bio, sérieux, laborieux, animés d’une curiosité non moins vive qu’universelle. Nous logions porte à porte; notre rencontre matérielle, et dès lors notre con jonction intellectuelle étaient Inévitables. Le charme de nos relations fut d’autant plus grand que tout égoïsme et Intérêt privé en demeura constamment absent. Nous échangions nos idées sur toutes choses, poussés à tout approfondir, mais non sans illusion sur les bornes dos connaissances humaines.Dès sa jeunesse, Renan précise l'œuvre de sa vie. Il pense librement; le vol de ses Idées ne s'impose aucun»» limites, mais le philosophe est doublé d'un croyant sans dogme. Il juge de haut le christianisme, mais il appelle l’éclosion d’une religion nouvelle :• Il est désormais pour mol aussi évidentque le jour que le christianisme est mort et bien mort, et qu'on n’en saurait plus rien faire qui vaille, au moins en refusant de le transformer. Ce ne sera qu'un effet do la dépression intellectuelle dont nous sommes menacés qui pourra y jeter les masses; mais je verrais tout le monde redevenir chrétien que je n’en croirais pas davantage. Plus j’avance, plus aussi je vois poindre dans le présent les éléments d'une religion nouvelle. La Révolution, par exemple, n'est-elle pus déjà la personnification de tout un ordre d’idées devenues pour nous sainte» et objet de vénération 7 Je la vois marcher de plus en plus à la religiotmiflcalion (excusezce barbarismeque je neveux nullement faire adopter); Déjà qui la blasphème passe pour un insensé, et viendra bientôt un temps où on no dira plus que notre sainte Révolution.* Pour ma part, cependant, je ne fais pas consister la religion moderne uniquement dans la foi à la Révolution française. Il est certain qu’il y a dans les idées modernes tout un ensemble do vues auxquelles nous sommes forcés de nous conformer, et dont la réunion formera cette religion. Ces vues que nous avons conquises peu à peu depuis bientôt quatre siècles ont entre elles une admirable liaison, bien que produites isolément, et souvent exclusivement, mais toujours en réaction du passé La réforme, l’émancipation populaire, l’émancipation de la science, l’émancipation de la philosophie, l’avènement de la critique, l'adoucissement de la morale publique, etc., tout cela forme un ensemble qui est l’esprit des temps modernes, la religion moderne... »On voit, même â ce moment, Renan défendre la Révolution française contre M. Berthelot, qui depuis est devenu radical à tous crins. Le morceau est bien curieux :* Vous m’opposez ses horreurs qui la feront à jamais détester par un côté, écrit Renan. Songez donc que cela sera bientôt oublié. Un point de vue effacera l’autre...» Les religions no sont jamais critiques. Voyez le christianisme. Je mets en fait qu’il y avait dans le christianisme naissant une proportion aussi forte de superstitions et de petitesses qu’il y a eu dans la Révolution de cruautés et de fureurs. Si on eût présenté le christianisme naissant â un rationalise d'alors, à un Horace par un exemple, la seule impression qui lui en fût restée eût été celle d’une étroite et ridicule superstition. Il n’eût plus vu les sublimités. Nous autres, nous ne voyons plus les petitesses et ne songeons qu'aux sublimités, qui effacent pour nous les premières. Le critique voit les deux. Si le sublime du christianisme a effacé sa petitesse, pourquoi le sublime de la Révolution n’effacerait-il pas ses horreurs 1 »Renan, entraîné parle développement de sa pensée, en était arrivé, à la fin de sa vie, à se délier de la démocratie, sinon à la maudire. Les journaux républicains lui firent justement des funérailles respectueuses, mais sans émotion. Il était de la race des esprits aristocratiques qui ne peuvent accepter la direction des courants populaires. Il se trompait sans doute. M. Berthelot lui-même s’est peut-être trompé de route et a dépassé le but. Le propre de l'homme est d'errer...VICTOIRE MINISTÉRIELLEIl faut s’y attendre : jusqu'au moment de la séparation des Chambres, l’opposition fera tous ses efforts pour renverser le ministère. Hier encore, elle est revenue à la charge avec fureur à propos du projet de loi relatif aux contributions directes et taxes assimilées. On n’a pas oublié que la Chambre elle-même, sur la proposition de M. Dufaure, avait exigé que ce projet lui fût soumis avant sa séparation. Le ministre des finances avait, de bonne grâce, obtempéré aux désirs de la Chambre. Mais cela ne faisait point l’affaire des radicaux et des socialistes, qui ne cherchent qu’une occasion d’arracher à la Chambre, par surprise, un vote hostile au ministère.Aussi M. Trouillot et M. Cavaignac sont ils venus combattre énergiquement le projet de M. Cochery. M. Trouillot est venu accuser M. Méline d’avoir été jadis, en 1871, partisan de l’impôt sur le revenu, et a conclu en invitant le ministère à adopter le système fiscal proposé par M. Cavaignac : « C'est, a ajouté le député radical, le seul moyen d’entente qui permette d’opposer l’union du parti républicain à une alliance d’où il est impossible de tirer autre chose que le néant. »La thèse était audacieuse. D'une part, nous l’avons souvent expliqué ici même, jamais les républicains de gouvernement, fidèles aux principes de la Révolution française, n'accepteront l’impôt global et progressif sur lo revenu. D’autre part, Ja politique de M. Méline, loin d’être une politique négative, est, au contraire, essentiellement réformatrice. Enfin, le reproche adressé au président du conseil d’avoir été jadis partisan de l’impôt sur le revenu n'est pas plus fondé que le reproche analogue adressé à M. Rouvier. Tous deux ont demandé au lendemain de la guerre, quand il fallait à tout prix se procurer des ressources, l’établissement d’un impôt sur les revenus, par cé cules distinctes. Cet impôt n’a rien de commun avec l’impôt global et progressif imaginé par M. Cavaigênai.Le président du conseil a donné loyalement toutes ces explications qui ont édifié la Chambre. Bn vain M. Cavaignac a prononcé un long discours pour défendre son contreprojet; en vain il a lait une vigoureuse critique du projet gouvernemental. Après une réplique de M. Cocher, M. le président du conseil est intervenu à son tour. Et il a fort nettoment, à deux reprises différentes, posé la question de confiance.Les journaux socialistes accusaient l’autre jour les ministres de se cramponner au pouvoir malgré les votes formellement défavorables de la Chambre. On a pu voir, hier, combien étaient injustes ces accusations. Le président du conseil n’a pas refusé le combat. Il a au contraire très crânement provoqué ses adversaires. Il a fait cette déclaration très nette : < Si le contre-projet de M. Cavaignac est adopté, le ! gouvernement ne se chargera pasde l’appliquer. » Si la Chambre n’avait pas eu confiance dans le ministère, elle avait, on l’avouera, une excellente occasion de le proclamer et de contraindre M. Méline à se retirer.Or, le contre-projet de M. Cavaigênai a été repoussé par 282 voix contre 249. La Chambre a donc émis hier un vote explicite de confiance dans le ministère. Les socialistes feront sagement d’en prendre leur parti. Le ministère Méline est aujourd’hui plus fort que lorsqu'il a pris le pouvoir. M. Jaurès avait prédit qu'il irait jusqu’aux élection*. 1 Cette prédiction se réalisera. Et nousen serons fort ferreux pour la République et pour la France.Au Camp de Châlons AVANT LES MANŒUVRES DE MASSES(D'un Corretyondanl spécial.)MourmcIon-!c-Grand, 13 juillet. Mourmelon, c’est d’abord une interminable rue de deux kilomètres de long qui s'étend parallèlement au cours d'un ruisseau hargneux aux eaux laiteuses, le Cheneu ; c'est ensuite une rue d'un kilomètre de long, celle-là, d’équerre sur la grande et qui, partant de l'église, se dirige droit vers le sud, où se trouve le camp. Ces deux rues constituent tout le bourg, un bourg plus peuplé que bien des villes, mais si mal peuplé ! Ce ne sont que « boites à soldats », échoppes de mercantis, cafés, beuglants, bazars de bas étage. Un monde interloque habite ici, et on est tout étonné d’y rencontrer des maisons convenables, des gens « cornn^^Mîut » et des « personnes du meilXflNWLk *. J’ajoute qu’on en rencontre beaucoup. On m’y a montré, entre autres, la maréchale de Mac-Mahon et sa belle-fille, la princesse Marguerite, dans une belle propriété voisine du bureau de poste.Le camp s’est embourgeoisé. Au lieu d’être occupé seulement pendant quelques semaines, l’été, il possède une garnison permanente. Plusieurs escadrons du train, un immense et très bel hôpital, l'Ecole normale de tir, des troupes de toutes armes y sont installés, et forcément de nombreux ménages y vivent. Des mess, des cantines occupent d'autres baraques, et, comme la tenue militaire n'est plus de rigueur comme sous le régime impérial, comme on voit des jeunes gens et des jeunes filles parcourir les rues du camp à bicyclette, ou jouer au tennis, à l’ombre des tilleuls devenus grands et touffus, on est tout étonné de la transformation qui s'est opérée depuis cette époque.Parallèlement à la grande rue de Mourmelon et, par suite, perpendiculairement à l’autre s’étend le baraquement sur une longueur d'une demi-lieue. Figurez-vous une série de pavillons en pierre, se composant d’un simple rez-de-chaussée, placés côte à côte, et alignés avec cette régularité géométrique que l'Ecole polytechnique en général, et le génie militaire en particulier, savent imprimer à leurs œuvres. Il y a bien 80 ou 90 de ces baraques, bordant une large avenue plantée d’arbres. De l’autre côté de l’avenue, d’autres pavillons, donnant sur une allée également plantée d’arbres, puis de nouvelles rangées de pavillons séparés d’autres allées. C'est le triomphe de la banalité. Pourtant, de loin en loin, une construction du même genre, mais un peu plus soignée et ayant devant elle une pelouse de forme ronde, rompt la monotonie du tracé. C’est aux généraux qu’on réserve la faveur d’avoir sous les yeux autre chose qu'un rectangle gazonné.L’allée qui borde le baraquement au sud, c'est-à-dire du côté opposé à Mourmelon, s'appelle le front de bandière. Cette expression, empruntée au vocabulaire de l'ancienne castramétation, n'a plus ici aucube signification.Au delà du Iront de bandière, le terrain s'élève en pente douce et complètement dénudé, jusqu’à une verdoyante oasis qui occupe le sommet. C’est sur ce glacis que se passent habituellement les revues : c’est sur lui que, sous l’empire, se massaient les troupes pour assister à la célébration de la messe.Cachés dans l'ombre de l’oasis, sont les pavillons qui étaient réservés au souverain et à sa suite. Ils constituaient le Quartier impérial, qu'on dénomme aujourd'hui national » ou « général », selon qu'on est rallié aux institutions actuellement régnantes ou qu’on veut « se cantonner sur le terrain exclusivement militaire ». Le Quartier national est, en tout cas, redevenu impérial le 8 octobre dernier, ayant été mis ce jour-là à la disposition du char, ainsi qu’en témoigne une plaque commémorative. Le chemin de fer qui mène de la gare de Mourmelon-le-Petit au quartier... disons général, existe encore. C'est d’ailleurs le seul changement que j'aie constaté en me promenant dans le camp.Le terrain militaire formant le camp de Châlons a à peu près la ligure d’un carré de 10 kilomètres de côté, dont les quatre sommets seraient le Grand-Saint-Hilaire, Mourmelon-le-Petit, Cuperly et Suippcs. Cuperly et Suippcs sont les dépôts de remonte bien connus des éleveurs. Les fermes où sont logés les poulains sont sur le bord du terrain militaire. Vadenay, Bouy, Jonchcry, Saint-Hilaire, portent à une demi-douzaine le nombre de ces établissements. Ils sont tous installés dans les mêmes conditions.Le sol est faiblement ondulé et très découvert. De loin en loin, quelques bois artificiels de petits sapins tirés au cordeau et plantés en quinconces, des bois de 30 mètres seulement de largeur ou de 50, mais parfois aussi de 15 ou de 20, sur une longueur de 100, 200 ou 300 mètres, font des taches sombres d’un aspect quasiment géométrique sur ces plaines blanches où pousse une herbe rare, rose et rousse. Les yeux sont soumis ici à de dures épreuves, et les opticiens vendent beaucoup de conserves et de pince-nez à verres fumés. Pour peu qu’on creuse le sol, la craie parait éclatante. De là, le nom d’ouvrages blancs donné à des travaux de fortification passagère qui, du reste, ont à peu près complètement disparu. Disparus aussi les « ouvrages Niel », dont j'ai eu peine, dans ma promenade de ce malin, à retrouver l’emplacement. Disparu aussi le « mur allemand ». Ce fameux mur n’est plus qu’un trou d’une dizaine de mètres de profondeur.En résumé, ce terrain est très commode et se prête à merveille aux évolutions. Les escadrons, les régiments, les batteries peuvent aisément se dérober dans ses plis, se cacher derrière les bois. Leur marche n'est gênée par rien. Sur le gazon, aucun bruit ne s’entend, aucun nuage de poussière ne s'en élève.Mais — et c’est là le hic — ces conditions, pour avantageuses qu’elles soient, sont exceptionnelles. 11 n’y a pas beaucoup de pays où on trouve de vastes landes d’un accès facile,., et, s'il y en a, l’ennemi n’y viendra pas. Il choisira les régions fertiles et, par conséquent, cultivées, par conséquent aussi morcelées, divisées, coupées. Ici, pas de chemins creux, pas de brusques dénivellations, pas de haies, ni de fossés, ni d’étranglements, pas de vallées encaissées, ni de marécages, ni de cours d’eau. Certains militaires enragent de ne trouver aucune de ces difficultés dans les « champs catalauniens. » Ils disent que c’est pitié de manouvrier et d’évoluer sur un « tapis de billard », de « jouer sur le velours ».A quoi on leur répond que, en terrain découvert, on voit ce qui se passe et qu'on y peut surveiller l'application des règles, tandis que, dans les pays coupés, les fautes passent inaperçues ; que donc, pour les démonstrations et les études pratiques — c’est de ce’a précisément qu'il s'agit aujourd’hui, — c'est un « champ d’expériences » idéal et un emplacement qui convient on ne peut mieux. Je crois qu'il y a du vrai, beaucoup de vrai, dans cette théorie. A. F.NOUVELLES ELEMENTAIRESParis, 16 juillet. CHAMBRE Un certain nombre de députés, parmi les quels MM, Bérard, Périer (Savoie). Pochon. Phi ippon, Bizot, Babaud-Lacroz», Thonioa Bienvenu Martin, Rabier, Rolland, Pams( Bourrât, Ernest Bérard (Rhône).Cros-Bonnel, Bizarelii, Dujardin-beaumetz, Viger, Lacroix, Ciapot, Samary, viennent de déposer l'amendement suivant au projet des contribue lions:« Les compagnies d'assurances à primes fixes françaises et étrangères sont frappées d'une taxe annuelle égale à 1 0/0 des prime» touchées par elles. Le produit de celte taxe est versé dans une caisse centrale des binée• Ie A donner des secours aux sapeurs-pompiers victimes de l'incendie, et à leur» familles;* 2» A donner des retraitesaux sapeurs-pompiers ayant vingt-cinq ans de services;* 3» A venir en aide aux communes poux achat et entretien de leur matériel d'incendie, et à l'équipement des Compagnies de sapeurspompiers.• Cet article ne s'applique pas aux valeur» assurées dans la ville de Paris; le régiment des sapeurs-pompiers de Paris no bénéficié pas des produits de caisse prévus dans le présent article. •La commission du budget de l’exercice 1898 a entendu M. de Kerjétru, rapporteur des crédits de la marine, qui lui a rendu compte de la mission dont il avait été chargé par elle en vue de faire connaître au gouvernement les conclusions de la commission du budget en ce qui concerne L s points d'appui de la Hotte. Ces conclusions, conformes à celles de la commission de la marine, vont faire l'objet d’un rapport spécial.La commission de l’armée s'est réunie soûl la présidence du baron Reille.M. Bazille a donné lecture d’un rapport sur le nouveau texte adopté par le Sénat en et qui concerne la loi relative aux emplois civils réservés aux sous-officiers. Les modification! apportées par le Sénat étant favorables aux sous-officiers, le rapport de M. Bazille conclut à l’adoption pure et simple du texte du Sénat.La commission a adopté les conclusions du rapport de M. Bazille, qui a été chargé d'en demander la mise à l'ordre du jour de U Chambre. La commission chargée des projets sur la recherche de la paternité a examiné et adopté en principe une proposition de M. Groussier, tendant à la reconnaissance des infants adultérins quand les auteurs sont redevenus libres par le prononcé du divorce.Comme cela a été annoncé, le rapport de M. Krantz sur les quatre contributions directes a été distribué aux députés à domicile.Nous en extrayons le passage suivant, qui vise le dégrèvement partiel de 25 millions de l'impôt foncier, et la méthode suivie par le ministre des finances.« La question se posait de savoir s’il est d’une sage poli tique financière de consentir un dégrèvement sans comprendre dans le même Projet les mesures destinées â en assurerexacte compensation.» La réponse ne serait pas douteuse si la loi des contributions directes dans laquelle lo dégrèvement doit nécessairement prendre place était autre chose qu’un chapitre détaché do la loi de finances.» Elle ne s'applique qu’à une partie des recettes, et ne constitue dès lors qu’un des éléments de l’équilibre du budget.» C'est d’ailleurs dans des conditions analogues qu'a été réalisé le dernier dégrèvement de l’impôt foncier. La loi des contribution» directes du 8 août 1890 a réduit de 15 millions 967.977 fr. le principal de la contribution foncière des propriétés non bâties, et c'est seulement par la loi de finances du 26 décembre 1896 qu'ot.t été créées les ressources correspondantes.« L’article br du projet du gouvernement»» constitue donc pas une innovation. *Le rapporteur passe en revue les divers amendements : reluise M. Cavaignac,ceux de MM. Trouillot, Philipon, Rameau, PaulinMéry. etc.Il est d’avis que leur examen doit être ajourné à la discussion de la loi de finances.LA COMMISSION Dü PANAMAParis, 16 juillet. t'n Télégramme de Cornélius Ucrz. M. Plichon vient de recevoir de Cornélius Herz un télégramme qualifiant de série de mensonges la rédaction tonneaux journaux de l'entrevue que celui-ci et M. Rouanet ont eue avec le malade de Bournemouth. Cornélus Herz demande à M. Plichon de lui faire tenir le rapport qu’il doit présenter à la commission de cette entrevue.Voici le texte du télégramme de Cornélius Herz et que M. Plichon a communiqué à la commission d’enquête :Bournemouth. — Plichon. député, Paris: « Les journaux de Londres de ce matin contiennent le récit de la prétendue entrevue d'hier, attribué à vous. Les dires en question sont pour la plupart des mensonges. Je vous prie, Monsieur, d'être assez aimable pour me faire parvenir le compte rendu scénographique que fera votre délégation à la commission d’enquête dans sa séance de ce jour. Prière de communiquer ce télégramme â la commission. » Hkhz .*M. Plichon déclare qu’il no répondra rien â ce télégramme, estimant qu’il n’a pas à entrer en discussion avec Herz.M. Plichon confirme me dans les couloirs soi entretien d’hier avec un de nos confrères. 1 déclare qu'il est au fond absolument exact.Séance du vendredi 16 juillet. La commission d’enquête s’est réunie sou» la présidence de M. Vallé.Le président informe la commission que M. Loubet accepte d'être entendu par elle, mais demande que l'audition ait lieu au Sénat.M. Rouanet répond que les membres de la famille royale déposent en Angleterre devant la commission d'enquête.Le président propose qu’une délégation se transporte au Sénat demain matin, pour entendre M. Loubet.M. Rouanet dit qu’il votera contre cette proposition. La commission n'est pas un tribunal, mais un jury national, devant lequel tout le monde doit se présenter.M. Doumergue appuie l’observation de M. Rouanet.M. Guynl-Dessaigne rend compte à la commission d’une conversation qu’il aurait eue avec M. Loubet, et du désir qu'il lui avait exprimé d'être entendu au Sénat par une délégation de la commissionM. Viviani fait remarquer qu’il peut y avoir des membres en dehors de la délégation qui auraient à poser des questions.M. Guyot-dessaigne propose que la commission entière se rende au Sénat demain A dix heures.Cette proposition est adoptée.Déposition de M. Cochefert. M. Cochefert est introduit. M. Vallé ; A la fin de 1895, vous avez éU chargé d’une mission en Angleterre Voulezvous donner des explications sur cette mission?— R. Plusieurs lettres de Londres parvenues à cette époque nous donnaient de» explications sur la présence d'Arton dans cette ville.J’ai d’abord cru à une mystification comme celles dont on avait déjà été victime. Le signataire demandait qu'on se mit en correspondance avec lui.Le 14 novembre, il vint me trouver, offrant de livrer triton sous certaines conditions. J’en ai référé au préfet do police qui m'autorisa à envoyer deux agents pour contrôler mes affirmations. Ces hommes, partis le 15, m’annoncèrent télégraphiquement le 16 l’arrestation d'Arton et son identité reconnue.Je me rendisàl.ondres, mes agents m’ayant fait savoir qu’Arton no s'opposait pas à son extradition; mais, dès que j’arrivai, l'appris qu’il s'y opposait. L’extradition fut refusée et je rentrai à Paris le 30 novembre.M. Vallé : Vous avez eu une entrevue avez M. Lefèvre. — R. Sur ce point spécial, j'ai reçu de M. Ricard une lettre qui a été lue à lu tribune de la Chambre. Pour 1| tuppius, je me vois obligé de me retrancher derrière le secret professionnel.M. Vallé : Mai» si M. Ricard veut bien voue en dégager î — R. Alors, je serai à la disposition de la commission.M. Rouanet; Vous dites qu’en novembre cerf lettre* vous «ont parvenue» au sujet d’Arien. Antérieurement, n'aviez-vous pae reçu du môme individu des lettres vous donnant des indications sur l'arrestation possible d’Arton? — R* Jamais.fl. Rouanet : C'est le contraire de ce qni a été dit Ici. — R. Si une déposition semblable a ôté faite, elle no peut être exacte. Les personnes chargées d’arrêter Avion no s'adressaient pas toutes à moi.M. Cochefert se relire, mais se tient à la disposition de la commission.M. Violent demande que M. Cochcfert soit dégagé du secret professionnel par M. Ricard avant que M. Lefèvre soit introduit.M. PUchon communique la dépêche qu'il a reçue de Cornélius Herz.A déclare qu’il na rien à retrancher de ce «tu’il a dit.Déposition «le M. Ricard. M. Ricard est introduit. Lf président lui demande s'il consent à dégager M. Cochcfert du secret professionnel.fl. Ricurd demande à dire dans quelles conditions l'affaire s'est présentée.M. Cochcfert, dit-il, n'a jamais été mon mandataire. Je lui ai écrit une lettre qui a été lue à la tribune et que vous connaissez.fl. ValU : M. Cochcfert demande que vous l’autorisiez à raconter ce qui s’est passé entre M. Lefèvre et lui.M. Ricard : Je ne vois aucun inconvénient à donner celte autorisation. quant à M. Lefèvre, c’est à la suite de certains articles de journaux publiés par lui que j’ai été amené à lui confier u Démission à Londres.if. Vallé : C'est un point sur lequel la commission vous entendra ultérieurement, s'il vous plaît.M. Ricard se retire.Nouvelic Déposition de M. Cochefert. M. Cochefert est ramené, et M. Vallé lui annonce que M. Ricard le relève du secret.M. Cochefert : M. Lefèvre, en m’apportant la lettre de M. Ricard, disait pouvoir découvrir l’endroit où se trouvaient les papiers d’Arton. Les indications de M Lefèvre ne m’ont pas paru do nature à amener cette découverte.M11» Arton me proposa un rendez-vous, je la vis, accompagnée de son frère. Elle me sollicita d'obtenir du directeur de la prison d'Holloway un adoucissement de traitement. Je m'excusai de ne pouvoir faire cette démarche. Elle paraissait disposée à me faire des confidences. Je lui déclarai que comme fonctionnaire je serais obligé de faire connaître à mes chefs ce qu’elle me dirait. Je la mis en rapport avec M. Lefèvre, et, depuis, je n’ai plus entendu parler d'elle, ni de M. Lefèvre.M. Labarthe demande si M. Cochefert a conservé la lettre de M. Ricard, et s'il peut la communiquer à la commission.M. Cochefert dit qu’il a affirmé sous serment qu’elle était identique à celle lue à la tribune.Sur une demande de M. Rouanet, M. Cochcfera déclare que c’est l'inspecteur Houllier qui a accepté de sa part le rendez-vous proposé par M|le Arton.M. Rouanet Ht un passage de la déposition d’Arton, qui raconte autrement les faits.M. Cochefert : C’est inexact. Vers trois ou quatre heures, j’ai trouvé une lettre do MIU Arton demandant à être reçue le soir à sept heures. Je suis prêt à mettre cette lettre sous les yeux de la commission.Je n’ai pas provoqué la visite de M11* Arton, etjeluiai fait dire tout simplement que je consentais à la recevoir.M. Lefèvre m'a dit pouvoir découvrir les papiers, et me donner des indications qui me permettraient d’en faire opérer la saisie.M. Labarthe : Avez-vous vu Arton dans sa prison à Londres? —R. Oui. M. Griffiths m’a fait visiter Holloway. J’ai vu Arton.Répondant à une question de M. Bêrard, M. Cochefert dit qu’il n’a pas été question de M. Lefèvre dans sa conversation avec Arton.M. Cochefert se retire, et M. Lefèvre est introduit.Déposition de M. Lefèvre. JH. Voilé : Vous avez été chargé d’une mission à Londres?fl. Lefèvre : Oui, une première fois en février 1893. J'appartenais au journal Germinal, et j’étais charge d’interviewer un voyageur à Liverpool sur l’affaire Segonzac, et, en même temps, prié de passer par Bourncinouth pour m’informer de la maladie réelle ou feinte de Cornélius Herz. Le voyageur de Liverpool était parti, et je ne pus être reçu par Cornélus Herz.Un peu dépité de ces insuccès, de retour à Londres je cherchai à réunir quelques renseignements sur le Panama, que je publiai dans Germinal, une fois rentré à Paris.J’eus l'occasion de causer avec M. Ricard de documents dont j’avais vu les photographies, et il fut question de m'envoyer à Londres.Je connaissais un autre renseignement concernant M. Salberg, dépositaire, m'avait on dit, des papiers d’Arton. J’allai trouver M. Cochefert à Charing-Cross, et je lui remis une lettre en lui faisant remarquer que les papiers avaient été photographiés, et qu'on pourrait peut-être rechercher le photographe.Après avoir paru croire la chose possible, U me sembla, deux ou trois jours après, devenu plus sceptique. Il me proposa de voir Mu» Arton venue à lui, me dit-il, dans le but de lui faire certaines confidences pour lesquelles elle demandait le secret, et à laquelle 11 avait dit ma présence et ma mission.Après quelques hésitations, je consentis à aller avec elle voir Arton qui parut surpris. Il s'attendait â voir mon confrère Maurice Lefèvre, avec lequel il avait été en relation.Arton m’interrogea sur l’état de l’opinion A son égard, et si cette opinion se détendrait dans le cas où il ferait cesser l'impunité que son silence assurait à quelques coupables du Panama.Jelerevisautribunal de Bow Street,accompagné de sa fille, de son fils et de son avocat. Alors Arton reprit notre conversation à peu près dans les mêmes termes, mais son avocat posa cette question : « Que ferait le gouvernement français si Arton consentait A parler? •Je me relirai, déclarant que je ne voulais pas répondre en présence de l'avocat.Je revis Arton quelques instants après, mais j’affirme que jamais il n’a pu voir en moi un agent du gouvernement français.M. Guillemet : M. Cochefert vous a-t-il accompagné A la prison ?M. Lefèvre : Non. Répondant A M. de Ramel, M. Lefècre raconte comment eut lieu la première entrevue 1 la prison d’Holloway. Il a demandé, en reflet, A Arton s’il avait des papiers, et celui-ci a'a pas voulu convenir qu’il en avait : «Je demande A réfléchir avant de répondre, » i-t-il dit.A la seconde entrevue, il m'a dit qu'il m’écrirait s’il voulait livrer les papiers.M. de Lanjuinais : Vous alliez A Londres pour vous procurer certains papiers d’Arton?M. Lefècre : J’avais connaissance de plusieurs documents que je voulais me procurer.*J/. Labarthe : L’œuvre que vom entrepreniez avec M. Ricard était limitée A la découverte de ces documents.M. Lefècre : Parfaitement. fl. Blanc : Le 7 décembre 1895, le Matin publiait une interview de M. Lefèvre relatant son entrevue avec Arton, et où il est question d'un marché pour un journal.Si cette interview était exacte, il y auraitcontradiction avec ce que dit Ie4étnoîn aujourd’hui.MLefècre : Cette interview a été faite A deux heures et demie du matin ex acte menât, mais si je n’ai parlé que d’un journal, ce n’était donc pas au nom du gouvernement que je me suis présenté à Arton, comme il l’a prétendu.fl. Lebret ; Vous aviez une mission de M. Ricard, celle de mettre M. Cochefert * même de saisir certains documents.JH. Lefèvre : Jamais Arton ni son avocat n'ont vu une lettre do M. Ricard me donnant pleins pouvoirs. Si l’on avait cru que j’étais un agent politique, jamais le gouvernement anglais n'aurait accordé l’extradition.Personne en Angleterre n'a cru aux dires d’Arton et de spi, avocat, c,et agent d’affaires condamné il y a ’ deux ans pour faux. Les journaux ont relaté cette condamnation.M. Blanc : N'avez-vous pas proposé à Arton de l’argent, un bon jury, un bon avocat général?fl. Lefèvre : Jamais. Arton n’était pas un naïf. Comment voulez-vous qu'il eût confiance en une pareille promesse?M. Ltbrel Vous avez dû voir l’inconvénient qu’il y a à mêler les deux missions, la mission officielle et celle du journaliste. Qui nous dira comment nous devrons distinguer entre elles?M. Lefècre : Je donne ma parole que jamais je ne me suis donné A Arton comme représentant du gouvernement.M. Lefèvre se retire et M. Ricard est introduit.Nouvelle Déposition de M. Ricard. M. Ricard se borne A répéter ce qu’il a dit : M. Lefèvre m'avait parlé de renseignements sur le Panama. De plus, j’avais mémoire d’articles parus dans Germinal. Ces articles se référaient A des papiers qui intéressaient le baron Coltu et qui se trouvaient entre les mains d’Arton.Le baron Cottu avait des pièces compromettantes sur la Droite et une notable partie du clergé. Je savais cela quand je n’étais pas ministre. Je le devins. Je rencontrai Lefèvre, mon compatriote, et nous parlâmes des dossiers.Il déclara qu’il allait «^Londres, et qu’il prendrait tout.Je fis mettre A sa disposiuoiRT. Cochefert et je lui donnai la lettre que vous connaissez. Cette lettre était écrite par moi et signée de moi. Je n’ai pas hésité, car il fallait user de ces moyens pour connaître la vérité.J’ajoute qu’il s'agissait de faire faire une saisie régulière par la police anglaise.Ces documents devaient être saisis, inventoriés par cette police même. Il n’avait jamais été question de faire un tri entre ces papiers.J'ai été très surpris qu'un avocat ait fait signer un affilait qu'il était question d’une mission du gouvernement auprès d’Arton.J'écrivis alors à M. Cochefert pour faire savoir à M. Georges I^fèvre que sa mission était terminée, et qu’on l'invitait A revenir A Paris. Je fis démentir par l’Ag-enc-e Havas tous les racontars qui ont couru alors.M. Ricard rappelle son rôle dans l’affaire Arton en 1892. Sur son ordre, un mandat d’arrêt fut délivré contre Arton, et c’est en vertu de ce mandat qu’il a été arrêté on 1895.Arton a cherché A exploiter la demande imprudente de M. Lefèvre pour se faire passer pour une victime politique.Je pense, dit M. Ricard, qu'il y a grand intérêt pour le pays A ce que la lumière soit faite, et je déclare que j'ai fait tout ce qui était en mon pouvoir pour y arriver.M. Viciant : Pourquoi M. Cochefert, saisi des indications de M. Lefèvre, n’a-t-il pas fait les saisies nécessaires?M. Ricard : Je l'ignore; peut-être la police anglaise n’a-t-elle pas voulu agir jusqu’au bout.M. Viciant : Dans les photographies qu’a vues M. Lefèvre, n'y avait-il rien qui concernât les papiers Cottu ?M. Ricard : Je ne me le rappelle plus. Je n’affirme rien.M. de Ramel : M. Ricard ne connaît-il pas les deux rapports contradictoires qui lui ont été adressés par M. Quesnay de Beaurepaire?fl. Ricard : Ces rapports m’ont été adressés. M. Viciant: Donc ils existent. Le premier rapport ne conclut-il pas aux poursuites contre le Panama?M. Ricard : Je ne puis répondre. M. Viciant : Le second ne concluait-il pas A l’abandon des poursuites ? Ne s’y trouvait-il pas ces mots :« Rasséréné par l’ombre des grands arbres, j’ai changé d’opinion » ?M. Ricard : Je ne puis répondre. Interrogez le ministre actuel.M. de La Batut : Je puis dire officieusement A la commission que ces rapports ont été restitués A leur auteur.fl. Viciant : Je demande que M. Vallé aille avec deux membres de la commission réclamer les dossiers.Parmi eux, les rapports en question, dont l'un n’est pas niable, et qui auraient été remis par la chancellerie A leur auteur.J'insiste pour que la commission ait une réponse demain matin, A dix heures, au Sénat.M. Rouanet réclame les autres dossiers relatifs au frein Wenger. A l'instruction do M. Meyer sur le chemin de fer du Sud.La séance est levée A six heures et demie.NOUVELLES POLITIQUESLe Président de la République a reçu hier matin, A onze heures, M. Ratkow Rojnow, maire de Saint-Pétersbourg, venu pour régler la réception que se propose de faire au chef do l’Etat la municipalité pétersbourgeoise.Le colonel Menetrez, officier de la maison militaire du Président de la République, a quitté Paris hier soir. Il va se rendre successivement dans tous les départements du SudEst que visitera le mois prochain M. Félix Faure, afin d’arrêter les dernières dispositions en vue du voyage.— Le lieutenant de vaisseau Ratye est désigné pour remplir les fonctions d'aide de camp du vice amiral Gervais dans le voyage en Russie.— On mande de Pékin, 15 juillet : « Le ministre de France, M. Gérard, est parti aujourd'hui pour l’Europe, en passant par le Japon. »— Au cours do la fêle des écoles du dix-septième arrondissement.qui a eu lieu le dimanche 11 juillet, A la salle Wagram et sous la présidence de M. Alfred Rambaud, ministre do l’instruction publique, les enfants des écoles ont fait au profit des petits sinistrés du Midi, une quête qui a produit 111 fr. 75.Cette somme, par les soins du maire, M. Levai, a été transmise au ministre de l’instruction publique, qui s'est chargé de la faire parvenir aux intéressés par l'intermédiaire de son collègue de l’intérieur.ACTES ET DOCUMENTS OFFICIELSitéeerve. Est nommé : Au gradée de lieutenant de réserve : Au régiment d’infanterie de Libourne,M*. Poeteftitr, sous-lieutenant de réserve au corps.Territoriale. Sont nommée dans l'infanterie : , Au jade de lieutenant et maintenus dans leur affectation :Brissen et BoiSferon, sous-lieutenants au 96* régiment territorial d’infanterie.Lasssrre, sous lieutenant au 140* régiment.MANŒUVRES NAVALESEscadre du Word. Cherbourg, 15 juillet, 6 h. 15 soir. Le croiseur Pothuau a appareillé ce soir, A six heures, pour rejoindre la deuxième division do l’escadre du Nord aux manoeuvres navales.Brest, 16 juillet, 8 h. 15. La première division do l’escadre du Nord a appareillé hier soir, A quatre heures, pour accomplir la deuxième partie des grandes manoeuvres. Elle devait être rejointe au large par la deuxième division venant de Cherbourg, après avoir reconnu les baies environnantes.L’escadre au complet se rendra A Quiberon, d'où elle rayonnera de façon à protéger la partie du littoral s’étendant de Brest A Roconfort contre les attaques d’une escadre ennemie venant du sud et représentée par les croiseurs Sfai et Tage déjà partis de Toulon.Une division de grands croiseurs, composée du Bruii, du Pothuau, du Friant et du Dupuy diplôme, doit jouer un rôle important dans ccs manoeuvres.D'après les conventions arrêtées, si les forces ennemies, supposées inférieures A l'escadre française, peuvent réussir à se maintenir de jour, pendant six heures consécutives, sans être inquiétées, dans un des mouillages de la côte soumis A la surveillance, elles seront considérées comme ayant rempli pleinement leur mission.SÉNATParis, 16 juillet. IjA SJSANO13 La séance est ouverte A trois heures un quart, sous la présidence de M. Loubet, président.Ouverture et Annulations deCrédits. L’ordre du jour appelle ensuite la discussion du projet de loi relatif à l’ouverture et à l’annulation de crédits sur l’exercice 1897 et à l'ouverture de crédits au titre des budgets annexes rattachés pour ordre au budget général.M. G-adaud. demande le rétablissement du crédit demandé par le gouvernement au chapitre 13 pour la création d’une chaire de philosophie sociale au Collège do France.M. Morel, rapporteur,insiste pour le rejet du crédit.M. Rambaud, ministre de l’instruction publique, fait ressortir les avantages que présenterait la création d’une chaire do philosophie sociale. Il y a des erreurs sociales comme il y a des erreurs politiques; l’étude de la sociologie les dissipe.M. le Rapporteur : La véritable question est que nous ne voulons pas laisser engager des créations par voie de crédit supplémentaire. (Très bien! très bien!)Le crédit relatif à la création d'une chaire de philosophie sociale, mis aux voix, est repoussé par 143 voix contre 103.M. lo miniature de l’instruction publique demande le rétablissement au chapitre 14 d’un crédit de 3,000 fr. relatif A l’école des langues orientales et vivantes.M. le Rapporteur combat celte demande de crédits faite, dit-il, dans des conditions anormales.M. le ministre de l’instruction publique insiste.Après un échange d’observation entre M. Le Frovost de Launay et le rapporteur, le crédit de 3.000 fr. est repoussé.Divers articles du projet sont adoptés,ainsi que les tableaux y annexés.L’ensemble du projet l’est également A l’unanimité de 242 votants.Les Frais des Officiers mini-sériels. Le Sénat adopte ensuite un projet de loi relatif au recouvrement, des frais dus aux notaires, avoués et huissiers.LES INCIDENTS D’AUCH T’ois la parole est donnée A M. Aucoin pour adresser une question au ministre de l'intérieur.L’orateur demande pourquoi la municipalité d’Auch n’a pas été informée officiellement de la visite du ministre des travaux publics dans cette ville. C'est IA un manquement des plus regrettables à toutes les convenances, A toutes les traditions, à tous les usages.M. Barthou, ministre de l’intérieur, affirme que des mesures ont été prises pour que le maire d’Auch soit prévenu de l’arrivée du ministre; mais la dépêche annonçant cette arrivée n'est parvenue au préfet qu’A minuit.D'autre part, le ministre, eu raison de l’inondation, dut faire un détour, et M. Aucoin, maire de la ville d’Auch, en fut prévenu par un inspecteur de la Compagnie du Midi chargé de ce soin par le préfet du Gers.Le gouvernement a donc fait son devoir. Le ministre des travaux publics a fait le sien, et l'orateur rend hommage au dévouement et au zèle dont a fait preuve le préfet du Gers. (Très bien! très bien!)M. Aucoin reconnaît qu’il a été prévenu de l’arrivée du ministre par un inspecteur de la Compagnie, mais il prétend que ce fonctionnaire a agi spontanément, et non pas sur l’ordre du préfet.L’orateur maintient scs allégations et reproche au ministre des travaux publics son attitude au cours du voyage.Il rappelle la visite du Président de la République A Auch, le maréchal de Mac-Mahon, accompagné de M. Buffet. A cette époque, le maire a été invité A monter dans la voiture présidentielle. M. Tirard et, plus tard, M. veto, ont usé du même procédé A l’égard du maire.Cette fois, le ministre n’a fait que de la politique. L’orateur va même jusqu’à l’accuser de partialité dans la distribution des secours. (Exclamations.)M. Aucoin demande à transformer en interpellation sa question au ministre des travaux publics.Il répète que M. Turrel ne s’est inspiré que de l’esprit de parti.L'orateur fait alors l'exposé de la situation politique du Gers.Sur presque tous les bancs, on donne des signes non équivoques d’impatience. M. Aucoin n’en continue pas moins l’énumération de ses griefs contre le préfet, contre le gouvernement dont l’hostilité poursuit, dit-il, les radicaux-socialistes de son département.Il conclut enfin en disant que le préfet a manqué aux plus élémentaires convenances en cette circonstance.M. le Président met aux voix la transformation de la question en interpellation, demandée par M. Aucoin.Le Sénat décide de transformer la question en interpellation.M. Turrel, ministre des travaux rappelle les faits. Il affirme qu’il n'a .. dans sa mission aucun parti-pris politique.En ce qui concerne l'incident survenu avec M. Destieux-Junca, il déclare qu’en présence du mauvais vouloir de ce dernier, il arac-pubis, avortéi' !■■■■ mi i eu —i ni i uii'niumawewreneiFEUILLETON DE LA GIRONDE du 18 juillet 1897.PETITE H0NAQue dit donc cette Gazette de Hongrie qui ait pu briser ainsi la pauvre enfant?Simplement ceci, dans ses nouvelles Averses :« Le Pester Lloyd aimons le prochain mariage du docteur Jules Landsberg, le jeune ot déjà célèbre avocat, avec mademoiselle Myrbach, la seconde tille de ion honorable collègue du barreau de Pesth.«Ainsi tombent les bruits nui ont couru naguère de l’union projetée entre le docteur Landsberg et mademoiselle do R..., et auxquels, du reste, nous n’avions accordé que peu de crédit. »Mais petite Hona revient ù elle. Elle ouvre les yeux et regarde autour Telle.Tout à coup la terrible réalité se représente à son esprit, et elle pousse un grand cri de désespoir :— Maman...! maman!... Et l’indigne mère couvre sa tille d’hypocrites caresses.Mère Indigne! Caresses monstrueuses! Mère misérable plutôt! Caresses assassines!Car, oe que petite Hona ne peut deviner, ce qu’elle ne pourrait aoupçouncr, tans la candeur de son âme, c’est qu’elle Mt la victime .pitoyable d’une infâme cojaunie.Fausse, la nouvelle! Faux, le journal lui-même ! Cet exemplaire de la Gazette de Hongrie a été lâchement fabriqué.C'est le produit du complot si bien tramé, ot c’est le loyal Kornetisza qui en a eu la méprisable idée.C'est sur ses indications que, pendant son séjour à Pesth, madame de Rosenbaud, la digne femme, l’a fait imprimer dans une officine clandestine.On a pris un exemplaire véritable, on l’a fait recomposer en entier, et on y a glissé l’affreux, l’odieux mensonge.Et c’est ainsi que la Gazette de Hongrie a été, sans le savoir, mise de moitié dans un crime.On a fait davantage. Par surcroît de précaution, un numéro du Pester Lloyd a été également imprimé de la même façon, et il est là pour attester la véracité de la nouvelle reproduite par la Gazette de Hongrie.Voici ce que dit le Pester Lloyd : « L’un des avocats les plus justement appréciés du barreau de Pesth, M. |
2020/52020M9972/52020M9972_PL.txt_1 | Eurlex | CC-By | C_2020402PL.01000801.xml
25.11.2020
PL
Dziennik Urzędowy Unii Europejskiej
C 402/8
Zgłoszenie zamiaru koncentracji
(Sprawa M.9972 — Neste/Bunge Loders Croklaan Oils)
Sprawa, która może kwalifikować się do rozpatrzenia w ramach procedury uproszczonej
(Tekst mający znaczenie dla EOG)
(2020/C 402/07)
1.
W dniu 18 listopada 2020 r., zgodnie z art. 4 rozporządzenia Rady (WE) nr 139/2004 (1), Komisja otrzymała zgłoszenie planowanej koncentracji.
Zgłoszenie to dotyczy następujących przedsiębiorstw:
—
Neste Oyj („Neste”, Finlandia),
—
Bunge Loders Croklaan Oils B.V. („Bunge Loders Croklaan Oils”, Niderlandy).
Przedsiębiorstwo Neste przejmuje, w rozumieniu art. 3 ust. 1 lit. b) rozporządzenia w sprawie kontroli łączenia przedsiębiorstw, kontrolę nad przedsiębiorstwem Bunge Loders Croklaan Oils z siedzibą w Niderlandach. Koncentracja dokonywana jest w drodze zakupu udziałów/akcji.
2.
Przedmiotem działalności gospodarczej przedsiębiorstw biorących udział w koncentracji jest:
—
w przypadku przedsiębiorstwa Neste: rafinacja i wprowadzanie do obrotu niskoemisyjnych paliw samochodowych wysokiej jakości, produkcja zarówno paliw kopalnych, jak i odnawialnych. Neste jest obecnie właścicielem i operatorem zakładu produkcji paliw odnawialnych w obiekcie sąsiadującym z Bunge Loders Croklaan Oils,
—
w przypadku przedsiębiorstwa Bunge Loders Croklaan Oils: produkcja i powiązane aktywa (urządzenia załadunkowe/rozładunkowe, zbiorniki magazynowe i rafineria olejów roślinnych i ich pochodnych) zlokalizowane w porcie w Rotterdamie oraz związany z nimi personel, z wyłączeniem umów dotyczących zaopatrzenia w surowce i ich dostaw.
3.
Po wstępnej analizie Komisja uznała, że zgłoszona transakcja może wchodzić w zakres rozporządzenia w sprawie kontroli łączenia przedsiębiorstw. Jednocześnie Komisja zastrzega sobie prawo do podjęcia ostatecznej decyzji w tej kwestii.
Należy zauważyć, iż zgodnie z zawiadomieniem Komisji w sprawie uproszczonej procedury rozpatrywania niektórych koncentracji na podstawie rozporządzenia Rady (WE) nr 139/2004 (2) sprawa ta może kwalifikować się do rozpatrzenia w ramach procedury określonej w tym zawiadomieniu.
4.
Komisja zwraca się do zainteresowanych osób trzecich o zgłaszanie ewentualnych uwag na temat planowanej koncentracji.
Komisja musi otrzymać takie uwagi w nieprzekraczalnym terminie dziesięciu dni od daty niniejszej publikacji. Należy zawsze podawać następujący numer referencyjny:
M.9972 — Neste/Bunge Loders Croklann Oils
Uwagi można przesyłać do Komisji pocztą, pocztą elektroniczną lub faksem. Należy stosować następujące dane kontaktowe:
E-mail: [email protected]
Faks +32 22964301
Adres pocztowy:
European Commission
Directorate-General for Competition
Merger Registry
1049 Bruxelles/Brussel
BELGIQUE/BELGIË
(1) Dz.U. L 24 z 29.1.2004, s. 1 („rozporządzenie w sprawie kontroli łączenia przedsiębiorstw”).
(2) Dz.U. C 366 z 14.12.2013, s. 5.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20167 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <template>
<div class="thumbnail" style="background: white">
<a :href="'/devices/'+item.id">
<img :src="filePath(item.coverphoto)" alt=""
style="height:120px">
</a>
<div class="caption">
<h4 class="text-danger">{{ item.title }}</h4>
<h4>價格:<span class="text-warning">{{ item.price|currency}}</span></h4>
<p class="text-primary">瀏覽人次: {{ item.reads }}</p>
<p class="text-primary">{{ item.created_date }}刊登
<a :href="'/devices/'+item.id">
<span class="pull-right text-danger">查看
<i class="fa fa-caret-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>
</a>
<a :href="'/devices/'+item.id+'/edit'" v-if="this.editable">
<span class="pull-right text-danger">編輯
<i class="fa fa-caret-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import appSetting from '../appSetting.js'
import helpers from '../helpers.js'
/***Filter**********/
Number.prototype.formatMoney = function (decPlaces, thouSeparator, decSeparator) {
var n = this,
decPlaces = isNaN(decPlaces = Math.abs(decPlaces)) ? 2 : decPlaces,
decSeparator = decSeparator == undefined ? "." : decSeparator,
thouSeparator = thouSeparator == undefined ? "," : thouSeparator,
sign = n < 0 ? "-" : "",
i = parseInt(n = Math.abs(+n || 0).toFixed(decPlaces)) + "",
j = (j = i.length) > 3 ? j % 3 : 0;
return sign + (j ? i.substr(0, j) + thouSeparator : "") + i.substr(j).replace(/(\d{3})(?=\d)/g, "$1" + thouSeparator) + (decPlaces ? decSeparator + Math.abs(n - i).toFixed(decPlaces).slice(2) : "");
};
function formatDollar(num) {
num = Number(num);
return num.formatMoney(0, ',', 0);
}
Vue.filter('currency', formatDollar);
/** Default Setting*/
var defaultPhotoPath = appSetting.defaultDevicePhotoPath;
export default {
props: {
device: {
type: Object,
required: true
},
editable: {
type: Boolean,
required: false
}
},
data: function () {
return {item: {}, allowEdit: false}
},
methods: {
filePath: function (obj) {
return helpers.filePath(obj, defaultPhotoPath);
}
},
beforeMount: function () {
this.item = this.device;
}
}
</script> |
github_open_source_100_8_20168 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* @license
* Copyright Akveo. All Rights Reserved.
* Licensed under the MIT License. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
*/
var __decorate = (this && this.__decorate) || function (decorators, target, key, desc) {
var c = arguments.length, r = c < 3 ? target : desc === null ? desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, key) : desc, d;
if (typeof Reflect === "object" && typeof Reflect.decorate === "function") r = Reflect.decorate(decorators, target, key, desc);
else for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) if (d = decorators[i]) r = (c < 3 ? d(r) : c > 3 ? d(target, key, r) : d(target, key)) || r;
return c > 3 && r && Object.defineProperty(target, key, r), r;
};
var __metadata = (this && this.__metadata) || function (k, v) {
if (typeof Reflect === "object" && typeof Reflect.metadata === "function") return Reflect.metadata(k, v);
};
import { Directive, HostListener } from '@angular/core';
import { NbTreeGridCellDirective } from './tree-grid-cell.component';
/**
* When using custom row toggle, apply this directive on your toggle to toggle row on element click.
*/
var NbTreeGridRowToggleDirective = /** @class */ (function () {
function NbTreeGridRowToggleDirective(cell) {
this.cell = cell;
}
NbTreeGridRowToggleDirective.prototype.toggleRow = function ($event) {
this.cell.toggleRow();
$event.stopPropagation();
};
__decorate([
HostListener('click', ['$event']),
__metadata("design:type", Function),
__metadata("design:paramtypes", [Object]),
__metadata("design:returntype", void 0)
], NbTreeGridRowToggleDirective.prototype, "toggleRow", null);
NbTreeGridRowToggleDirective = __decorate([
Directive({
selector: '[nbTreeGridRowToggle]',
}),
__metadata("design:paramtypes", [NbTreeGridCellDirective])
], NbTreeGridRowToggleDirective);
return NbTreeGridRowToggleDirective;
}());
export { NbTreeGridRowToggleDirective };
//# sourceMappingURL=tree-grid-row-toggle.directive.js.map |
sn83030214_1891-06-04_1_2_2 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Washington, -BiM 8.-M is recorded here from a complete analysis in matters of Parliament, particularly practical that the States of the British Sea -to-day bill in British Parliament is similar to that of B HUI which has undergone some all of the rest of the party division in the American Congress and simply remains to be acted upon formally. The vote on the second reading in the Commons is commonly reversed. The bill now goes to the House of Lords, which never attempts to thwart the will of the common except in rare cases of annual total to the agricultural body. So the bill may be amended as practically passed. The next step in the legislation is being to be an overture to the British Government to cooperate with the Governments of the United States and Great Britain in forming a closed season in 1871, and there is a belief by both of the principles that no tantal difficulty will be encountered. Red In bib-BS Unaala'a adhesorium to the act of WOIJK ON THE WHITE SQUADRON. WarSbblBtoa, .tnne -.-Admlral AValker wn* at the vaw DeparBnenl B>_ay toirrytof ap the bureau ciuefs ?h. men are al worb on bta ablpa at the Norfolk Ptavy Vard. Ha -ald to a -OBorter that antoaa there ;,,.r, _ome unforeeew dalaya bo wobII ba abta to ..?,?. .t, raaaeli In tba rlelnltj nf .xaw-\_rb .,. t-iiv i. preparatory to hla .umn.er manoou^ Iomi: ialand 6o_od. Tbe worh that is now bdng done on the Chlcaaa at BorfoBi penalta rew men be Maadonltaionea. It ooiMtata of tha i^tof oftba :?-??. old hawae ptpea wlth new mmb. and tha ?rroa mg ?f the veaaera itcn affordB Uttbj rooai f-r tbe arorb men. Aa lhat aa tbe taaaeU of iba aqitodroa ar.iv* ln ,hape they ara betoi a rrl to Yorlct-wa, wbare tbej ara .g through thelr bbmII BBBa" tarf-t pra-ttca. Tbe Admlral think* thnt there wtll net be aay Jotot ,?...uvrei oo tha Boonal Bda wmmer. He wll mana ? ?*___! IU. antpa bnaj tlimr.,-h.,..t tl? wm"*.' but thelr deaunatton after Beptotaber i- piablaaaauc 0 TO Arr AS BBCBBTABY of THB 1-_A_-*T. WaahlBftoa. <r-M 3.-Tba PreebtBBl ' ? BaatSBated Aatlataal Barratary 0. L BpaabBBB la aet aa Barra tor] al Lbai-taaaary at auh Bbmb -^ BOei-taiy roabn mav be absent durlB| the _axl B- MOBtba. A**i*t aal Be-retary Nettleton yesterday oomptatad i Bmllar partod, and at tho axptrattoa of Aaatataal seeretarv -poil.llng's term of *ix month* the honor ef acting aa Becret?ry ta th* aboenee ..f Br. Po-tor win be passed over to Asslstant S?'cretary Ctounse. TO SCRVEY FOR TIIE HAWAIIAN CAUI.F. Wa-hingion. June 3 (Specinli.-It ha* been __w1dad : v UM Bavy Department that tlie Thetis shall make the mrvev for a cabb' to the HBW8-?B lalBBda. BOBM delay ln tba work wfll b<- eaaaad. I raavar, i.v tba uu eertalnty of aftair* In ItobrtaB Baa, and. iboaM it be? come ni-.--.irv |0 *end a _BV_| force ln addlttOn to the two n-..iiii" eattora to protoct lha *cai-> acataat : , Iba -urvey will not be made untll tho sealing aeaaon is .ver. _ i)Kr.\n. roB rm btati camf. B/aablnftoa Jaaa I (OBaetaJii.-L'euteiiantc.ionci Lodor, lel \itii-rv. baa ba n detal?d to attend the egcampnierrl ol BM New York Mat." Natlonal Onard at IU from Inne 13 aattl Aaaaal I, aml will rani.e a report of hla observation-, to tiie laapactor (ieneral of Uie Anuv. Ueatenant-Colonal Loaloff ls the commandlnj oflkar al rorl OTadawortb, N. Y. _i .-'I.YKK PttRCIIA-Bi. w i h : -' ??'.. .'UM.* :, Tba ..in "i-i? ..( iilvt. O-Orai fur kui; ;o u.e It k-.ii)- li.i.jriiuciit t_-day w__ .ja.uoo oaA-oa. *_d Um amouut puro_taed 3liO.OOO oaacaa. aa followa: 00,000 ounce- at 90.8743. 40,000 at 90.9730, 1 ..0,000 at 90.97875, 100,000 at 90.1'790. fONTROLLER UOIT- STATEMENT. HE EXPLAIN8 HIS COURSE IX THE K_Y.yiO.V_a BANK CASE. Washinnton, June :i Mr Lacey, Controller of the Currency. made a statement Un* afternoon ln regard to th a K-y .tone Ballonal Uaali of Phlladelphla. He sald ln jiart: i have noticod that Mr. Ettlng. of Phllad-'phla, M d.spo-cd to ciiti.lse i'll* bureau lor h-vlt.K all.w-d tii? KOj alone >?' on..i Hai.k of that city to remain .pen b/t bu-lne** after tlie d(?cpvery of tbe Lneaa <t'f.Jrat_on. This arlaea from a failure oa tda part t.. raahaa just what the dariea and power* ol the Oonttollar of th.. Curriculum are. The latter cannot be expected except in accordance with law. For instance, have not been a bank because it has become impaired. In such a case, the law provides that it shall make an assessment upon the resources to make good the debt, and three months is all over by law to pay in the amount necessary to assume good the impairment in which the controller may appoint a receiver, which is not the only one that did not. The bank examiner did report to the controller about the condition of the bank, last that the capital of the bank had become impaired, but the controller, then, did not fully examine the controller that it was dissolved and became under the law. He could not close, but did levy an assessment of $8,000 to make good the impairment. Rate it which amounted to the bank as a result of the bank's statement. It must be remembered that the treasurer's report was unknown in January, 1892, when the bank was laid out by the bank's clerk. The committee also noted that the committee had made good the impression that the bank was not only in need of money but also had a clear understanding of the amount of money as it was generally understood of the amount of money as soon as the department of commerce and commerce had decided to make good the impression that the bank was indeed in need of money. In thi* raaa the eaanUnear iraa one of the .ide_,t ta the servlce, havln_ been apn dntod bv Cor.t?.it-r Kn.?. ?;. I ci?ntii.n-d In oflice nn.ier < <_iirdler. Cannon and Trenholin. When Ihe pr lenl Oontroller ? ?..- into ..me-, K.vamltKT Draw ?aa r-_~rted a_ huvin? no sie\.-r:..i lu polnt of e\[.. ??-. '?, S-H. i-'egrity aod capvltv. ... .. coMiplalnt ha. been made b~ain? of the d-lar ta nppolnt'.rc a r-c-lver. The dep .sitnr* ne* ar.d ap pofnted a committee, who came pr"0_tlng *<.!? -1 Ihe appolntni-nt of a nv-lv-r. as did a'*o renr.?_nBa?v?a of the fttockholders. th?. Cltv Tr'as.irer. th- d'.rc-twt. md others. Aa a motter i.f fvt both theJmmtmtB] tb? bank ard tli- apnMntme.. t of a reretv?r were ordcred bv the Cortrelfer agalnal the unanlm->:i? pev t ?t of all Who had _u_1c|eii< i:.tcre?* tn -xpre*? tn opla'on Theiv? wrrf innt:T i_-?*on* why lt waa repcciallv deslrable to avotd a r-.-e1ver.hlp. '"tithlr on aernnnt ol Its uaeta hclng ao largely ln r.-al e_t?te. It was ..fliciallv rep-rtwi to tl.e rontrouer t**\ #300,.X. ? of new capital had been ?iib?cr.hed. and Un* the Ltica. estate wa- exp?---d to BIBka B'*l tO nmounts whldi compW- ezaralnattoo sh-w.ld show to bo du? from the>rn. Whalev-r w_a done wa_ wlth tha a.de pnrpose of l.-.*t servlng the irt^re*t* of the eredlton S Wai nnfortnnate bank. Slmrar mevirei have cauaed tv- r-op_ninc for iiu?l_e?_? of at bs*si four VaHonal banha who_- cqplial ha<I berome seriotishr lmpalred dur! ._ the last slx month* and two tr.ore w-tll op-n aoon. , ._ In ans?-r to a dlrect Ininlry on the sehject. Cnn boller Incev s,iid to nlcht that. ?o far a* hl? knowj. edjre wert. no peraon In Was-blnrton conn-cfed ir?t|| anv of th- F.xerntive Department*, had. elther directly or'lndlr ctly, ?^ui:ht to delay the c|o?lnp of th- Key .tone Battooal Baah or the appotBtaaan <t a rec-iver. TIIE SINKIXG OF THE KiAHCX) ENTAT.ADA. REPORT OP ADMIRAL M'CAN.V-THE VE&sfci, TsKi'.X BY nmPBMs. Washington. June r..-A report to the NAvy Dep .rt ment from Admhal McC.-i.nn contains the llr>t oftic.al inforin.itlon reeeived at the Departincnt of the htuku.g nf tha Blaoeo Baealada II aaya in part: On the i=th of April the Oovernmenl t .rji-do cniiH-ra Almlrniite I.vnrh u::d Ali.ilrnute COOd-U, BCCOaBaOted ? tranaporl Imperial, aailed frnm Vali- .relso. ya the mornlng ol the _5d of April, about 4 a. bu, tlae two torpedo enuaara entered th.> harlx.r of i aid ra aad 98 tac_ced tl.e Blancg Eooalada. The ln?ui_en*a had d thi, porl a few daya before ?nd wew marchlnf on Coplapo. Tli- mornlng of the attacb a-ApertocUf clear, ti..- llght In the Ughthouae b.u-nlne bi-lirhtfv. and t!,.- sliip li_ht* perfectly vl*ible. *o tbat the b bad uu t. abfa >n mahlnj tha atuck. toroedoes were di-rharged al the Blanco Bneajada. and it |s probable thal al le.vt two of them took bVbN neat-lv n,u_lshi|>s. its sne <_nk ln flve or elx niiui.u-*, carrying down ai-<_i. 130 men. lndudltig all Ihe - tr neera. After the .lnklnj of the Blanco EneaivH. tha two torped > boata left tha baahi>r. a^id out side -n conntered the in-nr_cnt transport Acone&pna. wh.c* v.i i,\ Immedlatcly attacki-. After *orae ttaa ?__. *pen1 ii m-m.^nv-lnf- to ,et a position off the otinrter or a?t-rn. wher- the pun motinted ln th- N>w of the leoncague ? .:<i nol reaeh them. when u.? Wnrspito came ln alght, and th? mrpedo endaera ml tnklng her for the ln-iirgent enil.er F.sm-ralda tnvle ..ff wlth ihe greateat rarlditv. Hnth th-' torpsio cralaera h.ve tetnraad here: the C/jndell U unlajpri l. wh.le tl.e Lvii.h ha, been dochad, havlng -uff-red -ome ItilniT, but not mlHclent to prevent her retnrr. inc I.v her-clf. Th" B'araptte th-n -nt^red th-harbor of C.-lder:.. where tiie Blanco Encnlada wa* f'.und ?un< in ten fnth'.uis <.f water, Btlth anly hat m.i th.-.c! ? inc above the water. ,. Thedest.-uetion of th- lilinco F.ncol.ida ha< d-velope*. no new feut.ir.s whatever In the art of naval wartere. as it we . a *urprise pure and *1uiplc. The con Ing oflicer _) I am infonne?l bv Capt-nn LambtOO, ?! the Waraplte, admit-. that he alone was bB Mame for the c.itastrophe. . _ , , ._. A Oerman naval fnrce, con?;1rtlng of flve snlps. haa been oi-dered to thi- east frnm Clitna. t"/ome rla W Pandwlch uiands. and is e\pect.^l to arrlve abont tha ?Oth of Jun.'. The K.-nch _..4r.?ilp Dnbonrdtea la .?t Psnama. waiting for the new admu-il to relleve near Admiral Dc Preme?nll. The Voita left on th- _3d of April for th- northern p.>rt>. On th- -fth ..f April I tran*f-rred mv flac and p-. konal -taff io the linltlmor-. Thls fact I have i-otlfl-a t.. tlie Departmeirl bv tel-ereph. Th-' nrr.val of \he Bnitlmore on thi* stitlon has ntUaetad B graal d-al >* atl i tlon and boa alao had . rery -?'?'>' eH-rt. The Naval f?ree In the S.?nfh Paeiflr ir_na_t_i *? ? was a woel. a*ro. The onlv report from that -t^*';* iweiv-d thls. weeh 1? t'w> communlcation wTitn r-.c1*eil Waahlngton bt mall to<t%v frnm Admlnal aie car- Th- *hate DepnHraenl ha. r-c-lved a report f.-.n'tv tn t <! St-te* < ,-m.i at Acapnlco. where tbe aSSawM^ll lylng. He.ta_eathUarc?dBj| t.. th- Chilian offl.- r the Itata ha* preie "> Ati?tn.n*. a..i he ai: . -ti.t., th.l h- |? mfnrmed th_l th. arm. Snd nmnBtonao. war ca-rl?d bv Iha lia?? w- tmiia ter+Tto thS &?neralda on May 15. 8UA*^XJ ,. ????., m the AnatiaUan rewne of ?_?*_? Had the nims h-.>n tranaferred to the F.am-raMa. th* Itata* milnT-rpo*e woiUd hav- been fuitliw and ahe eonM wel! & <\.rrevd-!-1. a pr-s ee^M _ that ?lhv*ed I* in vlew of t''- asstire-'CM given to MinUter I F_rl, I.v r..rc*?.t*i;v-s ..f th- Chilian, Pr^v^'tl <; .verem-nt. If tlie Cnltcd States _dberes t. '/. noMtlon, t! - KatB arfll be tOen when *Je err-.i- fr.-. ii-v trip to the Antlpode* wtdeh fM miv have _-.tere<t upr,-:. H?T _lgh? to Anltl_l1atl, B-d thewfore Biigllah, watf- w uid avall Iha aarty roa trolllng Iwr no m^re than * anrrend- of .the ve**-1. Th- oplnion of the D-partm-nt offlrlal* i? that tne Analralian course of t'*" UnU ls annor.ncM aa a, niwi. Pendinc tho p_N?i?it of biformatlon more deflnlna Wj naval veaeela at Chtll wUl renialn there to Ir.torccpa the It-t.i. _ RATFS ON . F.MI WF.FRT.Y PAPEHS. Washington, June 8.?The publishers of newspapers throughout the country are much interested in the point raised by Colonel C. C. Baldwin, Editor of "The Republic," at Mount Vernon, Ohio. The post office rates on such publications, and the Postmaster Department is receiving numerous letters on the subject. Under the present rulings, the publishers of weekly papers may have their papers delivered by carriers at free delivery of rates, while with the independent subscribers, the Postmaster holds that they can be delivered free of charge at one-cent postage. The Postmaster's office is open to all, and the Postmaster's office is open to all. DEBRIS-POB NEW YORK CONGRESS. Washington, June 3.--A committee of artists of the House of Representatives has been appointed. Aufstna >i. fiaadana. of New York... Henry Mun.-ii, of Boston, and C. B. Barher, Philadelphia. ...-In the office of the Wra. b r ol the Mual f s Baaaa. Ing an annual series of hours; director i.-a.b ui ti.. aaaaalnatlnn "f aaarlgr MM dealgi - md aaad-B for new silver coins subsidiary" to reapona '?> the Pianos-steremhw. Iffeaa Um laapaatlaa -_< cl s-,| it was ui>-..t.u.u.t.u. that while i.i-t.y of t!)?- d.?li;i.. were merlt >noiis t'/i.-?? that could be considered enough of a:. Improvement present eolna t<> justfv a ehanpa. The daalgn* was all rejected und will be determined to the cicke at once. ^ POSTMASTER'S APPOINTED. Washington, June :.. The PiaabdaBd has appointed postmasters: James L. Brownell at Hempstead, N. Y. vice Willis L. Brownell, resigned; MunJ i;. Wlsaarad Marletta, Isenii.. vlea C __ Bt luilTner, de ix'*ftOd. fllHIlM911? po-tniast-rs were today appointed a* follows: I'e.u.s. Ivnnla?H. C Taylor. licrganot; B. strana'iati. Poaterhrooh; Mary Mil',-.-. llermltage; B. M. -pangler. nossviiie: O. A. Dort, Stony Fork. Con Daetli ut-M. J. Tucker. Aspetu. U. -?? TO DO AWAY WITH REIIAN'DI.IN-C, TIIE MAIL. BTaaMBftOB, June _._Postnrister Cenci .1 WanamakeP has appointed a comaalaatea lo eoaiaidaa tiie advta9M-8_> of aiafetni artange_jenta for the dtetriaaitloa and fo.^ anardlai diit_t ?.f aii aaVlal a_all BMttar taaai Uie Vk.rlc.tig ejiecutlve departineuts, with the pnrp.-e ol obvlatin. the ne.-s.lty lor rah9l>ill9| ?mli matter la the city poatofflce. C1VII. SKHVUE AT MAKE Isl. \ND B'aahlngton. lana ?? i ? taeaatavy af the Ba*? haa i-*ued an order vacatlnn a niinilwr of place* of em pfciyaa ln tho Mare Island. Cal.. Navy Yard. and pro? vldlng lor the exainination of applteanla for the placai on Juna 98. ? AsKED T<> TAKE PAKT IN A COB-H-Bbl araailngaon, Jnne '?? The Departaaanl ?.f A-.'i.-uitur. baa rc.-.-tv. .i ia Invttatloa from Bagtand to '?:v<-' i>*p* in tha .'xent:. Inkiraattonal c^r.g..4 Bj 0bm aai Dcawci-phy, andcr tha proawcnri of the prince ol \ . ... be l. ?! i ln Aiicii-i t-.e\t. _ II eullt.i; r th IiskI *l?* .ou tM.liU, U_i* 6Unu.rte Liivw ko? .i-.t-.t. lt ?tra_g_ioi_i digwaaa, pav?a_a t.1'1 ..uni-t oea*a_?iKao, Cj-BBB*__ au.. |
github_open_source_100_8_20169 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #Ethan Tuning 1/16/15
your_score = int(input('Enter your score:'))
opponents_score = int(input('Enter opponents score'))
print()
print('You have scored',your_score,'points')
print('Your opponent has scored',opponents_score,'points')
print()
if your_score >= 4 and your_score - opponents_score >= 2:
print('You win!! :)')
if opponents_score >= 4 and opponents_score - your_score >= 2:
print('You Lost!! :(')
if your_score == 0 and opponents_score == 0:
print('Love-Love')
if your_score == 1 and opponents_score == 1:
print('Fifteen-Fifteen')
if your_score == 2 and opponents_score == 2:
print('Thirty-Thirty')
if your_score == opponents_score and your_score >= 3:
print('Deuce')
if your_score == 0 and opponents_score == 1:
print('Love-Fifteen')
if your_score == 0 and opponents_score == 2:
print('Love-Thirty')
if your_score == 0 and opponents_score == 3:
print('Love-Forty')
if opponents_score == 0 and your_score == 1:
print('Fifteen-Love')
if opponents_score == 0 and your_score == 2:
print('Thirty-Love')
if opponents_score == 0 and your_score == 3:
print('Forty-Love')
if your_score == 1 and opponents_score == 2:
print('Fifteen-Thirty')
if your_score == 1 and opponents_score == 3:
print('Fifteen-Forty')
if your_score == 2 and opponents_score == 1:
print('Thirty-Fifteen')
if your_score == 2 and opponents_score == 3:
print('Thirty-Forty')
if your_score == 3 and opponents_score == 2:
print('Forty-Thirty')
if your_score == 3 and opponents_score == 1:
print('Forty-Fifteen')
if your_score >= 3 and opponents_score - your_score == 1:
print('Advantage Out')
if opponents_score >= 3 and your_score - opponents_score == 1:
print('Advantage In')
|
github_open_source_100_8_20170 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using Components.Ball;
using Unity.Entities;
using Unity.Jobs;
using Unity.Mathematics;
using Unity.Physics;
namespace Systems.Ball
{
[AlwaysSynchronizeSystem]
public class SpeedIncreasePerSecondSystem : JobComponentSystem
{
protected override JobHandle OnUpdate(JobHandle inputDeps)
{
var deltaTime = Time.DeltaTime;
Entities
.WithAll<BallTag>()
.ForEach((
ref PhysicsVelocity physicsVelocity,
in IncreaseFactorPerSecondData increaseFactorPerSecondData) =>
{
var modifier = new float2(increaseFactorPerSecondData.Value * deltaTime);
var newVelocity = physicsVelocity.Linear.xy;
newVelocity += math.lerp(-modifier, modifier, math.sign(newVelocity));
physicsVelocity.Linear.xy = newVelocity;
}).Run();
return default;
}
}
} |
github_open_source_100_8_20171 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #ifndef TINYJS_JVM_H
#define TINYJS_JVM_H
typedef struct
{
int iGlobalDataSize;
int iIsMainFuncPresent;
int iMainFuncIndex;
int iIsPaused;
int iPauseEndTime;
value _retVal;
instrStream instrStream;
runtimeStack stack;
func *pFuncTable;
hostAPICallTable hostAPICallTable;
} script;
#endif
|
github_open_source_100_8_20172 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | const fs = require('fs');
const readdir = require('./readdir');
module.exports = function ({ dir, callback, pattern }) {
const files = readdir(dir, { pattern });
for (let i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {
const out = callback(fs.readFileSync(files[i], 'utf8'));
// if not string, do nothing.
if (typeof out !== 'string') continue;
fs.writeFileSync(files[i], out, 'utf8');
}
};
|
github_open_source_100_8_20173 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* QUANTCONNECT.COM - Democratizing Finance, Empowering Individuals.
* Lean Algorithmic Trading Engine v2.0. Copyright 2014 QuantConnect Corporation.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
using System;
namespace QuantConnect.Optimizer.Objectives
{
/// <summary>
/// The optimization statistical target
/// </summary>
public class Target: Objective
{
/// <summary>
/// Defines the direction of optimization, i.e. maximization or minimization
/// </summary>
[JsonProperty("extremum")]
public Extremum Extremum { get; }
/// <summary>
/// Current value
/// </summary>
[JsonIgnore]
public decimal? Current { get; private set; }
/// <summary>
/// Fires when target complies specified value
/// </summary>
public event EventHandler Reached;
/// <summary>
/// Creates a new instance
/// </summary>
public Target(string target, Extremum extremum, decimal? targetValue): base(target, targetValue)
{
Extremum = extremum;
}
/// <summary>
/// Pretty representation of this optimization target
/// </summary>
public override string ToString()
{
if (TargetValue.HasValue)
{
return $"Target: {Target} TargetValue: {TargetValue.Value} at: {Current}";
}
return $"Target: {Target} at: {Current}";
}
/// <summary>
/// Check backtest result
/// </summary>
/// <param name="jsonBacktestResult">Backtest result json</param>
/// <returns>true if found a better solution; otherwise false</returns>
public bool MoveAhead(string jsonBacktestResult)
{
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(jsonBacktestResult))
{
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(jsonBacktestResult), "Target.MoveAhead: backtest result can not be null or empty.");
}
var token = JObject.Parse(jsonBacktestResult).SelectToken(Target);
if (token == null)
{
return false;
}
var computedValue = token.Value<string>().ToNormalizedDecimal();
if (!Current.HasValue || Extremum.Better(Current.Value, computedValue))
{
Current = computedValue;
return true;
}
return false;
}
/// <summary>
/// Try comply target value
/// </summary>
public void CheckCompliance()
{
if (IsComplied())
{
Reached?.Invoke(this, EventArgs.Empty);
}
}
private bool IsComplied() => TargetValue.HasValue && Current.HasValue && (TargetValue.Value == Current.Value || Extremum.Better(TargetValue.Value, Current.Value));
}
}
|
sn83045462_1936-02-27_1_33_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Five Members of Family Present Alibi for Boys’ Club Head. John P. Meshkoff, fourth precinct detective detailed as director of the Metropolitan Police Boys’ Club, was exonerated of his hand-run charges at a hearing before Assistant Corporation Counsel William H. McGrath late yesterday. Meshkoff admitted ownership of an automobile which collided with a taxicab driven by Herman Norris, 36, colored, 1456 T street southwest, last Friday morning, but testified he left his car parked on Ordway street near Connecticut avenue early Thursday evening and did not see it again until he went to the fourth precinct following the accident. Five Offer Alibi. Alibi witnesses for Meshkoff, who said he stayed home and played cards all evening, included his wife, Olive; two sisters, Eugenia and Betty; his sister-in-law, Lillian Mae Lynch, and his brother-in-law, Paul Morgan. All testified the detective did not leave his home at 3446 Connecticut avenue from the time he moved his car off of Connecticut avenue to Ordway street at about 7 p.m. Thursday until he was called by Pvt. S. F. Malone of the fourth precinct, after the accident in which his car was involved. All six witnesses testified they played cards until about 11:30, when they retired. Lieut. Oscar Letterman said he talked to Meshkoff on the telephone at his home at 1:25 a.m. last Friday after Norris had reported the accident. The accident occurred at 12:45 Norris pointed Meshkoff out in the crowded room and testified the officer Wore a gray overcoat on the night of the accident. Other witnesses, including Lieut. Letterman, testified Meshkoff does not own a gray overcoat. When he appeared at the hearing, he was wearing a light tan overcoat. He said he also owns a black one. Three Injured in Crash. Norris and his two passengers, James Douglas, 30, colored, 1013 Fifteenth street, and Aloysius Brown, 24, colored, 28 Fourteenth street, were injured in the crash, it was brought out, but none seriously. McGrath held that the information brought out against Meshkoff at the hearing was too meager upon which to base a charge of leaving after colliding. He said he did not believe a jury would convict Meshkoff. Meshkoff was represented at the hearing by Atty. Charles E. Ford, who stressed the time element between the crash at 12:45 and the time Lieutenant Letterman and Pvt. Malone talked to him on the telephone at his home and pointed out that it would be a physical impossibility for Meshkoff to have secured other transportation after his car was wrecked, even if he had been present, and gotten to his home in time to answer the telephone. Norris was represented by Harold P. Gans. SUTOPIA SEEKERS BUFFETED BY GALE Schooner Slips Into Key West Port, Sails in Shreds, Following Storm. By the Associated Press. KEY WEST, Fla., February 27.— The weather-beaten schooner Fleetwood slipped into port here yesterday, her eight pilgrims to a Virgin Island Utopia red-eyed and weary after battling blustering winds that left sails in tatters. The schooner, in difficulty three times since leader Maurice Allard and his party of liberals first left Tampa, encountered the gale at sea on a 152 mile voyage from Boca Grande to Key West. Allard, after Again denying he and his followers were nudists, went below decks of the Fleetwood soon after arrival here, saying he “must get some sleep.” Others in the party said the expedition likely would be delayed here several days in patching the damaged sails. Other than the unpleasantness of the violent tossing about during the gale and the loss of sleep, those aboard the Fleetwood suffered no ill effects. TAKES UP NEW DUTIES W. S. Alexander Assumes Federal Alcohol Post. Wilford S. Alexander of Meriden, Conn., today began his duties as the new administrator of the Federal Alcohol Administration. He was sworn into office yesterday afternoon by F. A. Birgfeld, chief clerk of the Treasury Department. After taking the oath of office, Alexander stated he considered this appointment “a distinct opportunity for public service.” A New Deal Republican, Alexander was well known in banking circles in Connecticut. He is a native of Maine. Sample Fairs Slated. Tripoli and Milan, Italy, will hold tample fairs this year. Meats of Quality! Meat is important to you and to us. To serve meat of the proper quality to your family, it's your problem. To keep constantly for your choosing, a wide variety of good meat at fair prices, it's our problem, and one that we look after vigorously. Only meat of good quality are selected for A&P markets—purchased most from the great packing centers. Even at such times that price, right, quality, it never accumulated for price. We have a pardonable pride in the excellence of our meat market. The homemaker who retires to buy her meat requirements from A&P has solved one of the problems of housekeeping! We Offer This Week End... LEGS LAMB $23' Smoked Hams 25' DUCKLINGS 23' Air FANCY FRESHLY KILLED Frying or Broiling CHICKENS “Freshly killed, specially prepared and dressed by a new, exclusive method (the only one of its kind in D. C.), assuring the utmost in quality and tastiness... THE BEST YOU CAN BUY. “Look for the G. E. P. yellow tag of quality attached to the wing of each bird.” The entire family will surely enjoy a delicious fried chicken dinner, Sunday. There’s no treat quite equal! ANOTHER NEW A&P FOOD STORE OPENS FRIDAY February 28, 1936 at 519 South 23rd St. VIRGINIA HIGHLANDS An ultra-modern food store, complete with fresh meats, vegetables, fruits and fancy and staple groceries... to better serve the residents of Virginia Highlands. w w SEAFOODS Fresh Haddock Fillets_">• 22c Fresh Cleaned Croakers. »>• 14c Fresh Cleaned Bluefish_i*»- 19c Sliced Swordfish_»>. 25c Fancy Pollock Fillets_12c Fresh Cleaned Mackerel. n». 19c Fancy Smelts_»• 17c Sliced Halibut or Salmon.»>• 25c Standard Oysters_p‘- 25c Select Oysters_p‘- 30c Other Cuts Economically Priced— LAMB Shoulder Roast_»»>. 14c Loin Chops_>b. 33c Breast_,b- 10c Chops *Jb 27c *hZ]der 19c STEAKS Round 27c 3* 29c Sirloin_«•>. 31c Porterhouse_35c Ground Beef*_«>• 17c BEEF ROASTS Fancy Rib_«*>• 23c 3-Corner_»>■ 21c Bouillon Bone,ess_••>- 23c Sirloin Tip_«>• 25c [ Chuck St * 17-Bacon Squares»•19C Sparkling, Fresh! FANCY, SNOWY HEADS I Cauliflower 2 “ 25‘ h TENDER, TASTY "GREEN PEAS 3 19‘ & DELICIOUS ANJOU PEARS 3 17' Grapefruit__3 14c Bananas_3 n>»- 14c Onions 3 >*• 13c Carrots_ _ bunch C Apples Bo®e plTed 4 ,bi- 19c Potatoes J; sj 10 >b«. 23c .Sw. Potatoes, 3 10c Celery_ _bunch 10c Spinach_3 •» 25c Lettuce , £J^2y*„c - - - »«>• "*** 5c York Apples 98c; 4 ib*. 10c New Cabbage_2 «». 9c Fresh Beets__bunch 5c Broccoli_2 »>*• 15c EIGHT O’CLOCK COFFEE 15< I RED CIRCLE - 17c BOKAR_“■ 21c CONDOR . - »>• 25c I ! DEL MONTE PEACHES 2 Si 25* ' ; DEL MONTE Ej JL E’ Best by nature and No. 2 |C C perfect canning. cans ' | THE NEW I I Ml A delicloos spread lb. 1^1 ■ —perfect for all cooking pkg. COLD STREAM PINK SALMON 9* PURE KING SYRUP 15*'27* FINE GRANULATED SUGAR 10 H 48* CRUTCHFIELD'S CORN MEAL 15* if 27* THE DIGESTIBLE SHORTENING CRISCO - 53* “ $105 Larsen's Vegetable 2 V." 23c Brilliant Mixed or lb. 1 ft Van Sant Stuffed Dainties - - - IUW Grandmother's Bread iJ'S 7c Sunnyfield Butter - -Priblets 43c Coconut Candy Neopolitan -,b 15c Heinz Soups Consomme - - 2”,?25c Iona Macaroni Spaghetti 4c | Peanut Butter s“1Ud*. Ib- *" 15c 11 Post Toasties.pkt 7 c Scotch Towels.»'■ 9c Waldorf Tissue-3""‘l Oc Oxydol-2^” 15c.IS 19c Silver Dust.2 plD 25c Gold Dust.“• pl“-5c Sunbrite Cleanser - 3 *■“ 13c Staley's GLOSS STARCH CUBES Exact Measure Saves Ironing Time pound package PILLSBURY’S CAKE FLOUR iMusiut-simt IN EVIRY MOUSE package C ANN PAGE TOMATO Made from Delidow Sun-Ripened Tomatoes MILK ARGO SALMON MAC Full of Good A No. 2 PEAS Food Value PURE A C LARD 2 RAJAH SANDWICH SPREAD SUGAR HONEY MAID COCKERS GRAHAMS FOR YOUR DOG OR CAT 3 cans HERSHEYS CHOCOLATE BARS WEET MILK CHOCOLATE 2 bars CHOCOLATE KISSES 23c COCOA 2 15c 2 25c BAKING CHOCOLATE-215c GENERAL FOODS HOUSE COFFEE IRAPE-NUTS Pk,. 15c AKES—9c JELL-0-**5c ADER—9c SATIN...-5c |
1756749_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 월촌리(月村里)는 다음 지역에 위치한 대한민국의 리이다.
전라남도 영광군 낙월면 월촌리
경상남도 김해시 대동면 월촌리
경상남도 창원시 의창구 북면 월촌리
경상남도 함안군 군북면 월촌리
같이 보기
대한민국의 리.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20174 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #pragma once
#include "MeshUtils/MeshUtils.h"
using namespace mu;
void GenerateIcoSphereMesh(
RawVector<int>& counts,
RawVector<int>& indices,
RawVector<float3>& points,
RawVector<float2>& uv,
float radius,
int iteration);
void GenerateIcoSphereMesh(
SharedVector<int>& counts,
SharedVector<int>& indices,
SharedVector<float3>& points,
SharedVector<float2>& uv,
float radius,
int iteration);
void GenerateWaveMesh(
RawVector<int>& counts,
RawVector<int>& indices,
RawVector<float3> &points,
RawVector<float2> &uv,
float size, float height,
int resolution,
float angle,
bool triangulate = false);
void GenerateWaveMesh(
SharedVector<int>& counts,
SharedVector<int>& indices,
SharedVector<float3> &points,
SharedVector<float2> &uv,
float size, float height,
int resolution,
float angle,
bool triangulate = false);
|
github_open_source_100_8_20175 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import combineRouters from 'koa-combine-routers';
import mainRoutes from '../routes/main';
import userRoutes from '../routes/user';
import dogRoutes from '../routes/dog';
const router = combineRouters(mainRoutes, userRoutes, dogRoutes);
export default router;
|
github_open_source_100_8_20176 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/usr/bin/env zsh
# Copyright (c) 2018 Sebastian Gniazdowski <[email protected]>
#
# This Zsh script is to be fed with Git progress-bar output
# (normally occuring on stderr, so the piping "|&" is needed,
# it redirects both stdout and stderr), induced by --progress
# Git option (for non-terminal stderr, Git skips the progress
# bar and it has to be asked to still generate it).
#
# The script shows animated progress bar instead of the text
# progress data that Git normally shows.
#
# Example:
# git clone --progress https://github.com/... |& git-process-output.zsh
#
# The script can be also used to mute Git's progress bar (keeping
# the error and authentication messages) by passing an option "-q"
# (to the script).
emulate -LR zsh -o typesetsilent -o extendedglob -o warncreateglobal
trap "tput cnorm" EXIT
trap "tput cnorm" INT
trap "tput cnorm" TERM
local first=1
# Code by leoj3n
timeline() {
local sp='▚▞'; sp="${sp:$2%2:1}"
local bar="$(print -f "%-$2s▓%$(($3-$2))s" "${sp}" "${sp}")"
print -f "%s %s" "${bar// /░}" ""
}
# $1 - n. of objects
# $2 - packed objects
# $3 - total objects
# $4 - receiving percentage
# $5 - resolving percentage
print_my_line() {
print -nr -- "OBJ: $1, PACKED: $2/$3${${4:#...}:+, RECEIVING: $4%}${${5:#...}:+, RESOLVING: $5%} "
print -n $'\015'
}
print_my_line_compress() {
print -nr -- "OBJ: $1, PACKED: $2/$3, COMPRESS: $4%${${5:#...}:+, RECEIVING: $5%}${${6:#...}:+, RESOLVING: $6%} "
print -n $'\015'
}
integer have_1_counting=0 have_2_total=0 have_3_receiving=0 have_4_deltas=0 have_5_compress=0
integer counting_1=0 total_2=0 total_packed_2=0 receiving_3=0 deltas_4=0 compress_5=0
integer loop_count=0
IFS=''
tput civis
{ command perl -pe 'BEGIN { $|++; $/ = \1 }; tr/\r/\n/' || \
gstdbuf -o0 gtr '\r' '\n' || \
cat } |& \
while read -r line; do
(( ++ loop_count ))
if [[ "$line" = "Cloning into"* ]]; then
#print; print $line
continue
elif [[ "$line" = (#i)*user*name* || "$line" = (#i)*password* ]]; then
print; print $line
continue
elif [[ "$line" = remote:*~*(Counting|Total|Compressing|Enumerating)* || "$line" = fatal:* ]]; then
print $line
continue
fi
if [[ "$line" = (#b)"remote: Counting objects:"[\ ]#([0-9]##)(*) ]]; then
have_1_counting=1
counting_1="${match[1]}"
fi
if [[ "$line" = (#b)"remote: Enumerating objects:"[\ ]#([0-9]##)(*) ]]; then
have_1_counting=1
counting_1="${match[1]}"
fi
if [[ "$line" = (#b)*"remote: Total"[\ ]#([0-9]##)*"pack-reused"[\ ]#([0-9]##)* ]]; then
have_2_total=1
total_2="${match[1]}" total_packed_2="${match[2]}"
fi
if [[ "$line" = (#b)"Receiving objects:"[\ ]#([0-9]##)%* ]]; then
have_3_receiving=1
receiving_3="${match[1]}"
fi
if [[ "$line" = (#b)"Resolving deltas:"[\ ]#([0-9]##)%* ]]; then
have_4_deltas=1
deltas_4="${match[1]}"
fi
if [[ "$line" = (#b)"remote: Compressing objects:"[\ ]#([0-9]##)"%"(*) ]]; then
have_5_compress=1
compress_5="${match[1]}"
fi
if (( loop_count >= 2 )); then
integer pr
(( pr = have_4_deltas ? deltas_4 / 10 : (
have_3_receiving ? receiving_3 / 10 : (
have_5_compress ? compress_5 / 10 : ( ( ( loop_count - 1 ) / 14 ) % 10 ) + 1 ) ) ))
[[ "$1" != "-q" ]] &&timeline "" $pr 11
if (( have_5_compress )); then
[[ "$1" != "-q" ]] && print_my_line_compress "${${${(M)have_1_counting:#1}:+$counting_1}:-...}" \
"${${${(M)have_2_total:#1}:+$total_packed_2}:-0}" \
"${${${(M)have_2_total:#1}:+$total_2}:-0}" \
"${${${(M)have_5_compress:#1}:+$compress_5}:-...}" \
"${${${(M)have_3_receiving:#1}:+$receiving_3}:-...}" \
"${${${(M)have_4_deltas:#1}:+$deltas_4}:-...}"
else
[[ "$1" != "-q" ]] && print_my_line "${${${(M)have_1_counting:#1}:+$counting_1}:-...}" \
"${${${(M)have_2_total:#1}:+$total_packed_2}:-0}" \
"${${${(M)have_2_total:#1}:+$total_2}:-0}" \
"${${${(M)have_3_receiving:#1}:+$receiving_3}:-...}" \
"${${${(M)have_4_deltas:#1}:+$deltas_4}:-...}"
fi
fi
done
[[ "$1" != "-q" ]] && print
tput cnorm
# vim:ft=zsh:et:sw=4:sts=4
|
github_open_source_100_8_20177 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
$id = "";
$name = "";
$address = "";
$contact_person = "";
$telephone_no = "";
$fax_no = "";
$email = "";
$category = "";
$bank_name = "";
$bank_account_no = "";
$tin = "";
$status = "";
if(isset($supplier)){
//var_dump($item[0]['id']);exit;
$id = $supplier[0]['id'];
$name = $supplier[0]['name'];
$address = $supplier[0]['address'];
$contact_person = $supplier[0]['contact_person'];
$telephone_no = $supplier[0]['telephone_no'];
$fax_no = $supplier[0]['fax_no'];
$email = $supplier[0]['email'];
$category = $supplier[0]['category'];
$bank_name = $supplier[0]['bank_name'];
$bank_account_no = $supplier[0]['bank_account_no'];
$tin = $supplier[0]['tin'];
$status = $supplier[0]['status'];
}
?>
<style>
.modal-dialog{width: 400px !important;height: 300px;}
</style>
<form class="form-horizontal" role="form" name="bankForm" id="bankForm" action="<?php echo HTTP_PATH.'forms/add_supplier'; ?>" method="post" style="height: 400px;">
<?php echo $this->Mmm->createCSRF() ?>
<input type="hidden" name="stat" value="1">
<input type="hidden" name="id" value="<?php echo $id; ?>">
<!--- waybill activity --->
<div style="width:250px; float:left; margin-left:0px;">
<div class="container">
<div class="panel panel-primary" style="font-size:12px; width:550px; height:565px">
<div class="panel-heading" role="tab" id="headingOne">
<strong>Supplier Information </strong>
</div>
<div class="panel-body" role="tab">
<p>Label with asterisk (*) is required</p><hr />
<div style="width:200px; margin-left:20px; float:left">
<div class="form-group">
<label>Name: *</label>
<div>
<input class="form-control input-sm" name="name" class="form-control abas_Formcontrol" value="<?php echo $name; ?>" required>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label>Address: *</label>
<div>
<span role="status" aria-live="polite" class="ui-helper-hidden-accessible"></span><input class="form-control input-sm ui-autocomplete-input" type="text" name="address" class="form-control abas_Formcontrol" value="<?php echo $address; ?>" required>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label>Contact Person: *</label>
<div>
<input class="ui-helper-hidden-accessible"></span><input class="form-control input-sm ui-autocomplete-input" type="text" name="contact_person" class="form-control" value="<?php echo $contact_person; ?>" required>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label>Telephone Number: * </label>
<div>
<input class="ui-helper-hidden-accessible"></span><input class="form-control input-sm ui-autocomplete-input" type="text" name="telephone_no" class="form-control" value="<?php echo $telephone_no; ?>" required>
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label>Fax Number:</label>
<div id="subcategory">
<input type="text" name="fax_no" class="form-control input-sm ui-autocomplete-input" value="<?php echo $fax_no; ?>">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label>Email:</label>
<div>
<input type="email" name="email" class="form-control input-sm ui-autocomplete-input" value="<?php echo $email; ?>">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
</div>
</div>
<div style="width:200px; margin-left:70px; float:left">
<div class="form-group">
<label>Category: </label>
<div>
<input type="text" name="category" class="form-control input-sm ui-autocomplete-input" value="<?php echo $category; ?>">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label>Bank Name:</label>
<div>
<input type="text" name="bank_name" class="form-control input-sm" value="<?php echo $bank_name; ?>">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label>Bank Account Number:</label>
<div>
<input type="text" name="bank_account_no" class="form-control input-sm" value="<?php echo $bank_account_no; ?>">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label>TIN Number:</label>
<div>
<input type="text" name="tin" class="form-control input-sm" value="<?php echo $tin; ?>">
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label>Status:</label>
<div>
<input type="text" name="status" class="form-control input-sm" value="<?php echo $status; ?>">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs" data-dismiss="modal" onclick="myFunction()">Close</button>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs">Save</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</form> |
github_open_source_100_8_20178 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/bin/sh
php artisan migrate --force
|
8578_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | အဗာတာ () ရုပ်ရှင်ဇာတ်ကားသည် ၂၀၀၉ ခုနှစ်တွင် ရုံတင်ပြသသည့် ဒါရိုက်တာ ဂျိမ်းစ် ကင်မရွန်၏ လက်ရာ သိပ္ပံခေတ်လွန် အမေရိကန် ရုပ်ရှင်ဇာတ်ကား တစ်ကားဖြစ်သည်။ ၎င်း၏ဇာတ်အိမ်မှာ ၂၁၅၄ ခုနှစ် အယ်လဖာ စင်တောရိ (Alpha Centauri) ကြယ်အဖွဲ့အစည်းအတွင်းရှိ ပန်ဒိုရာ အရံဂြိုဟ်ကို နောက်ခံပြု၍ ရိုက်ကူးထားသည်။ လူသား (ကမ္ဘာဂြိုဟ်သား) များသည် ပန်ဒိုရာဂြိုဟ်မှ ယူနော့ဘ်တေနီယမ် (Unobtanium) ခေါ် အဖိုးတန် (ရုပ်ရှင်ထဲတွင် ဖော်ပြချက်အရ ၁ ကီလိုလျှင် အမေရိကန်ဒေါ်လာ သန်း ၂၀ တန်သည်။) တွင်းထွက်ပစ္စည်းတစ်မျိုးကို သွားရောက် တူးဖော်ကြသည်။ ဤကဲ့သို့ တူးဖော်ခြင်းသည် ပန်ဒိုရာဂြိုဟ်၏ သဘာဝ ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်နှင့် လူပုံပေါက်သော ပန်ဒိုရာဂြိုဟ်သား နာဗီ (Na'vi) တို့ ဆက်လက် ရှင်သန်ရေးကို ထိခိုက်စေနိုင်သောကြောင့် နာဗီလူမျိုးများက ကျူးကျော် နယ်ချဲ့လာသူ ကမ္ဘာဂြိုဟ်သားများကို ခုခံကာကွယ်ကြသည့် ဇာတ်လမ်းဖြစ်သည်။ အဗာတာ ဆိုသည့် ရုပ်ရှင်အမည်မှာ ကမ္ဘာဂြိုဟ်သားများက နာဗီတို့နှင့် ထိတွေ့ဆက်ဆံရာတွင် အသုံးပြုရန် မျိုးဗီဇအင်ဂျင်နီယာ နည်းပညာဖြင့် ဖန်တီးထားသည့် ကိုယ်ပွားများကို ညွှန်းဆိုသည်။
အဗာတာဇာတ်ကားအတွက် စိတ်ကူးများကို ဂျိမ်းစ် ကင်မရွန်သည် ၁၉၉၄ ခုနှစ်တွင် စတင် ပုံကြမ်းရေးဆွဲခဲ့သည်။ ထိုစဉ်က ဇာတ်ညွှန်းနှင့် ဒိုင်ယာလော့များမှာ စာမျက်နှာ ၈၀ ခန့်ရှိခဲ့သည်။ အဗာတာအား ရိုက်ကူးမှု လုပ်ငန်းများကို မူလက တိုင်တဲနစ်ဇာတ်ကား (၁၉၉၇) အပြီးတွင် စတင်ကာ ၁၉၉၉ ခုနှစ်တွင် ရုံတင်ရန် ရည်မှန်းခဲ့သည်။ သို့သော်လည်း ဂျိမ်းစ် ကင်မရွန်၏ အဆိုအရ ထိုစဉ်အခါက ၎င်း၏ စိတ်ကူးစိတ်သန်းများကို ရုပ်ရှင်ပိတ်ကားပေါ်တွင် ပုံဖော်ပေးနိုင်လောက်အောင် ရုပ်ရှင် နည်းပညာများက လိုက်မမှီသေးဟု သိရသည်။
၂၀၀၅ ခုနှစ် နွေတွင် နာဗီလူမျိုးများ အသုံးပြုသည့် ဘာသာစကား ဖန်တီးရေး လုပ်ငန်းများကို စတင်ခဲ့ပြီး ဂျိမ်းစ် ကင်မရွန်က ဇာတ်ညွှန်းနှင့် စက်တင်များအတွက် ၂၀၀၆ ခုနှစ် နှစ်ဆန်းပိုင်းတွင် အစပြုခဲ့သည်။ အဗာတာ ရုပ်ရှင်ကို သမားရိုးကျ 2D ဗာရှင်းနှင့်ရော 3D ဗာရှင်း နှင့်ပါ ထုတ်ဝေ ဖြန့်ချိသည်။ 3D ဗာရှင်းဖြင့် ရိုက်ကူးခဲ့သည့်အတွက်လည်း ရုပ်ရှင်နည်းပညာတွင် တိုးတက်မှုတရပ်ဟု အများက အမွှမ်းတင်ကြသည်။
အဗာတာ ဗွေဆော်ဦးပြပွဲကို ၂၀၀၉ ဒီဇင်ဘာ ၁၀ ရက်နေ့ လန်ဒန်မြို့တွင် ကျင်းပခဲ့ပြီး ၁၈ ရက်နေ့တွင် အမေရိကန် ပြည်ထောင်စုနှင့် ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံတွင် ရုံတင်ခဲ့သည်။ အဗာတာ ဇာတ်ကားသည် လူကြိုက်များလွန်းသောကြောင့် နံပါတ် ၁ နေရာတွင် ၁၀ နှစ်ကျော်ကြာ လွှမ်းမိုးထားသော ဂျိမ်းစ် ကင်မရွန်၏ လက်ရာပဲဖြစ်သည့် တိုင်တဲနစ်ဇာတ်ကားကို ကျော်တက်ကာ ရုပ်ရှင်သမိုင်းတွင် ကမ္ဘာ့ဝင်ငွေအကောင်းဆုံး ဇာတ်ကားအဖြစ် စံချိန်တင်လိုက်ပြီ ဖြစ်သည်။ အဗာတာ ဇာတ်ကား ဤသို့ အောင်မြင်မှု ရရှိပြီးနောက် နောက်ဆက်တွဲ ၂ ကား ဆက်လက် ရိုက်ကူးနိုင်ခြေရှိသည်ဟု ဒါရိုက်တာ ဂျိမ်းစ် ကင်မရွန်က အတည်ပြု ပြောကြားထားသည်။
ဇာတ်လမ်းအကျဉ်း
၂၁၅၄ ခုနှစ်တွင် အာဒီအေ (Resources Development Administration) ကော်ပိုရေးရှင်းက ပန်ဒိုရာဂြိုဟ်တွင် တွင်းထွက်ပစ္စည်းများကို တူးဖော်လျက်ရှိသည်။ ပန်ဒိုရာသည် ကမ္ဘာဂြိုဟ်နှင့် ခပ်ဆင်ဆင်ရှိပြီး အယ်ဖာ စင်တိုရီ ကြယ်အဖွဲ့အစည်းအတွင်းရှိ ပိုလီဖီမတ်စ် (Polyphemus) ၏ အရံဂြိုဟ်ဖြစ်သည်။ ပါကာ ဆဲ့လ်ဖရစ်ဂျ် (Giovanni Ribisi) က တူးဖော်ရေး လုပ်ငန်းများကို ဦးဆောင်ကာ ၎င်းတို့၏ လုံခြုံရေးအတွက် မရိန်းတပ်သားများကို ငှားရမ်းထားသည်။ အာဒီအေက ပန်ဒိုရာဂြိုဟ်ရှိ ယူနော့ဘ်တေနီယမ် အဖိုးတန် တွင်းထွက်ပစ္စည်းကို တူးယူကာ အမြတ်ထုတ်ရန် ကြိုးစားလျက်ရှိသည်။ ပန်ဒိုရာဂြိုဟ်တွင် အရပ် ၁၀ ပေခန့်မြင့်ပြီး လူပုံပေါက်သည့် နာဗီတို့ ကျက်စားနေထိုင်လျက်ရှိသည်။ လူသားများနှင့် မတူသည့်အချက်မှာ နာဗီတို့၏ အရေပြားမှာ အပြာရောင်ဖြစ်ပြီး အမြှီးပါရှိသည်။ နာဗီတို့သည် သဘာဝဝန်းကျင်နှင့် သဟဇာတရှိရှိ နေထိုင်ကြပြီး အီဝါ (Eywa) ခေါ် နတ်သမီးကို ကိုးကွယ်ကြသည်။
ပန်ဒိုရာ၏ လေထုသည် လူသားများအား အဆိပ်သင့်စေသောကြောင့် လူသားများ ပန်ဒိုရာဂြိုဟ်ပေါ်တွင် အောက်စီဂျင် မျက်နှာဖုံးများ တပ်ဆင်မှသာ သွားလာနိုင်သည်။ ပန်ဒိုရာဂြိုဟ်သားများနှင့် ဆက်ဆံရေး ပြေပြစ်စေရန်နှင့် ပန်ဒိုရာဂြိုဟ်၏ သက်ရှိများကို လေ့လာရန် သိပ္ပံပညာရှင်များသည် လူ ဒီအန်အေဖြင့် ပေါင်းစပ်မွမ်းမံထားသည့် နာဗီ ခန္ဓာကိုယ်များကို ဖန်တီးကြသည်။ အဗာတာဟုခေါ်သည့် ယင်းကိုယ်ပွားများကို ဒီအန်အေပိုင်ရှင် လူသားများက ထိန်းချုပ်ကြပြီး စိတ်အားဖြင့်လည်း ဆက်စပ်မှုရှိသည်။ အောက်ပိုင်းသေနေသည့် မရိန်း (ကမ်းတက်) တပ်သားဟောင်း ဂျိတ်ခ် ဆာလီ (Sam Worthington) သည် အသတ်ခံရသည့်၊ အဗာတာအား ထိန်းချုပ်ရန် လေ့ကျင့်ထားသည့် သိပ္ပံပညာရှင် အမွှာညီအစ်ကို၏ ကိုယ်စား လိုက်သွားခြင်း ဖြစ်သည်။ အဗာတာ အစီအစဉ်ကို ဦးဆောင်သည့် ဒေါက်တာ ဂရေ့စ် ဩဂတ်စတင် (Sigourney Weaver) က ဆာလီသည် ၎င်း၏ ညီအစ်ကိုနေရာတွင် အစားထိုးနိုင်လောက်အောင် အရည်အချင်း မမှီသေးဟုယူဆကာ သူ့အား အရေးတယူ မလုပ်ပဲ ကိုယ်ရံတော် အဖြစ်သာ ချောင်ထိုးထားလေသည်။
ဩဂတ်စတင်၊ ဇီဝဗေဒ ပညာရှင် နောမ် စပဲမင်း (Joel David Moore) နှင့် ဂျိတ်ခ်တို့သည် ၎င်းတို့၏ အဗာတာအသွင်ဖြင့် ခြေကုတ်စခန်းမှထွက်ကာ ပန်ဒိုရာဂြိုဟ်၏ သက်ရှိ စံနမူနာများ ရှာဖွေခြင်းနှင့် နာဗီတို့နှင့် ငြိမ်းချမ်းစွာ ဆက်ဆံနိုင်ရေးကို ကြိုးပမ်းကြသည်။ ဤသို့လုပ်ဆောင်ရာတွင် ၎င်းတို့အဖွဲ့သည် သားရဲတိရစ္ဆာန်များ၏ တိုက်ခိုက်ခြင်းခံရကာ လူစုကွဲသွားကြသည်။ သစ်တောထဲတွင် မျက်စိလည် လမ်းမှားနေသည့် ဂျိတ်ခ်ကို နာဗီမယ် နေတီရိ (Zoe Saldana) က ကယ်တင်ပြီး သူမတို့ မျိုးစု အိုမတီကာယာ (Omaticaya) နေထိုင်သည့် အသိုက်အမြုံသို့ (Hometree) ခေါ်ဆောင်သွားသည်။ နေတီရိ၏ မိခင် နတ်ဆရာ မိုအက် (C. C. H. |
github_open_source_100_8_20179 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package cn.sunner.sms2calendar;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
import java.util.List;
import cn.sunner.sms2calendar.parser.N106980000666Parser;
import cn.sunner.sms2calendar.parser.SMSParser;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
/**
* Created by Sunner on 7/26/16.
* <p/>
* Test ctrip.com parser
*/
public class N106980000666ParserTest {
@Test
public void testParsePattern1() throws Exception {
SMSParser parser = new N106980000666Parser(
"已出票：订单9987654321『首都航空 JD5688 杭州萧山T3-海口美兰 10月1日9:00-10月1日11:35 陈美人，票号898-1234567890；孙志岗，票号898-1234567890』请提前2小时至机场值机。可在APP『行程』频道查看行程，值机选座、退改点击http://t.ctrip.cn/dFxBvc【携程网】"
);
List<Event> events = parser.getEvents();
assertEquals(1, events.size());
Event event = events.get(0);
assertEquals("首都航空JD5688", event.getTitle());
assertEquals("杭州萧山T3", event.getLocation());
assertEquals(new GregorianCalendar(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR), 10 - 1, 1, 9, 0), event.getBeginTime());
assertEquals(new GregorianCalendar(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR), 10 - 1, 1, 11, 35), event.getEndTime());
}
@Test
public void testParsePatter2() throws Exception {
SMSParser parser = new N106980000666Parser(
"订单1234567890已出票 孙志岗 北京首都T3-杭州萧山T1，07月23日21:10-23:30，中国国航CA1714，票号：999-1234567890。建议提前45分钟以上办理值机。【携程】"
);
List<Event> events = parser.getEvents();
assertEquals(1, events.size());
Event event = events.get(0);
assertEquals("中国国航CA1714", event.getTitle());
assertEquals("北京首都T3", event.getLocation());
assertEquals(new GregorianCalendar(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR), 7 - 1, 23, 21, 10), event.getBeginTime());
assertEquals(new GregorianCalendar(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR), 7 - 1, 23, 23, 30), event.getEndTime());
}
@Test
public void testFourEvents() throws Exception {
SMSParser parser = new N106980000666Parser(
"(1/2) 机票已出：订单1708724174已出票。CHEN/MEIREN，票号781-1234567890；SUN/ZHIGANG，票号781-1234567890『（1）东方航空 MU779 上海浦东T1-奥克兰I 4月29日0:05-4月29日17:15（2）新西兰航空 NZ549 奥克兰-基督城克赖斯特彻奇 4月29日19:10-4月29日20:35（3）新西兰航空 NZ532 基督城克赖斯特彻奇-奥克兰 5月8日16:45-5月8日18:05（4）东方航空 MU780 奥克兰I-上海浦东T1 5月8日21:00-5月9日5:30』建议您提前3小时到达机场办理值机。温馨提示：航班4月29日凌晨00:05起飞，请留意起飞日期，以免误机。机票按顺序使用。【携程网】"
);
List<Event> events = parser.getEvents();
assertEquals(4, events.size());
Event event = events.get(0);
assertEquals("东方航空MU779", event.getTitle());
assertEquals("上海浦东T1", event.getLocation());
assertEquals(new GregorianCalendar(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR), 4 - 1, 29, 0, 5), event.getBeginTime());
assertEquals(new GregorianCalendar(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR), 4 - 1, 29, 17, 15), event.getEndTime());
event = events.get(1);
assertEquals("新西兰航空NZ549", event.getTitle());
assertEquals("奥克兰", event.getLocation());
assertEquals(new GregorianCalendar(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR), 4 - 1, 29, 19, 10), event.getBeginTime());
assertEquals(new GregorianCalendar(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR), 4 - 1, 29, 20, 35), event.getEndTime());
event = events.get(2);
assertEquals("新西兰航空NZ532", event.getTitle());
assertEquals("基督城克赖斯特彻奇", event.getLocation());
assertEquals(new GregorianCalendar(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR), 5 - 1, 8, 16, 45), event.getBeginTime());
assertEquals(new GregorianCalendar(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR), 5 - 1, 8, 18, 5), event.getEndTime());
event = events.get(3);
assertEquals("东方航空MU780", event.getTitle());
assertEquals("奥克兰I", event.getLocation());
assertEquals(new GregorianCalendar(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR), 5 - 1, 8, 21, 0), event.getBeginTime());
assertEquals(new GregorianCalendar(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.YEAR), 5 - 1, 9, 5, 30), event.getEndTime());
}
@Test
public void testNotValid() throws Exception {
SMSParser parser = new N106980000666Parser(
"订单1234567890已出票 孙志岗 北京首都T3-杭州萧山T1，07月23日21:10"
);
List<Event> events = parser.getEvents();
assertEquals(0, events.size());
}
} |
github_open_source_100_8_20180 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { connect } from 'react-redux';
import Modal from 'react-modal';
import React from 'react';
import { I18n } from 'react-redux-i18n';
import mapDispatchToProps from '../actions';
import { mapStateToProps } from '../model/state';
import SetLocale from './SetLocale';
@connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)
export default class WelcomeComponent extends React.Component {
static propTypes = {
actions: React.PropTypes.shape({
closeWelcome: React.PropTypes.func.isRequired
}),
i18n: React.PropTypes.shape({
locale: React.PropTypes.string.isRequired
}),
ui: React.PropTypes.object.isRequired
}
render() {
const { wasWelcomeClosed } = this.props.ui;
const { closeWelcome } = this.props.actions;
return (
<Modal
className="modal"
isOpen={!wasWelcomeClosed}>
<h2>{I18n.t('welcome.title')}</h2>
<i className="fa fa-close close-modal" onClick={closeWelcome} />
<div>
<p>{I18n.t('welcome.content-1')}</p>
<p>{I18n.t('welcome.content-2')}</p>
<p>{I18n.t('welcome.content-3')}</p>
<p>{I18n.t('welcome.content-4')}</p>
<ul>
<li>{I18n.t('welcome.content-5')}</li>
<li>{I18n.t('welcome.content-6')}</li>
<li>{I18n.t('welcome.content-7')}</li>
<li>{I18n.t('welcome.content-8')}</li>
<li>{I18n.t('welcome.content-9')}</li>
</ul>
<SetLocale />
</div>
</Modal>
);
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20181 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | 'use strict';
var files = require('./angularFiles').files;
var util = require('./lib/grunt/utils.js');
var versionInfo = require('./lib/versions/version-info');
module.exports = function(grunt) {
grunt.loadTasks('lib/grunt');
// compute version related info for this build
var NG_VERSION = versionInfo.currentVersion;
grunt.initConfig({
NG_VERSION: NG_VERSION,
build: {
angular: {
dest: 'build/angular.js',
src: util.wrap([files['angularSrc']], 'angular'),
styles: {
css: ['css/angular.css'],
generateCspCssFile: true
}
},
mocks: {
dest: 'build/angular-mocks.js',
src: util.wrap(files['angularModules']['ngMock'], 'module'),
strict: false
}
},
});
};
function reportOrFail(message) {
if (process.env.CI) {
throw new Error(message);
} else {
console.log('===============================================================================');
console.log(message);
console.log('===============================================================================');
}
}
|
43788740_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | The 1958–59 Eintracht Frankfurt season was the 59th season in the club's football history. In 1958–59 the club played in the Oberliga Süd, the top tier of German football. It was the club's 14th season in the Oberliga Süd.
The season ended up with Eintracht winning the German championship for the first time, beating their local rivals Kickers Offenbach in the final match.
Matches
Legend
Friendlies
Oberliga
League fixtures and results
League table
Championship round
Group stage
Final
DFB-Pokal / SFV-Pokal
Squad
Squad and statistics
|}
Transfers
In:
Out:
See also
1959 German football championship
Notes
Sources
External links
Official English Eintracht website
German archive site
1958–59 Oberliga Süd season at Fussballdaten.de
1958-59
Eintracht Frankfurt
German football championship-winning seasons.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20182 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import csv
from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError
from main.models import BaseItem, ItemCategory, BaseItemAbility
import re
class Command(BaseCommand):
args = ''
help = 'Clears the items'
def handle(self, *args, **options):
global currentItem, abilities
currentItem = None
abilities = []
BaseItem.objects.all().delete()
BaseItemAbility.objects.all().delete()
|
6216845_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Filed 2/9/22; Opinion on transfer from Supreme Court
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE,
F078228
Plaintiff and Respondent,
(Kern Super. Ct. No. BF167343A)
v.
GUILLERMO VASQUEZ et al., OPINION
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. Kenneth C.
Twisselman II, Judge.
Jeffrey S. Kross, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Guillermo
Vasquez, Defendant and Appellant.
Benjamin Owens, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Nicky Diaz
Carrillo, Defendant and Appellant.
Rob Bonta and Xavier Becerra, Attorneys General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant
Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Julie A. Hokans
and Jessica C. Leal, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
-ooOoo-
*Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is
certified for publication with the exception of parts III., IV., and V. of the Discussion.
In an information filed January 16, 2018, the Kern County District Attorney
charged defendants Guillermo Vasquez and Nicky Diaz Carrillo with first degree murder
(count 1; Pen. Code, §§ 187, subd. (a), 189, subd. (a))1 and assault with a firearm
(count 2; § 245, subd. (a)(2).)2 As to both defendants, the information also alleged that a
principal discharged a firearm during the commission of the murder, proximately causing
death to a nonaccomplice (§ 12022.53, subds. (d) & (e)(1).) The information further
alleged both defendants were active gang participants who carried out the murder to
further the activities of the criminal street gang. (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(22).) The
information also alleged that both defendants committed both offenses “for the benefit of,
at the direction of, or in association with Sure[ñ]os, a criminal street gang, with the
specific intent to promote, further or assist in criminal conduct by gang members.”
(§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1).) Finally, the information alleged three enhancements under
section 667.5, subdivision (b) against Vasquez, asserting he had committed a felony
offense within five years of being released from a prison term. (§ 667.5, subd. (b).)
Trial was trifurcated into the following proceedings: trial of the murder charge
and personal firearm use enhancement (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)); trial of the gang
enhancements under sections 186.223 and the use of a firearm by a principal
enhancement (§ 12022.53, subds. (d) & (e)); and trial of Vasquez’s three prison priors.
In the first proceeding, a jury convicted defendants of first degree murder and found the
personal firearm use enhancement to be true as to both defendants.4 In the second
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
2 Count 2 was later dismissed at the prosecutor’s request.
3 Initially, this portion of trial was to also resolve the allegation under section
190.2, but that allegation was later dismissed at the prosecutor’s request.
4 At the court’s prompting, the parties stipulated that the court would “dismiss”
and strike the jury’s “finding” that both defendants personally discharged a firearm
causing death. The stipulation was based on an agreement that there was not substantial
evidence that each of the defendants personally discharged a firearm causing death.
However, the court still sentenced defendants on the use of a firearm by a principal
enhancement. (See § 12022.53, subd. (e)(1).)
2
proceeding, the jury found true the gang enhancement (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)) and the
discharge of a firearm by a principal causing death enhancement (§ 12022.53, subds. (d)
& (e)(1)) as to both defendants. Finally, in the third proceeding, the court found true the
prior prison term allegations against Vasquez.
The court sentenced Vasquez to 25 years to life in prison, plus 25 years to life
(§ 12022.53, subds. (d) & (e)(1)), plus three years (§ 667.5, subd. (b).) The court
sentenced Carrillo to 25 years to life, plus 25 years to life (§ 12022.53, subds. (d) &
(e)(1)).
Both defendants appealed. In a prior opinion filed July 27, 2021, this court
modified the judgment as to defendant Vasquez to strike the three one-year prison term
enhancements imposed under former section 667.5, subdivision (b), and otherwise
affirmed the judgment as to both defendants. The Supreme Court granted review,
vacated our opinion, and transferred the matter back to us for reconsideration in light of
Assembly Bill No. 333 (2021–2022 Reg. Sess.) (Stats. 2021, ch. 699) (AB 333.)
FACTS
I. Phase One of Trial
The Residence Motel in Bakersfield is a known hot spot for criminal activity. It is
bounded by Eureka Avenue to the north; Truxtun Avenue to the south; and Union
Avenue to the west.
Motel surveillance footage showed Francisco Amavisca wandering around the
motel premises through the early evening of February 18, 2017. The footage also shows
defendant Carrillo going to various locations on the premises of the Residence Motel that
day. At one point, Carrillo knocked on the door of room 245.
The prosecution’s theory was that defendants shot Amavisca on the motel grounds
at 7:14 p.m. About 16 minutes prior to the shooting, defendant Vasquez arrived at the
3
motel. At 7:14 p.m.,5 surveillance footage shows Vasquez walking out of the main gate.
The jersey he was wearing was pulled up over his head. Following closely behind was
Carrillo, wearing a mask. The two made their way along the exterior of the motel, first
heading north (near Union Ave), then east (near Eureka Street).
At 7:14:58, they leave the field of view of a surveillance camera in the direction of
a stairwell on the north side of the motel. A second or two later, Amavisca came running
into view of the camera from defendants’ location. Amavisca ran down Union Avenue
before collapsing. Amavisca bled to death from a gunshot wound that perforated his
femoral artery. Various bystanders reported hearing four to five gunshots.
Defendants went up the stairs and headed towards room 245. They crouched
below a partial wall as they approached the room. They entered room 245 shortly after
7:15 p.m.
Police arrived at the room about 16 minutes later. Carrillo was in room 245 along
with a woman and a child. On the bed was a gray sweatshirt and blue jeans, identical to
what Carrillo was wearing in the surveillance videos. Underneath a sofa cushion was a
black ski mask. DNA from the sweatshirt and mask matched Carrillo.
Vasquez was not in room 245 when police arrived. From the time defendants
entered room 245 until police arrived, surveillance cameras showed that no one left
through the front door of the room. However, from the back windows of room 245, it is
possible to step onto a flat roof nearby. Police officers exited room 245 via a back
window onto the flat roof and found a black grocery bag with six spent rounds of .357-
caliber ammunition.
Hours later, officers entered room 200. The door was ajar, but no one was inside.
Inside the room, police found a disconnected security camera that resembled the security
cameras on the motel premises. Inside the room’s air conditioning unit, officers found a
5 According to the surveillance video’s timestamp.
4
.357-caliber revolver. The firearm was capable of being loaded with seven bullets.
There was a single live bullet in the revolver when it was found by police.
Officers also found a Pittsburgh Steelers jersey on the bed and a drawstring
backpack on the floor. The drawstring backpack had .357-caliber ammunition inside and
a mask. They also found a Visa card with the name Yvette Garcia. 6
Vasquez’s DNA matched DNA on the revolver, the jersey, and the mask found in
the drawstring backpack.
Police located Vasquez the next day at a residence on East 3rd Street in
Bakersfield. Yvette Garcia was also at the residence. Inside a bedroom, officers located
the key to room 200 of the Residence Motel. Officers also located a bag of .357-caliber
ammunition at the home.
Officers interrogated Carrillo on the evening of February 18. Carrillo identified
himself in still shots from the surveillance video of the Residence Motel. Carrillo said he
had been watching the baby in the motel room when he heard gun shots. Carrillo claimed
he had nothing to do with the shooting.
After hearing this evidence, the jury returned guilty verdicts on count 1, and true
findings as to premeditation/deliberation (§ 189), and the personal firearm use resulting
in great bodily injury or death enhancement (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)) as to both defendants.
II. Phase Two of Trial
After the verdicts from the first phase were recorded, the second phase of the trial
began. This phase pertained to the gang enhancement (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)) and the
use of a firearm by a principal enhancement (§ 12022.53, subds. (d) & (e)(1).)
A. Prosecution Gang Expert – Officer Barajas
Officer Barajas testified as the prosecution’s gang expert. Barajas testified about
several topics, including gang structure and hierarchy. Barajas explained that the
6Years prior, Vasquez was pulled over by police. Yvette Garcia was his
passenger.
5
Mexican Mafia was originally a prison gang. The Mexican Mafia “spills out into the
streets … through the Sure[ñ]os.” The Mexican Mafia has created a gang structure, using
Sureños as their “foot soldiers.” At the top is a group of Mexican Mafia members
referred to as the “Mesa” or “the table.” They have monthly meetings, usually on the
13th of every month. This group then puts out “orders” that go down to the Sureños.
The local, Kern County Sureño gangs also have monthly meetings.
The Mexican Mafia also “taxes” the Sureños. For example, if a member of a
Sureño subset is given the ability to sell drugs in a particular area, he must pay “taxes”
that eventually go to members of the Mexican Mafia.
In Bakersfield, the Sureño gang has several “subsets.” A subset is a “smaller kind
of clique” under the “umbrella” of the Sureños. Sureño subsets in Bakersfield include the
Varrio Bakers, Colonia Bakers, West Side Bakers, East Side Bakers, South Side Bakers,
Okie Bakers, Loma Bakers, and Uptown Bakers. Members of different subsets commit
crimes together. Occasionally, subsets will have feuds with one another.
All Sureño gangs are associated with the Mexican Mafia. Sureño gang members
pay homage to Mexican Mafia by getting tattoos associated with the number 13.7
The “big gang rival” of the Sureños are the Norteños. Generally, everything south
of Delano is Sureño territory; and everything north of Delano is Norteño territory. The
Residence Motel is in Sureño territory. It is a “melting pot” for various Sureño subsets.
Navy blue is the Sureño gang’s color. The primary color of the West Side Bakers
subset is turquoise.
B. Predicate Offenses
Officer Barajas testified that an individual named Jimmy Ramirez was involved in
a court case arising out of an incident that occurred on December 6, 2014. Barajas
7 “M” is the thirteenth letter of the alphabet.
6
opined that Ramirez is, and was, an active Sureño gang member and also belonged to the
West Side Bakers subset.
An individual named George Mendoza was involved in a court case arising out of
an incident that occurred on May 23, 2012. Officer Barajas opined that Mendoza is a
member of the Sureño criminal street gang.
Officer Barajas also opined that Vasquez was an active member of the Sureños on
February 18, 2017.
C. Primary Activities
The primary activities of the Sureños are narcotics sales, prostitutions, homicide,
murder for hire, robberies, burglaries, and “the list goes on.”
D. Gang Evidence Concerning Defendant Vasquez
1. Prior Contacts with Law Enforcement
Officer Harless testified that he went to Vasquez’s residence on October 9, 2010,
as part of his police duties. A picture was found, under a mattress, depicting Vasquez
holding a firearm. Another individual in the photo was wearing a hat with the letters
“VB” on the front, and a third individual was holding his hands in the shape of a “V.”
Officer Barajas testified that the “V” hand symbol stood for “Varrio Bakers.”
Officer Jones testified that he conducted a vehicle stop on April 14, 2013.
Vasquez was driving the vehicle. Yvette Garcia was in the passenger seat. Underneath
the driver’s seat was a .22-caliber revolver.
2. Vasquez’s Tattoos
Vasquez has a tattoo on the top of his back that says, “Varrio” which is Spanish
for neighborhood. Vasquez also has a tattoo that says, “BKS,” which stands for
“Bakers.” Vasquez has another tattoo that says, “Lil Lokos” which is a smaller clique
within the Varrio Bakers. This is a common tattoo on Sureño gang members. Above his
left eye, Vasquez has a tattoo that reads, “VBKS” which stands for “Varrio Bakers.”
7
There exists a picture showing Vasquez also had the three-dot tattoo, which is a
“commonality across all Sure[ñ]os.”
Officer Barajas testified that you would never see a nongang member with tattoos
like Vasquez’s.
3. Gang Evidence Concerning Defendant Carrillo
Officer Harless testified that on October 29, 2011, he stopped a vehicle in which
Carrillo was riding as a passenger. Both Carrillo and the driver were wearing baseball
caps with the letter, “W.” Carrillo told Harless he was a member of the West Side
Bakers.
Sergeant Wood testified that on May 12, 2011, he contacted Carrillo and informed
him of his Miranda8 rights. Carrillo was wearing a baseball cap with the letter, “W.”
Carrillo initially said he wore the hat because he liked the design. Carrillo later admitted
that the “W” on the hat stood for West Side Bakers.
Officer Harless again contacted Carrillo on January 31, 2012. Carrillo was
wearing a turquoise shirt and a baseball cap with the letter, “W.” Carrillo again
mentioned that he was a member of the West Side Bakers.
Officer Benavente testified that he contacted Carrillo on September 3, 2015.
Benavente observed that Carrillo had the letters, “WSB,” on his right cheek. Carrillo said
the acronym stood for West Side Bakers.
4. Carrillo’s Tattoos
Carrillo has tattoos reading, “KC,” “VB,” “WS,” “V,” and “S.” “KC” stands for
Kern County; “WS” stands for West Side; “V” stands for Varrio; “S” stands for South or
“Sur.” Carrillo also has a tattoo of three dots and a tattoo of a large “V” with the letters
“arrio” inside. When “you put it together, you have Varrio.”
8 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436.
8
Based on Officer Barajas’s experience and training, Carrillo’s tattoos are
consistent with membership in the Sureño gang.
Officer Barajas testified that while he was taking pictures of his tattoos, Carrillo
asked, “You guys take pictures of nongang ones too[?]”
5. Gang Membership
Officer Barajas testified that, in his opinion, Carrillo was a member of the Sureño
gang on February 18, 2017. Officer Barajas’s opinion was based on prior police contacts,
gang apparel, self-admissions, and tattoos.
Officer Barajas also opined that Vasquez was an active member of the Sureños on
February 18, 2017. That opinion was based on the surveillance video, tattoos, prior
contacts, and prior weapons possession.
The prosecutor presented Officer Barajas with a hypothetical that matched the
prosecution’s theory of what the evidence showed. Barajas opined that such a crime
would have been committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, and in association with
a street gang. Since there were two Sureño gang members involved, the nonshooter can
confirm to other Sureño gang members that the shooter had in fact followed through.
The location also benefits the gang because it demonstrates that gang members are not
afraid to shoot in a public place. Finally, it demonstrates that the shooter was willing to
kill for the gang.
The “in association” prong is also satisfied because the two gang members were
“together” when they committed the crime.
E. Defense Gang Expert – Dr. Jesse De La Cruz
Dr. Jesse De La Cruz testified as a gang expert for the defense. Dr. De La Cruz
has a doctoral degree in education and is a former member of the Nuestra Familia prison
gang.
When gang members from Southern California go to prison, they are
“automatically under the umbrella of the Mexican Mafia.” “Same thing with Norteños or
9
Northerners,” who automatically “become under the umbrella of the Nuestra Familia.”
Whatever “street gang” you belonged to “is no longer applicable.”
Dr. De La Cruz opined that Officer Barajas’s opinion expressed at the preliminary
hearing was not connected to the evidence in this case. In determining whether a crime
was done for the benefit of, in association with, or at the direction of a gang,
Dr. De La Cruz looks at several factors. Dr. De La Cruz considers whether the
participants “throw or yell out any gang slogans;” use gang signs; wear clothing
associated with gangs; send text messages relating to the gang; or make gang-related
posts on social media. Dr. De La Cruz testified that he did not find any of these factors
present in the current case. However, Dr. De La Cruz conceded the factors are not
required under the law.
Dr. De La Cruz testified it is possible for gang members to commit crimes that are
not gang related. Dr. De La Cruz testified that he himself had committed several crimes,
some related to the gang and others unrelated.
Dr. De La Cruz testified that a person may be a member of a Sureño subset
without being a Sureño. Alternatively, a person can be in a subset and the Sureño gang
itself.
DISCUSSION
I. Retroactive Application of AB 333 Requires Vacating the Gang and Firearm
Enhancements
Effective January 1, 2022,9 AB 333 “amends section 186.22 to require proof of
additional elements to establish a gang enhancement.” (People v. Lopez, supra, 73
Cal.App.5th at p. 343.) Specifically, AB 333 narrows the definition of “ ‘ “criminal street
gang” ’ ” to “ ‘an[y] ongoing organization, association, or group of three or more
persons, whether formal or informal, having as one of its primary activities the
9
The Attorney General concedes that AB 333 applies retroactively to defendants.
We accept the concession. (See People v. Lopez (2021) 73 Cal.App.5th 327 (Lopez).)
10
commission of one or more [enumerated criminal acts], having a common name or
common identifying sign or symbol, and whose members individually or collectively
engage in, or have engaged in, a pattern of criminal gang activity.’ [Citation.]” (Lopez,
at p. 344.)
AB 333 also “redefines ‘pattern of criminal gang activity’ to require that the last of
the predicate offenses ‘occurred within three years of the prior offense and within three
years of the date the current offense is alleged to have been committed,’ and that the
predicate offenses ‘were committed on separate occasions or by two or more members,
the offenses commonly benefited a criminal street gang, and the common benefit of the
offenses is more than reputational.’ [Citation.]” (Lopez, supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at
p. 345.) “In addition, the currently charged offense cannot be used as a predicate offense
under the amendments” made by AB 333. (Ibid.)
Unsurprisingly, the proof offered at trial does not satisfy the brand new
requirements of AB 333. While there was evidence of predicate offenses offered at trial,
the evidence did not establish that they “commonly benefited a criminal street gang, and
the common benefit of the offense [was] more than reputational.” (§ 186.22,
subd. (e)(1).) Moreover, the Attorney General concedes that the evidence defendants
specifically intended to promote, further, or assist in criminal conduct by gang members
did not include any evidence showing that the common benefit to the gang “ ‘was more
than reputational’ ” as now required by AB 333.”10
“We therefore conclude that the gang-related enhancement findings must be
vacated and the matter remanded to give the People the opportunity to prove the
applicability of the enhancements under the amendments to section 186.22.” (People v.
10 In his supplemental brief on remand, Carrillo argues one of the predicate
offenses also failed to satisfy the pre-AB 333 statutory requirements in effect at the time
of trial. We disregard this contention because supplemental briefs on remand from the
Supreme Court “must be limited to matters arising after the previous Court of Appeal
decision in the cause….” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.200(b)(2).)
11
Lopez, supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at p. 346.) Here, the imposition of both the section 186.22,
subdivision (b)(1) and section 12022.53 enhancements were based on gang-related
enhancements findings. (See § 12022.53, subd. (e)(1)(A).) Therefore, we will vacate
both enhancements, but they may be retried on remand. (See People v. Sek (Feb. 1, 2022,
B309003) ___ Cal.App.5th ___ [2022 Cal.App. LEXIS 82].)
We still must address defendants’ claims of error under People v. Prunty (2015)
62 Cal.4th 59 (Prunty) and insufficient evidence to support the gang-related
enhancements. If either claim has merit, then the gang enhancements may not be retried
under double jeopardy principles. However, in the following sections, we conclude both
contentions lack merit. Therefore, we will remand pursuant to AB 333 “to give the
People the opportunity to prove the applicability of the enhancements under the
amendments to section 186.22.” (People v. Lopez, supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at p. 346.)
II. Prosecution was not Required to Show Connection Between Sureño Subsets
A. Introduction
Carrillo argues the gang enhancement was not supported by substantial evidence
under Prunty, supra, 62 Cal.4th 59.11 Specifically, he argues that “because the
government’s theory was that the gang appellants benefitted for purposes of the
enhancement was the broader Sure[ñ]os gang, under Prunty, it had to show a connection
between the local subsets and the Sure[ñ]os.” Carrillo contends the prosecution failed to
show this requisite connection.
As we will explain, Carrillo’s legal premise is flawed. The prosecution did not
have to show a connection between the subsets and the broader Sureño gang, so long as it
otherwise showed that the group defendant acted in association with, “the group that
committed the predicate offenses, and the group whose primary activities are introduced,
is one and the same.” (Prunty, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 81.) Because the prosecution
showed that the broader Sureño gang satisfied all three, it need not show a connection
11 Vasquez joins in Carrillo’s argument.
12
between subsets. (See, e.g., People v. Pettie (2017) 16 Cal.App.5th 23, 49–50.) We
reject defendants’ challenge.
B. Law
In a gang prosecution under the Street Terrorism Enforcement and Protection Act,
also known as the STEP Act (§ 186.20 et seq.), the prosecution must prove the purported
gang is an “ongoing, organized association or group of three or more persons, whether
formal or informal, having as one of its primary activities the commission of one or more
[enumerated] criminal acts…, having a common name or common identifying sign or
symbol, and whose members collectively engage in, or have engaged in, a pattern of
criminal gang activity.” (§ 186.22, subd. (f).)
To prove the gang enhancement under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1), the
prosecution must next show the defendant harbored the requisite intent and that the
underlying crime was “committed ‘for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association
with’ ” the criminal street gang. (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1).)
C. The Sameness Requirement
The definition of a “gang” in subdivision (f) and the elements of the gang
enhancement in subdivision (b)(1) converge in an obvious, but important way. “[T]he
prosecution must show that the group the defendant acted to benefit,[12] the group that
committed the predicate offenses, and the group whose primary activities are introduced,
is one and the same.” (Prunty, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 81; see also id. at p. 75.) This is
referred to as the “ ‘sameness’ requirement.” (Id. at pp. 76, 81.)
Satisfying this requirement is often straightforward because “many gang-related
prosecutions involve the conduct of discrete criminal street gangs and do not turn on the
relationship between alleged gang subsets. [Citations.]” (Prunty, supra, 62 Cal.4th at
p. 80.)
“… []or which directed or associated with the defendant in connection with the
12
crime[].” (Prunty, supra, 62 Cal.4th at pp. 80–81.)
13
However, a different circumstance is presented when “when the prosecution seeks
to prove the street gang enhancement by showing a defendant committed a felony to
benefit a given gang, but establishes the commission of the required predicate offenses
with evidence of crimes committed by members of the gang’s alleged subsets ….”
(Prunty, supra, 62 Cal.4th at pp. 67–68.) In that situation, “it must prove a connection
between the gang and the subsets.” (Id. at p. 68.) This “connection” evidence is
necessary to satisfy the sameness requirement because it shows “the groups in fact
constitute the same ‘criminal street gang.’ ” (Id. at p. Similarly, the rival prison gang, Nuestra Familia is an umbrella gang over the
Norteños.
E. Gang Membership
However, while some subset gangs fall under the organizational umbrella of a
larger gang, not every member of the subset gang is necessarily a member of the larger,
umbrella gang. Indeed, an individual’s gang membership may take one of several forms.
The individual may (1) only be a member of a subset; (2) only be a member of an
umbrella gang; or (3) be a member of both a subset and an umbrella gang. For example,
Dr. De La Cruz was a member of the Nuestra Familia prison gang, but not a member of
the Norteño street gang. The predicate offenders in Prunty were members of a subset
14
gang but not the umbrella gang13 (Prunty, supra, 62 Cal.4th at pp. 82–83), while Prunty
himself belonged to both the subset gang and the broader umbrella gang (ibid. [Prunty
belonged to subset and umbrella gang, in contrast to predicate offenders who only
belonged to subset]).
The problem that arose in Prunty was that the defendant belonged to the umbrella
Norteño gang, but the predicate offenders belonged only to subset gangs. (See Prunty,
supra, 62 Cal.4th at pp. 82–83.) This discrepancy raised questions about the sameness
requirement, because “the group the defendant acted to benefit” and “the group that
committed the predicate offenses” must be “one and the same.”14 (Id. at p. 81.)
However, this problem does not arise when the defendant seeks to benefit,
associates with, or acts under the direction of a particular gang, and the predicate
offenders are members of the same gang. In that circumstance, the sameness requirement
is satisfied tautologically. Thus, when a defendant commits a crime to benefit an
umbrella gang, and the umbrella gang in question satisfies the primary activities and
predicate offense requirements, it is not necessary to establish any connection between
subsets of the umbrella gang. (People v. Pettie, supra, 16 Cal.App.5th at pp. 49–50.)
Similarly, as Prunty itself explains, “when a defendant commits a crime to benefit
a particular subset, and the prosecution can show that the subset in question satisfies the
primary activities and predicate offense requirements, there will be no need to link
together the activities of various alleged cliques; nor is there likely to be uncertainty
about what the relevant ‘criminal street gang’ is. Indeed, [Supreme Court] cases suggest
that many gang-related prosecutions involve the conduct of discrete criminal street gangs
13 Similarly, Dr. De La Cruz testified that not all members of subsets “partake in
the actual Sure[ñ]o umbrella unless they choose to.”
14 The prosecution could have prevailed nonetheless if it had shown that the
various groups were so organizationally connected that they were realistically a single
gang. (See Prunty, supra, 62 Cal.4th at pp. 79–80.)
15
and do not turn on the relationship between alleged gang subsets. [Citations.]” (Prunty,
supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 80, italics added.)
Thus, it is clear there are multiple ways to satisfy the sameness requirement,
depending on the circumstances of the case. First, the prosecution can establish that the
defendant sought to benefit an umbrella or subset gang, and members of the same
umbrella or subset gang also committed the requisite predicate offenses/primary
activities. (See People v. Pettie, supra, 16 Cal.App.5th at pp. 49–50; see also People v.
Ewing (2016) 244 Cal.App.4th 359, 372–373.) Alternatively, the prosecution can
introduce evidence the defendant sought to benefit an umbrella gang, plus evidence that
another gang/subset committed the predicate offenses/primary activities, plus evidence
showing a sufficient associational connection between the umbrella gang and the other
gang/subset. (Prunty, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 82.) The sameness requirement is satisfied
by either approach. Meaning, if the prosecution does the former, it need not do the latter.
In other words, the associational evidence described in Prunty is not required in every
case where there is evidence a subset exists. (See, e.g., People v. Pettie, supra, 16
Cal.App.5th at pp. 49–50; see also People v. Ewing, supra, 244 Cal.App.4th at p. 372–
373.)
F. Application
Here, there is no violation of the sameness requirement because there was
substantial evidence that the gang whose members Carrillo acted in association with, the
gang whose members committed the predicate offenses,15 and the gang whose primary
activities were established by expert testimony is one and the same: the broader Sureño
gang.16
15However, as noted in part I of the Discussion, ante, the predicate offense
evidence is now defective for other reasons under AB 333.
16 Carrillo very may well have been acting to benefit his specific subset as well.
But since the sameness requirement was satisfied through the Sureño gang, it is
immaterial that defendants may also have sought to benefit their respective subsets as
well.
16
Carrillo points out that there was evidence he and Vasquez were members of
different Sureño subsets. Indeed, if this was the only evidence of their gang membership,
the prosecution likely would have needed to produce the associational evidence described
in Prunty. However, the evidence also showed that, in addition to his membership in a
subset, Carrillo was also a member of the umbrella Sureño gang.
Nothing in the gang statute required more. The prosecution proved the Sureños
was a “criminal street gang” (§ 186.22, subd. (f))17, and that defendants committed a
felony “for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association with” (§ 186.22,
subd. (b)(1)) that same gang (i.e., the Sureños).
Carrillo argues there was no evidence he was a Sureño. However, there was clear
evidence Carrillo was a Sureño: Officer Barajas’s expert opinion that Carrillo was a
Sureño.
Carrillo goes on to suggests Officer Barajas’s opinion that he was a Sureño lacked
foundational evidentiary support. We disagree. Carrillo had several gang-related tattoos.
While some were associated with the West Side Bakers subset, others were associated
with the broader Sureño gang. Carrillo had a tattoo of three dots, which is a tattoo
associated with the Sureño gang. Carrillo also had a tattoo with the letters, “KC,” which
is also associated with the Sureño gang. Finally, Carrillo had a tattoo of the letter “S,”
which stood for “South” or “Sur.”
III. Substantial Evidence Supported the Gang Findings
Vasquez initially argued there is insufficient evidence to support the gang findings
necessary for the enhancements under section 186.22, subdivision (b) and 12022.53,
subdivision (e)(1). While we are vacating the gang findings under AB 333, we still must
address this claim to determine whether the enhancements may be retried on remand. As
17 Under the definition of criminal street gang in effect at the time of trial.
See footnote, ante, page 1.
17
explained below, we conclude the gang findings were supported by substantial evidence
under the law in effect at the time of defendants’ trial.
“In considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support an
enhancement, we review the entire record in the light most favorable to the judgment to
determine whether it contains substantial evidence – that is, evidence that is reasonable,
credible, and of solid value – from which a reasonable trier of fact could find the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] We presume every fact in
support of the judgment the trier of fact could have reasonably deduced from the
evidence. [Citation.] If the circumstances reasonably justify the trier of fact’s findings,
reversal of the judgment is not warranted simply because the circumstances might also
reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding. [Citation.] ‘A reviewing court neither
reweighs evidence nor reevaluates a witness’s credibility.’ [Citation.]” (People v.
Albillar (2010) 51 Cal.4th 47, 59–60.)
“There are two prongs to the gang enhancement under section 186.22, subdivision
(b)(1). [Citation.] The first prong requires that the prosecution prove the underlying
felony was ‘gang related.’ [Citations.] The second prong ‘requires that a defendant
commit the gang-related felony “with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in
any criminal conduct by gang members.” ’ [Citations.]” (People v. Weddington (2016)
246 Cal.App.4th 468, 484, fn. omitted (Weddington).)
A. First Prong – Gang-relatedness
“Section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1) provides three alternatives for establishing the
first prong – that the underlying offense was ‘gang related.’ The offense may be
committed (1) for the benefit of a gang; (2) at the direction of a gang; or (3) in
association with a gang. [Citation.] Because the first prong is worded in the disjunctive,
a gang enhancement may be imposed without evidence of any benefit to the gang so long
as the crime was committed in association with or at the direction of another gang
member. [Citations.] The first prong therefore may be established with substantial
18
evidence that two or more gang members committed the crime together, unless there is
evidence that they were ‘on a frolic and detour unrelated to the gang.’ [Citations.]”
(Weddington, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th at p. 484.)
Here, there was clearly evidence that two or more gang members committed the
crime together. Officer Barajas opined that Vasquez and Carrillo are both gang
members. Surveillance video showed Vasquez and Carrillo, shortly before the shooting,
walking towards the eventual murder scene near each other, while obscuring their
appearance (i.e., Carrillo was wearing a mask; Vasquez pulled his jersey up around his
head). Surveillance video also showed Vasquez and Carrillo quickly making their way to
the same motel room after the shooting. Because there is substantial evidence that two or
more gang members committed the crime together, and the crime was not shown to be a
frolic and detour, the first prong is satisfied. (See Weddington, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th at
p. 484.)
It is true that some factors that generally tend to show a crime was committed for
the benefit of a gang were not present here, such as gang slogans, signs or clothing.
Similarly, Vasquez argues the crime was in a dark area of the hotel, which was located in
“relatively neutral [gang] territory.”18 Indeed, these factors are relevant to ascertaining
whether the crime was committed for the benefit of a gang. However, they do not
undermine the evidence that the crime was committed by two gang members working in
association. And since either is sufficient to show gang-relatedness, “a gang
enhancement may be imposed without evidence of any benefit to the gang so long as the
crime was committed in association with … another gang member. [Citations.]”
(Weddington, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th at p. 484.)19
18 While Officer Barajas described the area as a “melting pot” – he meant a
“melting pot” of Sureño subsets. He clearly testified the motel was in Sureño territory.
19 The present case is distinguishable from People v. Perez (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th
598, because the defendant in that case was not acting in association with other gang
members. (See id. at p. 613 [no evidence defendant’s companions were gang members,
or that they were present for/assisted with the shooting].)
19
B. Second Prong – Specific Intent
The fact that Carrillo and Vasquez – two gang members – came together to
commit a crime also satisfies the second prong that the defendant have the specific intent
to “ ‘promote, further or assist in any criminal conduct by gang members.’ [Citations.]”
(See Weddington, supra, 246 Cal.App.4th at p. 485.) “[I]f substantial evidence
establishes that the defendant intended to and did commit the charged felony with known
members of a gang, the jury may fairly infer that the defendant had the specific intent to
promote, further, or assist criminal conduct by those gang members.” (People v. Albillar,
supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 68.)
Here, there is evidence the defendants intended to and did commit the charged
felony (i.e., murder) with known members of a gang (i.e., each other). As a result, the
jury was free to infer each defendant specifically intended to promote, further or assist
the criminal conduct of a gang member (i.e., the other defendant).
IV. Because We Remand for Resentencing for Other Reasons, Vasquez’s Claim
of Error Regarding Ability to Pay is Moot
In his opening brief, Vasquez argued the court violated his due process by
imposing restitution in an amount to be determined, a $300 restitution fine (§ 1202.4,
subd. (b)), a $40 court operations fee (§ 1465.8) and a $30 criminal conviction
assessment fee (Gov. Code, § 70373) without any finding he had the ability to pay.
Because we are remanding for proceedings that will result in resentencing at one point or
another, this contention is now moot.
Because there was sufficient evidence, under the law in effect at the time of trial,
the crime was committed in “association” with other gang members, we need not address
whether there was also sufficient evidence the crime was committed for the benefit of or
at the direction of a gang.
See footnote, ante, page 1.
20
V. We Accept the Attorney General’s Concession that Vasquez is Entitled to
Relief Under Senate Bill No. 136
In supplemental briefing, Vasquez argues he is entitled to retroactive relief under
Senate Bill No. 136. (2019–2020 Reg. Sess.) The Attorney General agrees that Vasquez
is entitled to the benefits of this legislation.
Because Vasquez’s prior prison terms were not imposed for sexually violent
offenses, the one-year prison term enhancements can no longer be applied to him under
Senate Bill No. 136. (See People v. Gastelum (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 757, 772.)
Therefore, we accept the Attorney General’s concession.
DISPOSITION
The following enhancements are stricken as to defendant Guillermo Vasquez: the
three, one-year prison term enhancements imposed under former section 667.5,
subdivision (b); the firearm enhancement under section 12022.53; and the gang
enhancement under section 186.22. The prosecution may elect to retry the firearm and/or
gang enhancement.
The following enhancements are stricken as to defendant Nicky Carrillo: the
firearm enhancement under section 12022.53; and the gang enhancement under section
186.22. The prosecution may elect to retry the firearm and/or gang enhancement.
In any event, defendants shall be resentenced. In all other respects, the judgments
are affirmed.
POOCHIGIAN, J.
WE CONCUR:
LEVY, Acting P. J.
DESANTOS, J.
See footnote, ante, page 1.
21.
|
newlifeofsummerf00will_2 | English-PD | Public Domain | Summerfield told us when first lie began to preacli he spoke often at the very top of his voice and with all his might and main,) that he was "quite hoarse;" "yet," he adds, "I am neither weak nor weary : I could go again, if called to it, to a third meeting." At another time, at the early meeting at Gravel Walk Chapel, he was again called upon to speak, when God most , eminently owned the word of his servant. During the opening prayer he made, he said, " The Holy Ghost came down ; nothing but loud weeping and echoing Amens were heard in all parts of the house, and my own voice lost. The power was evidently of God and not of man. I believe many will have cause to remember it." But, with all the power that accompanied his words and the remarkable superiority of his talents, notwithstanding his unequalled oratorical powers, Mr. Summerfield was not at this time appreciated in Dublin. It was not until after an absence of some six months, and when with great power he had preached the gospel in Cork and the region round about, then, and not until then, did Dublin learn to prize the jewel that had been hidden in her midst. In speaking of this to the writer, he alluded to the saying of Jesus to the people of Nazareth, that "no pro;phet is accepted in his own country," and, with the modesty which was such an adornment to him, said that " his absence from Dublin, his departure at that particular juncture, and subsequent return under somewhat favorable circumstances, were the chief and leading causes of his after success and popularity in that city." But a change, an important change, now took place. His father having procured a situation as manager in a ARKIVES IN CORK. 33 foundry in Cork, wrote to his son to join him; young Summei-field leaving Dublin for Cork on the 23d of July, 1818. On Sunday, the 19th, as we have seen, he had preached in the country; thus closing his labors in this section for the present. On the Thursday following he set out, reaching Cork Friday evening ; a distance of one hun- dred and twenty-four miles from Dublin. His home for the present, it seems, was in Miller Street, in the house of the lady (Mrs. Barnes) who owned the iron-establishment of which his father had the charge. His father received and welcomed him with great love, and the lady of the house also received him kindly, and he soon felt himself at home in his new residence. 8 CHAPTER IV. HIS TENDERNESS OF CONSCIENCE. Before we proceed further with our account of Mr. Sum- merfield, we must tarry a while — this being a favorable opportunity to do so — and notice, a little more at large, than we have yet done, a most important topic, — his reli- gious experience up to this time. Poorly will we be pre- pared to appreciate his 'ministerial career and the power of the word as preached by him, and the glory that as a diadem encircled him in the pulpit, unless we have an insight into those deeper workings of the heart by which he was fitted for the work he had to do. Mr. Summerfield, from the beginning, aimed at a high — at the highest — standard of Christian experience. He did not wish that it should be said of him that he had " received the grace of God in vain." l!^ot long before he left Dublin for Cork, under the date of July 13, he thus writes in his diary: — "Heard Gideon Ousely, on loving God with all the heart, mind, soul, and strength. Came home, and, after sweet private prayer, re- tired. I was much blessed under Gideon Ousely, and very near the attainment of the blessing I so much desire. My mind was kept in a sweet frame all the evening." Mr. Summerfield from the first believed and was ever SPIRITUAL LOSS. 35 on the full stretcli for all the mind of Christ. Hence those references in the beginning of his journal, show- ing that the least omission pained his well-instructed soul ; and his grief if by any act, through worldly society or company, or by the want of watchfulness over his words, temper, or spirit, he in any wise grieved the Holy Spirit or marred the image of Christ in himself. He saw in the light of eternity — yea, in its full unclouded light — that he had been bought with a price, not with corruptible things, as silver and gold, from his former vain conversation and ungodly life, but with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and without spot ; and that, there- fore, in no sense whatever was he any longer his own. No- tice his language, already quoted by us, and used on the first day of this present year. "I saw," he says, "the beauty of that passage in the Eevelations, 'Behold, the Bridegroom cometh ; and the bride, the Lamb's wife, hath made herself ready.' Ob ! may I be pure and chaste and spotless, and worthy of this high honor !" Little things were no longer little to him. Every mo- ment with him counted, every act told. Hence this entry in his diary : — " I called on Wm. , in Street, and was pressed into the parlor, where were two ladies, in whose company I spent two hours. Take another entry of a similar kind : — " Went to 's 36 BUMMERFIELD. on business for my father. They are an ungodly family. I have lost by my visit. A lady was there who compelled me to write an acrostic extempore. I was to blame for yielding." Rising next morning, oppressed by a conscious- ness of at least partial infidelity and sinful compliance, he says, " Oh that I had not paid that worldly visit last night!" To the same tenderness of conscietice, excited by his ex- ceeding desire to be like Grod, to be conformed fully to the life and death of his Son, are we to trace the horror even of conscience, the agony of mind, he suffered from taking on one occasion what would seem to many so little a thing as a small quantity of porter with persons with whom he had closed on the part of his father a business transaction. It appears that at first he refused ; twice indeed he refused to partake with them of the beverage, but on the third solici- tation he yielded. Great, we may say dreadful, was his distress at this ; and his language was, " Oh, the mercy that God did not strike me dead !" This tenderness of conscience,^ — this exceeding scrupu- lousness, if you please so to term itj — this holy, jealous watchfulness over every word and action, — marked Mr. Summerfield's religious career from first to last. In one of his discourses on " Christian Holiness" he thus speaks of this most important trait in the Christian character. In enumerating the fruits of righteousness, he says, " Another fruit is tenderness of conscience. Oh, how soft, how suscepti- ble of every breath of temptation, — the guardian angel of the soul ! Such a man is a decided character ; trims not for a moment; does not sacrifice his duty to his interest, as I fear too many do and ruin their souls. Does an incitement A WORD IN SEASON. 87 arrive? He guards every avenue of the heart instantly; and v^ithout stopping to gaze upon the apple, knowing that sin instantly darkens the eye of the mind, he repels it at once. He sees in the light of God, and his cry is, 'How can I commit this great evil and sin against God ?' A man who has not a tender conscience knows nothing of the fruits of righteousness." And again, pursuing this theme, he adds, " ' Oh !' says the world, ' why so much ado ? "We must yield a little, — tush ! we must accommodate a little.' The world always did re- proach such a one ; and, believe me, it is not one of the least fruits of righteousness to bear the reproach of Christ. The world will let you go on quietly enough if you have no more piety than what pleases them. "While you follow the indifferent rationality of your neighbors you will never be reproached ; but strike out of the beaten path that leads to death, and you are pointed at. And yet this must be so : a sense of the presence of God surrounding you, and a view of eternity, will alwaj^s inspire you with singularity. You will point to heaven, and lead the way." He yet further pursues this solemn theme ; and in these his own words you see how it was he placed so much stress on what is called " a little thing." Thus he continues the subject: — " Some say, ' Well, you may do as you please ; but if I can get in the lowest place in heaven I am satisfied: I am not ambitious.' Oh, soul ! The man who will only walk with Jesus so far as the world keeps pace with him, but will not make one step with him in bearing his cross, is not a friend; nay, he is an enemy of the way of righteousness. His low ambition grovels yet on earth. Covet earr^estly the 38 SUMMERFIELD. highest place; 'the best gift.' Believe me, there is but a hairbreadth line between heaven and hell ; and if thou art sporting on the hair thou wilt drop into the burning gulf. There must be a 'being filled with the fruits of righteous- ness.' "* Here you catch a glimpse — only a passing glimpse — of the inner man Summerfield. He is speaking from the depths of his soul, a sense " of the presence of God sur- rounding" him ever, and " eternity" ever full in view. Hence it was, on the evening of the day when he had done what he knew he should not have done, he tells us, when he returned home, " he knelt down in his agony ; but, instead of that sweet intercourse with heaven which he had expe- rienced on the preceding evening, he could not even speak in prayer. His strength had departed ; and, amid bursting sighs and with a heavy heart, he retired to rest." Mr. Summerfield, young as he then was in the Christian life, knew of no such thing as a little sin. On the next morning he writes as follows : — " Rose at half-past five and attempted to pray; but, oh," he exclaims, "how dead was every power of my soul! Father, forgive, forgive!" It pleased God soon to restore to him the joy of his salvation, — to lift upon him the light of his countenance, never to be so clouded again. * Sermons, p. 375. CHAPTER V. REDEMPTION OP TIME AND STUDY OP THE SCRIPTURES. Ere yet we enter with Mr. Summerfield the open door which God set before him in Cork, we must speak a little of his diligence in the improvement of his time, and espe- cially of his study of the Holy Scriptures; otherwise, wrong inferences may be drawn of the facility, the ease, with which he rose to unbounded popularity and influence. We have spoken of his intense love to Christ; of his zeal in his cause and service. This was not wholly without its drawback. It excited disaflection in some minds. The love of God in Christ Jesus so overflowed his soul he hardly knew how either to contain or to express it. Like the man cured of his lameness by Peter and John, at the gate of the temple called "Beautiful," he was ready to "leap" for joy; like the shepherds after what they saw at Bethlehem and heard from the angels, he could not very well avoid "mak- ino- known abroad" what God had done for his soul, and this not in a very calm, subdued manner, but in the fulness of that ecstatic joy by which he was inspired. This led to the charge, on the part of some, that he was " too enthusi- astic ;" while others went so far as to express doubts whether as yet he had ever even "experienced the pardon of his sins-" 39 40 SUMMERFIELD. Painful as this was to him, it impeded not his progress : it did but drive him nearer to God. This was his appeal, this his sole reply. He carried his case to God and left it with him. This was his language : — " Thou, God, knowest my heart : thy glory is the sole end I have in view." Especially did he give himself to prayer. In one place in his diary he says, " This day I have been more earnest at the throne of grace than ever I was before. I have prayed six or seven times at great length that I might not be deceived, and felt my soul melted down in a furnace of love." Again, under date of March 1 of this same year, (1818,). we have as follows : — " Three hours of this morning were spent in self-examination and prayer." During the fore- noon of a day thus begun, he says, " My soul is like liquid gold this morning : it is softened by love. O Father, now lay on thy blessed seal !" Under date of March 22 of the same month, he says, "At noon, the family then going out to dine, I walked out, pursuant to my design, and went to the Park. Having found a sequestered spot, I wrestled with God till near four o'clock, and was greatly blessed." Under the date of May 6 we have the following pleasing entry in his diary: — ""Rose at five, and retired into the garden for meditation and prayer, which occupied me an hour. I find I should grow in grace more if I prayed in 'private more. All the public means of grace will not com- pensate me in this respect. By the grace of God, and rely- ing on his divine aid, I purpose beginning from this day to pray in private ^ye times a day." In his sermon on " Gospel Holiness," to which we have SECRET PRATER. 41 already alluded and from which we have quoted, Mr. Sum- merfield thus farther expresses himself on secret prayer: — " The reason of our declension in the love of God is, we do not seek to know him enough. Do you often visit him ? Do you often meet him in secret ? Oh, he is lovely I He delights to meet with thee in private. He has things to re- veal to thee which he does not unto the world. Go oftener to meet the object of thy love, and thou wilt love him more."* During these few memorable months — from his con- version to the time of the removal of the family to Cork and the commencement of his ministerial career — the Sacred Scriptures was almost his sole study. He fed on the word of God. About this time he used to spend more or less of his evenings in social and Christian converse at the house of his young friend to whom we have referred, and the con- versation was almost wholly on the word of God. He had a few other books : — " Taylor's Key to Romans ;" "Clarke's Commentaries;" " Prideaux's Connections," (that invaluable work;) but they bore directly upon the Sacred Scriptures. He studied also at this time the Greek Testament. He went at once to the fountain and source * Sermon on "Gospel Holiness," p. 372 42 SUMMERFIELD. of truth. "He searched," says one, "the Scriptures for himself, and searched deeply. He did not rely implicitly on commentators nor on the opinions of others : he labored to open the mine himself and to search for hidden trea- sures; and he labored successfully."* We give one or two extracts from his diary, that may serve as a sort of clue or guide to his study of the sacred volume. He rose early to the study of the Bible, — ere the day broke. Under date of February 12, 1818, he writes, " This day I purpose getting a flint and steel, as my fire is so often out that I am obliged to lie in bed till daylight, as was the case this morning." Under date of February 18, we read of his studying Romans early in the morning for an hour and a half; then, on the same day, from half-past ten to half-past twelve ; then, again, resuming Romans in the afternoon, from half- past three to half-past five ; and then at night, from half- past eight to half-past ten, engaged in reading " Prideaux's Connections." In another place we read as follows : — " From three to five unceasingly studied Taylor's 'Key;' then spent two hours in reading Clarke." Again, " Studied for two hours Clarke on Hebrews." The above may serve as a sample, but a most imperfect one, of his entire devotion to the study of the Sacred Scriptures. He gave his whole soul to this study ; he con- centrated all his powers here : whence it was the word of Grod dwelt so richly in him. Thus it was, young as he was, he answered so fully to the description of a good * See Dr. Bond's Introduction to Sermons. VISIT OF A FRIEND. 43 householder who bringeth forth continually things new (as he did) as well as old out of the treasury of the Lord. Much of his time, also, was spent in the composition of sermons. Whole days, from early morning until the even- ing, were spent thus. His intimate friend and constant companion, of whom we have already spoken more than once, calling on him one evening at dusk, found him thus employed, having scarcely moved from his seat the whole day. His friend remonstrating with him on his excessive application to study, at the same time remarking that he "would soon destroy himself," he replied that "the love of God in Christ Jesus to him was such he could do no less than he did ;" adding that, "if he fell early in the field, he would give his life to the best of all causes." Then, turn- ing to his friend, with that sweet beaming smile and win- ning manner which were his, he said, " Now, let me read you my sermon." The text was "What think ye of Christ?" And, after reading what he had written on the interrogation in this form, he turned to his friend and said, 'I mean now to address myself to the congregation and ask 'What they suppose Christ thinks of them ?' " for never was Mr. Sum- merfield satisfied unless what he said was brought home by a personal application to the concerns and bosoms of his hearers. We will dwell no longer at present on these topics, though it is most pleasing to us, and, we think, profitable too, to linger on the early morning of so bright, so un- clouded a day, — a day so soon to close. But the limits of this work forbid we should say more ; and perhaps suflS- 44 SUMMERFIELD. cient has been said to give the reader some idea of that part of his life which preceded his appearance on so public a stage as that on which God called him to move and whereon he acted so important a part ; living, as you may say, more than a lifetime in the two or three years wherein was comprised the whole of his active and efficient minis- try : his labors living till now, and the seed growing at this day, yea, producing abundantly, that he planted then. CHAPTER VI. COMMENCES HIS MINISTRY AT CORK. OS Saturday, the day following his arrival at Cork, Mr. Summerfield, in company with his father and the lady who owned the estahlishment of which his father ^ad eharge went to Cove, a small village situated on an island distant about seven miles from Cork. The Bev. W. Copeland was stationed here at this time, who was among the first of hi» ministerial brethren to recognise and appreciate his supe- rior q ualities. Not long after this, in writing of him to tie Rev.W. Stewart, he says of him that, "if he were not a star of the first magnUud^, he at least promised to be one ot the first 6nm««/." The Cove of Cork, as it i^ called, is asso ciated with the name and early efiforts of Summerfield as the place where he preached his first rmmnary sermon ~ Here he spent the Sabbath ; the following extract from his diary showing with what feelings he surveyed his new position, and with what care he sought to walk, approving himself as unto God and not as unto man :- "This morning (Sabbath) I had that leisure which I could not before meet with since I came to Cork, i bought up the moments and earnestly dedicated myself o God in this novel country. I besought his grace to enable ^c to walk circumspectly before all and preserve^a con- 46 SUMMEEFIELD. science void of offence. I scarcely recollect so great a sense of the divine presence. May I watch the finger of Providence in this my call to this part of the country, and trace his hand in all the events of my life !" Notice the last sentence. Mr. Summerfield says, " May I watch the finger of Providence in this my call to this part of the country, and trace his hand in all the events of my life !" As we have before observed, " the hand of the Lord was upon him," and he felt that he moved in the order of God agreeably to this scripture, "As many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God." In his sermon, " Be careful for nothing," we have his own views on this point thus expressed : — " Perhaps you say, ' In things of great moment I do un- bosom myself to him, and my griefs ; but in small trials I count it presumption.' God looks not at your griefs in this comparative way. It is man's to compare things with one another ; it is God's to see things as they are : he never compares them. Many believe in a general, but deny a 'particular, providence : yet this is absurd; for the general is made up of particulars, as particles form the aggregate. He looks not on things as little or as great. He is careful of the least of his creatures as well as of .the high archangel next his throne. In him they all live, and he loves every thing that he has made. Hear what himself says: — 'Are not five sparrows sold for two farthings ? and yet not one of these little birds is forgotten before God.' But he goes lower, and counts it no degradation of his majesty to in- terest himself in the most perishable substances. Look at the lily, void of life, a fading flower : yet my Father clothes the lilies of the field. Could he go lower ? Yes ; he has ANNOUNCED TO PREACH. 47 descended to tlie lowest : a very hair of my head — so in- significant a thing — cannot perish without him; they are all numbered. 'He sees the hero and the sparrow fall.' " In coming to Cork, then, not unmindful was he of his own teachings ; and with a wakeful heart did he watch to see the leadings or openings of Providence in this change of scene. But one thing, however, really occupied his mind all this while ; and that was the ministry. The way soon opened ; God was about to open before him a door which no man would be able to shut. Some knowledge of Mr. Summerfield must have reached Cork before him, — of his talents and of his piety; for, the first Sabbath he spent in Cork, — ^without the formality of a request or the interchange of a word to that efifect, — it was announced that he would preach that very evening at five o'clock at Douglas ; and he did preach at that hour to a house crowded to excess, and, as he himself says, "with great liberty," and, from what followed, it is evident, with the greatest possible acceptance. His improvement of time in the past is now to be re- paid,— his study of the Scriptures, the sermons he had previously prepared. Sudden as was the announcement, it did not find him unprepared, the sermon that he preached on this occasion being the fifty-first of the collection. That the reader may form some idea how " sound in doctrine" he was at this time and how forcible was his enunciation or utterance of the truth, we give a short extract. The text was Romans viii. 32: — "He that spared not his own Son, * Sermons, p. 20. 48 SUMMERFIELD. but delivered him up for us all, how shall he not wi^h him also freely give us all things?" Under the head of the general declaration that God spared not his own Son, (did not keep him back, did not excuse him from suffering,*) he says, " He gave us his best gift. There is," he remarked, "no act of God's power but we may conceive a greater, but in this condescension. His own Son ! Here is the emphasis : he was a divine person. If a creature, the apostle would have magnified the great- ness of the purchase with the small price. He has no such other gift. Omnipotence is limited here ; we can ask no blessing adequate to this. Hence, what is the pardon of sins to God? iN'ay, he delights in it. This does not now require any sacrifice on God's part. Why, then, should he withhold inferior blessings ? We are warranted to ask till we think of some gift greater than Jesus. But he gave his Son that he might give us pardon, make us heirs, and give us the Holy Ghost. ITow, shall he lay the foundation and go no further ? Wbere would then be his consistency ? How is he the same? How could he be said to be without shadow of turning ?"f "We cannot well withhold the following additional extract from this his first sermon in Cork, that our readers may see the solidity of his thoughts and on what a broad sub- stratum his eloquence was built. He further remarks, — "Lastly: he will freely give us all things. No regard to merit or worthiness in the receiver. As he had no such regard when he gave his Son, so he yet acts freely; par- dons, sanctifies, saves to heaven /ree??/. When man sinned, * Sermons, p. 322. f Ibid. p. 323. GOD GIVES FREELY. 49 God asks not 'What does he deserve f but 'What does he needf A Divine Eedeemer. Just so now; the question is the same:— 'What do they need?' " True, we should take our unworthiness into account, but God does not : that is not his measure. " To ask any thing of our neighbor, we find he impove- rishes himself more or less in serving us; we ought to remember that God has them for the very purpose of be- stowing, and that he is paid when man receives. The feast is prepared ; and, if not participated in by the guests invited, he is the party injured. All things are ready; the expense has been incurred. If we asked these things before Christ was given, there would be no room for hope ; the expense of obtaining them would be too great. The sin of the world 710W is the not receiving ' the great salvation.' God has made a marriage for his Son, and them that are invited will not come."* Thus began, this Sabbath evening, his ministry in Cork; the great theme of his preaching, as is most clear from the above brief extracts, salvation by grace through faith, and' faith alone,— this written already on his divinely-illuminated heart as with the point of a diamond. The clearness with which the whole plan of salvation, in all its depth, freeness, and fulness, was presented to his mind, was amazing: the Holy Spirit, it would seem, as in the case of Saul of Tarsus, bathed his whole soul with heavenly light as with one burst of his radiance ; the great mystery of faith, as it were, at a glance, apprehended by him. During the services of this to him so memorable evening. * Sermons, p. 324. 4 50 SUMMERFIELD. his own frame of mind was in happy unison with the scene and services of the hour, — the following verses which formed part of the first hymn he gave out being happily expressive of his own joy, of the feelings of his own hea.rt. We quote the first and second verses of this hymn of praise ; his man- ner of reading a hymn, as all know who heard him, always unfolding beauties they never discovered before, so great his gift in this respect : — •' Oh, what shall I do my Savior to praise, So faithful and true, so plenteous in grace. So strong to deliver, so good to redeem The weakest believer that hangs upon him. " How happy the man whose heart is set free., — The people that can be joyful in thee ! Their joy is to walk in the light of thy face. And still they are talking of Jesus's grace." On his return home that evening he made the following entry in his diary: — " Thus have I commenced on . this (to me) memorable DAY. And now 'I'll praise my Maker while I've breath!' My heart warms in the work, and I am determined to lay myself out for God." On the following Wednesday he preached again, and the efiect of the first sermon was such that the place was crowded to excess. In reference to this occasion and to the worth of souls which God had laid so near his heart, — souls that must live in happiness or misery to all eternity, — souls that not believing in Christ must perish everlastingly, — he says, "0 my God, did I s'peak, and did they hear, for eternity?'' SINNER WARNED. 51 He says of this second attempt, ''I exerted too much, and preached near an hour, besides the singing and prayer. But who could forbear? If I injure my body I cannot restrain." He saw souls standing on the verge of ruin ; he heard in anticipation the wild shrieks of despair that icill go up from the lost when it is too late, when the door shall be shut, when the harvest shall indeed have passed, when the sum- mer shall have ended, and naught remains but a frowning judge, a burning hell, and an awful eternity. The following brief extract from his sermon on "The Dignity and Oflace of the Christian Ministry," will enable us to judge somewhat of his conception of the danger of souls and of the way he was accustomed at this time and ever after to address the multitudes that assembled to hear the word of the Lord at his mouth. Thus he speaks :— " 0 sinner, I can already behold the awful scene ; I hear the archangel's voice :— 'Arise, ye dead, and come.' Where ? To judgment! See the bursting graves, the great white throne moved forward by ten thousand times ten thousand angels. See the books opened, the judgment set. Behold ! the Judge himself appears, clothed with a garment down to the foot, his eyes as a flame of fire, his feet like unto fine brass, his countenance as the sun shining in his strength, his voice as the sound of many waters, yea, as mighty thun- derinss. I see the tomb casts thee forth,— refuses to hide thy sinful dust. Thine eyes open : thou wast not dead but sleeping ; and now thou art awakened to sleep no more for- ever. I see thy vast surprise ; I hear thy hollow groan, thy piercing cry ; thou rendest heaven with thy shrieks. ' I3 that the babe of Bethlehem? Lord, Lord, open unto us.' 52' SUMMERFIELD. Thou art called to the bar ; thy crimes are read : plead now his blood. Thou pleadest 'Jesus:' he says, '■I am he;' but thou drawest backward and fallest, — down to hell. Thy mouth is stopped; his blood cries against thee; thou trampledst it beneath thy feet. In time thou wast heard exclaiming, 'His blood be on me!' and now the Judge says, 'My blood be on thee forever, — ever!' See, sinner, devils wait to drag thy soul away. This will he thy case ; hazard not the experiment ; be wise in time ; flee from thy sins ; cut off, pluck out, tear the idol from thy breast, even though it should leave a bleeding heart behind; confess thy sins, and return unto the Lord."* * Sermons, p. 26. CHAPTER Vn. LABORS IN AND AROUND CORK AND THE ADJACENT COUNTRY. With the rising sun Memnon liad spoken. A new voice, even as the voice of an oracle, had been heard, and loud and far went forth the sweet and sadly-solemn sound. When first was seen that all but angel face, when first was heard that voice which was as the carol of a lark as with the early morning it ascends in its swift and joyous flight to meet the sun, the charm was then, as ever after- ward, all but irresistible. It was in its measure a little like the voice of the angel and the music of the skies, when first on the ears of the shepherds fell the heavenly announce- ment of Bethlehem's babe ; there was to the mind that sense of the reality of the invisible world which such a com- munication could not fail to produce. So, when at the first this youthful herald of the Cross spoke, it was as if a voice from heaven had been heard ; such was the heavenly in- fluence that attended his words. He appeared, like Jacob's ladder, as a channel of communication, a medium of inter-^ course, between heaven and earth ; and man felt in a new, unknown way that the ethereal spark within him was kindred to that of the skies, and that heaven and hell were not vague, floating, impalpable substances, but actual, all-enduring reahties. As you listened earth receded; 5o 54 SUMMERFIELD. and, as a vessel receding every instant farther and farther from the shore, at length the last line vanished, and naught was before you but eternity's wide, unbounded expanse. Having preached, as we have seen, Sunday evening, at the close of setting day, at Douglas, a village a short dis- tance from the city, and then on Wednesday evening at Blackpool, each time producing the most profound im- pression, every heart vibrating to the golden chord he- struck, beating responsively to the magic touch, it is pleasing to follow him to his retirement; his time em- ployed, as he says, during the remainder of the week, in "mending his net," preparing for future labors; and also, as he adds, " in imploring the aid of Him who alone can direct me how to let down, the net on the right side of the ship." From this time we are told by his biographer that " he was engaged almost incessantly at one place or another .... for one or other of the Methodist ministers;"* while the. desire of the people to hear him was such that it appeared impossible to satisfy them. We may judge of this eager- ness from an expression of one of the ministers when writing to him, (Rev. S. Steel, of Roscrea,) who said, " There are many of the Methodists who in their godly zeal would encourage you to preach until yooi would drop down dead." As to himself, when, to use his own words, "his soul was sharpened" by the presence of his Master, he knew not how to restrain himself. Writing to his sister as to this, after he had been preach- * Large Edit, of Life, p. 116 ; also p. 107. CONCERN FOR SOULS. 55 ing some six montlis, he says, (speaking of an occasion when he was very ill and yet preached,) "I know you will blame me; but oh, my dear Ellen, could you but enter into the feelings of a minister of the gospel, you would at least i?%, if not forgive ! The love of Christ constrains us."* His biographer thus speaks of the impression he pro- duced in Cork and its vicinity when first he appeared, bursting as the sun from behind a cloud upon them :— " So interesting was the appearance and so fascinating the eloquence of this young evangelist, that many persons who had never heard a Methodist preacher, and probably would not have been prevailed on to hear any other, attended the preaching of Mr. Suinmerfield in the neigh- borhood of Cork. Whether, however, these were Church- men or Catholics, persons bigoted against Methodism or mere men of the world, all were delighted and edified by the fervor and simplicity of his sermons."! During the months of August and September his labors were chiefly confined to Cork and its immediate vicinity ; but not without some drawback on his own part and some opposition from without. , As to himself, he did not always preach with the same freedom and effect. On several occasions we read of his being greatly embarrassed. . The following entry will show how he was affected at one time : — " If ever the enemy was permitted to buffet me, surely this was the time." (He had been preaching in Patrick Street Chapel.) " I had my thoughts taken from me, and * New Edit, of Life, p. 105. f Large Edit, of Life, p. 120. 56 SUMMERFIELD. in this state I began to roam I knew not where. I would have given all the world to have been out of the house ; and, after I had concluded, I remained till all the people had retired, that I might escape home unperceived. My God, is this from thee ? O my Father, send by whom thou wilt send, but not by me ! I cannot, cannot preach. Perhaps God has withdrawn his light from me. I know I might have been more faithful; but, O my God, yet bear with me ! I did dedicate myself to thee ; but, if thou hast naught for me to do, remove me out of this world altogether. I only wish to live to promote thy cause."* le suffered also from slanderous reports. He was once so influenced by these that he gave up an appointment to preach at Douglas one Sabbath in August; as he says, like Jonah, fleeing from the Lord's work, — going to the Cove on Saturday and spending the Sabbath there. At another time, referring to these reports, he says, " May I never forget the caution which a false accusation from the Clone's party has given me ! Oh, how happy should we be when we hear our faults from our enemies ! our friends seldom tell them to us ; too seldom." By way of a little explanation of these reports, we would say, to use Mr. Summerfield's own language, that at this time " the Methodist society in Ireland was rent in twain from top to bottom ;" the Irish Methodist Conference having, after several years' discussion and agitation of the subject, resolved that the sacrament of the Lord's Supper should be administered by its own ministers. The decision * Large Edit, of Life, p. 118. DIVISION IN THE SOCIETY. 67 gave great offence to many of the leading and most in- fluential members in the society : especially was the opposi- tion to the measure very strong in Dublin. The issue was a great division, which extended from one end of the land to the other ; the Clonite party, as it was called, arraying itself in opposition tg the Conference.* The popularity of Mr. Summerfield, operating as it did in the highest degree favorably for the Conference, exposed him to the violent invectives of the opposite party, (their opposition to him being so strong that they regarded his first serious illness as the judgment of God,) and led to the "slanderous reports" to which allusion has been made; and we refer to them now that they may be traced to their true cause,— the violence of rehgious faction. But these drawbacks, whether as they related to himself or others, were very temporary in their character: the missiles of the new party fell harmless at his feet; and, as to his public ministrations, they were greatly owned of God. One who knew him well, and whose acquaintance with him commenced now, thus speaks of his success in saving souls; the language of Mr. Summerfield being always thus :— " Give me souls, or I die." The lady to whom we refer thus speaks : — "In 'doing the work of an evangelist, and making full proof of his ministry,' it was made manifest unto all that * In Matthew Lanktree's narrative a Ml account of the circumstances con- nected with this separation will be found detailed with no ordinary degree of candor and impartiality. The difficulty with many originated in the strong attachment they entertained for the Established Church, and the additional breach-already, as they thought, sufficiently wide-that would be made be- twoou it and the Society should their own ministers admiaister the sacrament. 58 SUMMERFIELD. |
dcouvertedtalon00collgoog_15 | French-PD-diverse | Public Domain | . Tous les ËUts de la République de Venife , avec (es isles, 1000 mil les • • • • Tous les Etats de la RcpubÛque de Gênes, xoo içiUes . s K Tous les Etats de cha cune des Républiques de iucques , Ragufe, St Marin &c. Tous les Etats du grand )âaitte ôt Malthe,^ o rail les ... Tous lesEtats du Pape, ft6d jmHes — du grand Duc deTof eane,' soc milles • — du Duc de Modene, 90 mtHes ". '-'■ l — de rinfant Duc de Parme, 100 milles 1,714,266,828^450 «7,428,269,255.200 s. I7,i4«,668,284i500 },o8Ç,^8o,29i»2io dt tous tes poUs & mefures. j%t demi t. de nuln goiyréf • — daDncdcConrfandi^ t%o fldlics — do Prince de Vab diîe, 660 milles — do Pimce de VixAàè^ wie^ 1600 miUes La glénéialité des Efetfi de rEmpife de tootesles RolEes , en Europe^ en A6c^ Y compris k Cri. ■té; Fisle de Tanian, le Coban, la Pologne ruC fienne & le Eamûcchka , 250 mille milles quarrcs Tous les pays réunis de ITmpereor de la Chî. ne, 1 10 mille milles Toos les Etats deJ'Ëm peieor du Japon, <^o,o{o nBes ... Tons les Etats réunis do grand Mogol, 70,000 wDes ' Tous les pays de la grande Taitarie , ^ ç^obo jBîlles • • • • Tom les pays do de Peife, 50 mille l»77i»î87.o2«,Ç9o,ooa )44»s679^|i4sMtt M99,97Mf9,8?<SO<» «*o22,8}4t«^7»Ç7i»«» i,7M.«W»828,4SO»ooo Toos les pays réunis de FAiabie s s.ooo, mOlef i,8SSs^9lf S < i»29S>ooo Tous les pays de l'Em pereur des Turcs, en Eu rope , en Afie & en Afid 90e, 6$ mille milles • S,228,{4M7M8S9000 LcsRoyaumes de Sam, so,8co milles d |7o,2S^<l4994S92QO ' LesRoyaumes d*Acham, d'Ava, iie Pégu & d'An caoyiç^ooo nlki fi4f2SOta|SfS}S^ûM iSt La Réduction à VUmfotrmtl 4emi t. de main quarrês. IsIedeBomeo, quinze mille milles Etats d'Alger, 9 mille milles . • • • w Etats de Tunis , ^,400 milles Etats de Tripoli, 4,700 milles 5»4»28o,o48,s}S»ooo Îo8,ç68,o29,iai,o<)o Ii6,ç70,î44»»4»6oo i6f,l4:ii08t,874*)M Etats de l'Empereur de Maroc, 14,000 milles . 479»99497ii998^»ooa Royaume de Barca, 4,too milles i4î»998,4">Ç«9»8oo Tous les pays dépen dants des Etats unis d'A mérique, trente mille milles • I9O289Ç 60,097,070,000 On reduiroit deméme en demi travers de main quarrés, la furfàce de tous les Empires, Royau mes , Républiques & Etats Souverains de la terre, SURFACE âts '4 parties du Monde* Nous obfer^onï id, que quoique nous jugions le continent plus étendu, que félon ce qui eft rapporté dans la table ci-après, puifque le même au teur a porté toute la furrace de la terre à 9 mtl> lions 288 niille milles qùarrés d'Allemagne, ce pendant nous n'avons rien voulu altérer à fes calculs , que nous laifTons' aux géographes & aux gens de l'art , à appréder & à fixer plus au jufte4 ^ye cela ne paroit avoir été fait / de tous les poids & mefurcfn ig^ demi t. de maifl qnanés* • 5,89i,386,5«3,997,546. , i8,i97,i87,76a»870,o^9. . fi»98o,o34»99i»693,3484 milles ^narrés. l*dirope • . , 171,834 r Afrique . • • 531 ,638 l'Afie • , • • 641,093 FAmérique fepten. trionale . . 9319199 r Amérique meridio* nale . . . 340,917 (I). 1,916,675 f . 7' 936,495, 539,060, 948« • ii,688,454f087>093»773^ 65,613,578,897.714,937. Me fur es du globe tenaquée. La dr conférence de la terre ^ eftd'un billion ^e demi travers de main « . 1, 000,000,000 Si on veut avoir la c&conféience de la terre en points ordinaires^ il fuffira d'ajouter 2 zéros & on aura 100 billions .• • 100,000,000,000 Si on veut lavoir en points ndcrojcopigues f on ajoutera* | zéros , & on aura vn tnîlon. ci ..••.••.• j ,000,000,000,0^0 • Le diamètre de la tare y qui eft à la circon férence comme ii) à )S5 9 donne ;i8 millions, )98 mille, 62} demi travers demain . ?i89?98>62). Si on veut avoir le diamètre de la terre en points ordinaires , il fuffira d'ajouter à la quantité ci-deiTus 2 zéros ^ & on aura ^i billions, 8)9 millions, 862 mille, ;oo points ordinaires cî ?i98;998^29Îoo, Et fi on veut avoir ce diamètre en points mu erofcopiques , il fuffira' d*ajouter au nombre de$ demi travers dé main, ^ zéros, & on aura )ig (1) On ne compte pas dang le tablean cirdeflus l#s terres auftrâles, toutes celles qui ont été nouvello ment découvertes , non plus qu*ane bonne partie d% rAmérique feptenuionale , dont 00 ne connoit pis a&z réundiic. M4 ]g4 J^ RiduSiôn à PVnîformiti billions, )98 million^, 62^ mille points microfco* piques ;i8,l98,62?,co<> Lajuperfîcie de la terre ^ qui eft'la circonfé rence ;nultipliée par le diamètre , donné ^ i S qua« trillons, 398 millions, 62; billions de demi travers de main, ouC.quarrés .t 18) 9 98)62;, 000,000,000. Pour avoir cette fuperficie en points ordinaires, il fuffira d'ajouter à la quantité précédente 4 zéros . . . ),i8;,986,2; 0,000,000,000,060. Et pour ravoir en points microfcopiques, ona joutera 6 îeros ; ) 89? 98^62 ;,ooo,*ooo,ooo,ooo,ooo. Lajblidité d'une fphère , eft le produit de la fuperficie multipliée par la 6ème partie du dia mètre ; cette (ixième partie du diamètre de la terre étant de si millions, 66 mille ^ 437 demi travers de main & un ïïiâèmç , fi on' multiplie par cette quantité' la fuperficie ci delTus , on aura pour toute la folidité de la terre, ^5 feptillons, 901 fixtillons, 120 quintillons, 521 quatrillons, 382 trillons, 638. billions , 6lç une fiXièmé de demi travers de main ou C . .. cubiques . 15,901,120,^21, 382)688«ooo,ooo.ooc|. Demande. Combien y a t'il pour toute la foli* dite de la terre, de points cubiques ordinaires î Réponfe. En ajoutant 6 zéros à la quantité ci^ deiTus, on aura 1% neuftillons, 901, odillons, 120 feptillons, Ç2i fixtillons, 382 quindllon», 688 quatrillions, 66 mille ^ 666 points cubiques ordinaires & |èmcs ou | de points d 1 5,901,120,62 1,î82,688ï00o,ooo,ooo,i66,666| D. Combien y a t-il pour toute la folidité de la/tene de points microfcopiques cubiques? /?. En ajoutant au nombre ci-defTus des demi travers de main , '9 zéros , on aura 1 5 dixtillons, 901 ncuftillons, 120 oâillons, 521 feptillons, Jg2 fixtiflons, 688 quintillons , & 55 millions 0d mille 4)7 points microfcopiques cubiques, & une fixieme de point i5>90i,i2o,52i48M88î^oo,ooo,oooo5}o664}74r ^~.^*m.^^ ^ de tous les poids & mejiires^ igf . D. Comme toute la crtconférencè de la terre xft d'un billion de demi travers de main en lon gueur , &, comme chacun eft la cinquième partie d'une face ou d'une longueur de main , & la Bioitiè»d'un travers demain, ou deux travers de doigt communs combien a-t-elle de ces par ties? iî. La circonférence de la terre entière, à too millions de faces, & de longueurs de main; 500 millions de travers de main; & deux billions de travers de doigt. D. Si Ton fuppofoit que le globe entier de la terre 5 ne feroit occupé que par de l'or fin ou de. coupelle, combien contiendroit -il de demi tra vers de main cubiques ? , i?. 15 feptiilons, 901 fixtillons, 120 quintil Ions, Ç2I quadrillons, ; 82 trillons, 688 billions. de demi travers de main d'or fin cubiques , & un iixième ci . * iÇ)9oi,i2o,52i, ^829688)000,000,000! D, Et combien contiendroit -il de pondes d'or fin? /?♦ Il contiendroit la même quantité de pon des, que de demi travers de main cubiques ci . . 1^99019120,5219)82,6881000,000,000^ D. En fuppofant que tout l'emplacement du globe de la terre , ne feroit occupé que par de l'eau de pluie diftiUée en été, à dix degrés au-* deflus de ztro du thermomètre de Reawnur, ou bien , par du vin de Bourgogne, combien de de mi travers de main cubiques contiendroit-il ? R. Il en contiendroit le même nombre, que, de demi travers de main cubiques d'or ci . . is,9oi,i20,52i,)8996889OO09Oco,eoo^. JD. Et combien contiendroit^l de pondes & de .bouteilles ? R. En fuppofant que la raifon du ponde d^or fin, au ponde d'eau diftillée ou de vindeBour* ^ 3%€ La JUJuSUon à VUniformiU gogne, feroit comme i à 19 |, fuivant la table ct^evant rapportée^ page1489 ou plutôt en chifires ronds, comme i à 20, alors tout l'emplacement du globe , condendroit 795 fixtîllons, 562 quintit. Ions, s^9 quatrillons, 1^4 trillons, & 400 ndU Ibns de pondes, & de bouteilles d'eau diftillée, ou de vin Bourgogne ci . . . . ♦ 79<»562,ç59,i54,4oc»ooo,ooo D. Si on fuppofe que tout l'emplacement du S^obe , ne condendroit que de la terre, combien Peferoit-il de pondes? R. £n fuppofant que la raifon du ponde d'eau diftillée, au ponde de terre, feroit comme de deux à un, c'efl-à-dire, que compenfation faite des pierres & des métaux qui pefent plus , ayec_ les matières qui pefent moin9, la terre peferoit' le double jufte de l'eau diflillée, alors le globe cntio: peferoit i (èptillon, ^91 (ixtillons, 124 quintillons , 118 quatriHons ,268 trillons, &l 800 billions de pondes ci « • . I,^9i,i24,ii89268.8co,ooo,ooo/)oo D. Si l'on fuppofoit que toute la folidité do globe ne feroit occupé que par de l'air, com* bien peferoit-il de pondes ? /?. Comme fuivant la table ci-defTus mendon« née, Fair à une pefanteur mille fois moindre que l*eau, en rétranchant au produit des pon* des d'eau ^ zéros ^ on aura 79 q quintillons , 562 quatrUlons, ^^9 trillons, 134 bilÛons & 400 mil*' lions-'âe pondes d'air ci 79^,562,5^9,1 ;4,4oo»ooo,ooo D. Toute la fuperficie de laterre eft , comme on l'a établi ci-defTus, de ;i8 quatriilons, ;9g trillons & 623 billions de demi travers de main; en fuppofant que l'eau occupe de cette fuperficie 198 quatriilons, ^98 trillons & 62; billions de demi travers de main , c'eM-dire près des deux tiers , il ne refteroit plus pour la furface du coa. tinent^ que 120 quatriilons; Ton fuppofe que le de tdtù les poids & mefures. i J7 monde exift6 depuis ^788 ans; qu'il y a eu t générations à chaque fiècle, ce qui fait 174 ge^' ncrations} & que chacune ait été de 600 mil. lions d'habitans , (compenfation faite du très-pe tit nombre qu*îl pouvoit y avoir au comménoer ment du monde, avec les tems poflérieurs;) ce qui fait en tout 104 billions & 400 millions d'individus ; or , dans tous ces cas , combien re fteroit-il de demi travers de main ou col.^. qûar* rés , à cultiver par chaque perfonne , fi elle« étoient entxwe toutes vivantes ? ' R. Il reAeroît à chacune i million^ 149 mille^ f7) demi travers de main quarrés; ou beaucoup plus qi/un demi arpent de Paris; efpace de (errein, dont le |>roduit fefoit encore fuffifant poui: procurer à chacun de quoi l'habiller , le chauffer, le loger & lui aéhiellement fur la terre un billion d'habitans ^ fi on leur parta geoit le terrein par .égalité, comme autrefois à Sparte 9 combien re(leroit-il de. poiTeflion à cha^ cun? £.130 billions de demi travers de main quar rés, ou ç mille 616 arpens gf demi mefure de Paris , environ i îo,poQ,ooo,ooa D, En^ fuppofant qu'il n'y ait quejà moitié de ce. territo jre qui foit fusceptible de culture Se d'amélioration, (encore qu'il y en a peut-être plus des trois .quarts), combien refteroitil encore; de terrein, à chacun des mille millions qu'il peut y avoir d'habitans fur la terre? , R. Au moins 2 mille 808 » à % mille arpens de terre, mefure de Paris, 5,000 arpens. D. Il eft conftaté par ¥ expérience qù*un ar pent de Paris rapporte ordinairement 7 à 8 f<?P tiers de froment , ce qui eft beaucoup plus qui) fufBfànt pour la nourriture de ; perfonnes pen-. dant une année , en y comprenant les enfans » en rgg La RiêuBUon à tUniformiti ruppcfant , qu'il y ait un billion d'habitalis fuf la terre , combien y aurott-il environ cParptm défrichés fur toute la furface du globe ? R, Il y aurait î ? ; millions ^ ; ^ mille , ) n ar pens & un tiers, qui font la fomme de 7iotriI lons, sn billions, 44} millions, 7} j mille, 911 demi travers de main qiiarrés ci . . 7io,sn,44î>7n»9ii D. Au lieu de la quantité précédente, fuppo* fcs qu'il y ait un billion d'arpens de Paris qui font défrichés , fur toute la furface de la terre , combien dÔa fçroit-il en derfii travers de main ,quarrés? R, Cela feroit 2 quatrillons, i;i trillons, 600 billions, ;;i millions, 191 mille i% demi tra<» vers de main quarrés ci 2,i;i,6oo,n r,{9i,7;), D. Combien refteroit il donc encore' de demi travers de main quarrés à défricher, & à mettre en valleur ? R» Au moins 40 à 60 quatrillohs, dédu<fUon faîte des terres inhabitables ou indéfrichables, par Texcès du froid, du chaud , ou de la dure ,té du terrein; c'eft-à-dire , au moins 20 à ;o fois autant remplacement des rivières, des fleuves," des lacs, des jardins , des maifons , des chemins &c. ', combien reileroit il encore de terres à défricher ? jR. Au moins 10 à ii fois autant^ y qu'il en 9, été défriché & mis en valleur depuis que ie monde jtxijfe'i c'eft-à-dire au moins 24 à 2^ quatrillons ci , • . . . • • 25i000,000,000,006,000, Ainfi , Ton apperçoit d'une manière, affez fen. iible, que fi c'etoit la volonté & le bon'plaifir des migujies Souverains qui régiflent les peuples, d'txécuter notre owùrage fur les défrichements de tous Us poids & nufuTts. 1^9 dH terres incultes^ qui cft fous leurs yeux, & de lever, conformément a fes difpoiitions précifes^fimpUmer^ les obftadcs que nous avons indiqué^ & qui s'appofent réellement à Pexécuîion de ces défrichements^ dont ils récueilliront les premiers avantages, ils pour ront facilement diminuer La grande mifcre pOm blique qui exifte^ & procurer, à leur Ju jet s du painj @ la véritable richejje ^ pro/périté.'{i} On jugera que nous aurions pu pouffer^ le ta^ bleau que nous venons de donner beaucoup plub loin ; nous nous bornerons quant à préfent à ce^ luici; en invitant les gens de 1 art, à s'occuper de cette belle partie, & à la traiter plus en dé tail , & avec plus d'exadtitude que nous n'avons pu le faire. Nous venon« à un autre ob^et non .moins important , favoir , aux mefure» des corps, célèftes , & à celles des corps microfcopiques. Mejures des objets ajironondques. A la fuite des opérations que nous venons de détailler, en fuccéderoit une autre, favoir: celle de la connoiiTance du ciel, telle qu'dle fubfifte aâuellement, & de la réduâton en àemi travers de main de tous les objets qui font le fujet de Taflronomie , cette fcience qui nous parott faire d'autant plus d'honneur aux hommes, qu'elle les approche pour ainfi dire de la Divinité , dont elle leur enfdgne les grandes merveilles On commenceroit par donner les dimenfions , relativement à la nouvelle mefure , des télesc^ (l) Cet ouvrage tft intitulé : Efiài de bien public , •u mémoire raifonné pour lever, à coup fur, tout les obftacles qui s'oppoient à rexécution des défriche ments Se deilechements ; faire mettre en valleur , p^r des moyens fimplesSe avantageux à tout le monde , toutes les terres Se fonds incultes quelconques ; & poux «perfectionner Tart de l'agriculture. ,11 fi trowm à Bâl« -«to ssRiNi,LibKaii«« vi^o La Réduction à VUniforrmié pes & des différetiK inftromens dont on fe fett pour fixer les aftres^ & la valleur en demi tra vers de main dont ils rapprochent ou groflif&nt les objets. Les tables cùaprès pajjant pour être da meiU bures, quiiy 4lt., nous les avons, choifi. de pr/* ference pour çnjairc t évaluation en demi traven de main. '( Voyes d'autre part. ) On. procédéroit «deméme à Tévaluation de la diftaoct., de la vitefTe du mouvement, du diâmè* tre, & de la .fphére ou grandeur de toutes les comètes & étoiles qu'on appelle fixes ou erran» tes ; V de leur pofition dans le grand cercle d*uii centillon de demi travers de main y .& des au-> très objets remarquables qui peuvent les concer* ner. Le ciel étoile feroit divîfé comme à Tordî naire , eii partie du milieu, , 6u zodiaque , qui renferme 12 conftellations; en partie feptentrîo nale, qui en renferme 21, & en partie méridio nale qui en contieTnt 27; les 12 fignes du zo« diaque feroient /70ur la régularité -xedjaits à lo, comme les mois, ou plutf&t, onfupprimeroittout^ à-fait leur nomenclature inutile & ceUe d'autm parties. Toutes les étoiles de chaque conftellation feroient numérotées j depuis la première jusqu'à' la dernière. Ces numéros pourroîent peut être fervir , avec plus d'avaùtage, pour défignér les étoiles & d'autres aftres, que la plupart dé ces noms fort difficiles à retenir j qui font en ufage^ & auxquels n'ont donné lieu que d'anciennes Ju perflitions ëf fables* On les calculeroit de. ma nière qu'il relierait encore alTezd'efpace entre deux étoiles qui paîroitroient proches l'une de .l'autre, à l'œuil nud, pour qu'il puifle. rouler autour, def (1) Nous avons porté le mille géographique à vSS mille y 164 demi travers de main» au liçu çle >85> l63 je 1 paîflés « pour faire le compte rond; nous avgns jugé cfu'one fi petite fràâiott cft'trôp peu de cbofe iu£ de fi grandes diftances. .19» 1i Éa lUiuBim 4 tUmformiU ^ ï fitis'issi» ït r I î 1 (v 1 ^ ai tous l£S poids & jttejures, 191 ?«'2ijrr<2g' •o gj *" " 3 2 S" «> 5 2 S c "^ »9 o 4^ iO •»< (O u^ ;^ O -4 00 O O) 9) 00 3C V3 vO VO ^ O) •i « <• W • • 4* 4* O» ftS »tf O M 00 S î? 2 i »• o»-**' o ^ o o% o o o IP >a « • w ~ • >• <• • OçnCP 01 O v4 Jfc. *► ■I*' ^^t 0% 00 |0 «fd O O -^ V» •a 0> M M W w M ODiO c» « <• • o» o% v»« 00 o» ■■ O S oo OMO (O **<t v« 00 «o 4^ ^ <<j 10 «si 00 ■O o» O 9t o O) o 03 »-• * s» O Q> 1* • • « • ?*, ^* ô» o» *• •ï*^ w o» yi 4*. ^ os Oj 3k ^ 00 W V ^ •vi 4!k en »o oovo w^ o _ wn *9 004^ <*> * • « <• j* .O) O «M >w M 00^ O O )d O "^ S? »» 00-^ o» « <• >• M ►••3 ^^««9 3 f* 3«£2gS t *0 *0 o g rt »» *> en p. M s. n ^^ n ET" a ^2.3 (A <V ►O • (FQ e M B < • n s », », 4» ^ r. ^ 0»CP »a • w. ^ y, V4 p J^ V* . I • • • ^ • • * OvivcUtUit9 9> ;^ "S 5^a » *" I M ^ g • 0*pOJ p p -^ p>B I o 1. B • • • S r p p • ii32 •^ • s Ht» XX *0 SfX « • • • ♦ S 2 H ♦ • • « • • • • §1S < 1» / >a r P î M ■S ^ 91 ip M <■ » B o • • • » S-. 8 C B* 3 P3 Ht » S • • H )94 ^ RiduBiùn à fUniformîêà monda habitA^ ou dc$ planètes ou corps opaques^ auxqueb ces étoiles, comme autant de Jblàh^ communiquent la lumière ^ la. vie. deroit*il probable que DiEU^ dont la puiffançe &.la fa geflb infinies fé produifent jui ques dans les pioin dres créatures, jusqucs dans les objets nucroS" copiques ! doht il Va être queftioh , ait crée pour. rien , ou pour k funple fpeâacle de la vue <, des corps aujfft énormes que les étoiles, devant le» qtitlles tout le globe de la terre n'eft qu'un grain de fable ^ ou un petit tas de bouel non fans doute; cet être immenfe, incompréhenfible & infinimeût parfait, n'a rien fait inutilement > & qui oe figure à fes grands deffeins, d'une ma« nière qui y foit proportionnée; au furplus, nous déclarons que nous ne prétendons ' adopter ce fiftème , qu'autant que nous n'en ferons pas di&. , fuadé par des raifons plus fortes & plus convain quantes que Celle-ci. L'étpile la plus prx>chey feroih fuppofée être à une diiiance de deux bii lions de milks géographiques, fuifants 570 tril lions, }28 billions' de demi travers de main, & rétoile tl plus é!o^Aé« ê^environisin quatre^vingt quinze tillons in milles géographiques, falfants • ♦ n*> çuatri'Vingt'Jiize tillons & pfj quatre vingt quinte Niions de demi travers de main; toutes ces dSfhmces font énorâies^ & prefqu'hiconceva blcs, nous f avouerons; mais, c'efl: ainfi ré^on drom nôus^ qu'elles ont été fixées, ou conjeAu «ées par les Aftronomes, & par les gens de l'art. C'eft & leurs obfervations & a leurs jugemens aue Aous nous en rapportons à cet ég^d. Ce n eflr. Quft ïwAt de ces diftance&cohfid^rables, qu'on Sent ^xpUximr lefijlèm^ immeiife de la révolution e tous les globes que nous voyons au delTus^ au deiSHis de nous, & le miracle deia.crffation^ dont le prod%e, deftinéà dônMr une idée, quoique fort inoomplÂtte, de la magnificence, de la grandeur. & 4e la perfç(ftio|i n^finies de son IxiViN hJUp TBÙR> furpafle de beaucoup l'en£endemien%.A; h$ dtonnéés des JSàibles mortels S j' ée tous léi pùziù & mefurêÉ. içf ^cfus ne nous arrêterons pas ia% à donner I0 Catalogue des différentes étoiles , comtes êc aQ« très corps Inmineux & opi^ue», rangées dtfns for* are deiB confteilations fous lefqiiels on les coni* prend & ion les place , puirqu*ils font trop nom breux. Il nous fuffira ie dire , qu'il conrien^ droit de procéder aufli, dans^ la table générale^ à révaluadon en demi travers* de mtàn de leur^ diftance, & des divers objets qui y ont rapport^ & qui font f^jets à être évalués; Nous paffotjs des objets conjtd/rabtenierttgrandsy tux objets conjtàilrableftkht petits , c'eft-à-dire à AGQ% qu'on appelle mtCrofcopiques; * Àtefurn des objets rhîcrùjbopîqîtts. [ Ceft ici ,• Que fe déployé tf'une manière iioi^ •ftioins admirable & prodigîeufe, la puiflance, réciononiie ., & la fagelTe infinie du Créateur ; nous enteadons parler des objets microfcopiqiies ; qui le croiroîÉ î qu*it exifte dans la nature , dès objets même vivants . qtii font plus petits , noa feulement qtj'un point ordinaire, mais qu'un de Àos points microfcopiques de nouvelle invention ? ii on n avoit pas lieu de &^en affurer , d'une ma nière à n'en pouvoir d'outer , puifqu'^on peut les Voir, de fes propres yeux; à l'aide d'un micro& cope, pour être conformés comme les plus gros animaux^ & pour être fémillans & pleins (ft vie ? a'eft ici , que fe confond toute la fciencc humaine, déjà fi infatuée & G enorgaeillie de fôd foibles' fuccès ; c'eft ici , un fujet bien propre à exciter dans les humains , vis-à-vis de r. être SUPRÊMIÉ, les plus vifs fentimens d'étonnement & de ftupéfaâion !' Comme nons jugeons que ces objets mIcr;ofco^ {>lqueB feroient un point de la plus grafide cu riofité <& importance , qu'on ne devrok pas padèr fous fifence d'ans lar table des évaluations que noos jpiotrofbfis-, on les yinfereroit auifi. Nt)us N a iç6 La Réduction à l'Uni jbrmiti ehoifiâbns ceux 'des objets miqrofcopiques que nous connoiflbns. Nous ne parlons pas de beau coup d'autres, lesquels nous penfuns qu'on de vroit bien fe garder d'omettre. Il nous femble qu'on devroit d'abord commen'^ cer cette opération, en donnant une table dé taillée des microfcopes fimples & compofés, de la force de leurs verres, & coffibied de fois ils gro& fifTent le diamètre, la furface & le cube des objets, félon la diftanee du foyer 'de ces mêmes verres. Cette table, évaluée en points du pied de Paris, feroit réduite à l'évaluation dès poinc$ ordinaires & microfcopiques du demi traver; de main. Viendroient enfuite tous les objets microfcopi* ques connus , & les plus commune , à peu^prés» fuivant les exemples qui fuivent , & qui font de ftinés à tracer la voye. Il eft foffifamment connu , que la mite , eft au plus de la grofleur d'un point du pied de Paris, ou bien, de cinq points microfcopiques ; en procédant à l'évaluation de fes parties, voici à peuprès la méthode fuivant laquelle nous ju geons qu'on pourroit s'f prendre. La grofleur d'une mite ordinaire S«ii corps, fuppofé quatre cinquiè /y mes de toute fafubilancé • • Sa tête fuppofée laciaquième par tie de toute fa fubitance .. Son cou fuppofé le quart* de la tcte ...,....•. Son miifeau , fuppofé la dixième partie du col Ses deux yeux, fupp^fés la dixié. me partie du mufeau . ^. Un oeuU , fait parconféquent la moitié de la quantité précé tfente ........ Points de Paris. Nouv. I Points pc»"nts I microfco» piques. ' 5 ord. .1 I T 45ème ?o5 'î.boo de^tous les piÀis & mefures. ip^ Points Novv.l Poiirts de points 1 microfco Pans. oïd. I pitots. Ses pattes , fuppofées en/ltamétre la dixième partie d'un œuil • ^«s petites foyes prefqu'impef ceptibles,. qu'on apperçoit, lont au plus le quart en grofleur du diamètre d'une patte. . ^. C'cft un fait confiant, que le plus petit cheveu , ou la pins petite foye poflibJe • a une ra^ cine, èts tuyaux intérieurs» 9c une moelle , par laquelle il s*entrctient y & qui lui donne fa nourriture. Il s'enfuit delà , ^ue le diamètre dune pareille f petite ioye, doit pouvoir fe di. ^ifer, encore au moins en cinq parties, lavoir : dans les deux écorces du tuyau, 'qui font laté rales ; dans celles qui font aa deflhs Se audeflbus; & dans du nouveau point mcrof» çopique, des animaux microfcopiques qiion apperfoit dans feau de poivre. On diftingue ordinairement les animaux mlcroC' copiques de Feau de poivre en 6 efpèçes; dont on ^ détailleroit les différentes parties comme cel les de la mite. ^ On eftime communément, que les animaux de l'eau de poivre de la preçiière efpèce, font de la longueur d'environ le diamètre d'un che veu , ou de la 6ooéme partie d'un pouce du pied de Paris , & que leur largeur eft quatre fois moin dre; on eftime, que ceux de la féconde & troî fième ^èce, font d'une longueur d'eimron le tiers des précédents ; que ceux de la quatrième efpèce , font de la xooème partie du diamètre d*un cheveu j & quç ceux de la cinquième & d^s. N} ]9t ^ RéduBioH à PUnifyrmké. 1% (xième ^pèce, dont k figure paroit au mi^ ^f ofcope , prefque ronde , font fi petit3 , que plu9 ie loo , pourroient éère rangés en ligne ^ (ht le diamitne du plu petk gtain de fable ; parconfé ^uent, il en faudroit plus d'un million, pour cgakr k volume de ce grain de fable. Lt corps, la tête, le col, les pattes, lesyeusr, }e$ œufs 9 les petites foy^ de ce^ animaux, ^ Itout ce qui y e^ relatif, feroit détaillé &. évalué 4an8 la nouvelle table avec la plus grande exac» iitude, & leurs dimenfions principales feroient iSbcées. Il efl: certain , qu'en fe fervant de la méthode /que nou^ indiquons, c'eft-à-dire, jpn comparant les animaux dont nous venons de parier, & tou« tes leurs parties , à un étalon jufte & invariable, tel que le demi travers de mçin , 6t à fort point ordinaire ou microsœpique y il feroit beaucoup flus facile de déterminer la proportion de ces ailimaux vivants , & de tous les autre , vis-â-vis par exemple , d'une goutte d'eau dans laquelle ils liagent, & dans laquelle ils vivent & fe nourrie jEent & qui, confideré leur extrême peritefle^ ne peut qu'être à leur égard, UN ocj&anJ Telle eft à peuprës la méthode, fuivant laquelle nous déilîrerioas que la table générale des diffé» renies évaluations fut dreflee ; s'il y a des ob jets eflentiels que nous aurions omiS', nous laif fons à la prudence ^es perfonnes qui feront chargés de la confedtion de cette table , d*y fup jpléer. Si cette table étoit bien dreffée pour F^« fis, ou pour la capitale du premier Royaume^ Empire, République ou Etat pii on trouveroit bon de d'exécuter cet ouvrage, il fera alors afTez ^cile de Timitçr d^ns toutes les aptres villes & j)ays. On feroii néanmoins attention, que lonqae le demi travers de oiain, le ponde & la bouteille jauroîent été bien fiâtes dans un pays , où on au^^ jroit çofnxnwfYi à eajEécuter cet ouvrage, tes éUh de tous les peids & meJUres. 159 tons fiiffcnt pris pour régies^ dans tous les au* très patfs ou on fe propofcroit de F exécuter pai reniement i afin qu'flj foient les mêmes dans lé Monde tntier fans quoi, il feroit à craindre,' que par une. fuite de nouvelles opératioî^s, par lefquelles on en fixeroit la valleur dans un pays différent , îl ne fe rencontre fouvent quelque pe* tité différence des étalons' d'un Etat à ceux d*un autre , fôurce de beaucoup d'erreurs & d'inçon véniens. 11^ eft inconcevable , combien on a fouvent de peines à réduire les poids & mefures d*un payi a ceux d*un autre , & quelques fois ceux d'un endroit à ceux d'un lieu très prochain. On cfl obligé de faire à cet égard des mefurages & deç calculs immenfes, qui font perdre beaucoup de tcms ; & avec cela on parvient encore difficile ment à en avoir le rapport jufte , ce qui produit fouvent pour les perfonnes qui y font intéreffées des erreurs & des pertes de tems confidérables* Une table qui les contten4roit exadement feroit itianc bien utile , & même bien néceflaîre. , C'eft pour faire jouir tout le monde de cet avaria tag^, que nous avons établi qu'elle feroit dreflec, aînfi que nous en avons donné le modèle ; étant imprimée & entre les mains de tout le monde, cela couperait racine à bien des difficultés , puif <|u'elle feroit une féconde efpèce d'étalon -éc de bouifole pour fe diriger. On juge que cette table devra être faite' avec la plus grande exadtitude, calculée & mife en ordre par les meilleurs maîtres; c'eft une tâche qui pourroit bien , ce femble^ convenir aux membres de quclqiiilluftre Académie^ à qui on voudra la confier, & qui feroicnt les plus verfé» dans cette partie. Ce n'eft qu'après qu'elle au* roit été corrigée, revue & augmentée par la coni* pagnie^ qu'elle .feroit livrée, pour être tranfcritc dans tEdit. S'il y a un fervice , qu'aucune de& Académies du monde auroit rendu à l^umanité, N4 V. ^oo La RiducHon à PUnifarmiÛ ce fcroit celoirci ; puifque, confulter les intérêt» de fes concitoyens , les éclairer ; leur tiacer I9. route qu% doivent tenir pour ne pas être în-^ duits en erreur, c'eft bien Tufage le plus noble» qu'on puiffe faire des fciences. La manière la plus fimple & la plus naturelle^ dont on pourroit parvenir i drefler la table dpn^ U s'agit, ce feroit, ce fetnble> de la part des Gouvernements, de faire expédier un ordre aux Officiers /de Police de toutes les villes , bourgs ^ villages 9 habitations-, hameaux, châteaux , fermes $L lieux de chaque Royaume, Empire, Républi^ que ou Etat, pour qu'ils euiTentà déclarer i«^ tous les poids & mefures qui font en ufage dans le lieu qu'ils habitent, de quelqu'efpcce qu'ils foient, fuivant le détail qu'on leur en donneroit dans vn modèle imprimé qu'on leur envoyeroit; 2.^ de défigner ainfi que cela feroit porte par le même modèle , leur rapport aux poids & mefures de P% lis, ou de la capitale de chaque Etat, & de les y tranfcrire. j.® Le rapport, qu'ils penfent que ces* poids & mefures ont avec le nouveau de^ mi travers de main , ponde & bouteille mention* nés dans le préfent ouvrage, qui leur feroit eiv voyé, afin de. mieux faifir Tefprit du nouveai^ iiftéme de l'uniformité des poids & mefures, ainii que le rapport de ces nouveaux étalons aux poid$ & mefures des anciens. 4^* D'envoyer par la porte ou par les voitures publiques, après avoir idrefré procès verbal modelé du tout, qu'ils fi^^ neront) leurs étalons matrices au Gouvernement 9 qui les feroit pafTer aux Corn m fJJ aires de VAca^ demie , pour les vérifier & pour les fixer dcfir nitivement dans le Catalogue général qu'ils dreC feroient, pqur être joint à l'Edit à intervenir. Pour ce qui concerne les poids & mefures des Çays étrangers, l'Académie demanderoit à cet égard les fecours de fes correfpondants , parti culièrement ceux des perfonnes qui compofent le Miniftire^ le Corifeil ou la Régence de chaque X dé tous Tés' poids & mejiiresi loi Souveraîn ; on né doute pas que , dans tous les Etats policés, tels que ceux de l'Europe, non feulement on ne fe preteroit pas à une pareille demande, mais qu'on fe porterott avec pJaifir'& avec empreflement à donner un pareil tableau de la réduéiion des poids & mefures du pays, ou de la fouvéraineté ; avec d'autant plus de raifon, que i* par les offres de la réciprocité ^ on entre roit dan^ la jouifTance des mêmes avantages, fans compter ceux qui réfulteroient de la plus grande ^£iciHté du commerce entre les fujets de chaque Souverain. Pour ce qui concerne les pays hors lit l'Eu rope ^ dont les cheft, qui feroîent encore pion gés daus l'ignorance, la fuperflition , le defpo tifine & la barbarie, ne fe foucinoient pas ^ de faire donner de pareils renfeîgnemens , on ne les permetteroient pas^ on s'adrefferoit alors aux ncgo^ ciants Européens fur les lieux , defquels on pren^ droit les inftruéHôns, dont on feroit ufage comme on pourroit mieux. On iiQus fera peut-être les objeSions qui font . rapportées dans un livre célèbre, trop admiré par les petfonnes qui ne l'entendent pas , & qui ' n*eft peut être qu'un tiifu d'erreurs & de para * doxes de toutes les efpéces ; ( voyez lEfprit des Loix par M* le Fréfident de Momefquieu ^ au li vre aç^ chapitre irf, intitulé: des idées d'unifor^ mité) comme nous ne croyons pouvoir mieux • faire voir la vérité qu'en tranicrivant les difficul tés , auxquelles nous répondrons , nous allons y fatisfaire. ,9 II y a, diton, de certaines idées d'unifor yy mité qui faififfent quelquefois les grands ef ^ prits,. (car elles ont touché Chnrlemagne ) fy mais qui frappent infailliblement les petits ? Réponfe. Ces idées d'uniformité ont dans tous les tems non feulement frappé, les petits efprits, mais encore les plus grands , fans excepter Cbar lemagne, qui,Joit dit en p^ant, pouvait étce un vaillant , ou heureux guerrier , fans écre on 2oa; La RéduâUon à tl/miformiU grand efprit, dont 6n ne vdtt jmê left.pMnw#> qu'il en a donné „ Ils (le^ petits efprits) y trouvent un genm M de perfeétion qulls récoanoKTent ^ parcequ'ii ^ feroit impoflible de ne pa$ le décounir? J?. S'il eft impolfible de ne pàv découvrir dans les idées d'uniformité un genre de pcrfedHont cela cft donc dans Tordre de la nature^ & cela doit être aufli commun aux grands crprits qu'aux pedts. Il nous femble que les grands efpritt ainfi que les petits, doivent donner la préfé rence à une machine qui remplît bien fes fon^ irions , & , qui eft facije à diriger , pàrcequ'ellc eft compofée de reflbrs fimples & uniformes» plutôt qu'à une autre qui ne remplkoft pa$ wfd bien ces mêmes fo.ndion$/ & qui ne fe dt« rigeroit qu'à force de bras, parceque (les roues i& ùs reilbrts feroient tellement multipliés & comr pliqués, qu'elle feroit prefque toujours dérangée. ,)Les mêmes poids dans.ia Police, les mêmes y^ mefures dans le commerce , les mêmes loix 5, dans l'Etat, la ntême religion dans tùutes fe^ 33 parties? /?. Oui fans doute; & on n'éprouve aujour« d'hui que trop, les inconvéniens de l'inuniformité des poids, des melures & des loix dans l'Etat, * de même qu'on a reffe^ autrefois & qu'en rcC* fent encore les inconvéniens de la diiférence des religions , qui n'ont produit que des guerres i au moyen de quoi il y a eu des fleuves de fang verfés. Ces gutfres , quoique moins fanglantes , fubiiftent encore aujourd'hui dans toutes leurs i>arties. Le grand nombie de procès, & toutes es erreurs, les tromperies, les fraudes èclos vols de bien des efpèces qui ont lieu dans pref. que toutes les conditions de l'Etat , & qui rem pUfTent fouvent de défecpoir ou font mourir de çhagriii ou de mifere une quantité des nîeil^ leurs citoyens , np font autre chofe qu'une autre çfpéce de guerres , réfultsmtes de h confufipji & iâ tous les poids & mefures. lo} .ie llnunîformkc ^des poids , ' Aqb mefures & des Joix , Icfquelles ne font pas moins funefies & terribles que les premières. yy Mais cela' elt-il toujours i propos^ fans exs» ccption ? A Oui , fans contredit , demême qu'il eft tou,. Jours à propos que Tordre régne plutôt que la ponfudon. „ Le mal de changer. eft -îl toujours moih^ ^j'gtaijd'que le mal de fouflrîrf R. Nous difïtnguons: G les ordonnances qui changent quelque chofe dans Fécat^ font juftcs & bien faites, alors i] n'y^a pas de mal de chan ger, & le publie au lieu'de foufFrir en recueillit ae véritables avantages ; mats ^ elles font erron* nées , & remplies' de çontradidîon? , G elles n'ont pour but le bien puHfc " qu'en apparence, & non pas en réalité , alors , nous convenons que îc changement ne produit fou vent pour le pu* blic qu'une augmentation de fôufFrance, Or , quand on rendt? uniformes les différens povis & mefores qui ne Tétoient pas, nous en tendons ,que les ordonnances à ce fujet feront Juftes, & telles que nous les avons propofé. Si on fait aux différentes difpofitions de notre ou vrage des changement ou des modification'? qui le défigurent abfolument» il eft pofiîble qu'il V ait prcfqu*Un auffi grand mal de changer Fînuni formité dès poids & meftires, qu'il y a aujour d'hui de mal à en fouffrir les înconvénicns. ^ Et la grandeur du ^énie ne confifteroit-ellè •3 pas mieux à favoir dans quel cas il faut Funt ^ formité, &'dàns (juel cas il faut des différenr R, S1I faut quelques petites différences danç !es loix de la Police, relativement aux clinj^its , ^ux terreins bu à des circonftances particulières, comme par exemple , de régler la vendange pour )e jour où la communauté du ban jugera que }.es raififts (biit murs » i on ne doit pais conclure 20A. La RiiaQiùtt à VUnlformiii delà, qu'il doive y avoir aufli des diSeretiees pour les poids & mefures , & même pour les loix de la juftids dans un feul & même Etat; & U faute aux yeux des grands génies comme des petits, qu'il vaut mieux qu'il n'y ait que éta^ Ions de mefures qup plus de ^oo milie^ dès qùe^ par ces ; étalons on remplira les vues de ce grand nombre, auffi bien, & encore infiniment mieux. ^ i „ A la Chine les Chinois font gouvernés ^pac yy le cérémonial Chinois , & les/ Tartares , par le ^ cérémonial Tartare? R. Si c eft un ufaee ou une mode établie chez les Chinois & ckei les Tartares , que ces peuples ayent un cérémonial compofé d'un plus grand ou d'un pits pçdt nombre de Simagrées « il n'efl; pas à dire que ce foituneloi pourradmi liiflxatipn de la juftice, c^e la police, des financesi jlu commerce, de l'agriculture, & du Couver* nemeht intérieur & extérieur. Ces peuples peu« vent fans doutie être régis par des loix fondées fur la juftice & Tordre ^ mais ces loix font bien différentes d'un fimple cérémonial. |
43697239_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Mehmet Masum Suer is a documentary photographer and freelance journalist.
Personal life
Suer was born on 15 October 1957 in Mardin, and lives in Diyarbakir, Turkey.
Career
Journalism
He started his career as a journalist in 1974, and worked until 1993 as a reporter, photojournalist, writer, redactor and representative.
Photography
In 1994, Suer stopped working in journalism history, culture and language research. After the year 2000, he still continued working in photography, but not related to journalism.
Suer has taken photographs of historical places and buildings, especially in the cities of Diyarbakir, Mardin, Van and Hasankeyf. He joined a project taking photos of famous Kurdish politicians and artists. His works are related to culture and history and also include works of art. Suer also takes photos of festivals and presentations.
Suer has had twelve exhibitions in Turkey, the region of Federal Kurdistan in Iraq, Belgium and the United States. His photos are used in tourist publications such as guidebooks, brochures and postcards, as well as in international tourist fairs, newspapers and magazines.
Recognition
International photography magazine Light and Composition, has chosen 19 of Suer's photos as "Photo of the Day" and four as "Photo of the Month", for January 2014. Suer placed in Light and Composition's list of the "100 Best Photographers".
At the Arts and Culture Festival in the region of Federal Kurdistan in Iraq, he was awarded special honors.
Four of his photos have been printed as postage stamps.
References
Living people
Kurdish journalists
Documentary photographers
1957 births.
|
annalsamericanp25spragoog_17 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | The Rev. Benjamin Keller, who was at that time his Pastor, having ascertained the state of his mind, consulted with his parents, and finally secured their consent to the gratification of Nicholas' wishes. The young man immediately entered upon a coarse of study, under the direction of Mr. Keller, preparatory to enter- ing College, and, in due time, became a member of the Freshman Class in Dickinson College, then under the Presidency of the Rev. Dr. John M. Mason. During his whole College course, he was distinguished for the most correct and orderly deportment, for diligence and success in study, and for a consistent and elevated Christian character. Shortly after his graduation, in 1825, he commenced his theological studies imder the direction of the Rev. Dr. J. G. Schmucker, then of York, Pa. ; but beeon^ted them at the Theological Seminary at Getfysburg, which had, in the 184 LUTHERAN. mean time, been established. He was licensed to preach the Oospel by tlie Synod of West Pennsylvania, convened at Berlin, Somerset County, in the &U of 1826 ; and immediately accepted an appointment to a mission in the North- western part of the State. He visited the Counties of Clearfield, Venango and Indiana, and dispensed the Word of Life to the scattered members of the Lutheran Church. Having proceeded m his tour as &r as Indiana and Blairs- ville, a company of piously disposed persons prevailed on him to settle among them as their Pastor. Although they were few in number, and were scarcely able to furnish an adequate support, yet, afler much reflection on the subject, he was constrained to believe that that was the field which the Providence of God marked out for him. Accordingly, he accepted the call, and, from the Ist of July, 1827 until he finished his earthly course, he continued to labour here with great diligence and success. During his connection with this charge he was invited, not less than eight times, to accept a more prominent position in the Church, where his services would have been more amply remunerated ; but nothing could reconcile him to the idea of parting with a people to whom he had become so much attached, and to whom his labours had proved so rich a blessing. And his attachment to them was most fully reciprocated. If any were prejudiced against him at first, he uniformly succeeded in removing their prejudices, and sometimes in bringing them into the number of his most devoted friends. All looked up to him with confidence, reverence and affection. Mr. Sharretts' death occurred on the 31st of December, 1836. in the thirty-fifih year of his age. During a tour which he made for collecting frinds to liquidate the debt which rested on the Indiana Church, he was attacked with a fever, fipom which he partially recovered; but the disease remained in his system, and periodically returned, until it had completely destroyed his constitution, and all medical aid proved unavailing. His last hoiuis were full of tranquillity and humble, affectionate confidence. The Saviour whom he loved, ministered to him in the dark valley. Those who witnessed his triumphant departure, as well as those who had observed his eminently devoted life, felt assured that for him to be absent from the body was to be present with the Lord. His remains were interred in front of the church he had been instrom^tal in building. The Funeral Sermon was preached by the Rev. C. F. Heyer, from II. Kmgs, iv, 26. Mr. Sharretts was married, on the 9th of October, 1827, to L. H. Spotswood, of Carlisle, who snrvived him, with three small children. FROM THE REV. HENRY HAVERSTICK, PaOFEBSOB IN THE HiGH SOHOOL, PHILADELPHIA. Philadelphia, April 24, 1862. Rev. and dear Sir : My recollections of the Rev. Nicholas G. Sharretts are very distinct, and very grateful to my own heart. He was a man, gifted with many qualifications for usefulness in the Church, all of which were con- secrated by an entire devotion to his work. Our acquaintance with each other commenced at Dickinson College, where I had occasion to notice how manfully he struggled with difficulties, which may have arisen from the fact that he turned his attention to systematic study, when somewhat advanced in years. Perhaps, also, it may have been to his disadvantage, that, while pursuing his college course, he was already NICHOLAS G. SHABRETTS. 185 the accepted loyer of the lady whom he afterwards married. But he did not forget the one grand object of his life, or neglect any portion of the prescribed course of academic study. Mr. Sharretts had no great fondness for profound research, nor had he ever read many books in any one department of knowledge. While engaged in the active duties of the ministry, he wrote very few sermons, being content to prepare a mere outline, trusting to the operations of his mind in the pulpit for filling it up. But this mode of preaching had its advantages in the field which he occupied. More elaborate sermons would have checked the ardour of his own temperament, and failed to reach the hearts of his people, who relished the truth most in its simplest form. Of all this Mr. Sharretts was himself fully aware ; so that, while he aimed at great pastoral fidelity, and was always ready to take an active part in the public deliberations of the Church, he knew when and how to concede the higher place to those whose intellectual endowments were superior to his own. Mr. Sharretts entered upon the active duties of his ministry at a highly auspicious period. It was when accessions to the clerical ranks of the Lutheran Church in the United States were few, especially of young men who had had a collegiate education, or had passed through a Theological Seminary. Hence, competition for place or position was almost unknown. But it was also the time when the Church was commencmg her grand transition from lower things to higher, under the impelling force of the institutions at Gettys- burg, as the honoured earthly instrumentality. This upward movement the people, the members of the Church, especially in Western Pennsylvania, had begun to feel, and to regard as marking the dawn of a brighter day. The effect of this was that they were anxiously waiting the arrival of competent men, who should give to their scattered elements an organized form, and break unto them the bread of life. Under these circumstances, Mr. Sharretts had free scope in selecting the place of his residence. He chose a pleasant, retired, thriving village, around which his field of labour extended for many miles. It was fortunate for him that he was not obliged to preach constantly to the same people, as his habits of study were not sufficiently systematic to have enabled him, in this way, to realize the highest amount of usefulness. Situ- ated as he was, he could and did — mounted upon his good horse — make fre- quent rambles over hill and dale, while in the discharge of his duty. There, too, his warm and genial heart could always be cheered by constant inter- course with the people of his large flock. Hence, he enjoyed a degree of popularity, based upon sincere, hearty affection, such as few men now-a-days are fortunate enough to secure. The people saw him often at their homes and their fieimily altars. And when they saw him, he was always bland in man ner, frank and free ; always manifesting an interest in both the old and the young; always ready to give sound advice about their worldly interests; but never failing to direct their thoughts to the higher interests of the soul. So manifest was his sincerity, his singleness of purpose, his untiring devotion to his work, in the discharge of his more private pastoral duties, that, when he appeared in the pulpit to deliver his message, the people were all prepared to receive him as a veritable ambassador fVom the King of kings. The personal appearance of Mr. Sharretts was not specially attractive. His Toice was neither powerful nor musical-^ndeed, he had a slight impediment of speech — but his utterances were attended by a deep and thrilling pathos, which showed unmistakably a heart burning with love to God and man. His language was simple, but yet forcible, — such as men of every age and every rank were compelled to feel. If he was not, in a high degree, elo- quent, according to the standards presented in books, the real power of his doqnence was proved by the fact that, through his instrumentality, hundreds Vol. IX. 24 186 LUTHERAN. were brought to the foot of the Cross, and made living members of the Saviour's mystical body. Truly, it was a day of deep mourning, both for the Church and her minis- ters, when a mysterious Providence cut down this beloved brother, in the vigour of his manhood and in the meridian of his usefulness. Respectfully yours, HENRY HAVERSTICK. FROM DAVID GILBERT, M. D. Philadklphia, October 20, 1862. Dear Sir: The Rev. N. G. Sharretts commenced his ministry when an important era of the Evangelical Lutheran Church was about to be inaugurated. It was then that the Theological Seminary of the General Synod was estab- lished, and the German language began to be supplanted more extensively by the English. Shortly after he was licensed by the Synod of West Pennsyl- vania, he was sent to visit congregations in Indiana County. In traversing the central portions of the State, he visited many of the Pastors through whose charges he passed. These Pastors, in that early day, in most instances, served from six to eight diflTerent churches, the services generally being in the German language. The effect of this tour was a full conviction, on his part, that the provision for the spiritual wants of our people was wholly inadequate. The Gospel was preached necessarily at too great intervals, and in a language which the young especially could but very imperfectly appreciate. Arriving at Indiana, he was cordially received by a feeble congregation, which had been without a Pastor more than a year. He commenced his labours by visiting the people as well as ministering to them in the sanctuary. He found, to his regret, that quite a number of those who considered themselves members of the church were not only destitute of spirituality, but were guilty of conduct utterly unbecoming the Christian character. When, therefore, his first Com- munion season was appointed, he requested them to visit him in his study. When they assembled, and he had offered a prayer, he stated to them frankly the difSculty which he felt in their case, and then opened the Bible and read to them various passages as his authority for refusing to receive them as com- municants, adding that if he could be convinced that he was in error, he would most gladly adopt a different course. The result was that they left him almost immediately, under great excitement, giving vent to their feelings in angry and reproachful words, in view of the tyrannical conduct of the minister. As they passed by the smithery of a pious Presbyterian, they fell into a conversation with him, and stated to him their grievances — whereupon the blacksmith instantly replied that he was rejoiced to find that they had a minister who had the requisite moral courage to stand up and do his duty ; and he then assured them that the subscriptions which they threatened to withdraw should be more than made up by himself and others, who were the friends of vital piety. Thus the young Pastor soon found, in his new home, friends to sustain and comfort him in this trying emergency. His preaching was plain, practical and faithful, and this, with his labours in the family and the Sabbath School, made enduring impressions for good. The disafiTected soon after returned to the church, and when the time for the next Communion arrived, nearly all of them had become hopefully the subjects of Divine grace, and were received as welcome guests at the Lord's table. The congregation in the borough of Indiana so prospered that it became necessary to erect a new church edifice. Mr. Sharretts found, however, that an effort to raise the funds, in order to be successful, must extend beyond the limits of his pastoral district. This he willingly undertook, and his labours were crowned with EUANTJEL EELLHR. 187 encouraging success. He made his collections mainly in the central parts of Pennsylvania, preaching in all the congregations whiq^i he visited. In this inission Providence doubtless had another far more important object to accom- plish, namely, — that the Gospel should be preached in the English language, with power and effect, to those whom he visited, many of whom were desti- tute of the Word of Life. At that period, in those localities, the English denominations, owing to the e^jclusive use of the German language, were igno- rant of the truly evangelical character of the doctrines of our Church. This was especially the case in the region around Northumberland. In this town the Lutheran church was sold by the sheriff to the Unitarians, the German Pastor, who resided in a neighboring town, making no effort to prevent the transfer. The Orthodox churches in this place were under the impression, therefore, that the Lutheran Church had departed from the accredited standards of orthodoxy, until Mr. Sharretts preached there on this tour of collection. His sermons clearly and forcibly set forth the doctrines of human depravity, of the necessity of regeneration, the atonement, and justification by faith, to large and admiring audiences. When I went to Northumberland, in 1828, and declared myself a member of the Lutheran Church, to the friends who desired my settlement there as a Physician, they advised me not to commit myself on this subject, as the Lutheran Church was not regarded there as orthodox. I replied that this was an error, and that I hoped, before long, to have an opportunity of convincing them of it. When, therefore, the devoted Sharretts preached there, in 1829, I could say to those friends, exultingly, — << This is the Lutheranism which it has always been my pleasure to profess." Such was the fervour and unction of his discourses, and such their scholarly character, also, that his preaching was both highly impressive and very attrac- tive. He was waited upon by the clergy and prominent pious citizens of the place, and when he left to preach in Sunbury, many followed him thither, and a few even went to Selin's Grove, a distance of seven miles, to hear him there. This was the last time that it was my privilege to listen to, or hold com- munion with, this truly excellent and devoted minister of the Gospel. His pndse is in many of our churches, and there are not a few who still gratefully jmd tenderly cherish his memory. Very truly yours, D. GILBERT. EMANUEL KELLER. 1826—1837. Emanuel Keller, a son of Peter and Catherine (Schaeffer) Keller, was bom at Harrisburg, Pa., on the 30th of September, 1801. Enjoying the advan- tages of a Christian education, he was early brought under the influence of reli- gious truth, and gave evidence of having experienced a spiritual renovation. His thooghts and desires were early turned to the Christian ministry. He com- meaaced his classical studies under the direction of his uncle, the Eev. Benjamin Keller, and subsequently entered as a student of Dickinson College, though his same does not appear on the list of graduates. He pursued the study of Divi nitj with his Pastor, the Rev. Br. Lochman, and, in the year 1826, was inducted 18S LUTHERAN. into the sacred office by the Synod of Pennsylvania. The first year of his miih istry he laboured at ^Manchester, Md. Thence he removed to Mechanics- burg, where he continued to labour without interruption until a short time before his death, when his health had become so feeble that he was obliged to resign his charge. He died on the 11th of April, 1837, in the thirty-sixth year of his age, and was buried in the graveyard connected with Trindle Spring Church, by the side of his two sons who had died before him. Two Discourses were delivered at his Funeral, — the one by the Rev. D. Gk>ttwald, from the words, — '* Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, shall give me at that day;" and the other, by the Rev. J. Ulrich, from the text, — " Well done, good and &ithfnl servant, thou hast been fidthful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many things : enter thou into the joy of thy Lord." On the 14th of April, 1825, Mr. Keller was married to Sabina Seltzer, of Harrisburg, Pa. They had five children. FROM THE REV. JAMES L. SCHOCK. D.D. New York, February 19, 1868- My dear Sir : My recollections of the Rev. Emanuel Keller go back to my boyhood. Well do I remember the advent of our new minister. My father being an ofScer in the church, our house was one of the first at which he called and spent an evening. We youngsters were delighted with him. He was such a handsome, genial, lovable man, — so free from ofBcial austerity, and so natural and cheerful in his deportment, that he won our hearts at once and made us his fiist friends. T said our new Pastor was a handsome man. So he was — few indeed are more so. He was somewhat above the medium height, straight as an arrow, rather slender, compactly built, and strikingly graceful in all his movements. His face, however, was his crowning charm. Hair, dark brown, — eyes, hazel, clear and sparkling, — nose, slightly aquiline, — mouth, full of character, — and a complexion which, for transparent ruddiness, I have never seen sur-« passed. In his entire personal appearance he was a man who would attract notice in any crowd. He was not what would be called a highly intellectual man, nor was he a man of extensive and varied scholarship. He was what far better fitted him for the work of the ministry, — a well-balanced man. He had mind enough to grasp the truth, and to present it in vivid form to his hearers ; and he had sympathy enough to make the impression that he understood and felt what he uttered. He never aimed at profundities or novelties. He was no sensa- tion preacher. He ever spake that which he knew, and ever testified that which he had seen. He had a remarkably lively and interesting style of pulpit address. No one that ever heard him in the sacred desk will easily forget him, not because he was unusually profound or eloqunt, but because he was intensely earnest and practical. He preached, it often appeared to me, as if he felt that not only his audience, but the whole world, depended upon his utterances, at the time, for salvation. Moral courage was a conspicuous element in his character. A pioneer in Temperance and other reforms, there was abundant opportunity to test it. He dared to act out his convictions, no matter what or who opposed. As none who knew him questioned his sincerity, so none questioned his courage. You might inscribe on his monument what was said by the great Scotch Earl, — "Here lies one who never feared the face of man." EMANUEL KELLER. 189 Hia ministry was an eminently successful one. The churches under his care all greatly prospered. And I am inclined to ascribe his success quite as much to his labours out of the pulpit as in it. Here he was emphatically a worker of the highest type. The young were ever the objects of his special attention. As the period approached for holding his annual Catechetical lectures, he was sure to find his way to every house in which there were any young persons not connected with the church ; and, once persuaded to attend, most of them soon became deeply and savingly concerned for their souls' salvation. When I was first prevailed upon to attend these meetings, nothing was farther fi*om my intentions than discipleship with Jesus; but, through the earnest appeals, and at times seemingly inspired prayers, of my Pastor, in the lecture-room, a thorough revolution in my heart and feelings was soon experienced. A few days after I had joined the church, he came to me, and suggested that I should come out in public prayer. I was dumb- founded, and replied at once that it was an utter impossibility. He gave me to understand he was resolved it should not be. Often did he ply me on this subject. The last time — 1 remember it well — ^was under these circum- stances. We met by accident on the bridge which spans the Susquehanna, opposite the capital of the State. He was on horseback and I on foot. Scarcely had he greeted me when he introduced the old subject, and this time successfully ; for, just before we reached the end of the bridge, which was a mile in length, the promise was given. It was through his instrumentality, too, that I consented to give myself to the work of the Ministry. Nor am I the only trophy of his labours in this direction. The Church has five or six ftithfiil and active labourers, who directly ascribe not only their conversion, but their entrance upon the ministry, to his eflforts. Were I asked what it is that most forcibly strikes me, about my deceased Pastor, I would say it is this — entire consecration to the work in which he had enlisted. To this every thing he said and did was subordinated. He was one of the most active men I ever knew — he was ever putting forth his strength — he was never still — a burning spirit of zeal moved in all the wheels of his bfe, and all this activity was directed to the duties of his calling. He had time for nothing else. In a word, if a man ever did the work of a good min- ister of Jesus Christ fully, I believe he was that man. During a vacation from College, I rode out with him one afternoon in his carriage. He had been confined to his house for some weeks by an attack of the disease which finally carried him to the grave, and was just able to venture abroad. In our ride we passed the church, when he spoke of the intense desire he had to enter the polpit again, and, if so, he thought he would preach as he had never preached before. He said it had always been a matter of deep study with him what topics he should select for discussion in the pulpit ; but never had he experi- enced so much difficulty as now. He had thought of many texts to base his first sermon upon, should he be permitted to preach to his people again ; but, for the present, his mind was made up to choose this, — " What shall I cry ?" Had that sermon ever been preached, I should like to have heard it ; but it never was—he had already preached his last sermon. Daring the ride just referred to, I was acting in capacity of driver, and, not having any previous knowledge of my skill in this science, he at first scruti- nized my efforts closely, and, as I thought, rather apprehensively. His fears soon gave way, and he frankly told me so. He observed it was not a pleasant task to drive persons who were nervously apprehensive of accidents, as he knew from his own experience. He said that his venerated father in Christ, and Preceptor in Theology, — Dr. Lochman, had this infirmity, and not unfre- qoently annoyed him with it considerably, whilst he was driving him to preach in the country. It was a habit of the good man to address any one younger than 190 LUTHERAN. himself as " My son " or " My daughter." As he was heing driven along, he would fix his anxious eye upon eyery stone within reachable distance, saying, " There, my son, is a stone ;" and, though safely passed, he would generally add, " Now, if you had driven a little over to one side, you would have gone right over it." Speaking of riding out with my Pastor reminds me of a relic that still exists of him, in the neighbourhood where he laboured, and which I had the privilege of seeing when on a visit there last summer. A carriage was passing along the street of the village. « There, do you know that ?" asked a citizen who was approaching me in an opposite direction. « Why, yes ;" said I, " that is Emanuel Keller's carriage." And so it was, as all, even the children, recognize it. It had been purchased by one of his parishioners residing in the country, and, though carefully preserved and used, doubtless in part for its former owner's sake, I judge from its worn appearance, that it must soon be among the carriages that have been. My deceased Pastor was a man who shone, — attracted attention and excited admiration, in every rela- tion of life. Unselfish generosity was the basis of his character ; he lived in love ; it was the atmosphere of his intellect, the orbit of his soul. He was a bright and glowing child of the sun. His mind was remarkably healthy there was nothing morbid about him. I suppose he had his failings ; but for- give me for saying my eye could not discover them. I was always so occu- pied in venerating and in loving, that I had no time, and certainly no dispo. sition, to note any deficiences that might exist in his character. But if you really wanted to see and know Emanuel Keller, you had to go to his fireside and his family. Here he shone with pre-eminent lustre. What a lovely home that was ! That family intercourse, so Iree, genial, overflowing with love- that family worship, morning and evening, how dear, how beautiful— no mere mechanical service, but the spontaneous outpourings, in songs and in supplica- tions, of hearts knit to each other and to God in ties holier than blood. I shall never forget it. Alas ! that family — ^father, mother, two sons and two daughters, now all sleep beneath the sod, — one daughter alone surviving. Emanuel Keller, like many other of God's most devoted and successful labourers, died in his prime. His life and work were comparatively short; but it can be said of him that he did not live in vain. The world is better for his having lived and laboured in it. The results of his earthly career and activity will outstrip the limits of time, and be unconsumed by the burning of the world. In eternity itself. Heaven will be more glorious that there was once such a man on earth, and that his life was so spent. His name will not soon die out among the people with whom he laboured. He has left a record in their hearts that will live as long as memory endures. Some fifteen years after his death, whilst preaching in the church in which I was confirmed by him, I alluded to his labours and to his sleeping in the graveyard close by. Scarcely had I mentioned his name when the entire congregation was deeply affected, and many wept aloud. His death was a fitting end to his life — it was like his life, full of Christ, and love, and Heaven. His disease was a pulmonary afiection, and, towards the last, he suffered greatly. He endured it all with unmurmuring, heroic patience. Though Death came to him, as it were, in the midst of life, he triumphed over him gloriously. Faith in the Gospel sustained him when aU else failed, and he left the world not only in calmness and peace, but rejoicing in the hope of the glory of God through Jesus Christ the Lord. "His death was his last sermon, where, in the pulpit of his bed, he has instructed men how to die, by his example." « Blessed is that servant whom his Lord, when .he cometh, shall find so doing." Truly yours in Christ, JAMES L. SCHOCK. JOHN G. SCHWARTZ. 191 JOHN G. SCHWARTZ. 1827—1831. John G. Schwartz was bom in Charleston, S. C, on the 6th of July, 1807. His parents were both exemplary members of the Lutheran Church under the pastoral care of the Kev. Dr. Bachman ; and this son seems to have evinced strong reli^ous tendencies firom early childhood. At the age of twelve years he was bereaved of his fether, who, on his death-bed, intimated to his Pastor a wish that, if his son should be inclined to become a minister of the Gospel, he would kindly encourage any such disposition. The boy had shown a decided leaning in tiiat direction before his fether's death ; and, while the grief occasioned by his bereavement had scarcely subsided, he called upon his Pastor for the purpose of obtaining counsel in reference to his studies, and stated to him explicitly his intention to devote himself to the Gospel Ministry. Dr. Bachman, fearing that his resoluticm had been adopted rather as a tribute of affectionate r^ard to his Other's memory, than from any intelligent conviction of duty, advised him to wait for ono year, and, in the mean time, con^der the question carefully ; and i^ at the end of the year, his wishes should remain unchanged, he would then give him further directions. They met frequently during the year, but no allusion was made to the subject, on either side, though the boy was making rapid progress in his studies, and securing great &vour by his deportment At length, when the subject had almost &ded from the Pastor's recollection, young Schwarte presented himself before him on the morning of a ndny day. He told him that he had come to give him ^e result of another year's reflecdcm; that it was that day a year anoe he had encouraged him to call, and that he had come, punctually, to say that his feelings and wishes were still the same, and that his resolution to devote himself to the ministry of the Gospel remained unchanged. From this period the ministiy was the commanding object of his thoughts and studies. He spent much time in the &mily of Dr. Bachman, and there grew up betweai them a strong attachment, which was dissolved only by death. The Doctor watched with great interest his rapid improvement, and devoted several hoars of every Saturday to giving him instruction. For some tame he was a regular pupil of Dr. Jones, but the principal part of his academical education he received at the School of the German Friendly Society. He showed great enthusasm in the pursuit of knowledge, and took a hi^ rank as a scholar among his associates. In the &11 of 1824 he entered the Junior dass of the Sout^ Carolina College at Columbia, and, in 1826, was graduated with one of the highest honours of his class. He was a universal fiivourite with both the students and the Faculty. One of the Professors in the CoU^ wrote thus concerning him : — " He is not only one of the best scholars, but one of the best young men the institution has for several years graduated." It was in the year 1824, before leaving home fer CoU^e, that he made a public profession of religion, and was confirmed according to the usages of the Lutheran Church; though his conversion probably toc^ place several years loterior to this. Mr. Schwartz commenced the study of Theology during his Senior year in CoQ^e, as he found leisure and opportunity, and, after his graduation, continued it 192 LUTHERAN. under tlic direction of Dr. Bachman. In the sommer of 1827, before be wm quite twenty years of age, he preached with great acceptanoe, his first sermon, in tie Lutheran church of his native city. He subsequently, for several weds, supplied the pulpit during the absence of the Pastor, preaching twice every Sab- bath, at the same time that he was holding the place of a teacher in the Cbarks- ton Grammar School The same year he was licensed to preach the Gospel by the Synod of South Carolina, and immediately engaged in itinerant missionarj service, visiting nearly all the middle and upper districts of the State, and froquentiy officiating every day m the week. The Report which he presented res- pecting the condition and wants of the people in the districts he visited, did much to stir up the Lutheran Ohurdi throughout the State to a vig(»rous effort to supply the vast destitution. On his return from his missionary tour, he received the appointment of Assistant Professor d Ancient Languages in the Charleston College. He accepted the place, chiefly from a desire to pursue his theological studies stiU further. But, thou^ his services in this capacity proved highly acceptable, be resigned the place af);er a ^ort time, in consequence of finding much less leisure for studies bearing immediately on his profession than he had expected. As Ins health was now somewhat reduced, he made a journey to the North with a view to invigorate it ; and, on his return, resumed his missionary labours with increased interest and energy. He took chai^ of four congregations, in a district of country by no means healthful ; and, though he received several very eligible proposkls from other pktoes, he thought the prospect of usefulness where he was, too great to warrant him in listening to them. His services were received with many tokens of good will and thank^ness ; considerable numbers were added to the church ; and the congregations requested of the ^* Society for the Promotion of Rehgion," from which he had received his appointment, that his services might be continued, in the expectation that they could themselves raise for him an adequate support. In 1829 the initiatory measures were taken for establishing a Theological Sem- inary, in connection witii ^e Lutheran Chiu-ch, in South Carolina. The project had to encounter considerable opposition; but the difficulties were gradually removed, the requisite funds were raised, and the necessary arrangements made for the institution to go into q)eration. Though Mr. Schwartz was at this time only twenty-three years of age, his remarkable qualifications for the place fixed the eyes of the Church upon him, and he was chosen the first Professor, by a unani- mous vote of Synod. The result of the election was entirely unexpected to him, and he was well nigh overwhelmed by the announcement of it. He, however, after pausmg a few minutes, signified his willingness to accept the place, and, by his touching and eloquent remarks on the occasion, produced a powerful impression upon the whole assembly. The Professor, without unnecessary delay, entered upon his duties ; but, as circumstances prevented the immediate location of the Seminary, and as his con- gregations in Newberry and Lexington were very desirous of retaming his services for the year, he was permitted to continue among them, and to receive, in the mean time, such students as might offer at his residence in Newbeny. Several young men soon presented themselves, and he began to devote himself with great vigour and interest to his new duties. It appears, from letters which he wrote at this time, that he was deeply impressed with the magnitude of the work to which JOHN G. SCHWARTZ. 193 he had been called, and that nothing but his confidence in God's aB-sofficient grace kept him from sinking under the mighty burden of responsibility which he had assumed. But, just as the Seminary was becoming fixed in the confidence and affections of the Southern portion of the Church, and the fairest prospects of a protracted career of usefulness seemed to be opening upon the young Professor, Providence delivered to them all a most affecting lesson on the uncertamty that pertains to &U human prospects. During the summer months the district in which Profes- sor Schwartz lived was generally sickly, and he had proposed to transfer the institution, for a season, to a more healthful locality ; but, as there was much more than usual attention to religion in his congregation at that time, he felt that it would be wrong for him to leave them. He, therefore, committed himself to God's gracious care, and resolved to remain at his post. Soon after this he was seized with a violent fever, which at first seemed to yield to remedial agencies, but afterwards returned with increased severity, and terminated his valuable life on the 26th of August, 1831, in the twenty-fourth year of his age. His death was a scene of calm and humble triumph. His remains were buried in the cem- eteiy of the Bethlehem Church, in Newberry District, amidst a deep and widely extended lamentation. In addition to the Funeral Services, in which several clergymen shared, there was an appropriate and eloquent Sermon, in reference to he death, delivered in Charleston, by his former Pastor, the Rev. Dr. Bachman, from the words, — " Be thou fidthful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of Kfe." FROM THE REV. WILLIAM D. STROBEL, D.D. Red Hook, April 16, 1856 Dear Sir : Between the late Rev. John G. Schwartz and myself there existed the closest and most confidential intimacy. Born in the same city, nurtured in the same church and school, members of the same ecclesiastical bodj, missionaries in the same field, we were never separated, for any length of time, from our early childhood till his death, except some two or three years, when we were prosecuting our studies at different institutions. He was rather under the ordinary size, about five feet, seven inches in height, and stood very erect. His complexion, hair and eyes were dark, with a slight flush upon the cheek ; his nose was aquiline, his visage narrow, and the lower part rather elongated, with very prominent lips He had a well- formed head, with brilliant eyes, and when excited, his face became radiant with thought and feeling. He was, by no means, what is commonly called a handsome man ; but your first and abiding impression would be that he was a man of decided talent, and of much more than common strength of character. I heard him preach his first sermon when he was but twenty years of age ; and the effect upon the audience was very marked, and such as to leave an impression that, if his life were spared, he was destined to hold a high rank in his profession. He became a professor of religion when about seventeen years of age, at which time he entered South Carolina College. Though the infiuences gathered around that institution, at that period, were by no means favourable to the cultivation of piety, I never had the evidence or heard a suspicion, that he ever said or did a thing there, inconsistent with the character of a Chris- tian. He graduated with the second honour ; and would undoubtedly have had the first, but that his successful competitor was a man of more years, and withal had entered the Freshman class, while he had entered two years in advance. VoT. IX. 25 194 LUTHERAN. He was a superior Latin and Greek scholar, and read bath languages for amusement ; he had also made considerable prjogress in French, German and Hebrew, and was well versed in the Mathematics and Natural Sciences. His age forbade his being classed with eminent theologians, though his reading on Theology was already very extensive; while his cast of mind, his habitual industry, and his determination to master his profession, would have raised him, in a few years, to a position of great eminence. As a writer, he was very chaste, though by no means to the exclusion of ornament ; and his manner of speaking was animated and agreeable. His written discourses were, however, less impressive in the delivery than his extemporaneous ones ; while yet, in respect to continuous and well digested thought, and correctness of expression, the latter could not be compared with the former. I have met with few young preachers who were at oncg so ear- nest on the one hand, and so far removed from every thing like fanaticism on the other. His intercourse with society was marked with gentlemanly propriety, sobriety and dignity. As an illustration, I may mention that he happened to be in this State, and at the meeting of the Synod, when I was licensed ; and, from his very staid appearance, though not ordained, he was put on the Com- mittee to examine his old playmate and school-fellow. But his friends who knew him intimately, knew that he possessed a very keen sense of the ludicrous, and he sometimes regaled them with his exquisite humour. Once, when we were travelling together on a preaching excursion, night found us in a dense forest, wholly ignorant of our road. About nine o'clock we descried a squatter's log-cabin. We called to the sleeping inmates for admittance, but received for answer that we could not stay, as there were only two lone women in the house. A representation of who we were gave us access to as miserable lodgings as ever fell to the lot of mortals. But as we lay upon the floor with our saddles for our pillows, he woke me repeatedly in the course of the night, laughing at the ridiculous figure which we cut. |
bpt6k772870j_2 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Il nous revient du Mexique le récit d'un duel tout à fait extraordinaire qui a eu lieu entre un Indien et un riche Mexicain, éleveur de bétail. D'après les conditions du duel, chacun des combattants devait, à tour de rôle, tendre sa main à son adversaire qui, d'un coup de couteau, devait lui faire sauter un doigt, et si l'un d'eux, ainsi mutilé, faisait entendre un cri de douleur ou donnait le moindre signe de faiblesse, l'autre avait le droit de le frapper au coeur. A la pointe du jour, l'Indien et le Mexicain, accompagnés chacun d'un témoin, se sont rendus sur le terrain désigné et le duel B commencé. Au bout de quelques instants, chacun des adversaires avait déjà quatre doigts de moins, quand le témoin du Mexicain, effrayé de la quantité de sang perdue par celui-ci, prit son revolver et envoya une balle dans ie coeur de l'Indien. Le Mexicain et les deux témoins de ce duel barbare sont arrêtés et vont Ôtre poursuivis ; mais il est fort probable que l'éleveur de bétail sera mort avant d'etre appelé à comparaître devant la justice. AD milieu du dinar. â Chere baronne, insinua boirot, pardon de mon indiscrétion. Connaissez-vous un dentiste habile ? â Le mien. â Est-il bon, au moins ? âS'il est bon ! fait la baronne en extrayant de sa bonohe un énorme râtelier... regar dez-moi ça! CHAMBRE DES DÉPUTÉS seance du 46 décembre 1RS9 PRÉSIDENCE DE M. FLOQUET L'ordre du jour appelle.la discussion sur l'élection de M. Paulin Méry, dans la 2® circonscription du treizième arrondissement de Paris, Le rapport conclut à l'annulation de l'élection. M. Paulin M«ry prend la parole. Le rapport, dit-il, allègue que la majorité obtenue par lui n'a été que de 32 voix, et que 76 bulletins nuls n'ont pas été annexés au procès-verbal. Si ces bulletins ont disparu, c'est par 1e fait de présidents de sections. Pour que la disparition da ces bulletins nuls puisse vicier l'élection, il faut, d'après la jurisprudence du Conseil d'Etat, établir que ces bulletins étaient au nom d'an autre candidat, c'est ce que le bureau n'a pas fait, il a même réfuté d'entendre l'orateur. Or les présidents de section déclarent que les bulletins portés comme nula l'étaient bien réellement M. delaunay rapporteur, rappelle que M. Paulin Méry n'a obtenu que 32 voix do plus que son concurrent, M. basly ; or, on a constate que sur 147 bulletins déclarés nuls, 76 n'avaient pas été annexés aux rapporta ; dans ces conditions, pour se conformera la jurisprudence du Conseil d'Etat, ii n'y a qu'a annuler les opérations élec: tarâtes. m. Le senne soutient qu'il y a des arrêts du Conseil d'Etat qui militent en faveur de l'élec ' tion de M. Pantin Méry, Le neuvième bureau a invoqué la jurisprudence du Conseil d'Etat. Ces arrêts disent qu'il y à lieu d'anuler l'élection s'il y a eu contestation de savoir si les bulletins étaient nuls ou non, mais dès que personne ne contestait la nullité des bulletins, on pouvait les incriminer. Or, personne n'a réclamé, la Chambre validera l'élection. M. Pichon. â Je ne m'attarderai pas à la question de droit, les observations de M. Le Senne n'ont en rien infirmé la these de m le rapporteur. Ka tout cas, si, d'après oc qu'on vient de «us dire, il est des M. où l'absence des bulletins qui doivent «tre snneifta in proMS verbal ne vicie pas l'électioo, ce nest que lorsqu'il no s'est produit aucune du dépouillementOr, il s'est produit des^réclamations dans chacune des section»le vo't. Ceci dit, je suis M. Le Sonne sur le terrain de la politique électorale. Selon lui, M. Paulin Méry aurait mocisa campagne avec une. coarto'.B saMeiempl^ et il aurait été, au contraire, 1 objet des plu» Tïuoi fait-il allusion 1 A un. aT fiche intitulée : Ceux qui c"e"'Xtm ^S.n afllche dans laquelle on racontait qw^J^aolta Méry, charKé de recevoir les souscriptions dune fôte de bienfaisance et d eu reyersor à la m le produit net, qu'il chiffrait loi-mÔn«apré»U fête en 1887, à 000 francs, na envoyé qaà.la veille de l'élection, o'est-k-dire deux ans af'ré»' une somme de 271 fr. 50 oâ â¢.elle alo^it qu 1 devait encore aux pauvres la diilérance. «>ii 71ihblon° je voudrais établir [a bonne foi «tojfc liasly et do ses amis en co qui cunoern» cette "'uy'a un fait : le journal de M. Méry d«v«t «empiéter k 1,000 francs les fonds recueillis, et Stt9 fr. 50 seulement ont été versés , jo ,p uo'il est difficile d'établir lé contraire, â â¢le Senne. â F.t le jury d'honneur ! m Plehon. Nous allons en parler. Mais je dis d'abord qua la bonne loi de M. B»a Yo»t cn tiers. Quant h la réponse de M. Paldltt-Mér,. elle a été affichée et oommenoe ainsii . â M® sirable Baily osa P>ac»rder des *HchM, etc.. mais elle contient, en outre, >« .in inrv d'honneur qui reconnaît lui-même la bonne foi de ceux qnl ont attaqué M. PaulmMéry ' cela euflit pour établir que tout n avait oas été très clair dans l'organisation de la «te Sî bienfaisance et qu'on avait pu avoir de. rai TuturUplus'.Tak!campagno dirigée contre M. Baslv a été bien plus violente et bien plus in iuste que la sienne. Pour s'en rendre compte, il ne faut pas oublier que le treizième arrondissement ost essentiellement o^vj-ler. Or, la wah «on il laquelle s'est allié M. i â aalir_-M^ry tenait dautant plus à battre M. Basly, quelle se tir 1 eue d'avoir pour elle les voix des ouvriers» e oâe M. Basly avait déclaré, dès la premiers heuro, qu'il était l'ennemi de cette "«"J"'?: (Interruptions Bur quelques banos à lextrémité gauche de la salle» Bruit.) al. GaUUumoo. Nul ici n'a pris !ad««ise de. mineurs avec plus de coeur que M. Basly. (Très bien ! très bien '. h K*«cbe.) M FICTION. â G était jeter la déconsidération SUT'M qu. dire, comme oa la fait. Vous êtes un faux ouvrier, et vous n^et oheWtié ou'à procurer des place. » votre . « e ?ournal de M. Paulin-Méry, qai prétend n avoir lamais attaqué M. Uasly, raconte que celui-ci a i ï jLV.r la direction d'une école primaire à « troSe f'mme. L'.rtlcle oonthme «. stig mntîAftnt les intrigues parlementaires, les tnpo ta'ea, tes hontes et les'attentats du régime op 'CvofoUe livret de M. ^ rr^n^V".ns?.p'focotr^oft lin. «s d, travailla compare. î "t resté ensuite pendant quelque temps dan» les ateliers de la compagnie Call, à Denaio. Ej .â « mai 4881 il est rentré atx service de f.°rm^S d'Aodn, d'où il n'ert sorti que le voilà colui que M. Paulin^Méry appehe un fauiminaur. (Très bien!I^ trés bien j) Onant à l'allégation qu'il aurait fait donner un emploi é sa sa fomme.il déclaré qu'elle est corn, Plito|Swde tes injures contre ⢠concurrent sa ; placent le. violences, le. outrages contre le DISSES?»aux électeur. : Votez contre les voleurs de suffrages, otez Plantsa» et pour Paulin Méry » Dans le îrM «"<> Boulanger I (Aires l gau Ch.-s r « Léunt.n puMr & 6X4Prr!!Srft et vous vorrcz ai vous devez voter 5E55ÏS! » ⢠« S®g?5£53SS KSrrss "dm«à»ù'/"««'"â Et «*r un Tnédwin'<0n .. A .1. I. Faucouuerlo. â Moi au»i ; on m" m°ne comparé * Unmoiacd 1 (Nouveaux M Plclio». Oans un autre discoura.M. Pau m ?.t:"poV arriver, â^i^f £ Îitïlr*:"îi T'eltrémité' gsuohe do la saSe.) ôn a a ° « ftttaaué M Basly en vers... Mais la veraitteation en est Toic* JXX' C "S. 'u⢠éUcteurï honnêlos démasqueront ces gredins.» Enfin, à tous ces faits, viennent s'ajouter des faits de corruption. Voici une déclaration, dont les signatures sont légalisées, et qui a été envoyée postérieurement à l'impression du rapport de M. Delaunay. On y certifie que trois individus faisaient, le 6 octobre, de la propagande pour M. Paulin-Méry ; que deux d'entre eux ont reçu chacun 5 £r. d'an tiers qui est venu les rejoindre, et que le troisième, ne recevant rien, a quitté précipitamment le bureau, M. paulin mery â Je donne un démenti formel à cette allégation. H. Pichon â 1( y a là un cas d'embauchage caractérisé. Ou nous a, en outre, signalé le fait d'ouvriers de la raffinerie Say à qui on offrait des consommations et 2 fr. pour donner leur vote n M. Paulin-Méry. Je ne reviens pas sur les illégalités ou violences matérielle» signalées dans le rapport, lef urnes renversées, d'autres abandonnées /, un électeur condamné' pour vote illégal, â et je laisse h penser pour qui il avait voté, eu indiquant qu'il a eu M6 Vergoin pour défenseur, â enfin 7d bulletins annulés et non annexés au procés-verbal. M. Delafosse. â Y a-t-il eu ingérence du clergé? (Rires à droite.) *. Pichon. â Non, pas dans cotte élection, mais je crois qno, dans certain» arrondissements de Paris, on aurait pu établir que la clergé a voté pour beaucoup de vos amis qui siègent sur les mêmes bancs que M. PâulinMéry. {Très bien 1 très bien ! à gauche.] M. «lu Perler de Larsan. â A Bordeaux également. M. bergerot. â comment voulez vous que le clergé vote pour ceux qui le persécutent? (Très bien! très bien & droite.â Interruptions h gauche.) M. Pichon. â Quel a été le résultat de cette campagne ? On voua le disait : au premier tour do scrutin les divers candidats républicains réunis obtenaient 1,300 voix de majorité ; au deuxième tour, grâce aux attaques sans mesure de M. Paulin-Méry, celui-ci a obtenu une majorité de 32 voix. Pouvez-vous valider cette élection ? Elle a été obtenue par des illégalités, des outrages, des iDjnres, des diffamations et des fraudes. La cause est entendue. Vous invaliderez M, Paulin mery et voua permettrez ainsi aux électeurs de choisir en toute liberté un député qui soit le replantant sincère do la volonté souveraine. (Applaudissements.) M. Le Senne soutient qull n'y a eu aucune protestation de la part des electeurs et que, s'il y a eu un candidat attaqué dans sa personne, c'est assurément RI. Paulin Méry qui a été insulté et vilipendé. Les conclusions du neuvième bureau qui tendent h l'Invalidation sont mises aux voix. A la majorité de 31Î contre 104 voix sur 511 votants elles sont adoptées. En conséquence l'élection de M. Paulin Méry est annulée. La Chambre valide l'élection de M. Pierre Alype dans l'Inde française. L'ordre du Jour appelle la discussion sur l'élection de M. Sabouraud dans la t" circonscription de fontenay-le-Comte. Le rapport conclut h l'annulation de l'élection. M. Sabouraud dit qu'il a reçu hi«r doux pièces dont la connaissance pourrait modifier les conclusions dn bureau. M. Chaulin Serviniere, rapporteur, demande Je renvoi au bureau. Le renvoi est ordonné. ' La Chambre ajourna la discussion sur l'élection de M. Laur, vu l'absence de M. le rapporteur, indisposé. â L'ordre du. jour appelle la discussion sur l'élection de M. Naquet dans la iw circonscription du cinquième arrondissement de Paris. Le rapport conclut ù l'annulation de l'élection. M. gauthier (de Clagny) combat ces conclusions. Le grand grief invoqué contre M. naquet. c'eBt qu'il n'a obtenu que 80 voix de majorité et qu'à une seconde consultation il suffirait de déplacer 4D voix pour Taire élire son concurrent. On a parlé de coruption aucun fait n'est établi il n'est même pas exact que des électeurs aient bu aux Irais de M. Naqnet. On reproche à M. Naquet d'avoir fait recouvrir les affiches de son adversaire, mais tout le monde sait qu'à Paris ce procédé a été employé au profit, ou au préjudice de tous les candidats. On reproche à M, Naquet une afficha de là, dernière heure de nature à motiver à elle seule l'invalidation. Qu'y a-t-il dans cette afllche ? Il y a une protestation contre les violences que M. Naquet reproche à ses adversaires. On dit que dea agents de M. Naquet se trouvaient dans la salle du vote et y distribuaient, des bulletins au nom de M. Naquet, il y .îq a eu un ; un électeur a donné un bulletin de vote, mais le fait s'est passé au premier tour de scrutin. M. philipon rapporteur, répond que dans cette élection on trouve toutes les pratiques que le parti boulangiste a introduites clans nos moeurs électorales. Oo a relevé un certain nombre de faits de corruption que le neuvième bureau a négligés. Dans nombre de débits do boisson, il y avait table ouverte pour les électeurs de M. Naquet. Un pharmacien de la rue Oalande a été l'objet de pression; on lui a dit que s'il ne soutenait pas le comité Naquet il perdrait sa clientèle. Le 9* bureau a encore été frappé dos abus commis par les afficheurs de M. Naquet, qui placardaient leurs affiches sur celles de M. bourneville Il y a eu des manoeuvres de la dernière heure. On a faussement imputé à M.BourneviIle d'avoir abusé du nom de plusieurs per feuilleton DE LA JUSTICE DU 17 DÉCEMBRE 1889. â S» *®3 Il MM U HT PAR EDWARD bulwer LYTTOn (Traduit da l'anglais par M. Bernard derosne LIVRE IV n (Suite) l,e domestique rentra. â Monsieur, cette personne dit appartenir au comté. â Pais-le entrer, alors. quelle espèce d'homme est-ce ï â Une espèce d'homme comme il faut ; c'estàdire, ajouta le valet en se rappelant la pièce de monnaie glissée dans sa main par l'étranger, c'est-à-dire que c'est un homme tout à fait comme il faut. â Alors, rapporte un carafon de vin et ranime le feu. Quelques secondes après, le visiteur était introduit. C'était un homme de cinquante à soixante ans, mais ayant encore des prétentions à la jeunesse. Son costume décelait des habitudes militaires ot consistait on un habit bleu boutonné jusqu'au cou, un col de satin noir, un pantalon noir assez large, grâce à ses plis, et des éperons de cuivre. Il portait une perruque qui déployait nn grand luxe de boucles chatain doré, et de larges favoris teintés de gris à leur racine. A la clarté imparfaite de la chambre, on ne pouvait voir que lea habits étaient usés et que les bottes, fendues par le côté, laissaient apercevoir une chaussette d'une blancheur équivoque M. beaufort sortant avec répugnance de son repos, montra un siège et tâcha d'adresser un demi-sourire de bienvenue à l'étranger. Le domestique plaça du vin et un verre devant ce dernier et laissa seuls ensemble l'hôte et le visiteur. â Ainsi, monsieur, dit Beaufort lentement, vous êtes du comté de... Je suppose que vous venez me parler du canal? Puis-je vous offrir un peu de ce madère â Très volontiers, monsieur, je vous remercie. A votre santé! Et l'étranger, avec une satisfaction évidente, vida son verre jusqu'à la dernière goutte en portant cette santé obligatoire. â Vous disiez donc, à propos du canal 1 insinua M. Beaufort. â Non, monsieur, non ; vous autres, membres du Parlement, vous avez bien des affaires sur les bras. On dit que vos terres sont fort Belles, monsieur! Permettez-moi de boire à la santéde votre excellente dame. â Jd vous remercie, monsieur... monsieur... Quel est donc le nom que vous avez donné à mou domestique? Je vous demande mille pardons.â Il n'y a point de mal, monsieur ; avec moi, il ne faut pas faire de cérémonie. Ce madère est excellent. â Mais, monsieur... â Non, sérieusement, il est délicieux. â Puis-je savoir en quoi je puis vous être utile? demanda M. Beaufort, luttant contre l'ennui et la crainte d'ôtre incivil ; dites-moi dé grâce ! ai-je été honoré de votre vote à la dernière élection ?â Non, monsieur, non. Il y a plusieurs années que je ne mê suis trouvé dans cette partie du monde, bien que j'y sots né. 1 â Alors, je ne vois pas..,. Et M. Beaufort s'arrêta avec un grand air de dignité. â Pourquoi je viens à vous, n'est-ce pas ? conclut l'étranger, en cinglant ses bottes du bout de sa canne. Mais, apercevant tout k coup leurs nombreuses fissures, il mit ses pieds sous la table. â Je ne dis pas cela pour vous, répliqua M. Beaufort; mais, à cette heure, j'ai peu de loisirs ; ce qui n'empêche pas que je ne sois toujours au service de mes électeurs. Je fais cotte distinction, et vous la comprendrez; c'est le devoir d'un député. Je vous demande pardon, monsieur, mais je n'ai pas saisi votre nom. â Monsieur, répondit l'étranger, en se versant un troisième verre de madère , à la santé de votre jeune famille. Et il vida son verre avec un flegme imperturbable. Beaufort le regardait sans rien comprendre aux bizarres manières d'agir de l'étrange visiteur. â⢠Maintenant, continua ce dernier eti reposant son verre sur la table', maintenant, aux affaires ! Puis,rapprochant sa chaise de celle de Beaufort ot abandonnant le ton presque ironique qu'il avait conservé jusqu'alors, il prit un air grave et dit : â Vous avez eu un frère ?... â Eh bien monsieur? dit Beaufort en changeant de visage. â Et ce frère avait une femme. Un coup de canon tiré à l'oreille deRobert Beaufort ne l'aurait pas plus étonné, plus stupéfié qoe ce simple mot par lequel son interlocuteur venait de terminer sa phrase. 11 retomba sur son fauteuil, les lèvres entr'ouvertes, les yeux fixés sur l'étranger ; mais sa langue collée à son palais j 1'empechait de parler. â Cette femme eut deux fils, nés d'un légitime mariage, continua le visiteur.â C'est faux I s'écria Beaufort, retrouvant enfin la voix et en se levant brusquement. Qui etes-vous, monsieur, quelle est votre intention ? â Paix I monsieur, dit l'étranger parfaitement calme et en reprenant la dignité de sa prononciation guindée. Quant à moi, je pense que les domestiques ont les oreilles plus longues que personne au monde, sans en excepter les ânes : ces oreilles s'étendent de l'office au salon. Ainsi donc, s'il vous plaît bien, parlons bas. Voici du madère positivement excellent. â Monsieur, dit Beaufort en s'efforçant de conserver ou plutôt de recouvrer son sangfroid, votre conduite est des plus étranges; mais permettez-moi de vous dire que vous avez été tout à fait mal informé : mon frère n'a jamais été marié, et si vous avez quelque chose à dire dans l'intérêt de ces jeunes gens, ses fils naturels, adressez-vous à mon homme d'affaires, M. Black well, de Lincoln'sInn. Je vous souhaite le bonsoir. â Monsieur, je vous le souhaite également. Je ne vous dérangerai pas plus longtemps; je n'étais venu quepar pure bonté d'âme. Je suis peu accoutumé à être ainsi traité, monsieur ; j e suis au service de Sa Majesté, monsieur; vous verrez incessamment arriver le témoin du mariage, et alors vous penserez à moi, monsieur, et peut-être regretterez-vous votre conduite Mais j'ai A 11' pour la present Votre très humble serviteur, monsieur. I Et l'étranger, avec un salut de la main qui pouvait passer pour un geste de défi, se tourna vers la porte. I En voyant l'assurance et la détermination de ce singulier visiteur, un pressentiment vague s'empara de Robert Beaufort, Le souvenir des affirmations sérieuses de son frère traversa son esprit comme un éclair ou plutôt y tomba comme une gelée subite. It se rappela ses déclarations positives auxquelles il n'avait pas ajouté foi ; il se rappela l'obstination de Catherine à soutenir les droits de ses enfants ; le procès qu'elle avait perdu, seulement faute de trouver las témoins invoqués, et ce souvenir éveilla un terrible enchaînement d'idées funestes : débats, témoins, verdict, condamnation, spoliation reconnue, arrérages réclamés, ruine ! L'homme qui avait gagné la porte se retourna et le regarda. Un dir de triomphe et de compassion moqueuse se montrait sur sa figure impudente. â Monsieur, dit Beaufort d'un ton plus doux, je vous répète que vous ferez mieux de voir M, Blackwell. Le tentateur vit ce qu'il avait gagné. â J'ai, dit-il, un secret A vous communiquer que vous devez garder pour vous seul. Combien de gens voulez-vous donc que je mette dans la confidence? Éh ! monsieur, un homme d'affaires est inutile ici ; ou, si vous le croyez utile, vous lui confierez la chose vous-même. Maintenant ou jamais, monsieur Beaufort. â Je n'ai aucune répugnance à entendre ce que vous avez à dire, monsieur, reprit Beaufort d'un ton plus affable. Puis il ajouta avec un sourice forcé ;â Bien que mes droits soient déjà confirmés au point de n'admettre aucun doute. Sans répondre à cette dernière asser tion, l'étranger reprit son siège, et posant ses deux bras sur la table en regardant M. Beaufort bien en face, il commença ainsi : â Monsieur, le mariage ds Philip Beaufort et de Catherine Morton a été célébré devant deux témoins. L'un est mort ; l'autre, qui était passé à l'étranger, vit encore. â Si cela est vrai, dit M. Beaufort. qui ne manquait point de bon sons et de finesse, qualités en ce moment aiguisées par le danger, et qui voulait savoir à quel degré il avait lieu de s'alarmer ; si cela est vrai, pourquoi cet homme (c'était un domestiquesur lequel madame Morton comptait) n'a-t-il pas paru dans le procès? â Je vous l'ai dit, il était à l'étranger, et l'on n'a pu le retrouver. La recherche manqua faute d'être bien conduite ou convenablement arrosée. â Hum I fit M. Beaufort, un témoin unique (remarquez cela 1) ne peut m'alarmer beaucoup. 11 ne s'agit pas de la déposition d'un homme, mais de la conviction du jury; et puis, sait-on co que sont devenus ces jeunes gens ? Depuis plusieurs années, on n'a pas eu do leurs nouvelles, on ne sait pas ce qu'ils sont devenus: il y a tout à parier qu'ils sont morts, et, dans ce cas probable, je suis l'héritier légal. â Atout hasard, jo sais où trouver l'un d'eux. â Lequel ?... l'aîné?... Philip?.., demanda Beaufort avec upa anxiété produite par le souve nir du caractère violent et de l'énergie prématurée de son neveu. â Excusez moi, monsieur, répliqua le visiteur, je crois devoir ne pas répondre à cette question. â Monsieur, s'écria Beaufort, une instance de cette nature contre un homme on possession d'un jugement rendu est d'un succès fort douteux, je dirai même fort peu probable, et, outre cela, extrêmement dispendieuse, U »«««.] sonnes qui ont déclaré qu'elles avaient en effet adhéré au comité da M. Bourneville Les partisans de M. Naquet ont envahi violemment une réunion publique et ont empêché M. Bourneville de se faire entendre et une affiche mensongère a accusé M. Bourneville do s'etre livre à des voies de fait sur M. Naquet U a compte-rendu du Temps atteste au contraire que c'est M. Naquet qui a apostrophé M. Bourneville en rappelant infâme et traître et qu'il n'a été l'objet d'aucune violence. Pou d'élections» surtout il Paris, se font à moins de trais. L'orateur à tenu quelques réunions chez des marchands de vin, et ce n'est pas toujours lui qui a payé le# consommations. L'affiche relative aux faits qui se sont passés dans une réunion publique n'était pas mensongère, de nombreux certificats l'attestent. Un journal qui a été répandu dans l'arrondissement à 10,000 exemplaires, accusait l'orateur d'avoir vendu ît l'étranger de la poudre sans fumée, l'orateur à dû se défendre contre ces accusations. On a représenté l'oratenr et ses amis comme des artisans de dictature; or, ils ont toujours lutté pour la République, On peut trouver que l'orateur s'est trompé en politique, on n'a pas le droit de dire qu'il ait cessé d'être républicain, (Très bien ! sur quelque» bancs à l'extremegauche). il y a des hommes de droite qui, sin-, cerement et loyalement, sont entrés dans la lté] publique, {Exclamation s «u centre.) flt. Robert mitchell dit que .la République n'est pas fermée, on a le droit d'y entrer. (Bruit) M. taquet ajoute que si une majorité s'était prononcée pour la revision, la France aurait pu avoir une constitution républicaine démocratique consacrée par le référendum, et cela aurait permis à presque tous les monarchistes de se rallier à la forme républicaine. Il y a dix ans que l'orateur soutient ces idées, S'il s'est i rangé h côté du général Boulanger, c'est qu'en France il faut personnaliser les grands cou⢠rants d'opinion. (Exclamations à gauche.) S'il . n'y avait pas eu, de 1871 à 1877, l'homme qui a incarné l'idée républicaine... (Interruptions.) H. Pichon â Ce n'était pas un général concussionnaire. H. naquet répond que le général Boulanger est un honnête homme et que la Haute Cour n'est qu'une misérable parodie de Justice. (Exclamations.) HE. le président invite l'orateur à, retirer ces dernières paroles. M. naquet déclare qu'il ne peut les retirer. M. le président rappelle M. Naquet à Tordre. (Très bien !) M. Naquet ajoute que la Chambre peut invalider sou élection ; mais ces invalidations ne peuvent que profiter ù. son parti. (Très bien i sur quelques bancs à l'extrême gauche. â Bruit.) Les conclusions du rapport tendant ît l'annulation de l'élection de M. Naquet sont mises aux voix. , A la majorité de 266 voix contre 222, sur 448 votants, elles sont adoptées champ de COURSES DE suresnes Soui la dénomination de The suresnes Race Coursé C« Limited, un groupe de sportsmea et de capitalistes anglais se prépare k doter Paris d au hippodrome à Suresnes, véritable type de la perfection moderne, qui sera ouvert au printemps prochain. La Société nouvelle n'a nullement l'intention de faire concurrence aux hippodromes existants, elle s'interdit au contraire de faire courir elle-meme. Son but est de réunir en un seul endroit les divers genres de courses, en mettant le champ de courses à la disposition des diverses associations, et d'offrir an publio toutes attractions des courses plates, courses obstacles, courses au trot, polo et autres plaisirs sportifs. I,'endroit choisi est parfaitement approprié îi sa destination. LB champ de courses de Suresnes est, en effet, dans une admirable situation. Au pied du Mont-Valérien, il domine Paris et la Seine et forme le centre d'un splendide panorama. Sa proximité du Bois de Boulogne, ia variété des moyens de communication lui assurent un éclatant succes Au point de vue financier l'évaluation ries bénéfices fait prévoir les bénéfices les plus satisfaisants ; sans calculer sur une statistique plus favorable que celle des champs de courses de longchampms d'Auteuil, de Vincennes, etc., on arrive à un revenu annuel dépassant 22 0/0 sur un capital de 200,000 fiv. st. (5,000,000 de francs) divisé en deux cent mille actions de 1 liv. st. ou 25 francs, soit plus de 5 fr. 50 par action. Les entreprises similaires en Angleterre Bont très prospères : les actions de Kemplon Park. émises à 60 livres, valent aujourd'hui 310, celles do Manchester Plate Course, émises à 100 livres, sont cotées 5501 Lb délai de l'option réservée k nos nationaux est malheureusement Fort cour; ; la souscription ouverte à Londres sera irrévocablement close aujourd'hui mardi < 7 , ci 4 heures. On peut souscrire dès à présent et jusqu'à celle date aux bureaux de la Société i Paris, «J Vfi, avenue de l'Opéra, oit des prospectus, notices et renseignements officiels seront fournis. â Versements ; 1/4 en souscrivant ; 1/4 à la répartition, les deux derniers quarts un mois après. CONSEIL GÉNÉRAL Séance du m décembre HS9 PRÉSIDENCE M M. VIGUIER, PÉSIDENT La séance eBt ouverte à trois heures. Le conseil poursuit l'examen du budget du département, Sqr le rapport de MLefévre, un crédit de 17,500 ir. est inscrit pour l'entretien des 21 ponts qui dépendent du service vicinal et sur lesquels il n'existe aucun droit de péage; en outre, 80,000 francs sont alloués à titre de subvention aux communes pour les divers travaux d'amélioration qu'elles ont à effectuer au cours de l'année, ainsi qu'une somme de 150,000 francs i pour l'entretien de leurs chemins vicinaux ordii n aires. Le même rapporteur fait également adopter un crédit de 245,000 francs qui permettra d'exécuter les maçonneries, piles et culées du pont à construire sur la Seine, à Conflans, entre Ivry et Charenton.. L'ossature métallique sera fourme par la société désignée par le jury du concours. L'asile situé à Saint-Maurice porte le nom d'Asile national de Vincennes. MMarsoulan rappelle qu'il a déposé un voeu tendant à ce que ce nom soit modifié de façon à ne plus induire le public en erreur. ïl invite l'administration a faire le nécessaire. M. Bailly, en son nom et au nom de ses collègues de la banlieue, appelle l'attention du conseil sur une décision prise par lé Conseil muni-, ci pal de Paris, portant que dorénavant les com munes de la banlieue paieront l'intégralité des frais de traitement de leurs malades soignés dans les hôpitaux de Paria. il demande ce qoo l'administration compte faire à cet égard. Dans tous les cas, il espère qu'avant toute décision la commission entendra les représentants de la banlieue. Mle sous-directeur des allaires départementales Ht, après lui, M. Strauss, reporteur de la commission da l'assistance publique, fournis sent quelques renseignements desquels il résulte qu'une enquete a été faite auprès des communes intéressées et qu'un mémoire sera introduit à ce sujet. D'autre part, la commission ne délibérera pas sans entendre les représentants de la banlieue. Sur le rapport de M. Strauss, le conseil décida qu'il y à lieu de bénéficier, ù partir du 1er janvier 1890, des dispositions du l'article 25 de la loi du 24 juillet 1889 qui autorise l'assimilation des dépenses du service des enfants moralement abandonnés à, celles du Bervice des EnfantaAssistés, cette assimilation procure au département uns ressource nouvelle do 980,793 fr. 52 par suite de la participation de l'Etat dans les dépenses de ces deux services. MStrauss fait observer que c'est la première fois que le département tire profit de ses rapports avec l'etat Jusqu'à co iour c'est le contraire qui s'est produit En Son nom et au nom de MM. Lerolle, Albert Pétrot, Déville, René Saint Màrtin et Bompard, M. F. Duval dépose une proposition tendant il ce qu'une commission soit chargée, d'accord avec le président du Conseil général, d'assurer l'exécution de la délibération prisa en 1873, relativement aux locaux du Palais de justice, faisant partie de l'ancienne préfecture da police, que cette administration a conservés à tort et qui devaient être affectés à l'ordre des avocats. M. Arsène Lopin demande que cette commission soit composée des six membres qui ont signé la proposition. (Adopté.) Conformément an rapport de M. Lefévre, la ligne de tramways de Saint-Germain-des-Prés à Fontenay-aux-roses continuera pondant l'hiver le service de chatillon moyennant le relèvement de cinq à dix centimes du tarif dés places d'impériale pour la seetion de Montrouge a Chatillon. Un crédit de 159,500 fr. est inscrit pour le loyer de 54 casernes de gendarmerie qui n'appartiennent pas au département. Un grand nombre d'articles budgétaires concernant les routas et chemins, l'entretien des édifice» départementaux, le Tribunal de commerce et le Palais da Justice sont adoptés sans discussion. La séance est levée à six heures. Séance vendredi prochain. Rappelons h tous nos lecteurs que les Actions de la Suresnes Race Course Company limited sont Ma portée de toutes les courses. Leur valeur est d'une Livre, soit 25 francs, dont 6 fr. 25 payables, en souscrivant. Le Comité français, ltî, avenue de l'Opéra, ne peut retenir que les actions réclamées jusqu'à mardi 17 courant à i heures du soir* JOURNAL DU PALAIS 1.1. CI RÉ BOUDES La cour d'assises de l'Aveyron va juger le ^9 courant, ce que l'on est convenu d'appeler un vénérable ecclésiastique, â le curé Boudes. Le dit curé est aujourd'hui âgé de cinquantesept ans* et si au lieu de porter soutane, il avait été habillé d'un veston ou d'une jaquette, nul doute que son casier judiciaire ne fût aujourd'hui mieux rempli , que celui du plus distingué des récidi-, vistes. Le curé Boudes opérait en tous genres : l'assassinat, la tentative d'assassinat, le viol, le faux, le vol, l'escroquerie, tels étaient ses habituels passe-temps. Mais comme il faisait partie au clergé national, toutes les indulgences lui étaient acquises ; on renvoyait toujours « se faire pendre ailleurs. I! ne se faisait pas pendre, mais commettait de nouveau délits et de nouveaux crimes. Comme il mettait un peu trop à l'épreuve la patience des différents parquets de france, on l'enferma pendant quelques années dans une maison d'aliénés malgré ses vives protestations. Il parvint h s'échapper et continua ses exploits. La justice dut enfin intervenir et ouvrir de nombreuses enquêtes qui amenèrent enfin l'arrestation de cet être ignoble, qui a pu â grâce h une inqualifiable tolérance â commettre un nombre considérable de délits et de crimes. Le ouré Boudes est renvoyé actuellement devant la cour d'assises de l'Aveyron pour attentats à la pudeur, viol et faux, sous réserve de sa comparution possible pour assassinat, devant une autre cour. Les débuta de Boudes Boudes est né au hameau de Roquecave, près Thouels, canton de Saint-Rome-de-Tarn (Aveyron), le i®»' novembre 1832. il fit ses études classiques au petit séminaire de Belmont et entra en 1855 au grand séminaire de Rodez, d'où, il se fit chasser pour vol. Le grand séminaire de Périgueux lui ouvrit alors ses portes. De nombreux vols ne tardèrent pas à nécessiter son exclusion. Le séminariste expulsé se réfugia dans un établissement de Bourg-Saint-Andéôl, dirigé par des religieux italiens, qui se montrèrent sans doute peu curieux de connaître ses antécédents ou fort indulgents. Mais son immoralité flagrante ne devait p_as tarder à leur faire regretter leur évangélique mansuétude. Il dut un jour quitter BourgSaintAndéol, comme autrefois Périgueux, sans tambour ni trompette â non sans avoir, entre temps, trouvé le moyen de se faire ordonner prêtre par un prélat italien, l'éVêque de Castellamare. Voilà le jeune abbé errant sur le littoral méditerranéen. 11 se rend à Marseille, se met en rapport avec un prédicateur en renom, lui vole les manuscrits de ses principaux sermons et, ainsi muni, retourne dans son département où il éblouit ses concitoyens par son éloquence en chaire. La tentative d'assassinat Le curé Boudes a commis en 1865 une tentative d'assasinat ; mais bien qu'on reconnût immédiatement sa culpabilité, la chose fut tenue secrète et l'histoire n'arriva aux oreilles de la justice qu'alors qu'il y avait prescription. Voici les faits : Èn mai 1865, un fait grave se produisit à l'église où officiait l'abbé de Moncan, curé de Lagarde, qui avait Boudes pour vicaire. Le clerc, qui d'habitude remplissait les burettes, les trouva pleines. 11 remarqua que le vin était trouble et il en fit l'observation au curé. Celui-ci allait célébrer sa messe, il goûta le vin et le trouva amer. Ausstôt il le t mettre de eOté et regarnit les burettes. Quelques jours apres, M. de Moncan se rendit à Rodez et fit analyser le vin par un pharmacien. Il fut reconnu que ce liquide j était un violent poison. Les recherches établirent que ce vin contenait de l'eau sédative et du chlorydate de morphine. Boudes avait quelques jours avant volé chez la femme Grimai, de Lagarde, une fiole contenant des substances vénéneuses. Sa culpabilité était évidente, elle fut démontrée. La justice n'eut connaissance de I ce crime que longtemps après, alors que ! ces faits étaient atteints par la prescription. Cette affaire fut tenue secrète. L'abbé de Moncan en informa seulement l'évêque, et recommanda à ceux qui la savaient le plus grand secret. Actes immondes Deux mois après. Boudes lut déplacé. Il fut nommé vicaire à Viviez, canton d'Aubin, dans une paroisse plus agréable et plus avantageuse sous le rapport du casuel. C'était un avancement. Fort de l'impunité, il se èrat dès lors tout permis. Vola, faux, actes immondes, attentats à la pudeur, tels sont les crimes qu'il commet en grand nombre. Il attire chez lui un enfant de onze ans et le souille journellement. 11 propose à une fille enceinte de la faire avorter, 11 est cause de la mort d'un jeune homme qu'il initie au vice et qui meurt poitrinaire en maudissant ce prêtre infâme. En 1857 et 1868, il fait venir chez lui plusieurs conscrits et se livre sur eux à des attentats à la pudeur en feignant d'examiner «s'ils n'ont pas un vice de conformation qui puisse les dispenser du service militaire. » En outre, le curé Bouees de se refusait pas à venir en aide îi ses paroissiens dans le besoin. Il pretait de l'argent, et lorsque la reconnaissance lui était remise, ii opérait des grattages pour augmenter 3e chiffre des sommes prêtées. Nouveau déplacement Sous les menaces de scandales et de poursuites, Boudes fut à nouveau déplacé, et fut expédié à Senergues, en juin 1868. Il y resta jusqu'au 15 avril 1871, époque à laquelle, en dépit des souvenirs qu'il avait partout laissés comme vicaire, on lui oonlia la oure de Taurines. C'est Ik qu'il a accompli un des actes les plus monstrueux que l'accusation lui reproche. Il a violemment abusé â et de toutes les façons ^ d'une malheureuse enfant de onze à douze ans, Marie Barrés, qu'il préparait à la première communion. Pour l'empêcher de parler, il la menaçait des flammes éternelles, « Le bon Dieu te voit et t'entend, lui disait-il, il t'enverrait tout droit en enfer, si tu ne m'écoutais pas et si tu parlais ! » L'enfant ne parla pas, ou du moins no parla que longtemps après. , En 1876, on retrouve Boudes commettant < des escroqueries au préjudice de diverses maisons de commerce ae Paris par lesquelles il se faisait livrer des marchandises, qu'il commandait au nom d'une communauté religieuse. Bondes disparut une fois encore, et on ne le retrouva que plus tard dans un couvent ; de la Lozère, alors que les différents parquets de France commençaient à être ren. soignés sur son compte. L'assassinat de l'abbé Abbar En mai 1875, le curé de Saint-Cirq fut trouvé assassiné. Après l'avoir assommé à coups de bâton, le meurtrier l'avait étranglé. Le secrétaire avait été fracturé et 10,000 francs en argent et en valeurs diverses avaient disparu, La soeur de l'abbé Abbar, qui habitait avec lui, fut interrogée. Elle déclara qu'elle avait entendu du bruit, mais que, à demi-morte de frayeur, elle n'avait i pas osé bouger. Les réponses parurent suepeotes ; elle fut arrêtée préventivement, et avec elle le sonneur de cloches, ainsi que le fils de ce dernier. Mais, au bout de quatre ou cinq mois, il fallut bien se rendre à l'évidence ; ils n'étaient pas coupables ! Une ordonnance de non-lieu intervint en leur faveur pendant qu'on relevait contre ; l'abbé Boudes des charges diverses. Boudes fut renvoyé devant la chambre des mises en accusation de ,1a cour de Montpellier. Mais il paraît qu'alors son atti; tu de fit douter de sa raison. Des médecins furent consultés; ils déclarèrent que l'accusé n'était pas en état de ! comparaître devant les juges, et Boudes fut place « en observation » dans l'asile des J aliénés de Montpellier. L'instruction contre le curé Boudes ne ! fut ouverte qu'en 18T7, au moment où le i gouvernement du Seize-Mai présidait aux ; destinées de la France. Gomme on vient de le i voir, Boudes fut , encore une fois sauvé. Derniers méfaits. â Arrestation Après neuf ans de détention dans la maiI son d'aliénés, Boudes parvint à s'échapper. ! Après avoir été domestique de ferme, il entra comme professeur à une institution religieuse d'Albi. On devine l'instruction qu'iL a pu donner à ses élèves. Au resta, ce furent de simples faits d'escroquerie qui amenèront son arrestation, et l'on sait que les délits de ce genre étaient les moindres défauts de cet être immonde. Ajoutons en terminant qu'une nouvelle | instruction est ouverte sur l'assassinat dn i curé de Saint-Cirq. Boudes n'aura done pas ! à répondre quant à présent de ce chef d'acj cusation. : En résumé, pendant plus de vingt ans, un curé a pu commettre les délits, les crimes, les actes immondes que nous venons de dire, et pendant vingt ans cet être ignoble a échappé à ia justice parce qu'il était curé. Nous espérons que le verdict de la cour d'assises de l'Aveyron mettra définitivement l'honorable ecclésiastique dans l'impossibilité de continuer la série de ses actes monstrueux. Inutile d'ajouter que nous rendrons compte des débats. NOUVELLES JUDICIAIRES Betolaud M. Bétolaud, avocat à la Cour ds Paria, membre da comité consultatif de la préfecture de la Seine, est nommé président de ce comité, en remplacement de M. Templier, décédé* M> Pathelin. LE TRAVAIL Les corporations in bâtiment Les membres des chambres syndicales des maçons, des tailleurs de pierre, des menuisiers, des ébénistes et des terrassiers-puisatiers mineurs avaient été convoqués dimanche, dans l'apres-midi, à la salle Octobre, rue de la MontagneSaintesGeneviève, afin d'examiner s'il y avait lieu, pour les corporations du bâtiment, de faire grève générale en ce moment. Cette réunion avait été organisée, nos par la fédération des chambres syndicales indépendantes qui prenait part au meme moment à un meeting tenu salle Favié, mais par ie comité de vigilance des conseillera prud'hommes ouvriers du bâtiment. Il faut croire que l'influence de ce dernier n'est pas considérable, car, à trois heures, l n'y avait encore qu'une centaine de personnes dans la salle. « C'est joli de demander la grève générale, a dit le président en ouvrant la séance, mais nous ne pouvons pourtant pas la faire sans le concours des corporations. Nous sommes tous ici des grévistes, c'est-à-dire des partisans de la grève, mais nous ne sommes vraiment pas assez nombreux pour décréter la grève générale. H faut organiser une grande réunion dans laquelle les corporations du bâtiment seront définitivement consultées sur la question de savoir si elles veulent oui ou non faire grève. » Les assistants sa sont séparés après avoir pris la décision de faire de la propagande dans les corporations du bâtiment et de les convier ensuite à un meeting NECROLOGIE M. gASTON DUSSOUBS Un annonce la mort, à Limoges, de M. Gaston Dussoubs, le dernier survivant des trois frères Dussoubs, dont le nom figure en bonne place parmi les défenseurs de la loi au 2 Décembre. Denis Dussoubs, on le sait, mourut sur une barricade. L'aîné, Marcelin, qui avait été représentant du peuple pour îa Haute-Vienne, était mort en 1856 Los Dnssoubs avaient ajouté à leur nom patronymique celui de Gaston, en souvenir d'un de leurs oncles maternels, Denis Gaston, de qui ils tenaient leur modeste aisance. Ce Gaston, qui avait fait fortune à. Saint-Domingue, était revenu un jour en France, chassé par la révolution haïtienne, et s'était présenté à sea parents comme dénué de ressources. Seule Mme Bussoubs lui fit bon accueil, et c'est pourquoi U laissa ses biens aux Dussoubs. M; EDOUArd PHiLiPS Nous apprenons la [mort do M. Edouard Phil lips, examinateur de mécanique &, l'Ecole polytechnique et membre de l'Académie des sciences. Après avoir débuté dans l'enseignement comme professeur & l'Ecole des mines de SaintEtienne, M. Phiilips s'était, en 1849 fait recevoir docteur es-sciences a l'ecole centrale, puis à l'Ecole polytechnique, où. il jouissait dune grande et légitime autorité. M. Phillips a fait partie do nombreuses com missions scientifiques ; il avait notamment donné un concours très actif h l'organisation de l'une des classes de l'Exposition. M. Phillips a publié de nombreuses études de mécanique pure et appliquée ; il avait été élu membre de l'Académie des sciences en 1868, en remplacement de l'illustre Foucault. etrennes DU CHARBONNIER L'AGENDA si estimé des ménagères est h la disposition des clients de l'Entrepôt tivry, contre 25 centimes, en faisant une commande de l'un ou plusieurs des articles suivants: Charbon de bois ou charbon de Paris ou coke car 25 kilos ; Charleroi ou anthracite par 50 kilos ; pommes de terre jaunes ou rouges, par 25 kilos. Tout en sacs plombés et de qualités exceptionnelles ; eaux minérales par 10 bouteilles. Ecrire 30, rue Gaoffroyl'Asnier. Médaille d'or. Exposition Universelle 1889. LB CRIME DE LiMERAY Assassinat d'une vieille femme. â Cadavre mutilé. â Le vol mobile du crime, â L'enquête du parquet. â La terreur dans le pays On télégraphie de Tours, 16 décembre : La femme Tessier, âgée de 8-4 ans, habitant la Paquerie, commune de Limeray, a été assassinée la nuit dernière. Le cadavre, horriblement défiguré, la tôte écrasée à coups de marteau, a été trouvé ce matin par un journalier. Les meubles de l'habitation avaient été fouillés. Le vol a été le mobile du orime, car 1a femme Tessier avait touché vendredi une somme d'argent. La gendarmerie d'Amboise a prévenu le | parquet de Tours, qui s'est transporté sur les lieux aujourd'hui à deux heures et a commencé une enquête. L'assassin est encore inconnu. La femme Tessier passait pour très avare. Ce crime, venant après ceux de Noizay et de Chançay, a absolument terrorisé les populations des campagnes. LE CRIME DE M ILLY-PLAISAnce Nouveaux détails. â Arrestation de la femme Baudet. â Lugubres débris. â Une scène de comédie. â 1 Un mot du mari. â Transfèrement à Pontoise Ainsi que nous le faisions pressentir hier, la femme Baudet, Rose-Ambroisine-Ursule, née Blart, dite Berthe, âgée de cinquantesix ans, née à Paris, maîtresse de la victime, ' a été arrêtée et écrouée h 1a prison de Pontoise, sur les ordres du procureur de la République, dont dépend le parquet de jPontoise. Les magistrats de Pontoise, accompagnés de l'inspecteur Jaume s'étaient rendus, avant-hier, à Neuilly, ainsi que le médecinlégiste, docteur Descaux. Le cadavre de la victime, demeuré dans la maison du crïme, fut sorti du cercueil, et l'autopsie fut pratiquée. Différentes parties du oorps ont été placées dans trois bocaux^ sur lesquels les j scellés ont été apposés, et les lugubres débris ont été portés à la Morgue de Paris par les deux aides que le docteur avait amenés avec lui. Le cadavre de Françoise Devocourt, qui a été reconnu vierge, fui transporté ensuite dans le salon» Le corps était recouvert d'un drap qui laissait découverte la tête. C'est alors que fut amenée Mme Baudet. â Reconnaissez-vous le cadavre de votre victime? lui a dit le substitut, M. Fournél. Mme Baudet a regardé le cadavre d'un oeil sec. â Ma victime f a-t-elle répondu en fixant longuement le juge ; pourquoi ma victime ? Je n'en voulais pas h cette enfant. D'ailleurs, si j'avais fait le coup, j'aurais été remplie de sang ; or, je n'en ai pas une seule goutte sur moi. Puis, faisant quelques pas au devant du cadavre, elle a joint les mains et, avec un geste tragique, elle s'est écriée : â Marie 1 ma pauvre Marie !... si tu pouvais parler, tu dirais la vérité. Tu dirais que ce n'est pas moi qui t'ai assassinée... tu dirais que je ne suis pas coupable ! Mme Baudet s'est alors efforcée, mais inutilement, de pleurer; ses yeux n'ont pu verser une larme. L'arrestation. â Le mandat d'amener M. Fournel a mis bientôt fin à ces simagrées et, s'adressant à M. le j uge d instruction Jolliot : â Monsieur le juge, a-t-il dit, je requiers l'arrestation de Mme Baudet sous l'inculpation d'assassinat sur la personne de sa domestique, François Devocourt. Le mandat d'amener a été immédiatement délivré, et pendant que Mme Baudet était conduite dans sa chambre sous la surveillance de deux gendarmes, les magistrats instructeurs se sont transportés a la maison du maire de Neuilly-Plaisanee, M. Fou quel, où. devait avoir lieu l'audition des témoins. De l'ensemble des dépositions il résulte Sue l'inculpée ne peut justifier de l'emploi e son temps de 3 heures 35 à 4 heures, et 1 cinq minutes ont suffi pour commettre le crime, dit le médecin légiste. Le oouperet qui a dn servir à commettre I le orime n'a pu encore être retrouvé. |
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US-3766237D-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | Example XXIV A 50 ml., three-necked, round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser connected to a Dry Ice trap, a gas inlet, a thermometer, and a magnetic stirrer, is set up in an oil bath maintained at 130i2 C., and purged with nitrogen. The flask is charged with 0.18 ml. (1.64 10-' mole) of liquid titanium tetrachloride followed by 4.06 g. (1.32 10- mole) of P(OC H 20.3 g. (0.25 mole) of 3-pentenenitrile, and 2.29 g. (1.64 mole) of Ni[P(OC H A stream of nitrogen gas is bubbled through liquid hydrogen cyanide contained in a 20 ml. flask cooled in an ice bath. The nitrogen gas flow is adjusted to 38 ml. of nitrogen per minute to give a total hydrogen cyanide feed of 9 ml. (as measured at 0 C.) of liquid hydrogen cyanide. The resulting gas mixture is swept across the surface of the reaction mixture in the flask. After 3 hours and 13 minutes, the reaction is shut down.
Gas chromatographic analysis indicates that 15.8 percent of the 3-pentenenitrile is converted to dinitriles and that of 3-pentenenitri1e so converted, 78.0 percent is adiponitrile, 16.7 percent is 2-methylglutaronitrile and 5.3 percent is ethylsuccinonitrile. The number of cycles (mole ratio of dicyanobutanes produced to catalyst charged) is 24.3.
Example XXV A 50 ml., three-necked, round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser connected to a Dry Ice trap, an inlet, a thermometer, and a magnetic stirrer, is set up in an oil bath maintained at 65i2 C., and purged with nitrogen. The flask is charged with 0.21 g. (4.5 10 mole) of ZI'(C5H702)4 followed by 0.81 ml. of
was)
29.2 ml. (0.30343 mole) of 3-pentenenitrile, and 0.440 g. (3X10- mole) of A stream of nitrogen gas is bubbled through liquid hydrogen cyanide contained in a 20 m1. flask cooled in an ice bath. The nitrogen gas flow is adjusted to 7 ml. of nitrogen per minute to give a total hydrogen cyanide feed of 1.2 ml. (as measured at 0 C.) of liquid hydrogen cyanide. The resulting gas mixture is swept across the surface of the reaction mixture in the flask. After 4 hours and 41 minutes, the reaction is shut down.
Gas chromatographic analysis indicates that 3.5 percent of the S-pentenenitrile is converted to dinitriles and that of the 3-pentenenitrile so converted, 52.6 percent is adiponitrile, 31.2 percent is 2-methylglutaronitrile and 16.2 percent is ethylsuccinonitrile. The number of cycles (mole ratio of dicyanobutanes produced to catalyst charged) is 32.9.
Example XXVI A 50 ml., three-necked, round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser connected to a Dry Ice trap, a gas inlet, a thermometer, and a magnetic stirrer, is set up in an oil bath maintained at 43:2 C., and purged with nitrogen. The flask is charged with 0.905 ml. of a 0.497 M solution (4.5 10 mole) of titanium trichloride in 3-pentenenitrile followed by 11.388 g. of 3-pentenenitrile, 14.6 ml. of CH OCH CH OCH 0.902 g. of
ecsand 0.440 g. of
id l].
A stream of nitrogen gas is bubbled through liquid hydrogen cyanide contained in a 20 ml. flask cooled in an ice bath. The nitrogen gas flow is adjusted to 3.5 ml. of nitrogen per minute to give a total hydrogen cyanide feed of 1.1 ml. (as measured at 0 C.) of liquid hdyrogen cyanide. The resulting gas mixture is swept across the surface of the reaction mixture in the flask. After 12 hours and 5 minutes, the reaction is shut down.
Gas chromatographic analysis indicates that 12.4 percent of the 3-pentenenitrile is converted to dinitriles and that of the 3-pentenenitrile so converted, 90.8 percent is adiponitrile, 7.8 percent is Z-methylglutaronitrile and 1.4 percent is ethylsuccinonitrile. The number of cycles (moles ratio of dicyanobutanes produced to catalyst charged)- Example XXVII and 0.880 g. (6 10" mole) of A stream of nitrogen gas is bubbled through liquid hydrogen cyanide contained in a 20 ml. flask cooled in an ice bath. The nitrogen gas flow is adjusted to 7 ml. of nitrogen per minute to give a total hydrogen cyanide feed of 8.4 ml. (as measured at 0 C.) of liquid hydrogen cyanide. The resulting gas mixture is swept across the surface of the reaction mixture in the flask. After 22 hours, the reaction is shut down.
Gas chromatographic analysis indicates that 4.9 percent of the 3-pentenenitrile is converted to dinitriles and that of the 3-pentenenitrile so converted, 81.6 percent is adiponitrile, 15.7 percent is Z-methylglutaronitrile and 2.7 percent is ethylsuccinonitrile. The number of cycles (mole ratio of dicyanobutanes produced to catalyst charged) is 23.8. There is an apparent conversion to other nitriles as based on the nitriles analyzed of 0.9 percent.
Example XXVIII A 50 ml., three-necked, round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser connected to a Dry Ice trap, an inlet, a thermometer, and a magnetic stirrer, is set up in an oil bath maintained at about 45 C., and purged with nitrogen. The flask is charged with 0.105 g'. (4.5 X 10 mole) of zirconium tetrachloride followed by 29.2 ml. (0.298 mole) of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.81 ml. of
and 0.440 g. (3 X 10* mole) of A stream of nitrogen gas is bubbled through liquid hydrogen cyanide contained in a 20 ml. flask cooled in an ice bath. The nitrogen gas flow is adjusted to about 4 ml. of nitrogen per minute to give a total hydrogen cyanide 21 feed of 1 ml. (as measured at C.) of liquid hydrogen cyanide. The resulting gas mixture is swept across the surface of the reaction mixture in the flask. After 4 hours and 57 minutes, the reaction is shut down.
Gas chromatographic analysis indicates that of the 3- pentenenitrile converted to dinitriles, 81.5 percent is adiponitrile, 17.3 percent is Z-methylglutaronitrile and 1.2 percent is ethylsuccinonitrile. The number of cycles (mole ratio of dicyanobutanes produced to catalyst charged) is 26.5. The apparent loss of 3-pentenenitrile to Z-pentenenitriles, as based on 3-pentenenitrile charged is less than 0.2 percent.
Example XGX A 50 ml., three-necked, round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser connected to a Dry Ice trap, a gas inlet and a magnetic stirrer, is set up in an oil bath maintained at 120-132 C., and purged with dry deoxygenated nitrogen. Th'e flask is charged with 0..312 g. (1.-64 10 mole) of SnCl 4.06 g. (1.31 10 mole) of P(OC H and 20.3 g. (0.25 mole) of 3-pentenenitrile followed by 2.29 g. (1.64 mole) of Ni[P(OC H A stream of dry, deoxygenated nitrogen gas is bubbled through 3.2 ml. of hydrogen cyanide contained in a 20 ml. flask cooled in an ice bath. The hydrogen cyanide is replenished as needed. The nitrogen gas flow is adjusted to 35 ml. of nitrogen gas per minute. After 18 hours and 45 minutes, the reaction is shut down. The total amount of hydrogen cyanide fed to the reaction is 8.5 ml.
Gas chromatographic analysis indicates that 22 percent of the reaction medium at shut down is adiponitrile and that of the 3-pentenenitrile converted to dinitriles, 80 percent is adiponitrile. The number of cycles (molar ratio of dicyanobutanes produced to catalyst charged) is 45.
Example XXX A 50 ml., three-necked, round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser connected to a Dry Ice trap, an inlet, and a magnetic stirrer, is set up in an oil bath maintained at 8083 C., and purged with dry, deoxygenated nitrogen. The flask is charged with 0.071 g. (4.5 10 mole) of SnF 29.2 ml. (0.3 mole) of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.785 ml. (3 10- mole) of P(OC H followed by 0.420 g. (3 1O- mole) of Ni[P(OC H A stream of dry, deoxygenated nitrogen gas is bubbled through 6.6 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide contained in a 20 ml. flask cooled in an ice bath. The nitrogen gas flow is adjusted to 4 m1. of nitrogen gas per minute. After 4 hours and 48 minutes, the reaction is shut down. The total amount of hydrogen cyanide fed to the reaction is 1.6 m1.
Gas chromatographic analysis indicates that 6 percent of the 3-pentenenitrile is converted to dinitriles and that of the dinitriles produced, 69.3 percent is adiponitrile, 22 percent is 2-methylglutaronitrile and 8.5 percent is ethylsuccinonitrile. The number of cycles is 59.
Example XXXI A 50 ml., three-necked, glass flask is fitted with a gas inlet tube positioned for a gas sweep over the surface of the flasks contents, a thermometer, and a gas outlet through a water cooled condenser. The flask is heated with an oil bath. Before charging the reagents, the entire system is purged Well with purified nitrogen. Hydrogen cyanide is purified by bubbling purified nitrogen through the liquid until the volume is reduced by one-half and then distilling the remainder. The reaction flask is charged with 25 ml. of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.032 g. of VC13, 0.7 ml. of tri-p-cresylphosphite, and 0.4 g. of tetrakis(tri-p-cresylphosphite) nickel (O). The flask is placed in an oil bath to maintain a temperature of 5764 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the surface of the catalyst mixture in a nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After 6.5 hours of operation, the reaction is stopped and the crude liquid analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 1.21 percent adiponitrile, 0.22 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.2 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXX II As described in Example XXXI, 25 ml. of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.033 g. of FeCl 0.88 g. of tri-p-cresylphosphite, and 0.4 g. of tetrakis (tri-p-cresylphosphite) nickel (O) are charged to the reaction flask. The flask is placed in an oil bath to maintain a temperature of 5862 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the surface of the catalyst mixture in a nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After 5 hours of operation, the reaction is stopped. After standing at 25 C. under nitrogen for 2 days, the mixture is heated to 57-60 C., and hydrogen cyanide addition resumed. A total of 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added over a one-hour period. The addition is then stopped and the crude liquid analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 10.29 percent adiponitrile, 2.87 percent 2-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.55 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXIII As described in Example XXXI, 25 ml. of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.034 g. of iron (I I) chloride, 0.88 g. of tri-pcresylphosphite, and 0.4 g. of tetrakis(tri-p-cresylphosphite) nickel (O) are charged to the reaction flask. The flask is placed in an oil bath to maintain a temperature of 57-59 C. and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the surface of the catalyst mixture in a nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After 4 hours of operation, the reaction is stopped. After standing at 25 C. under nitrogen for 17 hours, the mixture is heated to 58-59 C., and hydrogen cyanide addition is resumed. A total of 0.1 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added over a one-hour period. The addition is then stopped and the crude liquid analyzed by gas chromatoggraphy. Analyses show that the sample contains 6.81 percent adiponitrile, 1.61 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.25 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXIV As described in Example XXXI, 25 ml. of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.034 g. of MnCl 0.88 g. of tri-p-cresylphosphite, and 0.4 g. of tetrakis (tri-p-cresylphosphite)nickel (O) are charged to the reaction flask. The flask is placed in an oil bath to maintain a temperature of 57-6l C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the surface of the catalyst mixture in a nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After 4.5 hours of operation, the reaction is stopped and the crude liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 2.01 percent adiponitrile, 0.53 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.25 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXV As described in Example XXXI, 20.66 g. of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.035 g. of cobalt (II) chloride, 0.7 ml. of tri-pcresylphosphite, and 0.4 g. of tetrakis(tri-p-cresylphosphite) nickel (O) are charged to the reaction flask. The flask is placed in an oil bath to maintain a temperature of 59-60 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the surface of the catalyst mixture in a nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After 5 hours of operation, the reaction is stopped and the crude liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 12.47 percent adiponitrile, 2.90 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, 0.61 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXVI As described in Example XXXI, 25 ml. of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.041 g. of scandium ('III) chloride, 0.7 ml. of
23 tri-p-cresylphosphite, and 0.4 g. of tetrakis(tri-p-cresylphosphite).nickel (O) are added .to the reaction flask.
The flask is placed in an oil bath to maintain a temperature of 59 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the surface of the catalyst mixture in a nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After 3.5 hours of operation, the reaction is stopped and the crude liquid is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 1.30 percent adiponitrile, 0.23 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.22 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXVII As described in Example XXXI, ml. of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.048 g. of palladium (II) chloride, 0.7 ml. of trip-cresylphosphite, and 0.4 g. of tetrakis(tri-p-cresylphosphite) nickel (O) are charged to the reaction flask. The flask is placed in an oil bath to maintain a temperature of 58-60 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the surface of the catalyst mixture in a nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted'so that about 0.2 m1. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After 3.5 hours of operation, the reaction is stopped and the crude liquid is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 0.30 percent adiponitrile, 0.04 percent 2-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.12 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXVIII As described in Example XXXI, 25 ml. of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.055 g. of bis-acetonitrile dichlorochromium (II), 0.7 ml. of tri-p-cresylphosphite, and 0.4 g. of tetrakis(trip-cresylphosphite) nickel (O) are charged to the reaction flask. The flask is placed in an oil bath to maintain a temperature of 56-65 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the surface of the catalyst mixture in a nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After 3 hours of operation, thereaction is stopped and the crude liquid is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 12.17 percent adiponitrile, 2.67 percent 2-methylglutaronitrile and 0.48 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXIX As described in Example XXXI, 25 ml. of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.10 g. of thorium (IV) chloride, 0.7 ml. of trip-cresylphosphite, and 0.4 g. of tetrakis(tri-p-cresylphosphite) nickel (O) are charged to the reaction flask. The flask is placed in an oil bath to maintain a temperature of 5960 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the surface of the catalyst mixture in a nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After 3 hours and 40 minutes of operation, the reaction is stopped and the crude liquid is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 0.77 percent adiponitrile, 0.01 percent 2-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.01 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXX' As described in Example XXXI, 25 ml. of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.079 g. of rhenium (III) chloride, 0.7 ml. of trip-cresylphosphite, and 0.4 g. of tetrakis(tri-p-cresylphosphite) nickel (O) are charged to the reaction flask. The flask is placed in an oil bath to maintain a temperature of -65 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the surface of the catalyst mixture in a nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After 4 hours of operation, the reaction is stopped and the crude liquid is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 0.82 percent adiponitrile, 0.19 percent 2- methylglutaronit'rile, and 0.11 percent ethylsuccinonitrile..
24 Example XXXXI As described in Example XXXI, 15.1 g. of 3-pentenenitrile, 5.0 g. of tetrahydrofuran, 0.4 g. of tri's(tetrahydrofuran) trichlorochromium (III), 1.4 ml. of tri-p-cresylphosphite, and 0.8 g. of tetrakis(tri-p-cresylphosphite) nickel (O) are charged to .the reaction flask. The flask is placed in an oil bath to maintain a temperature of 41- 43 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the surface of the catalyst mixture in a nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After 46 hours of operation, the reaction is stopped and the crude liquid is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 60.81 percent adiponitrile, 5.51 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 1.40 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXXII Reaction equipment is composed of a 50 ml., 3 necked, glass flask fitted with a gas inlet tube adjusted for gas flow across the surface of the reactants, a vent through a water cooled condenser, and a thermometer. Liquid reactant mixtures are stirred with a Teflon coated, magnetic stirring bar. For operation, nitrogen gas is bubbled through liquid hydrogen cyanide maintained at 0 C. and the resulting gas mixture is swept across the surface or the olefin-catalyst mixture. Hydrogen cyanide feed rate is controlled by adjusting nitrogen flow. Under nitrogen, the reaction flask is charged with 0.5 g. of nickelocene, 15 ml. of triphenylphosphite, 20.3 g. of 3-pentenenitirile, and 0.4 g. of zinc (II) chloride. The reaction mixture is heated to l15-117 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 23 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the crude sample contains 18.63 percent adiponitrile, 5.47 percent 2-rnethylglutaronitrile, and 0.5 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXXIII As described in Example XXXXII, 20.4 g..of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.5 g. of nickelocene, 15 ml. of triphenylphosphite, and 0.4 g. ofzinc (II) chloride are charged to the reaction flask. The reaction mixture is heated to l15l 17 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 20 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 14.57 percent adiponitrile, 5.13 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile and 0.27 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXXIV As described in Example XXXXII, 0.5 g. of nickelocene, 30 ml. of triphenylphosphite, 20.4 g. of 3-pentenenitrile, and 0.4 g. of zinc (II) chloride are charged to a 100 ml. reaction flask. The reaction. mixture is heated to 79 C., and hydrogen cyanidegas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 20.5 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the crude liquid sample contains 11.98 percent adiponitrile, 2.09 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.27 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXXV As described in Example XXXXII, 20.5 g. of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.4 g. of zinc (II) chloride, 15 ml. of triphenyl phosphite and 0.29 g. of [C H NiCO] are charged to the reaction flask. The reaction mixture is heated to 113-1 15 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 20 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the crude sample contains 14.73 percent adiponitrile, 3.95 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.57 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXXVI As described in Example XXXXII, 0.5 g. of
CsHs
15 ml. of triphenylphosphite, 20.5 g. of 3-pentenenitrile, and 0.4 g. of zinc (II) chloride are charged to the reaction flask. The reaction mixture is heated to 116-1 17 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 21 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 21.23 percent adiponitrile, 4.43 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and- 0.59 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXXVII As described in Example XXXXII, 15 ml. of triphenylphosphite, 0.5 g. of
aim
and 0.2 g. of zinc (H) chloride are charged to the reaction equipment. The mixture is heated to 113 C. over a period of 18 minutes and 20 g. of 3-pentenenitrile is added. The reaction mixture is heated to l19-120 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 8 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the crude liquid sample contains 2.98 percent adiponitrile, 0.79 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.14 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXXVIII As described in Example XXXXII, 0.5 g. of
P 3 S L Q 3) 15 ml. of triphenylphosphite, and 0.2 g. of zinc (II) chloride are charged to the reaction flask. The mixture is heated to 105 C. over a period of 20 minutes, and 20 g. of S-pentenenitrile is added. The mixture is heated to 119 C. and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the crude sample contains 4.65 percent adiponitrile, 0.90 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.57 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example XXXXIX As described in Example XXXXII, 0.5 g. of
15 ml. of triphenylphosphite, and 0.2 g. of zinc (II) chloride are charged to the reaction flask. The mixture is heated to 116 C. over a period of 30 minutes, and 20 g. of 3-pentenenitrile is added. The mixture is heated at 117 C. and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 2.25 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the crude sample contains 1.77 percent adiponitrile, 0.27 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.06 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example L As described in Example XXXXII, 0.3 g. of
Ni[CH =CHCN]2 20 g. of 3-pentenenitrile, 15 ml. of triphenylphosphite, and 0.4 g. of zinc (II) chloride are charged to the reaction flask. The reaction mixture is heated at l12-120 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 5 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the crude liquid sample contains 4.27 percent adiponitrile, 3.55 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.18 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example LI As described in Example XXXXII, 15 ml. of triphenylphosphite, 0.46 ml. of nickel tetracarbonyl, 0.5 g. of zinc (II) chloride, and 20 g. of B-pentenenitrile are charged to the reaction flask. After gas evolution stopped, the reaction mixture is heated at -120" C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 2.5 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the crude sample contains 3.0 percent adiponitrile, 0.51 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile and 0.17 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example LII As described in Example XXXXII, 0.95 g. of nickel acetylacetonate, 15 ml. of triphenylphosphite, 20 g. of 3- pentenenitrile, 0.5 g. of zinc (II) chloride, and 3.7 ml. of Al(CH CH solution (1 molar in cyclohexane) are added to the reaction flask. Temperature rises from 28- 51 C. on addition of the triethylaluminum. The reaction mixture is heated at 77-79 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 4 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 5.48 percent adiponitrile, 0.9 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.01 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example LIII As described in Example XXXXII, 0.4 g. of zinc (II) chloride, 20 g. of 3-pentenenitrile, 15 ml. of triphenylphosphite, and 0.4 g. of C H NiNO are charged to the reaction flask. The reaction mixture is heated at ll9-121 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 5 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the crude sample contains 0.98 percent adiponitrile, 0.09 percent 2-methylglutaronitrile and 0.09 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example LIV As described in Example XXXXII, 0.4 g. of ZnCl 20 g. of 3-pentenenitrile, 15 ml. of triphenylphosphite, and 0.6 g. of [C H NiSC H are charged to the reaction flask. The reaction mixture is heated to 117120 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mix- 27 ture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 m1. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 5 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the crude sample contains 2.65 percent 28 Examples LIX-LXIV Examples LIX-LXIV illustrate the effect of excess trip-cresylphosphite on the eificiency of tetrakis (tri-p-cresylphosphite) nickel catalyst using a representative adiponitrile, 0.57 percent 2-methylglutaron1tr1le, and 011' group f L WI 201d a tlvators. percent ethylsuccinonitrile. As described in Example XXXXII, 0.4 g. of tetrakis (tri-p-cresylphosphite) nickel (O), 20 g. of 3-pentene- Example LV nitrile, and excess tri-p-cresylphosphite and activator as As described in Example XXXXII, 20.7 g. of 3-penteneshown in the accompanying table are charged to the renitrile, 2.2 g. of Ni(P(Z) (CO) 0.15 g. of zinc (II) action flask. The reaction mixturesare heated at 5761 chloride, and 11 g. of tri-p-cresylphosphite are charged C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction to the reaction flask. The reaction mixture is heated at mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rates are ad- 115-118" C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across justed so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow 15 is added per hour. After about hours of operation, rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. per hour of liquid the liquid products are analyzed by gas chromatography. hydrogen cyanide is fed for the first 3 hours. Hydrogen The following table summarizes the results for each cyanide feed rate is then increased to 0.3 ml. per hour activator-phosphite charge.
Activator Cresylphosphite, Dinitrile distribution Com- Weight weigh Catalyst Example pound gram grams ADN MGN ESN cycles LIX MnCh 0.034 0.00 70 25.5 4.4 168 MnCh 0.034 0.83 so '16.!) 2.0 281 S1101, 0. 051 0.00 71.7 23.4 4.9 101 SnCl: 0.051 0.83 71.7 21.8 0.4 303 A1013 0.036 0.00 39.1 46.2 14.6 131 LXIV A101 0. 030 0.83 39.7 41.6 18.5 317 As described in ExampleXXXXII, 21.0 g. of 3,-pentenenitrile, 2.2 g. of Ni(PQ (CO) 1.3 g. of triphenylboron,
and 11.0 g. 'of tri-p-cresylphosphite are charged to the reaction flask. The reaction mixture is heated at 120 C. and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide 'is added per hour. After about'4 hours of operation, the
liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 3.87 percent adiponitrile, 0.25 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.01 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example LVII As described in Example XXXXII, 20.7 g. of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.46 ml. of nickel tetracarbonyl, 11 ml. of tri-pcresylphosphite, and 0.5 g. of ZHClg are charged to the reaction flask. The reaction mixture is heated at 129- 133 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 21 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 31.84 percent adiponitrile, 7.67 percent 2-methylglutaronitrile, and 1.11 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example LVIII As described in Example XXXXII, 1.26 g. of C H NiBr(PQ) 0.4 g. of ZnCl and 15 ml. of triphenylphosphite are charged to the reaction flask. The mixture is heated to 96 C. and 20.0 g. of 3-pentenenitrile is added. The mixture is then heated at 119-120 C. and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the reaction mixture in nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 3 hours of operation, the liquid product is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the crude sample contains 3.38 percent adiponitrile, 0.5 percent 2- methylglutaronitrile, and 0.1 percent ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example LXV A 50 ml., three-necked, round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser connected to a Dry Ice trap, an inlet, and a magnetic stirrer is set up in an oil bath and purged with dry deoxygenated nitrogen. The flask is charged with 0.097 g. (4.5 1'0* mole) of NbOCl 29.2 ml. (0.3 mole) of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.785 ml. (3X l0 mole) of P(OC H and 0.420 g. (3 1O" mole) of Ni[P(0C H The contents of the flask are maintained at 78-83 C. during the reaction. A stream of dry, deoxygenated nitrogen is bubbled through liquid hydrogen cyanide contained in a 20 ml. flask cooled in a water bath at ambient temperature. The resulting gas mixture is swept across the surface of the reaction mixture. After 1 hour and 23 minutes the reaction is shut down.
Gas chromatographic analysis indicates that the crude reaction mixture contains 1.2 percent adiponitrile.
Example LXVI A 50 ml., three-necked, round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser connected to a Dry Ice trap, an inlet, and a magnetic stirrer is set up in an oil bath maintained at 80 C. and purged with dry deoxygenated nitrogen. The flask is charged with 0.65 g. (5 l0 mole) of 0.2 g. MoCl 20 g. (0.248 mole) of S-pentenenitrile, and 3.0 g. (0.01 mole) of P(OC H A stream of dry deoxygenated nitrogen gas is bubbled at a rate of 15 ml. per minute through liquid hydrogen cyanide contained in a 20 ml. flask cooled in an ice bath. The resulting gas mixture is swept across the surface of the reaction mixture in the flask. The reaction is run until the catalyst appears to be dead. At this point gas chromatographic analysis indicates that the reaction mixture contains 3.26 percent of adiponitrile, 0.79 percent of Z-methylglutaronitrile and 0.36 percent of ethylsuccinonitrile. The number of cycles is 19.
Example LXVII A 50 ml., three-necked, round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser connected to a Dry Ice trap, an inlet, and a magnetic stirrer is set up in an oil bath maintained at 75-77 C. and purged with dry deoxygenated nitrogen. The flask is charged with two small spatulas full (about 0.1-0.2 g.) of BeCl 39.1 ml. (0.4 mole) of 3-pentenenitrile, 3.4 ml. (1.1 l0- mole) of P(OC H followed 29 by 1.40 ml. (1.1 10-' mole) Ni[P(C H (The BeCl was approximately rather than weighed out due to its extreme toxicity. The working surface of the spatula used measured about 1 mm. wide by 5 mm. long.) A stream of dry deoxygenated nitrogen gas is bubbled through 10.5 ml. of hydrogen cyanide contained in a 20 ml. flask cooled in an ice bath. The resulting gas mixture is swept across the surface of the reaction mixture in the flask. After 50 minutes, the flask contained approximately 3 percent adiponitrile which corresponds to a 79 percent yield of adiponitrile and cycles. The total amount of hydrogen cyanide fed to the reaction medium is 1.5 ml.
Example LXVIII A 50 ml., three-necked, round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser connected to a dry ice trap, an inlet, and a magnetic stirrer is set up in an oil bath maintained at 82-86" C. and purged with dry deoxygenated nitrogen. The flask is charged with 0.170 g. (4.5 l0- mole) of ErCl -6H O, 29.2 ml. (0.3 mole) of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.78 ml. (3 10" mole) of P(OC H followed by 0.420 g. (3Xl0- mole) of Ni[P(OC H A stream of dry, deoxygenated nitrogen gas is bubbled through 8.4 ml. of hydrogen cyanide contained in a ml. flask cooled in an ice bath. The resulting gas mixture is swept across the surface of the reaction mixture in the flask. After 2 hours and 43 minutes the reaction is shut down. The total amount of hydrogen cyanide fed to the reaction medium is 1.8 ml.
Gas chromatographic analysis indicates that of the dinitriles produced 77 percent are adiponitrile. The number of cycles is 5-7.
Example LXIX A 50 ml., three-necked, round botom flask fitted with a reflux condenser connected to a Dry Ice trap, an inlet and a magnetic stirrer is set up in an oil bath maintained at 80 C. and purged with dry, deoxygenated nitrogen. The flask is charged with 0.10 g. (.00051 mole) of AgBF followed by 1.0 g. (.000768 mole) of Ni[P(OC H 20 g. (0.247 mole) of 3-pentenenitrile and 1.91 g. (0.00616 mole) of P(OC H A stream of dry deoxygenated nitrogen gas is bubbled through 10 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide contained in a 20 ml. receiver cooled in an ice bath. The nitrogen gas flow is adjusted to 15 ml. of nitrogen per minute. The resulting gas mixture is passed through a bed of phosphorus pentoxide to eliminate traces of moisture and then is swept across the surface of the reaction mixture in the flask. After 2 hours and 18 minutes, the reaction is shut down. Gas chromatographic analysis shows that the reaction mixture contains 4.82 percent adiponitrile, 1.54 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.24 percent ethylsuccinonitrile. The number o cycles is 18.8.
Example LXX As described in Example XXIII, m1. of 3-pentenenitrile, 0.4 g. of tetrakis (tri-p-cresylphosphite) nickel (O), 0.078 g. of germanium (IV) iodide, and 0.7 ml. of tri-p-cresylphosphite are charged to the reaction flask. The flask is placed in an oil bath to maintain a temperature of 59-61 C., and hydrogen cyanide gas is swept across the surface of the catalyst mixture in a nitrogen carrier gas. Nitrogen flow rate is adjusted so that about 0.2 ml. of liquid hydrogen cyanide is added per hour. After about 3.5 hours of operation, the reaction is stopped and the crude liquid is analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses show that the sample contains 0.44 percent adiponitrile, 0.04 percent Z-methylglutaronitrile, and a trace of ethylsuccinonitrile.
Example LXXI As described in Example XXIII, 25 ml. of S-pentenenitrile, 0.4 g. of tetrakis (tri-p-cresylphosphite) nickel (O), 0.05 g. of tungsten (V) chloride, and 0.7 ml. of tri-p-cresylphosphite are charged to the reaction flask.
Example LXXII A 2-liter agitated autoclave is charged with 350 ml. (liquid measure) of hydrogen cyanide and 800 ml. (liquid measure) of butadiene. This mixture is heated to 103 C. and thereafter maintained at 102.5l09.0 C. and the reaction started by injecting a mixture of catalyst, toluene and mesitylene. The calculated initial charge is:
Grammoles Material Grams kg.
Hydrogen cyanide 245. 0 9. 314 Butadiene-lfi 504. 0 9. 575 TetrakisKtn-peresybphosphite]nickel(0 61. 33 0. 0429 Toluene 94. 77 1. 059 Mesitylene 68. 05 0. 583
Total 973. 15 20. 574
No excess phosphite is charged to the autoclave. After 96 minutes the reaction is proceeding very slowly, if at all, and the reactor contents are analyzed by gas chromatography to show the following products.
Material: Gram-moles/kg. charged Vinylcyclohexene 0.09
Z-methyl-B-butenenitrile 2.01 Trans B-pentenenitrile 3.60 Cis 3-pentenenitrile Traces Adiponitrile Traces The conversion of hydrogen cyanide to nitriles is 60.2%. The number of cycles (mole ratio of nitriles produced to catalyst charged) is 131.
Example LXXIII This example is similar to Example LXXII except for the use of an excess of triaryl phosphite, which use this example illustrates gives the advantage of greater catalyst efliciency.
A 2-liter agitated autoclave is charged with 350 ml. (liquid measure) of hydrogen cyanide and 800 ml. (liquid measure) of butadiene. This mixture is heated to 100 C. and thereafter maintained at 97.5-100.6 C., and the reaction started by injecting a mixture of catalyst, triaryl phosphite, toluene and mesitylene. The calculated initial charge is:
Grammoles Material Grams kgi Hydrogen cyanide".- 245. 0 8. 875 Butadiene-L3- 504. 0 9 123 Tetrakis [(tri-p-cresyl)phosphite]niekel(0) 36. 70 0. 0245 Mixed tneresyl phosphite 49. 65 0. 1381 Toluene 98. 36 1. 047 Mesitylene. 87. 65 0. 715
Total- 1, 021. 35 19. 923
The excess triaryl phosphite to catalyst molar ratio is 5.64:1. After minutes the reactor contents are analyzed by gas chromatography to show the following products.
Material: Gram-moles/kg. charged Vinylcyclohexene 0.05
2-methyl-3-butenenitrile 2.28 Trans-B-pentenenitrile 4.1 1 Cis-3-pentenenitrile 0.02 Methylglutaronitrile Trace Adiponitrile 0.03
Conversion of hydrogen cyanide to nitriles is 72.2 percent. The number of cycles (mole ratio of nitriles produced to catalyst charged) is 262.
Example LXXIV A 50 ml., 3-necked, glass flask fitted with a gas inlet tube above liquid level, a thermometer and a gas outlet 7 firmed by gas chromatographic separation followed by,
through a water cooled reflux condenser, is setup in an.
oil bath.
The reaction equipment is purged with nitrogen and charged with 0.82 g. of Ni(Sb (CO) 0.14 g. of ZnCl 25 ml. of S-pentenenitrile, and g. of triphenyl-' phosphite. The mixture is heated to 80 C. Hydrogen Example LXXV A 50 ml., 3-necked, glass flask fitted with a gas inlet tube above liquid level, a thermometer and a gas outlet through a water cooled reflux condenser, is set up in an oil bath.
The reaction equipment is purged with nitrogen and charged with 3.63 g. of Ni(As;3 (CO) 0.68 g. of ZnCl ml. of 3-pentenenitrile, and 10 g. of triphenylphosphite. The mixtureisrheatedto 120 C. Hydrogen cyanide gas is fed to the system by bubbling nitrogen through liquid hydrogen cyanide at 0 C. and sweeping the resulting gas mixture across the reaction mixture at a rate equal to 0.2 ml. of liquid HCN per hour. The mixture is stirred with a magnetic stirring bar. After about 17.75 hours of operation the reaction is stopped, and the liquid product analyzed by gas chromatography. The crude liquid product contains 21.22% adiponitrile, 4.87% 2-methylglutaronitrile, and 0.74% ethyl-sucinonitrilea In Examples LXXVI to LXXXVIII, the reactions are run in a 50 ml., three-necked, round bottom glass flask fitted with a thermometer, magnetic stirrer, inlet tube above liquid level, and a water cooled condenser connected to a Dry Ice trap. The flask is heated by an oil bath. The system is purged with nitrogen and the reagents are charged. After further nitrogen'purge of the closed system, the mixture is heated to the operating temperature in the example. For operation, nitrogen is bubbled through liquid hydrogen cyanide contained in a 20' ml.,
ice cooled trap and the resulting mixture is swept across the surface of the reaction mitxure. At the end of the run the mixture is cooled and the product analyzed by gas chromatography and infrared.
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s_G_SG_N8IND30S1_1 | WTO | Various open data | G/SG/N/8/IND/30/Suppl.1
G/SG/N/10/IND/21/Suppl.1
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Comité de Salvaguardias Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN EN VIRT UD DEL PÁRRAFO 1 B) DEL ARTÍCULO 12 DEL ACUERDO
SOBRE SALVAGUARDIAS RELATIVA A LA CONSTA TACIÓN DE LA EXISTEN CIA
DE DAÑO GRAVE O AMEN AZA DE DAÑO GRAVE A CAUSA DEL
AUMENTO DE LAS IMPOR TACIONES
NOTIFICACIÓN EN VIRT UD DEL PÁRRAFO 1 C) DEL ARTÍCULO 12
DEL ACUERDO SOBRE SA LVAGUARDIAS
NOTIFICACIÓN EN VIRT UD DE LA NOTA 2 AL A RTÍCULO 9
DEL ACUERDO SOBRE SA LVAGUARDIAS
INDIA
(Hojas y chapas planas laminadas en caliente (con exclusión de los productos
enrollados planos laminados en caliente) d e acero aleado o sin alear, de
espesor nominal inferior o igual a 150 mm y de anchura
nominal superior o igual a 600 mm )
Suplement o
El siguiente corrigendum, de fecha 21 de diciembre de 2016 , se distribuye a petición de la
delegación de la India.*
______ _________
1 CLASIFICACIÓN DEL PRODUCTO
El producto considerado son las hojas y chapas planas laminadas en caliente (con exclusión de los
productos enrollados planos laminados en caliente) de acero aleado o sin alear, de espesor
nominal inferior o igual a 150 mm y de anchura nominal superior o igual a 600 mm. E ste producto
está clasificado en la partida arancelaria 7208 y en las líneas arancelarias 72254013, 72254019,
72254020, 72254030 y 72259900 de la lista I de la Ley del Arancel de Aduanas de 1975.
Determi nados productos específicos que no corresponden a la designación del producto
considerado se indican en la Notificación de Aduanas Nº 3/2016 -Customs (SG), de fecha 23 de
noviembre de 2016 (se adjunta copia ).
2 MEDIDAS DE SALVAGUARDIA IMPUESTAS
Se ha impuesto un der echo de salvaguardia definitivo, c omo se indica infra, sobre las
importaciones en la India del producto considerado, en virtud de la Notificación de Aduanas
Nº 03/2016 -Customs (SG) del Departamento de la Renta Nacional del Ministerio de H acienda del
Gobierno de la India, de fecha 23 de noviembre de 2016 :
* Se ha presentado e n formato electrónico una copia de la Gaceta Oficial. Para consultar este
documento, sírvanse ponerse en contacto con la Sra. Budd ( [email protected] ), o la Sra. Naville
([email protected] ), de la División de Normas. G/SG/N/8/IND/30/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/10/IND/21/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/11/IND/16/Suppl.1
- 2 -
a. 10% ad valorem menos el derecho antidumping pagadero, si corresponde , para las
importaciones realizadas entre el 23 de noviembre de 2016 y el 22 de noviembre
de 2017 (ambos días inclusive ) a un preci o de importación CIF inferior a 504 dólares
EE.UU. por tm;
b. 8% ad valorem menos el derecho antidumping pagadero, si corresponde, para las
importaciones realizadas entre el 23 de noviembre de 2017 y el 22 de noviembre
de 2018 (ambos días inclusive ) a un prec io de importación CIF inferior a 504 dólares
EE.UU. por tm ; y
c. 6% ad valorem menos el derecho antidumping pagadero, si corresponde, para las
importaciones realizadas entre el 23 de noviembre de 2018 y el 22 de mayo
de 2019 (ambos días inclusive ) a un precio de importación CIF inferior a 504 dólares
EE.UU. por tm.
Ninguna de las disposiciones contenidas en la Notificación Nº 03/2016 -Aduanas (SG) del
Departamento de la Renta Nacional, de fecha 23 de noviembre de 2016 , se aplicará a las
importaciones del produc to objeto de investigación procedentes de países notificados como países
en desarrollo en virtud de l apartado a) del párrafo 6) del artículo 8B de la Ley del Arancel de
Aduanas, a excepción de la República Popular de China, Ucrania e Indonesia . Se adjunta asimismo
una copia de la Notificación de Aduanas Nº 19/2016 -Customs (N.T.), de fecha 5 de febrero
de 2016, que contiene la lista de los países en desarrollo a efectos de la investigación en materia
de salvaguardias.
3 FECHA DE INTRODUCCIÓN DE LA MEDIDA
Como se menciona en el punto 2 supra.
4 DURACIÓN DE LA MEDIDA
Como se menciona en el punto 2 supra.
5 INFORMACIÓN ADICIONAL
Se adjunta la Notificación Nº 03/2016 -Customs (SG) del Depart amento de la Renta Nacional, de
fecha 23 de noviembre de 2016 , que es de dominio público y se puede consultar también en la
dirección : http://www.cbec.gov.in/resources//htdocs -cbec/customs/cs -act/notifications /notfns -
2016/cs -sg2016/cssg03 -2016.pdf. G/SG/N/8/IND/30/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/10/IND/21/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/11/IND/16/Suppl.1
- 3 -
[PUBLI CADO EN LA GACETA DE LA INDIA, NÚMERO ESPECIAL , PART E II,
SECC IÓN 3, SUBSEC CIÓN i)]
Gobierno de la India
Minist erio de Hacienda
(Departamento de la Renta Nacional )
(Junta Central de Impuestos Especiales y Der echos de Aduanas )
Notifica ción
Nº 19/2016 - Customs (N.T.)
Nueva Delhi, 5 de febrero de 2016
G.S.R.146.(E). - En cumplimiento de l apartado a) de l párrafo 6) del artículo 8B de la Ley
del Arancel de Aduanas de 1975 (51 de 1975 ), y en sustitución de la notificación Nº 103/98 - Cus
del Departamento de la Renta Nacional del Ministerio de Hacienda del Gobierno de la India, de
fecha 14 de diciembre de 1998 , publicada en la Gaceta de la India, Número especial
G.S.R. 737(E), de fecha 14 de diciembre de 1998 , salvo por lo que respecta a hechos u omisiones
antes de dicha sustitución , el Gobierno Central notifica por la presente que los siguientes países se
considerarán países en desarrollo a los efectos de dich o artículo, a saber :
1. Afganistán
2. Albania
3. Angola
4. Argelia
5. Armenia
6. Azerbaiyán
7. Bangladesh
8. Belarús
9. Belice
10. Benin
11. Bhután
12. Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de)
13. Bosnia y Herzegovina
14. Botswana
15. Brasil
16. Bulgaria
17. Burkina Faso
18. Burundi
19. Cabo Verde
20. Camboya
21. Camerún
22. Chad
23. China
24. Colombia
25. Comoras
26. Congo
27. Costa Rica
28. Côte d 'Ivoire
29. Cuba
30. Djibouti
31. Dominica
32. Ecuador
33. Egipto
34. El Salvador
35. Eritrea
36. Etiopía
37. Ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia
38. Fiji
39. Filipinas
40. Gabón
41. Gambia
42. Georgia G/SG/N/8/IND/30/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/10/IND/21/Suppl.1 • G/SG/N/11/IND/16/Suppl.1
- 4 -
43. Ghana
44. Granada
45. Guatemala
46. Guinea
47. Guinea -Bissau
48. Guyana
49. Haití
50. Honduras
51. Indonesia
52. Irán (República Islámica del)
53. Iraq
54. Islas Marshall
55. Islas Salomón
56. Jamaica
57. Jordania
58. Kazajstán
59. Kenya
60. Kirguistán
61. Kiribati
62. Lesotho
63. Líbano
64. Liberia
65. Libia
66. Madagascar
67. Malasia
68. |
7156099_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Desa Sukorame är en administrativ by i Indonesien. Den ligger i provinsen Jawa Timur, i den västra delen av landet, km öster om huvudstaden Jakarta.
Tropiskt monsunklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är °C. Den varmaste månaden är oktober, då medeltemperaturen är °C, och den kallaste är januari, med °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är januari, med i genomsnitt mm nederbörd, och den torraste är augusti, med mm nederbörd.
Källor
Indelningar i Jawa Timur.
|
US-20991427-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Food handling apparatus
March 29, 1932.
H. JOHNSTON 1,851,5Q3;
FOOD HANDLING APPARATUS Filed Aug. 1; 1927 l :J so 33 38 Fig. 2
INVENTOR A TTORNE V;
2 Shet-Sheet l March 29, 1932. H. JOHNSTON FOOD HANDLING APPARATUS Filed Aug. 1,. 1927 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 A TTORNE V that the scope of Patented Mar. 29, 19 32 are stares Pra s HERBERT 1.. JOHNSTON, 1" TROY, 0HIO, assieiron TO THE HOBART nnntrraorron- A: 1 C FP TR LO IO, A CORPORATION or 01110 1 rooniaeunrme ArrAnAaros j Application fiieanu ust 1,111927. 'Serial 1109209314.
This invention relates to motor driven food handling apparatus and more. particularlyto cutting machines of this character.
One of the principal objects-of the inven f motor driven food tion is the provision'o the handling apparatus in which danger to operator is minimized, which construction.
A further object is the piovisionot a safety feature for motor-driven cutting apparatus in which exposure of the cutter is prevented at the time it is rotated by the nioton: .7 Other objects of the invention .Willfbe'ap parent fromthe following. description an from the drawings. i
In the drawings, in whichilike character of reference designate like parts in the several views I Fig. 1 is a side elevation showing the safety feature of the present invention, parts being broken away and shown in section;
2 is a top plan view of the parts shown inFigl; e Fig. 3 is a side elevation of the entire'motor driven apparatus; and j s Fig. 4 is a section on the line L- ofFig. 1, but corresponding to the latched position "of the interlock member. a l In the drawings one embodiment of the invention is shown as adapted to motor driven food cutting apparatus of the type and of the construction as generally set forth in my prior application for Letters Patent Serial No. 675,197 entitled Apparatus foodstuffs, filed November 16, 1923. Itwill be apparent however that the' invention can be used in conjunction with other similarmotor'driven apparatusand it is not intended the invention should berestricted to the precise construction illustrated. 1 The apparatus includes generally a container mechanism including abowl or com tainer 10 adapted to receive meat, vegetables or other foodstuffs, and a motor designated 11 positioned adjacent thereto and driving: or rotatingsuitable cutting knives 12 which op erate within the bowl, the two being so mounted with relationto each other that they may maybe safely. and easily operated, and which is simple in i 'p'ositionwithin the-bowl. r
such shapethat section 20 "may axis to forma closure together with the lions,
the motor assembly and for preparing *tric starting and stopping may be be relatively moved to withdraw the knives outof the bowl and permit'access thereto. erator from 7 I i T-he;bowl may be maderotatableand for this vpurposesuitable driving gears may be mounted wlthin-the base 'and connectedto i Y be driven by theclutch or transmission member 25. Thisclutch member'is adapted to be engaged when the motor assembly is in 0perative cutting position by a driving clutch member 26 supported from the housing suitably connected to the motor drive shaftQ'T-as more particularly, set forth in my prior applicationreferred'to. Thuswhen the motor assembly is moved so that the knives are in V positionwithin the bowl the members 25 and 26 are engaged and power is transmittedfrom bowl as the cutter is revolved therein. Y
paratus as perfectly fool-proof a'spossible, nie'ans is provided which prevents the cutters or knives from. being rotated by the'motor nnlessthe cover section'is'in its lowered pro tective position. b As more clearly shownin 1F igs. 1 and 2 the housing QQsupportsan elecswitch i 30: which manually operated from the position shown in full lines in Fig. Q-in whichthe mo their operative their cuttmg tor 'is running, to the position shown in dotthe motor shaft to cause the rotation of the 7 stopped. It will switch 30 ted lines in that figure in which the motor is be noted that when the is in the on position shown in full lines the part 31 of the switch isin the path of movement of a sliding interlock member 32 which is guided to slide Within the housing 22. The side plate 33 of the housing 22 which may be attached. in place by suit+ able screws 36, has a rearsurface 3 1- against a which the side face 35 of the locl'rmemb'e'r '32 slides, this portion"o'f'the'side plate 33 h'av ing a slot 38 in which a pin 39 may be moved.
This pin 39 moved from the position shownin Figs. 1 and 2 i-fthe switch is in the "dotted line position and the motor stopped. When the interlock and'lockfed in adjusted position by a nut43;
member 32 land 2 its outer end 40 overlies a. portion of the coverpart 20 suchas the flange jlwhich C :is preferably provided with an adjustable screw member 42threa'ded in the flange v41 When the cover part 201's inrits normal opera'tingposition closing over the cutters, the interlock member 32 in the normal position; i thus prevent open .in'g movement of the cover part 20 and thus shown inFigs. 1 and2 will prevent the exposure of the cutting knives.
. It will thus beapparent that before the op"- erator can open the movable partorcover sectioniof the container mechanism 20 he must first push the interlock member 32 to the left as viewed in these figuresfby pressingagainst the pin 39. Howeveryhe cannot do this which the motor is "unless the switch "30 "by started, in its'dotted' linerzposition corresponding to the stopped position of the motor; "so 'he-iscompelled to stop the :motor by 3 suitable operation 'Qf-thesWitch, before he terlockmember 32. The latch 45 has a projecting'nose extending outside of the housing 22 and positioned immediately below the interlo ck 'member 32 an d extending sufficient.- lyf'ar so that it may be engaged bythe end of the flange 41 of the cove'rlpart 20, when this cover section is in its'normal closingposition as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. In this posi- 'tion then the flange on the cover is inengagementwiththe nose50 of the'latch so that the latter is held out of engagement with the interlock member, but as's'oonas the'hous'a ing sefction is'open-ed after the interlock member hasbeen moved to the left thedatch 45v l point 13 so that the is fixed to the side'st of the lock member 32 and projects totheexterior of the side plate 33so that it may be manually the latch 45 from is inthe position shown in Figs.
open. ,He is thus pressed plunger 47's0 scope of-the invention the class described, crat ng said cutter,
is released from itsjengagement with th'e flange 41 ofthe cover 20 and the interlock member 32 will be held in its inner position until the coversection' 20 is again closed.
, After the opening of the cover 20 the motor assembly maybe swung about the pivot knives are Withdrawn from their operative position within the bowl and thus access is permitted to the interior of the bowl for tlie removalof the food stuffs or for cleaning portant that they be maintained stationary at thistime. -When the cover section 20 is in its open position the interlock member 32 is .a't'thejextreme left of its movement and in thisposition the operator is prevented by I moving the switch 30 "to the full line position shown in Fig. 2 so that it isi mpossib-le for him to start thevmotor.
stationary andfdanger of cutting the operator is minimized The construction of the interlookand safety parts of the invention are su'ch thatmanual startingof the motor; when kthe knives are exposec cult as possible so that fool-proof F or ithis mem'be1'- 32"issmade ra-ther-gwideas shown in purpose theinterlock Fig. 2' and: its over the progecting nose 50 projecting-end is immediately in :Fig. 4 has asharpupperyedge 55; Thus 32 and the sharp. upper sur-face or knife.
onsequently the cutting knives must remain is rendered as diffithe machine will be r r v I "of the latch mem- I ber 45, and furthermore,th s nose 5'0 asjshown f the smallspace betweennose 50 and member 7 edge on the lnosei50 makes'it as 'c lificult as f possible for the operator Tto'pressthe exposed nose of the latch member 'down' to rel-ease' the interlockmember 32 when the cover 20 is I While the form ofappa-ratusherein 'de scribed constitutes a not limited to this precise form of apparatus, and that changes may be made therein withoutfdepartingxfroin the which is definedin'the appended claims.
lVhatis claimed is: w 1. In a motor driven cutting apparatus of a motor startingswitch, meansmovab'le -sep arately from said motor starting switchto a position preventing operation of the switch to start the motor, sald means normally overlyinga portion of said cutter. cover to prevent movement of said cutter cover froniits normal position coveringsaid cutter.
cutting apparatus ofthe class described, a cutter, a motor] a movableco'ntainerv 2. :In a motor driven food for operating said cutter,
prevented from starting the' op eration of the motor rby closi ng the starting switch 30 when the'cuttingknives are exposed and .in dangerous position.
preferred embodiment Z of the invention, it is to be understood that the-invention is a movable 'cuttencover,
75 purposes. The knives j p in this position are exposed so that 1t is imbeing inserted part, a motor starting switch, and a member 'manually movablev separately from said a movable container part, a motor starting switc lock means movable to prevent operation of the switch to cause the starting of the motor, said means normally preventing. movement of said container I part from its normal position, latch means for holding said lock means in position preventing motor starting movement of said switch, and means on said movable container part for releasing said latch means.
4. In a motor driven cutting apparatus of the character described, a cutter, a motor for operating said cutter, a movable cutter cover, a motor control switch, lock means positioned to prevent movement of said cutter cover from its protective position enclosing the cutter when said motor control switch is closed, said parts being constructed to prevent movement of said lock means to cover releasing position as long as said motor control switch is closed. a
5. In a motor driven apparatus of theclass described, a revoluble member, an electric motor for revolvin container part for protecting said member, a motor starting switch, a shiftable member manually movable from a pos'tion in the path of movement of said container part to position preventing motor starting movement of said switch, and latch means hold ng said member in position preventing motor starting movement of said switch, said latch means being positioned relatively inaccessible for manual operation. i
6. In a motor driven apparatus of the class described, a food container bowl, a revoluble member in said bowl, an electric motor for operating said member, a movable cover part, a manually operable motor starting switch, a slide adapted to be manually operated from a position preventing movement of said cover part to a-position preventing motor starting movement I of said switch, latch means for holding said slide in the latter position, said latch means being positioned close to said slide to prevent afinger of the operator from between the latch means and slide and presentinga sharp upper surface adapted to be depressedby closing movements of said cover part to permit the release of said slide. i 7. 8. In food handling apparatus of the character described, havingra container mechanismwith a movable-container part, a food treating member said container mechanism bysaidcontainer part, and an electric motor having a normally covered within motor vcircuit control switch for driving; said food i v .in another position of its movement preventa circuit controlswitch for-driv ng said food 7 a manually operablevm'empart and said sitionof its movement preventing movement of said movable container partfrom its normal operating pOsitimicovermg said food treating member while permitting actuation as desired or saidmotorcontrol switch, and
ts movement preventin another positionof ing movement of sa d motor control switch to motorc rcuit. closing position while percontai-ner part, and latch means for holding said manually oper'ablemember in said latter position, said, latch -means being automatically releasable upon movement of said movable container part toit-s normal operating position,
treating member normally covered within said container" mechanism by said container part, and an electr c motor having a motor as desiredof said movable having a container mecha circuit control switch for driving said food treating member; a m anually operable member mounted for relative movement with respect to said movable container part and said motor control switch, saidmember in one position of its movement preventing movement of said movable container part from its normal, operating position covering said food treating meinber'while permitting actuation as desired of said motorcontrolswitch, and
in another position of its movement preventi'ng movement of said motor control switch to motor circuit closing position while permitting actuationas desired'ofsaid movable container part, and latch means for holding said manually operable member in said latter positioinsaid latch means being construct- "to motor circuit closing mittlng actuationas desired of said moved and arranged to. renderdiflicult manual act-nation thereof to release position. 11. In toodcuttmg mechanism "of the character with a pivoted cov'er,"a cutting knife mount-- 'ed'for rotation withineaid container and, normally itric motor havinga-niotor circuitco'ntrol covered bysaid cover and an elecswitch for 'rotatingsa-id cutting kni te and container; rela'tively'movable between said switch and 1 said cover, said interlock being movable from a position in which it overlies a cooperating part of SEIICl cover and prevents movement of thecoverto a position exposing said knife,
to a second positionin which the interlock cooperates with said switch to prevent movement thereof to a position closing said. motor circuit, the movement of said interlock from said one position to said second position be ing prevented so long as said switch is in motor circuit closing position. n
3 12. In food handling apparatus of the character described, havinga container with a I movable cover portion,-a'food treating member normally covered within said container by said 'cover'portmn; and an electric motor having a motor'circuit control switch for driving said food treating member; ameniber mounted for; relative movement with respect to said cover portion and said motor control switch said member inflone position of its movement preventing movement of said cover portion "from its normal position covering said food'treating member, and in another position of its movementpreventing movement of said motor control switch to motor circuit closing ing for movement of me'ans for-latching position while per- 1 v v position, and means movable with saidmovablejcontainer part for automatically releasing said latch means described, having a rotatable container a' 'manually operable interlock position while prov-id said cover portion,and saidmember in one of said positions."
v V In testimony-whereof .I hereto atfix my signature, V is V.
- HERBERT JOHNSTON.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20184 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | FROM ubuntu:20.04
ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
RUN apt update
RUN apt -yq --no-install-suggests --no-install-recommends install build-essential cmake \
libboost-dev libboost-filesystem-dev libboost-program-options-dev libyaml-cpp-dev
WORKDIR /verifier
COPY . /verifier/
RUN mkdir build
WORKDIR /verifier/build
RUN cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
RUN make -j $(nproc)
WORKDIR /verifier
ENTRYPOINT ["./check"]
|
github_open_source_100_8_20185 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.5)
find_package(GaudiProject)
# Set this to the name of the project you want to create
# (or just use the package in another project, in which
# case you should not need this file)
gaudi_project(GaudiTemplate v1r0
# This should be set to Gaudi, Lbcom, or similar
USE Gaudi v28r0
# USE Lbcom v19r1
# Any data dependencies
# DATA MyData v*
)
|
github_open_source_100_8_20186 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import CartoError from './carto-error';
/**
* Utility to build a cartoError related to MapsAPI errors.
*
* @return {CartoError} A well formed object representing the error.
*/
export default class CartoMapsAPIError extends CartoError {
constructor (message) {
super({ message: message });
this.name = 'CartoMapsAPIError';
}
}
export const CartoMapsAPITypes = {
NOT_SUPPORTED: '[Not supported]:',
SECURITY: '[Security]:'
};
|
github_open_source_100_8_20187 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <template>
<div class="work-detail">
<div class="work-item">
<mt-field label="标题:" placeholder="请输入标题" v-model="detail.title" :attr="{maxlength:125}"></mt-field>
<mt-field label="开始时间:" placeholder="请输入开始时间" v-model="startDate" @click.native="openPicker(1)" :readonly="true"></mt-field>
<mt-field label="结束时间:" placeholder="请输入结束时间" v-model="endDate" @click.native="openPicker(0)" :readonly="true"></mt-field>
<mt-field placeholder="请输入日程内容" type="textarea" rows="10" v-model="detail.content" :attr="{maxlength:2000}"></mt-field>
</div>
<div class="btn-group">
<mt-button type="primary" @click.native="saveDetail" :class="{save:isAdd}">保存</mt-button>
<mt-button type="danger" @click.native="sheetVisible=true" v-if="!isAdd">删除</mt-button>
</div>
<mt-datetime-picker ref="picker" type="time" v-model="pickerValue" @confirm="updateTime"></mt-datetime-picker>
<mt-actionsheet :actions="sheetData" v-model="sheetVisible" cancelText=""></mt-actionsheet>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import { MessageBox } from 'mint-ui';
import { Toast } from 'mint-ui';
import Util from '@/libs/util.js';
export default {
data() {
return {
isAdd: 0,//新增 or 修改
flag: 0,//开始时间 or结束时间
pickerValue: '08:00',
sheetData: [{name: '是否删除日程?'}, {name: '是',method: this.removeDetail}, {name: '否'}],
sheetVisible: false,
detail: {
startTimeStr:'08:00',
endTimeStr:'20:00'
},
workDate:''
}
},
activated: function () {//进入页面
this.getDetail();
},
deactivated: function () {//离开页面
this.sheetVisible = false;
this.$refs.picker.close();
},
methods: {
getDetail(){
let currentDate = JSON.parse(window.sessionStorage.getItem("currentDate")).join("/");//解决ios不能正确转换日期
this.workDate = Util.format(new Date(currentDate) ,'yyyy-MM-dd');
if(this.$route.params && this.$route.params.id>0){//修改
this.isAdd = 0;
this.detail = JSON.parse(window.sessionStorage.getItem("diaryDetail"));
}else{//新增
document.title = '新增日程';
this.isAdd = 1;
this.detail = {
id:'',
title:'',
content:'',
starttime:'',
endtime:'',
startTimeStr:'08:00',
endTimeStr:'20:00'
}
}
},
openPicker(flag) {
this.flag = flag;
if(this.flag){
this.pickerValue=this.detail.startTimeStr;
}else{
this.pickerValue=this.detail.endTimeStr;
}
this.$refs.picker.open();
},
updateTime(newTime){
this.flag?this.detail.startTimeStr=newTime:this.detail.endTimeStr=newTime;
},
saveDetail(){
if(this.detail.title.length==0){
Toast('请输入日程标题');
return;
}
if(this.detail.title.length<2){
Toast('标题不能小于2个字');
return;
}
if(this.detail.content.length==0){
Toast('请输入日程内容');
return;
}
if(this.detail.content.length<2){
Toast('日程内容不能小于2个字');
return;
}
if(this.detail.startTimeStr > this.detail.endTimeStr){
Toast('开始时间不能晚于结束时间');
return;
}
let _this = this;
_this.detail.starttime = _this.startDate+":00";
_this.detail.endtime = _this.endDate+":00";
_this.Api.WORK.saveDiary(_this.detail).then(function(res){
if(res.data.code === '000000'&&res.data.body===1){
Toast('保存成功');
_this.$router.go(-1);
}else{
Toast(res.data.errormsg);
}
}).catch(function(error){
Toast('加载失败......');
})
},
removeDetail(){
let _this = this;
_this.Api.WORK.deleteDiary(_this.detail.id).then(function(res){
if(res.data.code === '000000'&&res.data.body===1){
let instance = Toast('删除成功');
_this.$router.go(-1);
}else{
Toast(res.data.errormsg);
}
}).catch(function(error){
Toast('加载失败......');
})
}
},
computed: {
startDate:{
get:function(){
return this.workDate + ' ' + this.detail.startTimeStr;
},
set:function(newValue){
console.log(newValue)
}
},
endDate:{
get:function(){
return this.workDate + ' ' + this.detail.endTimeStr;
},
set:function(newValue){
console.log(newValue)
}
}
}
}
</script>
|
github_open_source_100_8_20188 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
pragma solidity ^0.8.10;
import "hardhat/console.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
contract TestLogicContract is Ownable {
address state_tokenContract;
constructor(address _tokenContract) {
state_tokenContract = _tokenContract;
}
function transferTokens(
address _to,
uint256 _a,
uint256 _b
) public onlyOwner {
IERC20(state_tokenContract).transfer(_to, _a + _b);
console.log("Sent Tokens");
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20189 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**
* Created by vedorhto on 06/10/2015.
*/
'use strict'
angular.module('registerCtrl',[])
.controller('registerCtrl',['$scope','$rootScope','$location','$http','AuthenticationService', function($scope, $rootScope, $location, $http, AuthenticationService){
//reset login status
AuthenticationService.ClearCredentials();
$scope.register = function(){
$scope.dataLoading = true;
}
}]); |
github_open_source_100_8_20190 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #ifndef CAMERA_H_
#define CAMERA_H_
#include <pspgu.h>
typedef struct cr_camera {
ScePspFVector3 pos;
ScePspFVector3 rot;
float fov;
float near;
float far;
} cr_camera;
cr_camera* cr_camera_create (float fov, float near, float far);
void cr_camera_remove (cr_camera* camera);
void cr_camera_setPos (cr_camera* camera, ScePspFVector3* pos);
void cr_camera_setRot (cr_camera* camera, ScePspFVector3* rot);
ScePspFVector3 cr_camera_getPos (cr_camera* camera);
ScePspFVector3 cr_camera_getRot (cr_camera* camera);
void cr_camera_useView (cr_camera* camera);
// moving the camera relative to the direction it looks at. In other words:
// camera position is origin of new 3d-coordinate-system
void cr_camera_movementAlongDirection (cr_camera* camera, ScePspFVector3 mov);
#endif // CAMERA_H_
|
3915368_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Легково — деревня в Вашкинском районе Вологодской области.
Входит в состав Пиксимовского сельского поселения, с точки зрения административно-территориального деления — в Пиксимовский сельсовет.
Расстояние по автодороге до районного центра Липина Бора — 49 км, до центра муниципального образования деревни Пиксимово — 9 км. Ближайшие населённые пункты — Екимово, Поповка, Бонга.
Население
Примечания
Ссылки
Легково в реестре населённых пунктов Вологодской области
Населённые пункты Вашкинского района.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20191 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright (c) 2015-2020, Renesas Electronics Corporation. All rights reserved.
*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
*/
#ifndef RCAR_PRIVATE_H
#define RCAR_PRIVATE_H
#include <common/bl_common.h>
#include <lib/bakery_lock.h>
#include <lib/el3_runtime/cpu_data.h>
#include <platform_def.h>
typedef volatile struct mailbox {
unsigned long value __aligned(CACHE_WRITEBACK_GRANULE);
} mailbox_t;
/*
* This structure represents the superset of information that is passed to
* BL31 e.g. while passing control to it from BL2 which is bl31_params
* and bl31_plat_params and its elements
*/
typedef struct bl2_to_bl31_params_mem {
image_info_t bl32_image_info;
image_info_t bl33_image_info;
entry_point_info_t bl33_ep_info;
entry_point_info_t bl32_ep_info;
} bl2_to_bl31_params_mem_t;
#if USE_COHERENT_MEM
#define RCAR_INSTANTIATE_LOCK DEFINE_BAKERY_LOCK(rcar_lock);
#define rcar_lock_init() bakery_lock_init(&rcar_lock)
#define rcar_lock_get() bakery_lock_get(&rcar_lock)
#define rcar_lock_release() bakery_lock_release(&rcar_lock)
#else
/*
* Constants to specify how many bakery locks this platform implements. These
* are used if the platform chooses not to use coherent memory for bakery lock
* data structures.
*/
#define RCAR_MAX_BAKERIES 2
#define RCAR_PWRC_BAKERY_ID 0
/*
* Definition of structure which holds platform specific per-cpu data. Currently
* it holds only the bakery lock information for each cpu. Constants to
* specify how many bakeries this platform implements and bakery ids are
* specified in rcar_def.h
*/
typedef struct rcar_cpu_data {
bakery_info_t pcpu_bakery_info[RCAR_MAX_BAKERIES];
} rcar_cpu_data_t;
#define RCAR_CPU_DATA_LOCK_OFFSET \
__builtin_offsetof(rcar_cpu_data_t, pcpu_bakery_info)
/*
* Helper macros for bakery lock api when using the above rcar_cpu_data_t for
* bakery lock data structures. It assumes that the bakery_info is at the
* beginning of the platform specific per-cpu data.
*/
#define rcar_lock_init(_lock_arg)
#define rcar_lock_get(_lock_arg) \
bakery_lock_get(_lock_arg, \
CPU_DATA_PLAT_PCPU_OFFSET + RCAR_CPU_DATA_LOCK_OFFSET)
#define rcar_lock_release(_lock_arg) \
bakery_lock_release(_lock_arg, \
CPU_DATA_PLAT_PCPU_OFFSET + RCAR_CPU_DATA_LOCK_OFFSET)
/*
* Ensure that the size of the RCAR specific per-cpu data structure and the size
* of the memory allocated in generic per-cpu data for the platform are the same
*/
CASSERT(sizeof(rcar_cpu_data_t) == PLAT_PCPU_DATA_SIZE,
rcar_pcpu_data_size_mismatch);
#endif
/*
* Function and variable prototypes
*/
void rcar_configure_mmu_el3(unsigned long total_base,
unsigned long total_size,
unsigned long ro_start, unsigned long ro_limit
#if USE_COHERENT_MEM
, unsigned long coh_start, unsigned long coh_limit
#endif
);
void rcar_setup_topology(void);
void rcar_cci_disable(void);
void rcar_cci_enable(void);
void rcar_cci_init(void);
void plat_invalidate_icache(void);
void plat_cci_disable(void);
void plat_cci_enable(void);
void plat_cci_init(void);
void mstpcr_write(uint32_t mstpcr, uint32_t mstpsr, uint32_t target_bit);
void cpg_write(uintptr_t regadr, uint32_t regval);
void rcar_console_boot_init(void);
void rcar_console_boot_end(void);
void rcar_console_runtime_init(void);
void rcar_console_runtime_end(void);
#endif /* RCAR_PRIVATE_H */
|
US-41504341-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Articulated frame
Jan. 9, 19 45.
L. TARLITZ ARTICULATE'D FRAME Filed Oct. 15, 1941 INVENTOR. L E o Tn R L T2 Patented Jan. 9, 1945 a p I 2367.071 v :ARTIOULATEDERAME I IieoTarlitz;Brooklymfleights,Ohio 1 cdpplication October as, 19A1,-.S1erial:No. grams 3 Claims. (01. 40- 1524) This invention relates -to -a connector 'for memhers such'as' frames for pi-c-turaes, mirrors cto serving photographs and other pictures are com morily-made from --sheetmetal of channel-shaped cross section so as to surround the-picture and suitable backing 1 and display -glass'.'- therefor on three sides, the remain-irrg side of the frame "being open in ord-er to slidably receive the picture and the rest. The/open' side is later closed by a filler piece. When 'two or' inore such frames arehing'ed to each other-edge to edgefithey can i be stood upright-safely without any special :prop
or other --support. -When sold =as'corrnected sets vof"two o-r ir-1ore-such frames the same are permanently hinged together. I have found that without having to change the construction of ments :shown in Fig. .12.. Beyond the portions 2 the frames in any way and without subjecting any part thereof to damage, the frames may be connected in pairs or in a series by means requiring no permanent fastening devices and no tools, other than the hands, to enable connec tion and disconnection as desired.
The above indicates the principal objects 0 the invention. A further object is to provide an improvement in articulated frames for uses such as outlined above. Other objects will become apparent from the following description of the preferred form of the invention, as shown in the drawing, wherein:
Fig. l is a perspective view showing the backs of two frames with two of the improved connectors holding the frames together; Fig. 2 is a cross sectional detail view of adjacent edge portions of the two frames connected in accordance here with; Fig. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional sembled unit (e. g. frame B, picture 0, filler D and display glass E) includes two pivotally connected hinge plates or straps l with portions 2, adjacent the hinge pin 3, lying parallel to each other in the relative position of the hinge elethei hinge plates extend "in -'opposite directions :as
at-I4 to overlap and'ibear againstJt-hi'erflanges-A portions 4, hooks with open sides or hights .ex-.
tending-itoward each other for interlockmg engagementnvith thexfree edge portions. ofitherear frame flanges "To :a'ssemblet the hinge -units onto :the frames :the hook :1SpacBs :or -=hights are simply aligned withthe Flower free end portions of the Lira-me -Ichannel flanges .-.as indicated :by
4, -and:the hooks :rthe'n slid upwardly therea l'ong to thei desirred positions. Thehinge plate portions .12, by iabutment wvithzzthe webs of :the frame schannels gprevent zthe hooks Lfrorn Ibecom'in-g detached 'from the channel :flanges A.
It, is desirable to provide means for preventing the hinge units from becoming accidentally displaced along the frame flanges A, as by gravity force or careless handling. Therefore the hooks are preferably made so as to provide a restriction narrower than the thickness of the frame flange A at least at some point along each hook in a vertical direction. Thus the hooks have to be sprung apart slightly during assembling of the hinge unit onto the respective frames. Fig. 4 shows the vertically central portion 6 of one of the hoolr portions 5 relatively indented toward the flange portion 4 for the above mentioned purpose. At one or both edges (vertically) the flanges 5 are flared outwardly providing a frame I flange receiving throat as at 1 so'that the frame flange A may be readily received into the hooks without having to spread the portions 4 and 5 flanges in a vertical direction. In that event the flange and hook portions 4 and 5 could initially engage the flanges A quite loosely for their entire vertical extent, thus facilitating the operation of attaching the hinge units to the frames. In that event the forming operations necessary to provide the flared flange receiving throat (as. at 1) and flange gripping restriction (as-at 6) could be dispensed with.
After the frames are connected by application of the hinge units thereto, as suggested in Fig. 1,
The hinge units can be made from any mate-o rial having the necessary strengthmetal being preferred.
Any number of frames may be attached together edge-to-edge in the manner described above. When a pair of frames are so connected they can be folded together face to face for protection of the display glass, the same as can usually be done with hinge-connected picture frames.
In case it is desired to have any two framed pictures arranged to be displayed at diverging angles, then the portions 4, 5 of the hinge units can be applied to the front instead of to the rear frame flanges; in other words the hooks 5 lie between the front flanges and the display glass.
The form of slidably interlocking detachable connection between the frame members would require modification in order to adapt it for other styles of frames than that illustrated. The illustration, as stated above, is simply the preferred arrangement.
I claim:
1. In the combination comprising two. frames for pictures or the like adapted to be stood on a horizontal surface, said frames having oppositely directed flanges forming, with adjacent frame elements, channels which are open at one end of each frame, and hinge means comprising pairs of permanently articulated hinge elements for connecting the frames substantially in edgeto-edge relationship for mutual support on such surface; hook means on respective elements of said pairs of hinge elements engaging respective flanges at the open channel ends for demountably associating the hinge means with respective frames in a manner requiring no tools except the hands to connect and disconnect the hinge means and frames.
2. In the combination comprising two frames for pictures or the like substantially in edge-toedge relationship, said frames having oppositely directed flanges each forming, with adjacent frame elements, a channel open at one end for receiving the picture or the like, and hinge means comprising a pair of mutually pivoted permanently articulated hinge elements for connecting the frames so that the latter can be swung into angular relationship for mutual support on a horizontal surface; hooks on the respective hinge elements and with flange receiving openings directed toward each other in one swung position of said elements whereby slidably' to engage respective said flanges of the frames at the open ends of the channels thereof in a vertical direction in a manner demountably to interlock the hinge elements with the frames.
3. In combination with two frames for pictures or the like having flanges the principal planes of which lie substantially parallel to the principal planes of respective frames and extend inwardly from the adjacent edges of the frames, a connecting hinge device having permanently articulated hinge plates extending between the frames and closely adjacent respective frames, said plates having flange portions extending across respective frame flanges and with open hook or bight portions extending toward each other in hooked relationship to the frame flanges thereby to interlock the frames together through the. intermediary of the hinge device.
. LEO TARLITZ.
|
sn83045462_1931-10-16_1_9_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | EXAMINING OF POLL BOOKS IS PERMITTED Action Taken at Hagerstown So That Illegal Registrations May Be Corrected. Special Dispatch to The Star. HAGERSTOWN, Md., October 16. The Board of Election Supervisors has ordered accredited representatives of political parties to be given the right to examine registration books and affidavits of residents in order that due notice can be given to all persons interested in Rock Creek Park Permanently Protects the Value of This New Home From every standpoint—excellence of design, quality of construction, convenience of plan, the present desirable living advantages and the assured future of this location—this brick Colonial home, just completed, offers the utmost in sound home investment. All the large living room with splendid, natural advantages of Rock Creek, a log-burning fireplace, and a large living room with a fireplace. Park are at hand, while Sixteenth Street is nicely connected with this steadily growing neighborhood with downtown. Open for the first opportunity today... bath. Two other bedrooms, and colored tile bath. 1425 Locust Road Basement. Finished, well insulated and well ventilated. Drive Out Sixteenth Street to a attic. Locust Road. Turn Right. Office 7000 Georgia Ave. Shepherd 2400. Beautiful, well-built, and well-ventilated. Realty Company Inc. E. BR. OOKE LEE, President mmmmm M_______ mm r EISEMAN'S SEVENTH AND F STS. iiij • ;i!!! li 1! x - • -■ ■—» jif I ! SUITS & TOPCOATS '25 S 3O *35 j CONVENIENT TERMS EASILY ARRANGED I. At these popular prices you will find here the best selection of fine clothes in Washington. The finest woolens as well as the best possible tailoring. Style is built in each garment. The newest and smartest Fall colors and patterns are shown in a complete range of sizes. OPEN A CHARGE ACCOUNT Pay in convenient weekly or monthly amounts during November, December, and January. Legally registered last year under the double-affidavit system. Action of the board follows an opinion of the Court of Appeals of Maryland holding that the act of 1929 providing for the affidavit system was unconstitutional, and the subsequent ruling of Attorney General William Preston Lane that persons registered by affidavits last year faced disqualification unless they went before the clerk of the court and declared their intentions before November 8 of this year. It has been estimated that approximately 850 residents who moved here from other States were registered last year by affidavits. Poland is trying to develop its merchant marine. THE EVENING STAR. WASHINGTON, D.C. FRIDAY, OCTOBER 16, 1931. STUDENTS OFF TO FETE A group of 25 students of the Woodward School for Boys of the Y.M.C.A. left here by bus today for a two-day visit to Richmond and Yorktown. In the latter place they will witness the sequicentennial celebration of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. The boys were under the leadership of Dr. A. L. Malden, head of the school’s English department. The students will spend tonight at the Richmond Y. M. C. A., after a tour of points of historic interest in the Virginia capital. Saturday will be spent at Yorktown and Williamsburg. MUSIC UNIVERSITY CLUB PROGRAM. The University Club's first musicale last evening, with George O'Connor and an all-star company, was unusually entertaining. There were all kinds of singers as well as piano and violin soloists, ordinarily a motley group, but with O'Connor and Matt Horne, his amusing accompanist, and Thomas Brahany as master of ceremonies the audience seemed not to mind in the least. Jack Bowie sang a group, including "Little Mother of Mine," to begin the program. Mr. Bowie had a bad cold, but surmounted it well. Fred East followed with "Davy Jones’ Locker" and “Rolling to the Sea.” Mr. East has a pleasing, rich baritone, and George Wilson’s accompaniments should be mentioned, especially for the ease with which they followed Mr. East's rather shambling tempo. The success of the evening, however, was George O'Connor, and in particular his spirited version of "Tommy Murphy." Helen Howisons soprano is always a favorite, but her rendering of the Brahms "Wiegenlied" last evening was particularly fine, with its second verse a mere wisp of clear tone. William Raymond followed with a group of tenor solos and later with two duets with Fred East. Of these George Wilson’s combined version of “O Genevieve” and "In the Gloaming” was most pleasing. The close harmony of the simple popular songs is more appropriate to amateur entertainment than opera. Priska Kaspar played two piano numbers with facility, then accompanied her father, Anton Kaspar, in a violin group, including a "Hungarian Rhapsody" by Hubay and two Kreisler favorites. O’Connor and Horn ended the program with some amusing original songs and a medley of old Negro melodies. O’Connor’s last "Saloon" sent the audience into gales of laughter. D. C. ELMER ISAACS FUNERAL ATTENDED BY VETERANS World War Veteran, Later Employed at Palace Theater, Buried at Arlington. Elmer Isaacs, 40, World War veteran who died yesterday at his home, 3623 Twelfth street northeast, was buried in Arlington National Cemetery this morning after services at the W. W. Chambers funeral home and mass at St. Anthony's Church, Brookland. The Disciples American Veterans had charge of the services at the grave. Injuries which he received during the war were said to be responsible for the death. He had been a projectionist at Loew's Palace Theater for the last 12 years. A native of Washington, Mr. Isaacs was prominently identified with several fraternal and patriotic orders in the city. He is survived by his widow, Mrs Grace Isaacs, and four children — Lorraine, Elmer, Jr.; Joseph and Dolores. His brother, Lester Isaacs, is director of sound and projection for the entire Loew circuit of theaters, and another brother, Paul L. Isaacs, is a resident of Floral. Park, Long Island. Ryan Service is Recommended Because Considerate S S S Vita The friends we make a keep. Every new equipment that will provide betterment of service is employed by US. Funeral parlor, private ambulance and livery in connection. JAMES T. RYAN Funeral Director ORTIZ RUBIO PUTS CALLES IN CABINET President of Mexico, Given Resignations of All Others, Now Has Free Rein. By the Associated Press. MEXICO CITY, October 16.—With the decks swept clean by resignations, President Ortiz Rubio was free today to choose a new cabinet centering around Gen. Plutarco Elias Calles as secretary of war. He accepted the resignations of the remainder of his cabinet and the chiefs of all principal government bureaus last night, rendering temporarily vacant the direction of every government department except his own and that of the ministry of war. Subsecretaries were in charge of the work. Fourteen political leaders, including seven cabinet ministers, one subsecretary and six department heads, thus returned to private life in order to give the executive free rein in reorganizing his government to avert a “political crisis and to quiet unrest.” Public opinion today inclined to the belief the new government would find a number of the former officials in charge of their old departments or shifted to new leadership roles. It appeared certain, however, that the four generals of the late cabinet, Amaro, Almazan, Cardenas, and Cedilla, had retired definitely from the government. The manner in which the change in government will affect Gen. Calles' plans was a matter for conjecture. The former President and “iron man” of Mexico had planned to go to Rochester, Minn., this month following the marriage of his daughter, and he wanted to go to Southern or Lower California later to rest. The Catholic Church will not permit its clergy to resist by force the present state religious measures, Archbishop Leopoldo Ruiz y Flores instructed his bishops in an open letter last night. “I believe that violent action at this time 'not only would prejudice the cause of the church, but also would obstruct reconstruction of the country, which must be undertaken by the officials in power,” the archbishop wrote. The newspaper Universal Grafico announced today that the governors of three territories under federal jurisdiction had resigned. They are Carlos Trejo y Lerdo de Tejeda and Agustín Olachea of the northern and southern districts of Lower California and Arturo Campillo Seyde of Quintana Roo. Only Birch Fits the Crime. Boys in Musselburgh, Scotland, have become so malicious in their mischief that whipping of offenders has just been meted out for the first time in the history of the community. When the mischief culminated in the placing of an obstruction on a railway track causing damage to the engine of a passenger train, Judge Brown ordered the ringleader, John Hamilton, aged 12, to receive six strokes of the birch. FOUND FOR LOST ANIM ALS apply Animal Rescue League. 349 Maryland Ave. NW, Nat 8088 LOST. DOG, brown puppy, with harness. Wednesday, Oct. 7. $10 reward for information of same. Mr. Carroll, 1309 13th St. NW. 18* ULOVE—Lady, a long black kid glove in taxi. October 15, around 6 pm. 1255 N St. NW. ONE-HALF LORGNETTE, between Olmsdale and Earle Theater. Reward. Col. 7t>. PACKAGE, voluntary penciled collar, between 7th and Allison Sts. and 111-110th St. NW. Return to 702 Allison St. NW after 5:30 pm. PIN Small fraternity pin, set in pearls. Call No. 8437. Reward. PURSE Dropped or left in Bell cab in front of 4108 St. NW. change purse with $54 and some chance. Reward if returned to 4108 St. NW. FURSE, black silk, containing about $45, in Moses’ department Store, Nat. 8374. Evenings Shepherd 8483. Reward. RUG—Britishwood section, Return 640 Irving St. NW. Reward. SAMPLE CASE—Left on curb of 14th St. between K and Eye Sts. NW. Thursday, about 4:30: liberal reward. Call National 9653. SUIT BOX, containing lady's overcoat, lost on Irving St. near 11th. Reward. Notify Col. 6383. TOY BOSTON TERRIER female, by In the middle of the head, white; lost in Riverdale, Md. Reward for return to 112 Madison Ave., Riverdale, Md. Phone Riverdale 889. If your watch, Illinois, on 9th St. n.w., Tuesday. Return to 1116 9th St. n.w. Reward. We claim to prove the finest economical funeral in the world. We have 10 cart, hearses, ambulances; 5 parlors, 3 chapels. We will give you a whole funeral. Low $575 Up as Cars, Casket and All—Call Extra Cars, $7 Each. The Greater Chambers Co. Cor. 14th & Chapin Sts. N.W. Phone Col. 0432 Where Service Is Best and the Price Is Less Long Before the majority of funeral directors even thought of the idea of offering a complete funeral service at a fixed price, Deal was actually giving this type of service was twenty years ahead of the procession at that time; in many ways it is still twenty years ahead of the profession as a whole. FUNERAL HOME, Ate. For reference, ask your neighbor at 816 H STREET, N.E., PHONES: LINCOLN 0200-6201 Gladness of all kinds WATTS, JOHN M. I wish to extend my sincere thanks and appreciation to my friends and relatives for their kindness and sympathy and beautiful floral tributes at the death of my husband, JOHN M. WAITS. GOLDA WAITS. ADAMS, ANNIE. Suddenly, on Thursday, October 15, 1931, ANNIE SDAVS of 318 17th St. SE. Spears survived by two sisters and a brother. Funeral services at Emanuel Episcopal Church, 13th and V sts. SE., on Saturday, October 17, at 1 pm. Relatives and friends invited. Interment Mount Rest Cemetery, La Plata, Md. ALEXANDER. LOUISE A. Entered Into eternal rest on Wednesday, October 14, 1931, at 2:12 p.m., LOUISE A. ALEXANDER, beloved daughter of Alberta Halve and the late Louis T. Alexander, sister of Eugene Harvey and devoted niece of Francis and Marie L. Johnson. Funeral Saturday, October 17, at 2 p.m., from Mount Eton M.E. Church, 9th St. between Dumbarton Ave. and O St. n.w., Rev. Julius Carroll officiating. Relatives and friends invited. ALEXANDER. LOUISE A. The Women's Frederick Douglass Pencil Association announces the death of LOUISE A. ALEXANDER. Funeral Saturday, October 17, at 2 p.m., from Mount Zion M.E. Church, 2nd St. between Dumbarton Ave. and O St. n.w. M.E. DENT, Pres. F.E. RAYMOND. Sec ALEXANDER. LOUISE A. The Young Ladies' Protective League announces the death of Miss LOUISE A. ALEXANDER. Funeral Saturday, October 17, at 2 p.m., from Mount Zion M.E. Church. Members please attend. PARTHENIA W. CURTIS. Pres. MAYME L. STEWART. Sec. Sec. ALEXANDER. LOUISE A. Officers and members of the Teachers' Association. Benefit and An-! nutty Association are hereby notified of the death of Miss LOUISE A ALEXANDER E. F. G. MERRITT, Pres. J. L. GRAY. Secty. BAKER. LEWIS. JR. LEWIS BAKER. Jr., son of the late Lewis and Kate Baker, father of Wendell and Thelma Baker, brother of Cecilia Baker and Mrs. Mary Gray. Funeral Saturday, October 17, 1931, from his late residence, 1818 13th st. n.w. at 2 p.m. Friends invited. Interment Bethel Cemetery, Alexandria, Va. BROWN. FRANCIS E. On Thursday, October 18, 1931, ERANCIS E. beloved son of the late Walter and Helen Brown and grandson of Emily F. Hightman, aged 28 years. Funeral from his grandmother's residence, 612 Fairfield st. Colmar Manor, Md. on Monday, October 19, at 11 a.m. Relatives and friends invited. Interment Glenwood Cemetery. 18 COSBY. ANNIE. On Thursday, October 18, 1931, at her residence, 513 5th st. and Alexandria, Va., ANNIE COSBY devoted sister of Ella Johnson and Jacob Turner, aunt of Mrs. Mary Gillian. She also leaves other relatives and friends. Remains resting at the John T. Rhines funeral home, 221 North Patrick st. Alexandria, Va. Funeral Saturday, October 17. At 2 p.m., from the Eberlauer Baptist Church, Alexandria, Va. EDMUNDS, AMANDA. Departed this life Thursday, October 15, 1931, at her residence, 405 E St. SE, AMANDA EDMUNDS, beloved mother of Mrs. Emma Allen and grandmother of William S. Edmunds. Funeral Sunday, October 18, at 1 o'clock. Dm. from Enon B. Pist Church, C St. between 6th and 7th St. SE. Remains at Stewart's funeral home, 30 H St. NE, 17 HOUGH, GEORGEIAANNA NEWTON On Thursday, October 15, 1931, at Garfield Hospital, GEORGE F. LAANNA NEWTON HOUGH, widow of the late Charles Royce Hough. Funeral services from the chapel of John R. Wright Co., 1337 10th St. NW, Saturday, October 16, 2 p.m. Interment Rock Creek Cemetery. MACKSON, ANDREW. On Wednesday, October 14, 1931, at 4 am. in New York City. ANDREW JACKSON, devoted husband of Bessie Jackson. He also leaves two brothers and other relatives and friends. Funeral Saturday, October 17, at 9 am. from the W. Ernest Jarvis funeral church, 1432 You St. NW. Interment Arlington National Cemetery. JACKSON. BLANCHE. Departed this life on Thursday, October 15, 1921, after a lingering illness at 1019 Rowers court, BLANCHE JACKSON, loving daughter of Lauta J. Ford, devoted mother of Mildred Shaw, niece of Martha Alexandria. She also leaves a host of other relatives and friends. Remains resting at Barbour Bros.' funeral home, 48 East St. Funeral Sunday, October 18, at 1:30 pm., from Mount Bethel Baptist Church, 2nd and V sts. nw. Rev. Roy officiating. Interment in Harmony Cemetery. TONES. ALBERTA. Suddenly, on Thursday, October 15, 1931, at Sibley Hospital, ALBERTA, aged 2 years, beloved daughter of MeWeleh and Lottie R Jones. Funeral from V L Spar Co. 1009 H St. nw., on Saturday, October 17, at 3 pm. CAMERON HOME ROBBED Theft of jewelry, clothing, and other articles from the home of Mrs. Duncan Cameron, at 2539 Massachusetts Ave. nw., was discovered yesterday when she returned from Newport, R.I., where she spent the summer. Mrs. Cameron, who is prominent in Capital society, was unable to estimate the value of the stolen goods, police said. She is the mother-in-law of Sonora Don Cenrado Traverse, secretary of the Argentine embassy. Births Reported. The Following births have been reported to the Health Department in the past 24 hours: Clifton A. and Helen S. Whyte, girl. Hans F. and Erna Schroeder, boy. Paul G and Marie E. Myers, boy. Julius and Ann Rosenberg, boy. Salvatore and Mary A. Ronssval, boy. Retinault T. and Juanita Martel, boy. Harold F. and Mabel L. Fogerty, boy. Morris R. and Anna Spitser, boy. Nathan W. and Elizabeth Robeson, boy. Charles F and Elsie M. Fenwick, girl. William and Agnes Kehbein, girl. Claude P and Sophronia Ives, girl. Andrew and Blanche Colanfrea, boy. Leslie F and Madeline D. Hunt, girl. Robert H. and Jennie L Gray, girl. Walter A. and Lillian T Higdon, girl. Fulton L. and Alice Lewis, jr., girl. Heiraiuin and Lillian Kushner, girl. William A. and Winifred King, girl. Guy E and Blanche Douglas, girl. William R and Mary N King, girl. Edward and Nautili Burnck, girl. Francis L. and Ruth Bianco, girl. Stanley and Louise Jones, girl. Charles E. and Gladys G. Holt, boy. Walter and Fthel Thomas, boy. Leo and Lucille Byrd, girl. Clay and Grace Davis, girl. Clay and Rosina Hill, girl. Rov and Clara Thornton, boy. James and Mary Craig, boy. Edward and Margaret Jackson, girl. Adolphus and Willa Roy, girl. Deaths Reported. The following deaths have been reported to the Health Department in the past 24 hours: Mary J. Malloy, 82 220 H st n e Margaret R Howard, 74, 2800 14th st. Samuel Doifman, 66, 2002 d st. n.e. Marie Eiflem, 62, 5332 42d st. Samuel Kaplan, 41, Casualty Hospital. Elmer E. Isaac, 40, 3523 12th ft. n e. Hattie I. Adams, 40, 1620 Q st James F. Judd, 29, Providence Hospital. Catherine Henson, 48 Freedmen's Hospital. Thomas Amiger, 45. Gallinger Hospital. Mary Gray, 45. 1903 12th st. Estella Adams 42. 355 M st. sw. Edward A. Duckett, 37. 337 11th st. H. Algie Collins, 35. 1117 6th st. n.e. Richard N. Joshua 32. Gallinger Hospital. Horace Sugg, 24. Freedmen's Hospital. Essie Black, 22. 403 E ft. sw. Drath. JONES, BICHARD H. On Wednesday, October 14, 1931, at Walter Reed Hospital. RICHARD H. JONES, devoted husband of Carrie Jones and stepfather of Geraldine Taylor. He also leaves four brothers and three sisters. Funeral Saturday, October 17, at 10 am., from the W. Ernest Jarvis funeral church, 1432 You St. NW. Interment Arlington National Cemetery. McFADDEN, AGNES I. On Thursday, October 15, 1931, at Sibley Hospital, AGNES I. McFADDEN (nee Kelly), beloved wife of Daniel J. McFADDEN of Capitol Heights, Md. Funeral from her parents' residence, Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Ball, Seat Pleasant, Md., on Saturday, October 17, at 8:30 am., thence to St. Margaret's Church, Seat Pleasant, Md., where mass will be said at 9 am. Relatives and friends invited. Interment at Congressional Cemetery. MARY CATHERINE, On Wednesday, October 14, 1931, MARY CATHERINE MICHAL (nee Ruppert), beloved wife of the late George Michal. Funeral from his late residence, 409 Le Terrace, Lion Village, Va., Saturday, October 17, at 9 am. Requiem mass at St. Charles' Church, Clarendon, Va., at 9:30 am. Relatives and friends invited. Interment St. Mary's Cemetery. N'FBB, ARTHUR J. On Thursday, October 15, 1931, at Walter Reed Hospital, ARTHUR J. NEBB, beloved son of John Nebb and Florence Nebb Brown, aged 38 years. Funeral from Deal's funeral home, 816 H st. n.e., on Saturday, October 17, at 2 p.m. Relatives and friends invited. Interment Glenwood Cemetery. NICHOLS. WILLIAM H. SR. Suddenly, on Friday, October 16, 1931, at his residence, 1527 6th st. n.w., WILLIAM H. NICHOLS, beloved husband of Evangeline Nichols. Father of Mrs. Edna Pinney and Mrs. Della Paulston. Herbert S. and William H. Nicholl, Jr. He gives leave six grandchildren, resting at the W. Ernest Jarvis funeral church, 1432 You St. NW. Notice of funeral later. Palmer, William B. On Wednesday, October 14, 1931, at Freedmen's Hospital, William B. Palmer, the beloved son of the late Robert H and Hannah Palmer of Hagerstown, Md., and devoted brother of John T. and Robert H. Palmer; two nieces, Edna and Gladys Lee, and a host of other relatives and friends. Funeral Saturday, October 17, at 2 pm from Lomax's Chapel, 1400 S St. NW. Friends invited. Interment Lincoln Memorial Cemetery. Parker, Ella W. Suddenly, on Wednesday, October 14, 1931, at her late residence, 2129 L St. NW, Ella W. Parker (nee Boofusi), wife of Cornelius Parker (nee Casar), daughter of the late Lillie Woodard Brown, stepdaughter of James Brown, cousin of Helen Jackson. Funeral Sunday, October 18, at 2 pm from Union Wesley Church, 13th and L Sts. Relatives and friends invited. Powell, Edward, Monday, October 12, 1931, Edward Powell of 308 South Capitol St. Died, devoted brother of Henry Smith, father of Rosa, Eleanor, and Marshall Powell. He also leaves two sisters, Reman, resting at the W. Ernest Jarvis funeral church, 1432 You at. n.w. Funeral Sunday, October 18, at 1:30 p.m., from Galbraith M.E. Church, 18 QUEEN, RICHARD JAMES. On Tuesday, October 13, 1931, at 1:45 a.m., at Asheville, N.C. RICHARD JAMES QUEEN, beloved husband of Gertrude P. Queen, brother of Maggie Queen. He also leaves one uncle. William Byrd, a nephew, Richard Queen, and many other relatives and friends. Funeral Saturday, October 17, at 1 p.m. from Salem Baptist Church, N.Y. between 9th and 10th sts. n.w. Interment Harmony Cemetery. QUEENIE. RICHARD. On Tuesday, October 13, 1931, at 7:30 am, at Asheville, N.C. RICHARD QUEENIE, beloved husband of Mary Ogden Queenie, brother of Masgie Queenie. He also leaves to mourn one uncle, William Byrd, and many other relatives and friends. Remains resting at his late residence, 1306 8th st n.w. Funeral Saturday, October 17, at 1 p.m. from Salem Baptist Church, N st between 9th and 10th n.w. Interment Lincoln Memorial Cemetery. A precious one from us has gone, A voice we loved is filled, A place is vacant in our home That never can be filled. THE FAMILY. QUEENIE. RICHARD. On Tuesday, October 13, 1931, at 1:45 am, at Asheville, N.C.; RICHARD QUEENIE, beloved husband of Mary Ogden Queenie, brother of Matilda Queenie. He also leaves one uncle, William Byrd and many other relatives and friends. Funeral Saturday, October 17, at 1 p.m. from Salem Baptist Church, N st between 9th and 10th sts n.w. Interment Lincoln Memorial Cemetery. QUEENIE. RICHARD J. Members of Morenci Star lodge, No. 40, I. B. P. O. E. of W., are notified to attend a session of sorrow at our home Friday, October 16, at 8 pm. Funeral Saturday, October 17, at 1 pm. from Salem Baptist Church, N St. between 9th and 10th sts. n.w. Sister lodges and temples are invited to attend. JOHN T. RHINES, E. R. CORTEZ V.'. PETERS, Secy. QUEENIE. RICHARD. Members of the Young Men's imtnedta'e Relief Association ! ire requested to attend the funeral cl ’ RICHARD QUEENIE. oil Saturday. Oc- t tober 17. 1931. at 1 p.m.. from the Salem I ! Baptist Church. N st. between 9th and 1 I 10th sts nw. THOMAS HOLLAND, Pies. ( j E. M. SMITH. 3v. iQI TESTE. RIC HARD J. All officers and inembeis of the Imperial Club 'lnc.' of! \\ a dilution. D. C. nr lieieliy reque-ted j I to met t a Salem Baptist Church. N st. I between 9th a::u lOtli st*. nv . Saturday. vX;obe: 17 1931. at 1 u'ciotk sharp, sci ! the purpose of attending the funeral of : our late brother, tnemlier and co-worker. ! RICHARD J. QUFENIE. Wear ievul.it on , dress. By order of .he Imperial Club. HARRY A. BROWN. Pres. I ARTHUR E. W ARREN. R;c. Sec. • ' ROBINSON. ARABELLA N. On Thursday. October 15. 1931. ARABELLA N. ROBrN SON. beloved mother of Lois. Phyllis. Juanita. Yvonne and Ulysses Robinson Surviving her also are three brothers, lour sisters, other relatives and friends. Fu- ! nrral Sunday. October 18. from Fra tier's I funeral home. 389 R. I. ave. n.w.. at 1:70 p ni Interment Lincoln Memorial >m • teiv. 18 ROSEMAN. CAROLINE L. On Wednesday. October 14. 1931 st Emergency Hosp«»vl. CAROLINE L. beloved wife of Robert T Roseman. Funeral from her 'ate res!- I cance. 123 Grant w*., Takima Park. Md.. on Saturday. October 17. at 8 30 a.m. Re quiem mass st the Church cf th* Nativity. Brightwood, D.C., at 9 a.m. Relatives and friends invited. Interment St. Johns Cemetery, off Glei. M-J. IS HANFORD, ELIZABETH M. The U.S.S. Jacob Jones Post, American Legion, announces the death of ELIZABETH M. SANFORD on October 14, 1931. Funeral from her late residence, 1203 North Capitol St., on Saturday, October 17, at 8:30 a.m. Mass at St. Aloysius Church at 8 a.m. Interment Arlington National Cemetery. Comrades of the post are requested to attend. SANFORD, ELIZABETH M. The U.S.S. Jacob Jones Post, American Legion, announces the death of ELIZABETH M. SANFORD on October 14, 1931. Funeral from her late residence, 1203 North Capitol St., on Saturday, October 17, at 8:30 a.m. Mass at St. Aloysius Church at 9 a.m. Interment Arlington National Cemetery. Comrades of the post are requested to attend. SANFORD, ELIZABETH M. The U.S.S. Jacob Jones Post, American Legion, announces the death of ELIZABETH M. SANFORD on October 14, 1931. Funeral from her late residence, 1203 North Capitol St., on Saturday, October 17, at 8:30 a.m. Mass at St. Aloysius Church at 9 a.m. Interment Arlington National Cemetery. Comrades of the post are requested to attend. MARY J. TATSPAUGH, Commander. ESTELLE RICHARDSON, Ad-utant. STOTT, FRANCES CHRISTINE JOHNSON, Departed this life on Wednesday, October 11, 1931, at her residence, 2032 L St. NW, in her 30th year. FRANCES CHRISTINE JOHNSON SCOTT. Funeral from her late residence, General Sunder. October 18, at 2:30 pm from Boyd Street; Wilson's funeral chapel, 19th and I Streets NW. Relatives and friends invited. Interment Lincoln Memorial Cemetery. 17 SPRIGGS. EDITH MEYIN. On Thursday, October 15, 1931, at her residence. 1021 New Jersey ave. SE. EDITH MELVINA SPRINGS, loving daughter of Nelson and Mary Spriggs. She also leaves two brothers, four sisters and other relatives and friends. Remains resting at the John T. Chines funeral chapel, 3rd and Eye sts. v. Funeral Saturday, October 17, at a.m., from her late residence. Interment South River, Md. STEINER, JOHN H. On Wednesday, October 14, 1931, at A. City, N.J., JOHN H. STEINER, beloved husband of Margaret C. Steiner, wife of William Wall. Burial in Mount Olivet Cemetery on Saturday, October 17, at 2:30 p.m. THOMAS, THELMA THOMAS, daughter of Mrs. Eli, abeth Thomas of 2914 Sherman ave. n.w. Remains resting at Francis's funeral home, 389 K. I. ave. n.w. Notice of funeral. VAN METER, AMELIA B. On Thursday, October 15, 1931, at the home of her daughter, Mrs. Theodore A. Hunter, 518 Shepherd st. n.w. AMELIA B. VAN METER, widow of Edwin K. Van Meter. Funeral and burial at Mechanicsburg, Ohio. Remains resting at chapel of John R. Wright Co., 1337 10th st. n.w., until 1 p.m. Friday, October 16. WEST. IGNATIUS. On Tuesday, October 13, 1931. IGNATIUS WEST, loving husband of Nora West, devoted father of Irene Young and Ignatius West. He also leaves two brothers, a sister and many other relatives and friends. Remains resting at the John T. Rhine funeral chapel, 3rd and Eye sts. s.w. Funeral Sunday, October 18, at 1 p.m., from St. Paul's A.M. Church, 4th and Eye sts. s.e. Interment Rosemont Cemetery. 17 GUTHRIE. HARRIS. ANNIE I. In sad but loving remembrance of our dear mother, ANNIE I. HARRIS, who departed this life six years ago, October 16, 1925. Sunshine passes, shadows fall. Love's remembrance o'er us all. Mid though the years be not yet. They are filled with remembrance, dear, of you. HER LOVING CHILDREN. LAURA. WILLIE BERTRAM. MAMIE. THOMAS. ANNIE. HULL. WILLIAM S. In loving memory of our dear husband and father, WILLIAM S. HULL, who left us ten years ago today, October 16, 1921. There is a face so dear we miss. Still is the voice we loved. God keep him safe with Him until we meet some day above. HIS LOVING WIFE, MARY J. HULL, AND HIS CHILDREN. HURD. JEANNETTE REBECCA (NETTIE). In sad but loving remembrance of our dear beloved mother, JEANNETTE REBECCA (NETTIE) HURD, who departed this life one year ago today, October 16, 1930. Days of sadness still come over us. Secret tears do often flow. And memory keeps you ever near us, though you may not see us again. JACKSON. ELIZABETH. In sad but loving remembrance of my dear mother, ELIZABETH JACKSON, who departed this life thirteen years ago today, October 16, 1925. In 1918, thirteen years I have lived without you, but your spirit has hovered near. And guided me through each sorrow and wiped away each tear. HER LOVING DAUGHTER, LILLIE WAR RICK. In loving remembrance of our daughters and sisters, JOSEPHINE JARBOE and BERTHA WILLIAMS who died thirteen years ago today, October 16, 1918. When life was sweetest, and they could have lived their best, the rates of heaven opened and they entered that sweet rest. THE FAMILY. JORDAN, EMMA. In loving remembrance of our dear mother and grandmother, EMMA JORDAN, who departed this life two years ago today, October 16, 1929. Dearest mother, we are so lonesome, For we miss your loving face. But you left us to remember That none on earth can take your place. ROSIE, PEARL, ESTELLE, AND VIRGINIA. JORDAN, EMMA. In memory of a dear friend, EMMA JORDAN, who passed away two years ago today, October 16, 1929. Loved in life, in death remembered. MRS. KATE GREENWOOD. MARIA FAN, DAVID MONTAGUE. Sacred to the memory of our dear father, DAVID MONTAGUE, who departed this life one year ago today, October 16, 1939. Met his soul! Rest in peace. HIS DAUGHTERS, ROSE, AND MARGARET. MARY C. MARY. Anniversary mass for my beloved mother, Mrs. MARY C. MARY, who died one year ago today, October 17, 1930. Mass at Church of Nativity, 6000 Georgia ave. n.w., On Saturday, October 17, at 8:15 a.m. MITCHELL, FRED, JR. In loving remembrance of our dear son and grandson, FRED MITCHELL, Jr., who departed this life eight years ago today, October 16, 1923. Gone, but not forgotten. PARENTS AND GRANDPARENTS. SULLIVAN JOINTING but sad memory of our beloved daughter and sister, IDA W. SULLIVAN, who was called home, October 16, 1913. Your love for us was strong and true. Such love could come from none but you. A memory that lingers far and near to those you held and loved so dear. From memory’s pane we cannot blot. Three little words, "Forget her not." HER LOVING VOTER, HER LOVING VOTER, AND BROTHERS, JOHN, ARTHUR, HARRY, WALTER. SULLIVAN. IDA W. In sad but loving remembrance of my dear wife, IP. W. SULLIVAN, who departed this life thirteen years ago today, October 16, 1918. The world may change from year to year. And friends from day to day. But never shall the one I love From memory fade away. HER LOVING HUSBAND, JOSEPH A. SUILIVAN. TAYLOR. WILLIAM H. AND PHILIP. A tribute of love to the memory of our dear ones, brother, WILLIAM H. TAYLOR, who left us four years ago today, October 19, 1927, and nephew, PHILIP TAYLOR, who left us October 2, 1918. Before our eyes you faded. Growing weaker every day. Patiently bearing your ruffling. Until God called you away. You bade no one a little farewell, You said "good-bye to none." Your living heart lost ceased to beat And before we knew it you were alone. Philip— We seem to see in the soul, dim light A face we loved the best. And think of you when the sun's last rays Go down in the far-off West THE FAMILY. THIRI.ES. MARY WIRT. A tribute of love and fond remembrance to our dear daughter and sister, MARY WIRT THIRI. who was called home to rest thirteen years ago today, October 19, 1918. With Yearning hearts and humming eyes We think of that dear, precious one, Who, somewhere, far beyond the skies Some day we pray to see again. YOUR DEVOTED FAMILY. VITA. CATHERINE. In sad but loving remembrance of our dear wife and mother. CATHERINE VITA, who departed this life thirteen years ago today, October 16, 1919. Gone, but never forgotten. HER LOVING FAMILY WHARTON. MARY S. A tribute of love to the memory of my beloved wife, MARY S. WHARTON, who so peacefully fell asleep in Jesus, October 16, 1921. Just emerging from the light, HER LOVING HUSBAND, LEE WHARTON, WIFE, JUST E. In memory of my beloved wife, SUSIE E. WILEY, who departed this life four years ago today, October 18, 1928. Sunshine passes, shadows fall. Love's remembrance outlasts all. And though the years of sorrow or sorrow are few, they are filled with remembrance, dear, of you. You have gone, you are with your Savior, we will follow, by and by: Strange, it seems, we often wonder. Why the best are first to die. BELOVED HUSBAND AND CHILDREN. J. W. ORTHINGTON, MARY F., In sad but loving memory of my dear sister, MARY E. WORTHINGTON, who died six years ago today, October 16, 1925. Miry, dear, I know you're happy in the mansion of the blessed. Where there is no pain or sorrow in your sweet eternal rest. HER SISTER, CARRIE TOLSON FUNERAL DIRECTORS. P. J. SAFFELL PERSONAL SERVICE—REASONABLE. 783 8th St. N.W. Phone 9587. FUNERAL DIRECTORS LEONARD M. GAAVLER 534 M St. N.W. Pot. 4176. Frank Geier's Sons Co. Modernized. S. Telephone National 2473 Wm. H. Sardo & Co. Funeral Chapel I gb.Sirsca: Lincoln 0524 Joseph F. Birch & Sons (ISAAC BIRCH I \T Ct V W Phone. West 0096. | -WJ.FT 21st IN.U. Established 1841. GEO. W. WISE CO. 290(1 M ST. N.W. West 91 ** V. L. SPEARE CO. Neither the successors of nor connected with the original W. R. Speare establishment 1000 H St NW, Phone National 2892. Formerly 9401 F St. NW, Established 1876. JOHN R. WRIGHT CO., 7th St NW, Phone North 47. TABLER, 928 M St. NW, National 1544. W. W. DEAL & CO., 816 H St. NE, Lincoln 8200. CHAS. S. ZURHORST, 816 FAST CAPITOL ST. Phone Lincoln 1775. J. WILLIAM LEE'S SONS, FUNERAL DIRECTORS, CREMATORIUM, 132 PA. AVENUE NW, NATIONAL 1887, 1388. ALFRED B. C. LAWLER, WAITER A. GAWLER, WILLIAM A. GAWLER, JONES, GAS, GAS, ETC. Established 1850, Chappl Cremations, Lady Attendant, 1750-2-4 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Phone: National 5512-5513. NO BRANCH OFFICE, FUNERAL DESIGNS, Gude Bros. Co., 1225 F St. Private Aula Delivery Service, Artistic—expressive, comprehensive. GEO. C. SHAFFER, EXPRESSIVE FLORAL EMBLEMS AT MODERATE PRICES. PHONE NAT. SIAS, 14th. Eye 3 FLORAL TRIBUTES NO. 10,000 CIGARS k. |
github_open_source_100_8_20192 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package stochastic.delay;
import org.apache.commons.math3.distribution.ExponentialDistribution;
import org.apache.commons.math3.distribution.LogNormalDistribution;
import org.apache.commons.math3.distribution.NormalDistribution;
import org.apache.commons.math3.distribution.RealDistribution;
import stochastic.registry.Parameters;
import stochastic.utility.Enums;
class Sampler {
/**
* generates integer samples of delay based on specified distribution, mean and standard deviation.
*/
private RealDistribution distribution;
Sampler() {
final Enums.DistributionType distributionType = Parameters.getDistributionType();
final double mean = Parameters.getDistributionMean();
final double sd = Parameters.getDistributionSd();
switch (distributionType) {
case TRUNCATED_NORMAL:
distribution = new NormalDistribution(mean, sd);
break;
case LOG_NORMAL:
distribution = getLogNormal(mean, sd);
break;
default:
distribution = new ExponentialDistribution(mean);
}
}
/**
* Generates non-negative integer samples by rounding realizations of the distribution set up in the constructor.
* <p>
* The values of lognormal and exponential will always be non-negative. However, the negativity check is needed
* for the normal distribution right-truncated at 0.
*
* @return random integer delay value.
*/
int sample() {
while (true) {
final int realization = (int) Math.round(distribution.sample());
if (realization >= 0)
return realization;
}
}
/**
* returns a lognormal distribution with the given mean and standard deviation.
* <p>
* If our lognormal random variable is X, the given mean and sd are that of X. They will be used to calculate the
* mean and standard deviation of the normal distribution Y = ln(X). This is necessary as the normal mean (scale)
* and normal sd (shape) are the parameters required by the apache LogNormalDistribution class. The calculation
* formulae were obtained from the Wikipedia page for LogNormal distribution.
*
* @param mean lognormal mean.
* @param sd lognormal standard deviation.
* @return LogNormalDistribution object with given mean and sd.
*/
private LogNormalDistribution getLogNormal(double mean, double sd) {
final double c = 1 + ((sd * sd) / (mean * mean));
final double normalMean = Math.log(mean / Math.sqrt(c)); // scale of lognormal
final double normalSd = Math.sqrt(Math.log(c)); // shape of lognormal
return new LogNormalDistribution(normalMean, normalSd);
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20193 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include "igen_dd_lib.h"
dd_I cospi(dd_I x);
dd_I sinpi(dd_I x);
void init_DFT16(dd_I a) {}
void DFT16(dd_I *Y, dd_I *X) {
dd_I a145;
dd_I a146;
dd_I a147;
dd_I a148;
dd_I a149;
dd_I a150;
dd_I a151;
dd_I a152;
dd_I a153;
dd_I a154;
dd_I a155;
dd_I a156;
dd_I s61;
dd_I s62;
dd_I s63;
dd_I s64;
dd_I s65;
dd_I s66;
dd_I s67;
dd_I s68;
dd_I s69;
dd_I s70;
dd_I s71;
dd_I s72;
dd_I s73;
dd_I s74;
dd_I s75;
dd_I s76;
dd_I s77;
dd_I s78;
dd_I s79;
dd_I s80;
dd_I t373;
dd_I t374;
dd_I t375;
dd_I t376;
dd_I t377;
dd_I t378;
dd_I t379;
dd_I t380;
dd_I t381;
dd_I t382;
dd_I t383;
dd_I t384;
dd_I t385;
dd_I t387;
dd_I t388;
dd_I t389;
dd_I t390;
dd_I t391;
dd_I t392;
dd_I t393;
dd_I t394;
dd_I t395;
dd_I t396;
dd_I t397;
dd_I t398;
dd_I t399;
dd_I t400;
dd_I t401;
dd_I t402;
dd_I t403;
dd_I t404;
dd_I t405;
dd_I t406;
dd_I t407;
dd_I t408;
dd_I t409;
dd_I t410;
dd_I t411;
dd_I t412;
dd_I t413;
dd_I t414;
dd_I t415;
dd_I t416;
dd_I t417;
dd_I t418;
dd_I t419;
dd_I t420;
dd_I t421;
dd_I t422;
dd_I t423;
dd_I t424;
dd_I t425;
dd_I t426;
dd_I t427;
dd_I t428;
dd_I t429;
dd_I t430;
dd_I t431;
dd_I t432;
dd_I t433;
dd_I t434;
dd_I t435;
dd_I t436;
dd_I t437;
dd_I t438;
dd_I t439;
dd_I t440;
dd_I t441;
dd_I t442;
dd_I t443;
dd_I t444;
dd_I t445;
dd_I t446;
dd_I t447;
dd_I t448;
dd_I t449;
dd_I t450;
dd_I t451;
dd_I t452;
dd_I t453;
dd_I t454;
dd_I t455;
dd_I t456;
dd_I t457;
t373 = _ia_add_dd(*(X), *((X + 16)));
t374 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 1)), *((X + 17)));
t375 = _ia_sub_dd(*(X), *((X + 16)));
t376 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 1)), *((X + 17)));
t377 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 4)), *((X + 20)));
t378 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 5)), *((X + 21)));
dd_I _t1 = _ia_set_dd(-0.70710678118654757, 2.7373109293694144e-18,
0.70710678118654757, -2.737310929369414e-18);
dd_I _t2 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 4)), *((X + 20)));
a145 = _ia_mul_dd(_t1, _t2);
dd_I _t3 = _ia_set_dd(-0.70710678118654757, 2.7373109293694144e-18,
0.70710678118654757, -2.737310929369414e-18);
dd_I _t4 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 5)), *((X + 21)));
a146 = _ia_mul_dd(_t3, _t4);
s61 = _ia_sub_dd(a145, a146);
s62 = _ia_add_dd(a145, a146);
t379 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 8)), *((X + 24)));
t380 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 9)), *((X + 25)));
t381 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 8)), *((X + 24)));
t382 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 9)), *((X + 25)));
t383 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 12)), *((X + 28)));
t384 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 13)), *((X + 29)));
dd_I _t5 = _ia_set_dd(-0.70710678118654757, 2.7373109293694144e-18,
0.70710678118654757, -2.737310929369414e-18);
dd_I _t6 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 12)), *((X + 28)));
a147 = _ia_mul_dd(_t5, _t6);
dd_I _t7 = _ia_set_dd(-0.70710678118654757, 2.7373109293694144e-18,
0.70710678118654757, -2.737310929369414e-18);
dd_I _t8 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 13)), *((X + 29)));
a148 = _ia_mul_dd(_t7, _t8);
s63 = _ia_add_dd(a147, a148);
s64 = _ia_sub_dd(a147, a148);
t385 = _ia_add_dd(t373, t379);
t387 = _ia_add_dd(t374, t380);
t388 = _ia_sub_dd(t373, t379);
t389 = _ia_sub_dd(t374, t380);
t390 = _ia_add_dd(t377, t383);
t391 = _ia_add_dd(t378, t384);
t392 = _ia_sub_dd(t377, t383);
t393 = _ia_sub_dd(t378, t384);
t394 = _ia_add_dd(t385, t390);
t395 = _ia_add_dd(t387, t391);
t396 = _ia_sub_dd(t385, t390);
t397 = _ia_sub_dd(t387, t391);
t398 = _ia_sub_dd(t388, t393);
t399 = _ia_add_dd(t389, t392);
t400 = _ia_add_dd(t388, t393);
t401 = _ia_sub_dd(t389, t392);
t402 = _ia_sub_dd(t375, t382);
t403 = _ia_add_dd(t376, t381);
t404 = _ia_add_dd(t375, t382);
t405 = _ia_sub_dd(t376, t381);
t406 = _ia_sub_dd(s61, s63);
t407 = _ia_add_dd(s62, s64);
t408 = _ia_add_dd(s61, s63);
t409 = _ia_sub_dd(s62, s64);
t410 = _ia_add_dd(t402, t406);
t411 = _ia_add_dd(t403, t407);
t412 = _ia_sub_dd(t402, t406);
t413 = _ia_sub_dd(t403, t407);
t414 = _ia_sub_dd(t404, t409);
t415 = _ia_add_dd(t405, t408);
t416 = _ia_add_dd(t404, t409);
t417 = _ia_sub_dd(t405, t408);
t418 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 2)), *((X + 18)));
t419 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 3)), *((X + 19)));
t420 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 2)), *((X + 18)));
t421 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 3)), *((X + 19)));
t422 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 6)), *((X + 22)));
t423 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 7)), *((X + 23)));
dd_I _t9 = _ia_set_dd(-0.70710678118654757, 2.7373109293694144e-18,
0.70710678118654757, -2.737310929369414e-18);
dd_I _t10 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 6)), *((X + 22)));
a149 = _ia_mul_dd(_t9, _t10);
dd_I _t11 = _ia_set_dd(-0.70710678118654757, 2.7373109293694144e-18,
0.70710678118654757, -2.737310929369414e-18);
dd_I _t12 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 7)), *((X + 23)));
a150 = _ia_mul_dd(_t11, _t12);
s65 = _ia_sub_dd(a149, a150);
s66 = _ia_add_dd(a149, a150);
t424 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 10)), *((X + 26)));
t425 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 11)), *((X + 27)));
t426 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 10)), *((X + 26)));
t427 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 11)), *((X + 27)));
t428 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 14)), *((X + 30)));
t429 = _ia_add_dd(*((X + 15)), *((X + 31)));
dd_I _t13 = _ia_set_dd(-0.70710678118654757, 2.7373109293694144e-18,
0.70710678118654757, -2.737310929369414e-18);
dd_I _t14 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 14)), *((X + 30)));
a151 = _ia_mul_dd(_t13, _t14);
dd_I _t15 = _ia_set_dd(-0.70710678118654757, 2.7373109293694144e-18,
0.70710678118654757, -2.737310929369414e-18);
dd_I _t16 = _ia_sub_dd(*((X + 15)), *((X + 31)));
a152 = _ia_mul_dd(_t15, _t16);
s67 = _ia_add_dd(a151, a152);
s68 = _ia_sub_dd(a151, a152);
t430 = _ia_add_dd(t418, t424);
t431 = _ia_add_dd(t419, t425);
t432 = _ia_sub_dd(t418, t424);
t433 = _ia_sub_dd(t419, t425);
t434 = _ia_add_dd(t422, t428);
t435 = _ia_add_dd(t423, t429);
t436 = _ia_sub_dd(t422, t428);
t437 = _ia_sub_dd(t423, t429);
t438 = _ia_add_dd(t430, t434);
t439 = _ia_add_dd(t431, t435);
t440 = _ia_sub_dd(t430, t434);
t441 = _ia_sub_dd(t431, t435);
dd_I _t17 = _ia_set_dd(-0.70710678118654757, 2.7373109293694144e-18,
0.70710678118654757, -2.737310929369414e-18);
dd_I _t18 = _ia_sub_dd(t432, t437);
a153 = _ia_mul_dd(_t17, _t18);
dd_I _t19 = _ia_set_dd(-0.70710678118654757, 2.7373109293694144e-18,
0.70710678118654757, -2.737310929369414e-18);
dd_I _t20 = _ia_add_dd(t433, t436);
a154 = _ia_mul_dd(_t19, _t20);
s69 = _ia_sub_dd(a153, a154);
s70 = _ia_add_dd(a153, a154);
dd_I _t21 = _ia_set_dd(-0.70710678118654757, 2.7373109293694144e-18,
0.70710678118654757, -2.737310929369414e-18);
dd_I _t22 = _ia_add_dd(t432, t437);
a155 = _ia_mul_dd(_t21, _t22);
dd_I _t23 = _ia_set_dd(-0.70710678118654757, 2.7373109293694144e-18,
0.70710678118654757, -2.737310929369414e-18);
dd_I _t24 = _ia_sub_dd(t433, t436);
a156 = _ia_mul_dd(_t23, _t24);
s71 = _ia_add_dd(a155, a156);
s72 = _ia_sub_dd(a155, a156);
t442 = _ia_sub_dd(t420, t427);
t443 = _ia_add_dd(t421, t426);
t444 = _ia_add_dd(t420, t427);
t445 = _ia_sub_dd(t421, t426);
t446 = _ia_sub_dd(s65, s67);
t447 = _ia_add_dd(s66, s68);
t448 = _ia_add_dd(s65, s67);
t449 = _ia_sub_dd(s66, s68);
t450 = _ia_add_dd(t442, t446);
t451 = _ia_add_dd(t443, t447);
t452 = _ia_sub_dd(t442, t446);
t453 = _ia_sub_dd(t443, t447);
dd_I _t25 = _ia_set_dd(-0.92387953251128674, -1.5168638949398881e-18,
0.92387953251128674, 1.5168638949398883e-18);
dd_I _t26 = _ia_set_dd(-0.38268343236508978, 1.7792326804919868e-18,
0.38268343236508978, -1.7792326804919865e-18);
dd_I _t27 = _ia_mul_dd(_t25, t450);
dd_I _t28 = _ia_mul_dd(_t26, t451);
s73 = _ia_sub_dd(_t27, _t28);
dd_I _t29 = _ia_set_dd(-0.38268343236508978, 1.7792326804919868e-18,
0.38268343236508978, -1.7792326804919865e-18);
dd_I _t30 = _ia_set_dd(-0.92387953251128674, -1.5168638949398881e-18,
0.92387953251128674, 1.5168638949398883e-18);
dd_I _t31 = _ia_mul_dd(_t29, t450);
dd_I _t32 = _ia_mul_dd(_t30, t451);
s74 = _ia_add_dd(_t31, _t32);
dd_I _t33 = _ia_set_dd(-0.38268343236508978, 1.7792326804919868e-18,
0.38268343236508978, -1.7792326804919865e-18);
dd_I _t34 = _ia_set_dd(-0.92387953251128674, -1.5168638949398881e-18,
0.92387953251128674, 1.5168638949398883e-18);
dd_I _t35 = _ia_mul_dd(_t33, t452);
dd_I _t36 = _ia_mul_dd(_t34, t453);
s75 = _ia_add_dd(_t35, _t36);
dd_I _t37 = _ia_set_dd(-0.92387953251128674, -1.5168638949398881e-18,
0.92387953251128674, 1.5168638949398883e-18);
dd_I _t38 = _ia_set_dd(-0.38268343236508978, 1.7792326804919868e-18,
0.38268343236508978, -1.7792326804919865e-18);
dd_I _t39 = _ia_mul_dd(_t37, t452);
dd_I _t40 = _ia_mul_dd(_t38, t453);
s76 = _ia_sub_dd(_t39, _t40);
t454 = _ia_sub_dd(t444, t449);
t455 = _ia_add_dd(t445, t448);
t456 = _ia_add_dd(t444, t449);
t457 = _ia_sub_dd(t445, t448);
dd_I _t41 = _ia_set_dd(-0.38268343236508978, 1.7792326804919868e-18,
0.38268343236508978, -1.7792326804919865e-18);
dd_I _t42 = _ia_set_dd(-0.92387953251128674, -1.5168638949398881e-18,
0.92387953251128674, 1.5168638949398883e-18);
dd_I _t43 = _ia_mul_dd(_t41, t454);
dd_I _t44 = _ia_mul_dd(_t42, t455);
s77 = _ia_sub_dd(_t43, _t44);
dd_I _t45 = _ia_set_dd(-0.92387953251128674, -1.5168638949398881e-18,
0.92387953251128674, 1.5168638949398883e-18);
dd_I _t46 = _ia_set_dd(-0.38268343236508978, 1.7792326804919868e-18,
0.38268343236508978, -1.7792326804919865e-18);
dd_I _t47 = _ia_mul_dd(_t45, t454);
dd_I _t48 = _ia_mul_dd(_t46, t455);
s78 = _ia_add_dd(_t47, _t48);
dd_I _t49 = _ia_set_dd(-0.92387953251128674, -1.5168638949398881e-18,
0.92387953251128674, 1.5168638949398883e-18);
dd_I _t50 = _ia_set_dd(-0.38268343236508978, 1.7792326804919868e-18,
0.38268343236508978, -1.7792326804919865e-18);
dd_I _t51 = _ia_mul_dd(_t49, t456);
dd_I _t52 = _ia_mul_dd(_t50, t457);
s79 = _ia_add_dd(_t51, _t52);
dd_I _t53 = _ia_set_dd(-0.38268343236508978, 1.7792326804919868e-18,
0.38268343236508978, -1.7792326804919865e-18);
dd_I _t54 = _ia_set_dd(-0.92387953251128674, -1.5168638949398881e-18,
0.92387953251128674, 1.5168638949398883e-18);
dd_I _t55 = _ia_mul_dd(_t53, t456);
dd_I _t56 = _ia_mul_dd(_t54, t457);
s80 = _ia_sub_dd(_t55, _t56);
*(Y) = _ia_add_dd(t394, t438);
*((Y + 1)) = _ia_add_dd(t395, t439);
*((Y + 16)) = _ia_sub_dd(t394, t438);
*((Y + 17)) = _ia_sub_dd(t395, t439);
*((Y + 2)) = _ia_add_dd(t410, s73);
*((Y + 3)) = _ia_add_dd(t411, s74);
*((Y + 18)) = _ia_sub_dd(t410, s73);
*((Y + 19)) = _ia_sub_dd(t411, s74);
*((Y + 4)) = _ia_add_dd(t398, s69);
*((Y + 5)) = _ia_add_dd(t399, s70);
*((Y + 20)) = _ia_sub_dd(t398, s69);
*((Y + 21)) = _ia_sub_dd(t399, s70);
*((Y + 6)) = _ia_add_dd(t414, s77);
*((Y + 7)) = _ia_add_dd(t415, s78);
*((Y + 22)) = _ia_sub_dd(t414, s77);
*((Y + 23)) = _ia_sub_dd(t415, s78);
*((Y + 8)) = _ia_sub_dd(t396, t441);
*((Y + 9)) = _ia_add_dd(t397, t440);
*((Y + 24)) = _ia_add_dd(t396, t441);
*((Y + 25)) = _ia_sub_dd(t397, t440);
*((Y + 10)) = _ia_sub_dd(t412, s75);
*((Y + 11)) = _ia_add_dd(t413, s76);
*((Y + 26)) = _ia_add_dd(t412, s75);
*((Y + 27)) = _ia_sub_dd(t413, s76);
*((Y + 12)) = _ia_sub_dd(t400, s71);
*((Y + 13)) = _ia_add_dd(t401, s72);
*((Y + 28)) = _ia_add_dd(t400, s71);
*((Y + 29)) = _ia_sub_dd(t401, s72);
*((Y + 14)) = _ia_sub_dd(t416, s79);
*((Y + 15)) = _ia_add_dd(t417, s80);
*((Y + 30)) = _ia_add_dd(t416, s79);
*((Y + 31)) = _ia_sub_dd(t417, s80);
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20194 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package typings.pulumiAws
import typings.pulumiPulumi.invokeMod.InvokeOptions
import org.scalablytyped.runtime.StObject
import scala.scalajs.js
import scala.scalajs.js.annotation.{JSGlobalScope, JSGlobal, JSImport, JSName, JSBracketAccess}
object getOutpostInstanceTypeMod {
@JSImport("@pulumi/aws/outposts/getOutpostInstanceType", JSImport.Namespace)
@js.native
val ^ : js.Any = js.native
inline def getOutpostInstanceType(args: GetOutpostInstanceTypeArgs): js.Promise[GetOutpostInstanceTypeResult] = ^.asInstanceOf[js.Dynamic].applyDynamic("getOutpostInstanceType")(args.asInstanceOf[js.Any]).asInstanceOf[js.Promise[GetOutpostInstanceTypeResult]]
inline def getOutpostInstanceType(args: GetOutpostInstanceTypeArgs, opts: InvokeOptions): js.Promise[GetOutpostInstanceTypeResult] = (^.asInstanceOf[js.Dynamic].applyDynamic("getOutpostInstanceType")(args.asInstanceOf[js.Any], opts.asInstanceOf[js.Any])).asInstanceOf[js.Promise[GetOutpostInstanceTypeResult]]
trait GetOutpostInstanceTypeArgs extends StObject {
/**
* Outpost Amazon Resource Name (ARN).
*/
val arn: String
/**
* Desired instance type. Conflicts with `preferredInstanceTypes`.
*/
val instanceType: js.UndefOr[String] = js.undefined
/**
* Ordered list of preferred instance types. The first match in this list will be returned. If no preferred matches are found and the original search returned more than one result, an error is returned. Conflicts with `instanceType`.
*/
val preferredInstanceTypes: js.UndefOr[js.Array[String]] = js.undefined
}
object GetOutpostInstanceTypeArgs {
inline def apply(arn: String): GetOutpostInstanceTypeArgs = {
val __obj = js.Dynamic.literal(arn = arn.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
__obj.asInstanceOf[GetOutpostInstanceTypeArgs]
}
extension [Self <: GetOutpostInstanceTypeArgs](x: Self) {
inline def setArn(value: String): Self = StObject.set(x, "arn", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
inline def setInstanceType(value: String): Self = StObject.set(x, "instanceType", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
inline def setInstanceTypeUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "instanceType", js.undefined)
inline def setPreferredInstanceTypes(value: js.Array[String]): Self = StObject.set(x, "preferredInstanceTypes", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
inline def setPreferredInstanceTypesUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "preferredInstanceTypes", js.undefined)
inline def setPreferredInstanceTypesVarargs(value: String*): Self = StObject.set(x, "preferredInstanceTypes", js.Array(value :_*))
}
}
trait GetOutpostInstanceTypeResult extends StObject {
val arn: String
/**
* The provider-assigned unique ID for this managed resource.
*/
val id: String
val instanceType: String
val preferredInstanceTypes: js.UndefOr[js.Array[String]] = js.undefined
}
object GetOutpostInstanceTypeResult {
inline def apply(arn: String, id: String, instanceType: String): GetOutpostInstanceTypeResult = {
val __obj = js.Dynamic.literal(arn = arn.asInstanceOf[js.Any], id = id.asInstanceOf[js.Any], instanceType = instanceType.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
__obj.asInstanceOf[GetOutpostInstanceTypeResult]
}
extension [Self <: GetOutpostInstanceTypeResult](x: Self) {
inline def setArn(value: String): Self = StObject.set(x, "arn", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
inline def setId(value: String): Self = StObject.set(x, "id", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
inline def setInstanceType(value: String): Self = StObject.set(x, "instanceType", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
inline def setPreferredInstanceTypes(value: js.Array[String]): Self = StObject.set(x, "preferredInstanceTypes", value.asInstanceOf[js.Any])
inline def setPreferredInstanceTypesUndefined: Self = StObject.set(x, "preferredInstanceTypes", js.undefined)
inline def setPreferredInstanceTypesVarargs(value: String*): Self = StObject.set(x, "preferredInstanceTypes", js.Array(value :_*))
}
}
}
|
21/dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr-dumas-02405179-document.txt_2 | French-Science-Pile | Various open science | II. L'identité particulière s'estompe progressivement
L'identité harkie trouve son origine dans une histoire commune. J'ai alors tenté de déterminer s'il existe un autre lien entre les descendants des harkis qui permettrait de parler d'une véritable identité commune. J'ai ainsi posé la question suivante aux sujets : « Est-ce que vous pouvez parler actuellement encore d'une communauté ou d'une culture harkie? ». La réponse de Fatiha H. est très courte : « Il y avait la langue. Les coutumes aussi. ». On peut noter l'emploi de l'imparfait qui ancre sa réponse dans le passé. Lorsque je lui demande de préciser si les coutumes sont liées à l'Algérie ou bien propres aux harkies, elle précise qu'elles sont davantage liées à la religion et ajoute « Après, il n'y a rien de particulier. ». Ainsi, selon le sujet rien ne semble constituer une identité harkie singulière. Djamila K. fait le même constat tout en indiquant qu'il existe toujours des traditions culinaires ou qui ressortent lors de grands évènements tels que les mariages. Elle justifie cette perte d'une culture commune : « Cela s'est estompé, parce qu'on a du recul. On a tous été dispersés. On a tous des vies différentes. ». Elle met en avant le fait qu'une culture commune existait tant que les harkis et leur famille étaient regroupés ensemble. Depuis, les habitudes ont changé. Son discours est positif vis-à-vis de cela : « Cela permet d'évoluer. » souligne-t-elle. Au contraire, elle estime que le fait de rester groupé est quelque chose de nocif : « À force d'être dans le même bocal, on étouffe. ». Elle indique d'ailleurs qu'elle a rejeté un temps son identité de 27 descendante de harkis. Selon les sujets, les marqueurs de l'identité commune ne demeureraient que la cuisine ou ponctuellement lors de fêtes familiales. Il apparaît donc que seuls demeureraient des marqueurs identitaires pouvant être connotés positivement. Tous les éléments de la culture qui pourraient être plus sensibles, plus chargés sentimentalement et symboliquement semblent disparaître. Cela corrobore en effet les constatations réalisées au sujet de l'identité en première partie de cette recherche : l'identité est un rapport, une notion qui évolue. L'identité propre des descendants de harkis, fortement liée à l'histoire de leurs parents, semble donc s'estomper progressivement. Afin d'approfondir cette notion, j'ai cherché à voir si l'identité harkie est liée au regard porté sur eux. En effet, si l'on prend appui sur le travail de Pierret (2008), l'identité harkie est pour beaucoup construite par rapport au rejet dont la population a fait l'objet de toutes parts. Tout d'abord, j'ai abordé la question du regard porté par la société française sur les harkis et leurs descendants. Fatiha H. évoque à ce sujet des problèmes de racisme qui touchent même ses enfants. Djamila K. semble a priori avoir une expérience positive. Elle estime qu'elle ressent de l'empathie et pas de malveillance : « quand vous êtes interrogée sur vos origines, qu'on vous demande : « Quelle est votre origine? » Quand je dis : « enfant de Harki », je sens quand même qu'il y a de la bienveillance de la part des Français ». Elle le lie à une plus grande connaissance de l'histoire qui était restée longtemps taboue. Elle explique également que la société française a tenté de compenser les erreurs du passé en mettant en place un « plan harki » dont elle a pu bénéficier pour entrer dans la fonction publique. Mais un élément dans son témoignage montre tout de même des difficultés liées au racisme. En effet, dès le début de l'entretien Djamila K. précise qu'elle a deux prénoms : Djamila et Christine. Cela résulte d'une volonté de son père qui a été reproduite pour ses frères et soeurs. Le but était de faciliter sa vie professionnelle. La participante utilise le prénom Christine dans le cadre professionnel. Il semble que les harkis vivent donc des difficultés propres aux populations originaires de pays musulmans. Ainsi, les problèmes des populations harkies pourraient être les mêmes que ceux rencontrés par d'autres populations d'origine algérienne. Dans un second temps, j'ai essayé de voir ce qui distinguait les descend ants de harkis des descendants des autres populations algériennes ou d'origine algérienne. J'ai donc interrogé les sujets sur le regard porté sur eux par ces dernières populations. Fatiha H. indique à ce sujet avoir reçu des réflexions par rapport à ses origines harkies par des descendants d'immigrés algériens. Elle ne cite cependant pas d'exemples précis mais dit avoir eu des remarques au 28 lycée. Elle indique que ce n'est pas le cas de ses enfants. Cette observation est corroborée par le directeur de l'école publique de Saint-Pons-de-Thomières qui relate un évènement ayant touché de jeunes adultes membres de l'équipe de football de Saint-Pons-de-Thomières au cours d'un match de football ayant eu lieu dans le quartier de la Devèze, à Béziers. Ce quartier réuni une forte part de populations issues d'immigrations diverses. Les joueurs descendants de harkis auraient alors été traités de « traitres » et violentés. Le participant souligne la surprise de ces derniers car selon lui : « Pour eux, c'est comme nous quand on nous parle de la seconde guerre mondiale ». Ainsi, le rejet semble encore exister dans certains contextes mais apparaît toutefois comme circonscrits à des événements isolés. De plus, cela montre que les populations descendantes de harkis n'y sont pas préparées car elles ne se définiraient plus par rapport à l'histoire de leurs ascendants. Djamila K. insiste davantage sur son expérience en Algérie et notamment sur sa visite du musée de la guerre qui semble l'avoir choquée. Elle utilise à deux reprises les mots de « rancoeur » et de « haine ». Le champ lexical est dominé par de l'affect négatif : « C'est sanglant. On voit bien le regard qu'ils portent, haineux, beaucoup de rancune, beaucoup de rancoeur. ». Elle ajoute encore : « Il y avait des photos qui étaient horribles. C'est le film d'horreur. ». Même sa famille rencontrée en Algérie semble partager ce rejet : « Il a fallu arrêter des débats parce qu'on n'était pas du tout d'accord sur pas mal de choses. On sentait bien que Ils avaient du respect pour mon père, parce qu'il l'hébergeait, mais on sentait bien quand même réticence et beaucoup de rancoeur, beaucoup de haine. ». Selon elle, les sentiments contre les harkis seraient encore extrêmement forts. L'identité harkie se dessinerai donc par contraste comme une communauté liée par un rejet commun à la fois de certains membres de la société française mais également de la société algérienne. Cela corrobore encore une fois l'analyse faite par Pierret (2008). Dès lors, si l'identité harkie n'est liée que par une histoire et un traitement commun, n'estelle pas vouée à disparaître avec l'avènement des nouvelles générations? Les participantes témoignent toutes deux d'une faible transmission de l'identité.
Fatiha H. III. La baisse de la transmission du kabyle et de l'arabe dialectal d'une génération à l'autre
La langue est un élément important de l'identité d'un groupe. Dans le cas des harkis, la langue parlée par les populations lors de leur départ d'Algérie était majoritairement l'arabe dialectal et le kabyle. J'ai donc cherché à déterminer comment ces langues ont été transmises aux générations suivantes. J'ai tout d'abord interrogé les participantes au sujet de la langue qui leur a été apprise par leurs parents ou plus généralement par leurs ascendants. Dans sa jeunesse, Fatiha H. parlait l'arabe dialectal avec ses parents. L'arabe dialectal était d'ailleurs la seule langue utilisée dans le camp de harki dans lequel elle a vécu. Elle explique qu'aujourd'hui sa mère ne parle que l'arabe dialectal et qu'à l'époque son père parlait principalement l'arabe dialectal bien qu'il ait appris quelques mots de français dans l'armée. Il a, à son arrivée à Saint-Ponsde-Thomières, suivi des cours d'alphabétisation mais il a eu des difficultés à les suivre en parallèle de son travail. Ainsi, la langue transmise par ses parents lors de son enfance a été l'arabe dialectal. Djamila K. indique que sa famille parlait le kabyle. Elle le définit comme sa langue maternelle. Elle considère cela négativement en indiquant que cela a entraîné pour elle des difficultés à l'école. Elle attribue cela au fait que les harkis étaient regroupés dans des HLM situés en dehors de la ville « Maintenant, avec le recul, les difficultés que l'on avait, c'était dû aussi à ce manque de diversité, de mixité qui faisait que nos parents n'évoluaient pas ». xalement, ses parents essayaient de lui apprendre le français, alors qu'ils le parlaient mal. Elle indique que ses parents « se forçaient à parler français ». Elle précise que leur français était tâtonnant : « Ils confondaient tout. On parlait comme eux. « Couverture », on disait : « confiture ». On confondait des mots. ». Cela exprime une forte volonté de 30 transmettre le français bien que cette langue ne fût pas maîtrisée par les parents du sujet. Le père de la participante montre également sa volonté d'apprendre le français en suivant les cours d'alphabétisation. Ils ont donc exprimé très tôt la volonté de faire apprendre le français à leurs enfants. Ces résultats confirment la thèse de Zerva (2011) que nous avons évoquée en première partie. Elle indique en effet que la perpétuation d'une langue est favorisée par un environnement rural et isolé comme l'était les camps de harki ou encore la cité HLM des Marbrières. Lorsque ce facteur a disparu, la pratique des langues d'origine s'est amenuisée. J'ai ensuite souhaité interroger les participantes sur la ou les langues qu'elles parlent actuellement. Fatiha H. indique qu'elle ne parle spontanément que le français, sauf avec des personnes uniquement locuteur de la langue arabe dialectale. Au sein de sa famille, elle parle également le français avec ses frères et soeurs. Elle utilise seulement l'arabe dialectal avec sa maman, qui ne parle pas le français. Djamila K. indique qu'elle parle français, kabyle, anglais et espagnol. Cependant, elle précise qu'elle ne pratique pas beaucoup le kabyle et qu'elle l'a donc en partie oublié. Fatiha H. souligne même que le français est la langue utilisée avec les harkis et les descendants de harkis. Les langues d'origine des sujets semblent donc peu pratiquées et peu à peu leur usage est diminué. Les ascendants, lorsqu'ils sont uniquement locuteurs de ces langues, semblent les seuls liens existant avec les langues arabe dialectal et kabyle. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avions déterminé que le lien avec la langue d'origine des ascendants était entretenu par des voyages fréquents dans le pays de provenance. Or, les obstacles aux retours ont empêché ce facteur de s'exprimer. La pratique de la langue s'est donc progressivement estompée. Enfin, j'ai cherché à déterminer la ou les langues qui ont été transmises par les participantes à leurs enfants. Toutes deux indiquent ne pas avoir appris la langue d'origine de leurs parents à leurs propres enfants. La fille de Djamila K. n'a pas manifesté la volonté de l'apprendre. Djamila K. estime en effet que le kabyle n'est pas une langue utile contrairement à l'anglais. La fille de Fatiha H. regrette cependant que ses parents ne lui aient pas appris l'arabe dialectal. Elle explique cela par le fait que son mari, également descendant de harkis, ne parlent pas l'arabe hormis quelques mots. Cependant, elle relativise cette affirmation en indiquant que ses enfants connaissent quelques mots d'arabe grâce à ses parents qui les gardaient souvent étant petits. Le vecteur reste donc les parents de la participante. Elle précise d'ailleurs que ses neveux et nièces, qui ont été davantage gardés par ses parents, parlent l'arabe dialectal. Ainsi, la langue d'origine des populations harkies est peu transmise. Le constat de cette étude rejoint donc l'affirmation d'Istanbullu, & Léglise, (2014) selon laquelle la langue d'origine est abandonnée au bout de trois générations. Il faut toutefois relativiser cette affirmation car les enfants des participantes ont soit conservé quelques expressions ou mots empruntés à la langue d'origine de leurs grands-parents, soit ils en ont été imprégnés pour l'avoir entendu dès leur plus jeune âge. Cette transmission n'a donc pas été volontairement organisée mais on ne peut conclure de cette étude l'absence totale de transmission. De plus, la transmission est un processus. Elle peut donc peut encore intervenir, notamment au regard du jeune âge des enfants des participants à la recherche. De plus, les autres aspects tels que le non verbal et paraverbal n'ont pu être mesurés dans cette étude. Les présents résultats doivent également être lus au regard des biais de l'étude. Tout d'abord l'étude porte sur un faible nombre de participants. De plus leur profil est très similaire : il s'agit de deux femmes ayant presque le même âge. Enfin, l'étude a été réalisée seulement sur des sujets ayant vécu dans la commune de Saint-Pons-de-Thomières. Il faut donc se garder d'extrapoler les résultats à tous les descendants de harki. La difficile réception de l'identité harkie par l'Ecole
J'ai cherché également à questionner la réception, par l'Ecole, de l'identité des descendants de harkis. Dans un premier temps, on peut noter que l'Ecole a souhaité gommer les différences entre les descendants de harkis et les autres élèves à un niveau hautement symbolique : le prénom des élèves. Comme l'évoque Djamila K., elle porte également un autre prénom : Christine. Elle indique à la fois, comme nous l'avons déjà évoqué, qu'il s'agit d'une volonté de son père mais aussi d'un choix de l'Education Nationale qui l'a inscrite sous ce prénom. Elle se reconnait donc, selon les contextes, sous l'un ou l'autre des prénoms. Cela dénote donc que l'Ecole a préféré un prénom chrétien, ou tout du moins français, à un prénom musulman et que le sujet l'a intégré comme un élément favorable dans un contexte professionnel. Ce témoignage est corroboré par le directeur de l'école publique Frescatis qui indique : « Je pense qu'il y avait une volonté qui avait aussi été ancrée par les institutions parce que concernant la seconde génération, quand j'ai commencé à travailler, on leur demandait de choisir un prénom en français, à l'école. ». L'enseignant indique avoir commencé en 19851986. On peut donc en déduire que l'école a demandé aux élèves de se construire une sorte de nouvelle identité, conforme aux exigences conçues comme nécessaires à la scolarisation. L'Ecole a donc été un facteur empêchant la transmission de l'identité harkie. En ce qui concerne l'enseignement de l'histoire de la guerre d'Algérie et de celle des harkis en particulier, Djamila K. indique que son enfant n'a pas étudié le sujet à l'école car cela n'est pas au programme de l'école primaire. Elle émet l'hypothèse qu'à Saint-Pons-deThomières, où elle n'habite plus, la question doit sûrement être traitée. Fatiha H., qui elle habite cette ville, indique par contre que ses enfants n'ont jamais étudié ce thème en classe. Ce fait est confirmé par le questionnaire et l'entretien réalisés auprès des deux directeurs d'école de la commune. Aucun des participants n'insère cette question dans son enseignement d'histoire. On peut noter que cela n'est effectivement pas inscrit dans les programmes ni de l'école maternelle, ni de l'école élémentaire. Cependant, le site Eduscol indique à ce sujet ce qui suit : « En complément des enseignements, en particulier celui de l'histoire, à l'école et au collège ainsi qu'au lycée, les journées commémoratives, les visites des sites mémoriels et, plus globalement, toutes les actions éducatives menées dans le domaine de la mémoire constituent des moyens privilégiés pour mener ce travail pédagogique visant notamment à faire acquérir aux élèves les repères de l'histoire à laquelle ils appartiennent et les valeurs de la République 33 qui fondent leur École. ». Les enseignants sont ainsi invités à faire participer les élèves à des commémorations dans le cadre d'un « travail de mémoire ». La directrice de l'école privée indique même avoir participé à des commémorations relatives à l'histoire harkie toutefois exploiter ces évènements en classe. Cependant, le site Eduscol ne se réfère pas à la guerre d'Algérie dans les exemples cités. On peut alors s'interroger sur la raison pour laquelle le travail de mémoire, aussi appelé devoir de mémoire, est favorisé pour certains conflits comme les guerres mondiales du début du XXème siècle et non dans le cas de la guerre d'Algérie plus récente. Le directeur de l'école publique interrogé à ce sujet avance une explication : « Parce que je sais pas parce qu'on a aussi La guerre d'Algérie jusqu'à il y a 10 ans il y avait un peu un mouchoir par-dessus un peu pour tout le monde ». Le sujet semble hésiter pour fournir l'explication. Il suggère une sorte de tabou collectif. Il continu son propos en soulignant que : « C'est assez sensible aussi. » et se réfère au fait que des anciens combattants habitent encore le secteur. Il clôt son propos toujours dans ce même champ lexical « Enfin bon, c'est c'est c'est un sujet délicat ». On ressent l'embarras du sujet à fournir une explication. Il ne semble toutefois manifestement pas à l'aise avec l'idée d'intégrer cette question dans son enseignement. Il ne s'agit donc pas d'une négligence mais d'une volonté d'éviter la question. Alors pourquoi peut-on travailler librement sur certaines guerres alors que la question des harkis et plus largement la guerre d'Algérie resterait « sensible »? La première explication, que nous avons déjà évoquée, pourrait être le caractère conflictuel de cette période entre immigrés ou descendants d'immigrés algériens et descendants de harkis. Il ne serait tout simplement pas encore possible d'évoquer cette question sans créer des tensions au sein de l'école, ce qui n'est pas le cas des autres conflits qui sont évoqués habituellement. La seconde explication est plus politique. Il apparaît très vite, lorsque l'on s'intéresse à l'histoire de cette guerre, que le traitement politique dont elle a fait l'objet n'a pas toujours été transparent. Dans son article, Thénault (2005, p.124) fait un parallèle entre le traitement du passé réalisé autour de la seconde guerre mondiale et celui à propos de la guerre d'Algérie. Elle indique que « Le rapport ancien entretenu par la France et l'Algérie bloque aussi une gestion commune de ce passé. ». Elle indique que la mémoire de la guerre n'a pas du tout été traité de la même manière dans les deux pays. Si la France en a fait un tabou notamment parce que : « Du côté français, ce passé est source de culpabilité : non seulement des crimes ont été commis, pendant la période coloniale et pendant la guerre d'indépendance, mais en outre, la décolonisation a enlevé, a posteriori, toute légitimité à l'entreprise française outre-Méditerranée. », l'Algérie a construit la force de la nation algérienne sur la victoire dans ce conflit. De plus, une reconnaissance des crimes commis de 34 toutes parts pendant la guerre pourraiebt obérer les relations entre les deux pays. Enfin, l'auteure (Thénault, 2005, p.126) insiste sur le fait que les positions des différentes parties au conflit restent opposées. Elle explique que « De fait, lorsque les victimes de cette guerre réclament une reconnaissance de leurs souffrances, elles réclament aussi la stigmatisation et la condamnation d'un des deux camps, celui qui les a faits souffrir. C'est ainsi que leur demande réactive le conflit passé et aboutit, in fine, à rejouer la guerre. ». Ainsi, dans le cas des harkis, la reconnaissance de leur souffrance pourrait amener à condamner non seulement la réaction de la France mais également les violences commises par les partisans de la libération de l'Algérie. Tout cela peut expliquer que la reconnaissance de la responsabilité de la France dans le massacre des harkis en Algérie n'a été faite la première fois qu'en 2001 par le Président Chirac. Le travail de mémoire est donc récent et complexe. Cela semble expliquer pourquoi l'Ecole hésite à s'en saisir. Il est à noter qu'une initiative d'une enseignante en histoire du lycée Jacques Brel de la commune datant de 2013 avait abouti la création d'une brochure portant une réflexion sur l'histoire et l'absence de reconnaissance des populations harkies. Ce sujet amène à interroger également le regard que porte l'Ecole dans son ensemble sur les élèves qu'elle accueille. Doit-on concevoir les élèves comme des « pages blanches » qu'il faudrait enrichir, guider vers un idéal de connaissance commun? Au contraire, faut-il prendre en compte les histoires et identités de chacun pour mieux comprendre les élèves et enrichir nos enseignements de leurs apports? Si l'on limite la question à la prise en compte des langues parlées par les élèves à l'école, il s'agit d'étudier comment les programmes actuels de l'école primaire traitent de ce th ème. En cycle 1, les programmes orientent vers une « Une école qui accueille les enfants et leurs parents » et invite à porter « attention à la diversité des familles. ». Dans le domaine 1 « Mobiliser le langage dans toutes ses dimensions », il est évoqué l'« Eveil à la diversité linguistique » et indique « À partir de la moyenne section, ils vont découvrir l'existence de langues, parfois très différentes de celles qu'ils connaissent. ». La connaissance est donc apportée par l'Ecole mais ne semble pas s'appuyer sur les compétences préexistantes des élèves. ». Un prolongement de la présente étude pourrait être d'interroger les pratiques enseignantes actuelles pour déterminer dans quelle mesure les langues maternelles des élèves, voire leur identité sont prises en compte par l'Ecole. Cette recherche a été notamment effectuée par Boyer (2012.) Cette dernière précise (Boyer, 2012, p.12) que toutes les langues ne sont pas traitées par l'Ecole sur un pied d'égalité : « Le bilinguisme « reconnu » et encouragé par l'école est donc un bilinguisme assez restreint, attaché majoritairement aux langues européennes et à quelques langues « fortes » car liées aux échanges commerciaux ». En ce qui concerne le cas précis de la langue arabe, elle note (Boyer, 2012, p.13) : « On peut toutefois constater une évolution ces dernières années concernant l'enseignement de l'arabe, pour lequel les sections internationales se sont développées en dehors de la région parisienne ». Elle constate toutefois que l'Ecole repose sur une conception monolinguiste de l'enseignement et que rares sont les dispositifs permettant de prendre en compte la diversité linguistique des élèves. Ce constat est confirmé par le retour du questionnaire complétée par la directrice de l'école privée de la commune de Saint-Pons-de-Thomières. Celle-ci indique ne pas appuyer son enseignement en langue sur la langue d'origine des populations harkies. Si l'on se réfère au travail de Zerva (2011), le critère institutionnel représenté ici par l'Ecole n'est donc pas un élément favorisant pour la conservation de la langue d'origine des populations harkies. Les résultats obtenus sont toutefois à relativiser car elle ne vise que les élèves de l'école primaire et uniquement au niveau de la commun de Saint-Pons-deThomières. En ce qui concerne l'enseignement des langues à l'école primaire, il est à noter qu'un arbitrage est nécessairement fait par l'Education Nationale. La balance entre ces deux conceptions déjà évoquées, l'une utilitariste et l'autre identitaire, président à ce choix. Denimal (2017, p.2) critique les choix politiques effectués à ce sujet : « Comme de nombreux travaux l'affirment désormais, les systèmes éducatifs contemporains subissent les effets d'une conception économique de la connaissance, qui fait du savoir un bien monnayable, à faire fructifier « tout au long de la vie » ». En effet, toutes les langues ne sont pas enseignées à l'école. L'arabe dialectal ou le kabyle n'en font pas parti dans la majorité des écoles. L'auteure l'explique par la faveur donnée à des langues plus utilisées dans l'économie de marché actuel. Une conception utilitariste des langues prédomine donc encore au sein de l'enseignement. 36 L'Ecole prend ainsi peu en compte l'identité et la langue des élèves descendants de harkis. Cette affirmation est toutefois à relativiser au regard d'initiatives enseignantes individuelles qui peuvent être prises. CONCLUSION
La présente recherche avait pour objet de déterminer en quoi l'identité particulière des descendants de harkis a influencé la transmission de la langue à leurs enfants actuellement scolarisés à l'école primaire. Ce sujet présupposait donc qu'une identité particulière des descendants de harkis existe. Si cette identité était vivace lors de l'arrivée en France métropolitaine des premiers harkis, cette recherche a permis de constater que sa force s'atténue au fur et à mesure des générations. L'étude permet également d'observer que la langue est un élément prépondérant de cette identité. Il semble toutefois que la volonté de perpétuer l'identité harkie ne soit pas présente chez les sujets interrogés et que cela a un retentissement sur la transmission des langues arabe dialectal et kabyle. Les descendants de harkis ne se sentent pas appartenir à une communauté différente de la société française dans son ensemble. Les participantes sont soucieuses de regarder vers l'avenir, riches leur passé. Les résultats de cette recherche expliquent comment les questions d'identité et de langue sont liées. Pour la pratique enseignante cela me semble central. Les enseignants actuels ne peuvent ignorer la multitude des identités des élèves de leur école. L'identité des élèves comprend la langue qu'ils parlent en dehors de l'école. J'ai également réalisé que l'Ecole ne semble pas inclure, dans les programmes actuels, la nécessité de connaître l'identité des élèves et d'inclure dans les pratiques enseignantes leurs propres connaissances telles que leurs connaissances linguistiques. Cela m'amène à réfléchir sur ma propre conception du métier. Il me semble primordial de connaître mes élèves pour faire de leurs compétences une force pour les apprenti s de chacun. Il est me semble important de mettre en valeur leurs atouts pour éviter d'ostraciser certaines pratiques. Ainsi, ne pouvant enseigner toutes les langues d'origine des élèves, je souhaite réfléchir à la manière dont on peut les prendre en compte. A l'école maternelle, les programmes visent ainsi explicitement l'éveil aux langues. Cette ouverture est nécessaire et doit être un moment privilégié pour accueillir et comprendre les différents élèves. Cette pratique pourrait facilement se perpétuer dans les degrés supérieurs afin d'enrichir la pratique enseignante tout en favorisant les chances de tous les élèves.
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Saint-Nicolas, Canada : Les Presses de l'Université de Laval. Décrets, lois, arrêtés, circulaires Arrêté du 18 février 2015 fixant le programme d'enseignement de l'école maternelle, Bulletin officiel spécial n°2 du 26 mars 2015. Arrêté du 9 novembre 2015 fixant les programmes d'enseignement du cycle des apprentissages fondamentaux (cycle 2), du cycle de consolidation (cycle 3) et du cycle des approfondissements (cycle 4), Bulletin officiel spécial n°11 du 26 novembre 2015. Arrêté du 17 juillet 2018 modifiant l'arrêté du 9 novembre 2015 fixant les programmes d'enseignement du cycle des apprentissages fondamentaux (cycle 2), du cycle de consolidation (cycle 3) et du cycle des approfondissements (cycle 4), Bulletin officiel du 26 juillet 2018. Mémoires ou thèses de doctorat non publiées
Barontini, A. (2013). Locuteurs de l'arabe maghrébin - langue de France : une analyse sociolinguistique des représentations, des pratiques langagières et du processus de transmission. Thèse de doctorat en Langues, littératures et sociétés non publiée, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales- INALCO PARIS - LANGUES O', Paris. Boyer, C. (2012). Prendre en compte la diversité des langues à l'école maternelle : expérimentation d'une séquence en petite section. Mémoire de master 2 recherche en Français Langue Etrangère non publié, Université Stendhal Grenoble 3, Grenoble. Khemache, K. (2007-2008). 1975, La révolte harkie, l'émergence de la seconde génération. Mémoire de master 2 recherche en Histoire des mondes modernes et contemporains non publié, Université Michel de Montaigne Bordeaux 3, Bordeaux. 42 Kydjian, M. (2016). Mémoires croisées : retour sur l'expérience coloniale et la guerre d'indépendance à travers trois générations d'"Algériens", "Harkis" et "Pieds Noirs". Thèse de doctorat en Sociologie non publiée, Université de Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, Toulouse. Istanbullu, S. & Léglise, I. (2014). Transmission de langues minoritaires dans la migration : le cas de communautés arabo-turco
. (Rapport UMR 8202 SEDYL). Paris, France : Observatoire des pratiques linguistiques, CNRS, INALCO, IRD. Maël, F. & Schwartz A. (1991). Capturing Temperament Constructs With Objective Biodata. (Rapport technique 939). Alexandria, Etats-Unis d'Amérique : U.S. Army Research Institute for the behavioral and social sciences. Pages Web Bachelet, R. (2014). Recueil, analyse & traitement de données : Le questionnaire. En ligne http://rb.eclille.fr/l/Analyse_de_donnees/Methodologie_Conception_et_administration _de_questionnaires.pdf. Consulté le 25 février 2019. Connac, S. (2017). Réaliser une analyse de contenu catégorielle. En ligne https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNWq9-IkYvA. Consulté le 25 février 2019. Derder, P. (2019). L'immigration algérienne en France. En ligne sur le site du Musée de l'histoire de l'immigration http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/dossiers- thematiques/caracteristiques-migratoires-selon-les-pays-d-origine/l-immigration-algerienne. Consulté le 9 février 2019. Dictionnaire Larousse (2019). Identité. En ligne sur le site du dictionnaire Larousse https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/identité/41420. Consulté le 13 février 2019. 43 Eduscol (2018). Les enjeux du travail de mémoire. En ligne http://eduscol.education.fr/cid74026/les-enjeux-du-travail-de-memoire.html. Consulté le 24 avril 2019. Harkisdordogne (2013). C'est quoi un harki! (pour les nuls). En ligne sur le site de l'association des Harkis de Dordogne http://www.harkisdordogne.com/, consulté le 2 février 2019. INSEE (2018). Immigrés, étrangers. En ligne sur le site de l'INSEE https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3633212. Consulté le 9 février 2019.
44 ANNEXES Sommaire P. 46 Annexe 2 : Questionnaire adressé aux enseignants P.51 Anne xe 3 : Analyse de l'entretien de Fatiha H. P. 53 Annexe 4 : Analyse de l'entretien de Fatiha K. P.81 Annexe 5 : Questionnaire complété le 25 mars par la directrice de l'école privée Saint-Joseph P.113
Annexe 6 : Analyse de l'entretien réalisé par téléphone le 18 avril 2019 avec le directeur de l'école publique Frescatis
P
. 115 45 ANNEXE 1 : Guide d'entretien Guide d'entretien semi-directif
Question de départ : la complexité de l'identité harkie a-t-elle une influence sur la transmission de la langue arabe dialectale? Hypothèse : l'histoire douloureuse des harkis et notamment leur double rejet par leur région de départ, l'Algérie, par leur pays d'arrivée la France et ensuite par une partie de la communauté algérienne issue de l'immigration arrivée en France aurait amené les harkis et leurs descendants à refuser la transmission de la langue arabe dialectale. I Introduction Etudiante en master 2 de Métier de l'enseignement, de l'éducation et de la formation à Montpellier en vue de devenir professeur des écoles, je réalise une recherche sur l'influence de l'identité sur la transmission de la langue, en particulier au sein de familles issues d'ascendant harki. Je vous ai sollicité car vous avez dans votre ascendance un combattant harki. Durant cet entretien d'environ 30 minutes, je tacherai de vous poser des questions ouvertes afin de connaître votre propre expérience et vous permettre d'exprimer votre point de vue. Nous aborderons des questions sur votre vie actuelle, sur l'histoire de votre famille et sur votre rapport aux langues. Cet entretien sera anonymisé, je serai la seule personne à connaître votre identité et je m'engage à ne pas la communiquer, sauf à votre demande expresse. II Thème 1 : Renseignements sur l'interviewé - Quel
votre âge
?
- Dans quelle ville êtes-vous né(e)? - Dans quelle ville et dans quel lieu avez-vous grandi? - Vous êtes vous né(e)s ou bien avez-vous habité dans un camp harki? Si oui : pouvez-vous me décrire cette période de votre histoire personnelle? Si non : vos parents, grands-parents ont-ils habité dans un camp harki? - Si oui : o combien? o quel âge a-t-il? / ont-ils? 46 o En quelle classe est-il/sont-ils scolarisés? o Dans quelle école? - Une ou plusieurs personnes de votre famille étaient -elles un combattant harki? Si oui préciser le lien de parenté : - Souhaitez-vous préciser une information importante concernant votre situation personnelle à prendre en compte pour le thème de cet entretien?
III Thème 2 : Histoire et identité 1. Connaissance de l'histoire harkie
. - Connaissez-vous l'histoire des combattants harkis et de leur famille? Si oui : par quels moyens l'avez-vous connue? o Une personne de votre famille? de votre entourage? ▪ Dans ce cas, pouvez-vous précisez votre lien? ▪ Pouvez-vous me relater ce dont vous vous rappeler de ce ou ces récits? o En vous étant informé par vous-même? ▪ Dans ce cas par quel moyen? - Qui a été à l'initiative de cet apprentissage de l'histoire? - Quelle réaction avez-vous eu lors de cet apprentissage? - Pouvez-vous me raconter ce que vous connaissez de l'histoire des combattants harkis et de leur famille? 2.
Identité personnelle et familiale a. Rapport personnel aux différentes cultures - Vous sentez-vous appartenir à la communauté harkie? - Suivez-vous les commémorations organisées en mémoire des combattants harkis? - Connaissez-vous l'association des harkis du pays du saint ponais? Si oui : en êtes- vous membre ou êtes-vous en contact avec des membres? 47 - Vous sentez-vous appartenir à la culture française? - Selon vous, quel regard porte la société française sur la question harki? - Comment le décririez-vous? - Vous sentez-vous parfois regardé ou traité différemment dans votre quotidien du fait de vos origines? - Quel est votre lien avec l'Algérie? - Quel est votre sentiment sur le regard que porte la société algérienne sur la question harki? - Comment le décririez-vous? - Avez-vous déjà voyagé en Algérie? Si oui : avez-vous ressenti un traitement particulier lié à vos origines? Si oui lequel? - Avez-vous déjà ressenti un regard ou traitement particulier de la part de personnes issues de l'immigration algérienne en France? Si oui, pouvez-vous précisez dans quelle circonstance, la personne concernée et le traitement observé? - Ressentez-vous un lien avec l'Algérie actuelle? avec les personnes issues de l'immigration algérienne? o Si oui lequel? o Si non pourquoi? b. Ident
ité familiale
- Votre famille évoque-t-elle souvent la question harkie? Si oui pouvez vous préciser de quelle manière et dans quelles circonstances? - Votre famille revendique-t-elle son appartenance à la communauté harkie? Si oui de quelle façon? Si non, quelles en sont, selon vous, les raisons? - Quel s sont pour vous les manifestations de l'identité particulière des harkis dans le quotidien de votre famille et dans votre propre quotidien? - Avez-vous déjà évoqué la question harkie avec vos enfants? Si oui : 48 o Quel âge avaient vos enfants? o De quelle manière et dans quelles circonstances? o Que leur avez-vous dit? o Pourquoi l'avoir fait? - D'autres personnes ont-elles évoqué cette question avec vos enfants? Si oui : o Quelles sont ces personnes? o Dans quel contexte? o De quelle manière?
IV Thème 3 : la question des langues a. II Thème 1 : Renseignements sur l'interviewé
Dans quelle école enseignez-vous? Depuis combien de temps enseignez-vous dans cette école? A quel niveau de classe enseignez-vous ou avez-vous déjà enseigné?
III Thème 2 : Scolarisation de descendants de harkis dans l'école
Avez-vous déjà eu des élèves descendants de harkis? Si oui, pouvez-vous estimer le nombre de ces enfants? Avez-vous actuellement des élèves scolarisés dans votre classe ou dans votre école qui sont descendants de harkis? Si oui : comment avez-vous su qu'ils étaient descendants de harkis? Si oui : combien et quel âge ont-ils?
IV Thème 3 : Identité et transmission de la langue
Si vous avez déjà eu ou avez actuellement des enfants descendants de harkis dans votre école. Quels rapports, que vous avez pu observer, entretiennent-ils avec leurs origines? 51 Dans quelles circonstances, pouvez-vous préciser? (par exemple : en ont-ils parlé spontanément ou bien lors d'une occasion particulière) Semblent-ils avoir des connaissances sur l'histoire de leur famille? Quelle(s) langue(s) parlent-ils avec leur camarade? Quelle(s) langue(s) parlent-ils avec d'éventuels autres enfants descendants de harkis? Quelle(s) langue(s) parlent-ils avec leur famille? Vous êtes-vous appuyé sur les langues parlées par ces élèves dans le cadre de votre enseignement en langue étrangère?
V Thème 4 : La réception de l'identité harkie par l'école et les élèves?
Avez-vous déjà évoqué l'histoire des harkis dans le cadre de votre enseignement? Votre école a- t-elle participé à des commémorations en lien avec l'histoire des harkis? Si oui avez-vous utilisé cette participation dans le cadre de votre enseignement? Quelle a été la réaction de leurs camarades? - Enquêteur : Bonjour, c'est Anne-Sophie. Vous allez bien? - Fatiha H. : Oui, et vous? - Enquêteur : Oui, bien. Je ne vous dérange pas? - Fatiha H. : Non. - Enquêteur : C'est gentil, merci beaucoup de prendre un petit peu de temps. Est-ce cela ne vous dérange pas si j'enregistre? Parce que comme je ne vais pas avoir le temps de marquer toutes les réponses, j'aurai du mal à tout noter en même temps. Comme ça, je réécouterai si j'ai oublié de marquer des choses. - Fatiha H. : Oui, d'accord. - Enquêteur : Je vais vous poser quelques questions, comme je vous avais expliqué. C'est dans le cadre de mon Master. Je fais une recherche sur les langues, en particulier sur les descendants de Harkis. On va essayer de s'entretenir une demiheure. On peut faire moins ou plus en fonction de vos réponses. Dans mon mémoire, je ne cite pas votre nom, c'est anonyme. Ce sont juste les réponses qui m'intéressent. On peut commencer, cela vous va? 53 - Fatiha H. : Oui. - Enquêteur : Est-ce que vous pouvez vous présenter? Je sais deux ou trois choses sur vous. - Fatiha H. : Je m'appelle Fatia Hatchane. J'ai 46 ans. Je suis enfant de Harki. - Enquêteur : Rubrique : Présentation Thème : Le sujet indique son âge, sa situation familiale, son lieu de naissance Enoncé : La personne met en avant le fait que ses deux parents étaient harkis C'est votre papa ou votre maman? Votre papa, j'imagine? - Fatiha H. : Les deux. Mon père étai t Harki. Ils ont été rapatriés en même temps. - Enquêteur : Vous m'avez dit que vous avez des enfants. - Fatiha H. : Deux enfants. Une fille en cinquième et un garçon en CM2. - Enquêteur : D'accord. Vous êtes née dans quelle ville? Sur le territoire français? - Fatiha H. : Je suis née en Corse. - Enquêteur : Rubrique : Lieu d'enfance du sujet Thème : Le sujet indique qu'elle est née en Corse puis est venue à Saint-Pons sans transiter par le camp harkis, directement dans des HLM Enoncé : Le sujet met en avant le fait que les HLM était à l'écart de la ville de St Pons Pas à Saint-Pons, mais en Corse. C'était un camp particulier comme à Saint-Pons? 54 - Fatiha H. : Oui, un camp de Harkis. - Enquêteur : Vous êtes restés longtemps dans ce camp? - Fatiha H. : Je suis née en 1973. On y est resté jusqu'en 1978. - Enquêteur : Et après, vous êtes venus à Saint-Pons. Dans le camp ou rien à voir? - Fatiha H. : Non, il n'y avait plus le camp. En fait, ils ont rapatrié tous les Harkis qui étaient dans le camp, parce que sur Saint-Pons, ils avaient construit des HLM et ils les ont tous rapatriés dans Saint-Pons. - Enquêteur : Oui, à Saint-Pons même et pas dans le camp forestier. - Fatiha H. : Oui, à Saint-Pons, mais à l'écart de Saint-Pons en fait. - Enquêteur : Les HLM étaient à l'écart de Saint-Pons. - Fatiha H. : Oui, les HLM étaient à l'écart de Saint-Pons. 55 - Enquêteur : D'accord. Dans votre famille, c'étaient vos parents qui étaient Harkis. Il n'y avait pas d'autres personnes, oncles et tantes? - Fatiha H. : En fait, non. Il n'y avait que mon père qui a été rapatrié avec sa femme, ma soeur qui avait un an, et ma grand-mère, la maman de mon papa. Un de ses frères qui était plus jeune, mais qui n'était pas Harki.
Rubrique : Membres de la famille Thème : Le sujets indiquent quels membres de sa famille ont été rapatriés Enoncé
: Le sujet indique que seuls quelques membres de sa famille ont été rapatriés et sous entends que d'autres ne l'ont pas été - Enquêteur : Mais ils l'ont rapatrié comme c'était la même famille. D'accord. Vous avez une soeur, est-ce que vous avez d'autres frères et soeurs? - Fatiha H. : Oui. En fait, nous sommes sept enfants. - Enquêteur : Il n'y a que votre soeur qui est née avant le rapatriement. - Fatiha H. : Oui. - Enquêteur : Vous êtes restée jusqu'à cinq ans dans le camp harki. Est-ce que vous avez des souvenirs de ce camp? - Fatiha H. : Pas vraiment. Je me rappelle de l'école. Elle n'était pas loin du camp. Je me rappelle un peu des baraquements, des maisons préfabriquées. En fait, j'y suis retournée il y a quelques années.
Rubrique : Souvenir du camp Thème : Le sujet indique les souvenirs qui lui reste du camp Enoncé : Les
souvenir
s
du
sujet sont épar
s
, par quelques images 56 - Enquête
ur : Pour revoir. Il y a encore les installations? - Fatiha H. : Non, ils ont créé des maisons et il y a une ou deux familles de Harkis qui y sont restées. Rubrique : Visite du camp à l'âge adulte
Thème : Le sujet est retourné récemment en Corse voir le camp. Enoncé : Le sujet met en évidence que les installations de l'époque ont été transformées en maison et que seules 2 familles sont restées. Le contact a été recherché seulement dans la rue et n'a pas aboutit - Enquêteur : Vous avez pu leur parler?
- Fatiha H. : Non, on n'a vu personne. On n'est pas resté longtemps dans le village et on n'a vu personne. - Enquêteur : C'est dommage. Ils auraient pu vous raconter. Par rapport à votre situation personnelle, est-ce que vous avez des choses que vous pensez importantes à me dire? Sinon, on va passer aux autres questions. - Fatiha H. : Non, pas plus. - Enquêteur : Je pense que l'on a déjà bien creusé. Je vais vous poser des questions sur l'histoire, ce que vous en connaissez. C'est la thématique que nous allons aborder. Que savez-vous de l'histoire des Harkis et de leur famille? - Fatiha H. : Je sais ce que j'ai pu lire ou entendre. Et ce que mon père me racontait. Je sais que l'Algérie était française et qu'il y avait des Algériens, si l'on peut dire 57 - Enquêteur : Oui, puisque c'était français. - Fatiha H. : Qui ont fait leur service militaire, qui se sont engagés dans l'armée française, comme mon père.
Rubrique : Connaissance de l'histoire harki
Thème : Le sujet indique dans quel cadre son père est devenu harki Enoncé : Le sujet précise que son père était dans l'armée avant le déclenchement du confli t - Enquêteur : D'accord. C'était dans le cadre du service militaire. - Fatiha H. : Il a fait son service militaire et il s'est engagé dans l'armée. - Enquêteur : Il a poursuivi en carrière? - Fatiha H. : Oui. Il y a eu des événements en Algérie. Il était dans une unité de Harkas : ce sont des Algériens qui combattaient avec l'armée française. Dès que le cessez-le-feu a été signé, mon père m'a raconté qu'on les a désarmés et qu'il y a eu des exactions qui ont été faites contre les Harkis. Son commandant lui a dit qu'il ne fallait pas qu'il reste, parce qu'ils allaient le tuer, puisque tout le monde savait qu'il était engagé dans l'armée française. Il lui a dit qu'il fallait qu'il réunisse le peu d'affaires qu'il avait, le minimum, qu'il prenne sa famille et que le soir, ils allaient envoyer un camion de l'armée pour prendre les personnes qui voulaient bien partir.
Rubrique : Départ de l'Algérie Thème : Le
sujet
indique que le départ
de ses parents
est dû
à
l'initiative d'
un commandant
Enoncé
:
Le
sujet insiste sur
le fait
que le gouvernement français ne voulait pas
du transfert des
harkis
- En
quête
ur : C'était une initiative du commandant? 58 - Fatiha H. : Oui. - Enquêteur : De ce que l'on entend, on dit parfois qu'il n'y a pas eu un soutien énorme pour les Harkis. - Fatiha H. : Oui. Le gouvernement français ne voulait pas les rapatrier en France. Il les a laissés à leur sort. Il pensait qu'ils étaient Algériens et qu'ils devaient rester là-bas. - Enquêteur : Là,
c'est le commandant qui a pris cette initiative pour sa division. - Fatiha H. : Oui, parce qu'il voyait qu'il y avait des exactions qui commençaient à être commises. Le soir même, mon père m'a raconté qu'il allait partir. Il était allé voir ses collègues Harkis en leur disant que le soir, un camion allait venir pour les emmener en France, qu'il fallait qu'ils viennent, qu'ils allaient se faire tuer, qu'il fallait qu'ils partent parce qu'ils allaient sûrement les tuer. Ils ont refusé, et quelques heures après, en fait, ils avaient mis des bombes dans le café où ils étaient. - Enquêteur : Donc votre père est un survivant. Quand votre papa vous a-t-il raconté ça? - Fatiha H. : Il me l'a raconté vers l'âge de douze-treize ans. Il pensait peut-être que j'étais petite et que je ne comprenais pas. Moi, je lui demandais aussi ce qu'il s'était passé, pourquoi ils étaient venus
Rubrique : Connaissance de l'histoire harki
Thème : Le sujet indique quand elle a appris l'histoire de ses parents et sa réaction. Enoncé :
Le sujet précise que son père a attendu son adolescence pour lui raconter et 59 en France. qu'elle l'interrogeait fréquemment. - Enquêteur : Quand il vous l'a raconté, comment avez-vous réagi? Est-ce que vous vous rappelez? - Fatiha H. : Non, je ne me rappelle pas trop. Il me racontait tout ce qu'il avait fait, comment cela se passait pendant la guerre. - Enquêteur : Il a été précis. Il vous l'a raconté à douze treize ans, mais il vous a tout raconté. Il n'y a pas eu de secret. Vous m'avez dit que vous aviez lu des choses : vous vous êtes renseignée de votre côté? Vous avez essayé de creuser la question? - Fatiha H. : C'est bien cela, ils ont été abandonnés après le cessez-le-feu. Ils ont été désarmés. C'était à l'initiative des militaires français qu'ils ont été rapatriés. - Enquêteur : Vous avez appris l'histoire par vous-même. Estce que l'on vous l'a enseignée à l'école? - Fatiha H. : A l'école, on parle de la guerre d'Algérie, mais on ne rentre pas dans les détails. Il y a différentes situations dans les Harkis. Il y a des Harkis qui étaient engagés dans l'armée française, d'autres qui se sont engagés pendant les événements parce que des membres de leur famille ont été tués. D'autres parce que soit ils travaillaient pour des colons ou ils avaient des postes dans l'administration française, donc ils ont été menacés, emprisonnés et dès qu'ils ont pu, ils se sont enfuis.
Rubrique : Connaissance de l'histoire harki Thème : Le
sujet
précise comment elle a appris l'histoire harkie. Enoncé
:
Le sujet est imprécis
sur
ses
sources. L'
écol
e,
selon
elle, sur
vole
le sujet mais
n'
en
parle
pas
assez. Rubrique : Connaissance de l'histoire harki Thème : Le sujet revient sur les différentes voies d'engagement des harkis. |
bpt6k3040658z_3 | French-PD-Books | Public Domain | mai enfin le septième jour, qui fut un samedi du mois d’octobre de l’année 732, la bataille se donna, avec une très-grande perte pour les Sarrasins. Il ne faut pas croire néanmoins que le nombre de leurs morts ait été tel que plusieurs historiens hyperboliques l’ont débité. Abdérame resta sur la place : les débris de son armée se retirèrent plus aisément qu’ils n’avaient lieu de l’espérer. Le duc d’Aquitaine, que l’on a faussement accusé d’avoir attiré cette irruption, contribua extrêmement au gain de cette bataille. Il est étonnant qu’une journée de cette importance n’ait pas été bien décrite par les écrivains de ce temps-là, et que néanmoins les modernes aient osé en débiter tant de choses particulières. Jamais peut-être on n’a vu d’exemple d’une aussi longue suite de victoires et de grandes conquêtes que celle que l’on remarque dans l’histoire des Sarrasins. L’idée qu’un poète romain se faisait d’une vaste domination ne comprend qu’une partie de leur empire. La raison voulait qu’ils s’arrêtent et qu’ils ne s’arrêtent pas. Cela paraît contradictoire, et ne laisse pas d’être vrai. S’ils se fussent arrêtés, on aurait pu les en louer pour bien des raisons ; mais on eût aussi trouvé beaucoup de raisons de les en blâmer ; car on les eût accusés de faiblesse et d’imprudence ; on eût dit qu'ils n’avaient osé ni su profiter des occasions que la Providence leur mettait en main, et qu’avec un peu plus de hardiesse et de grandeur d’âme, ils auraient été en état de conquérir tout le monde. Voilà les Latins régnés avidum domandum Spiritum, qu’aux il n’auraient remotis Gadibus jungas, et ulteriorque Poenus Serviat uni. Horat. Od., II, lib. VII. Là est une médisance qui n'épargne jamais ceux qui font de grandes actions. Quand on ne peut point nier qu'ils les aient faites, on se retranche à dire que c’est peu de chose en comparaison de ce qu’un autre aurait fait dans un cas semblable ; on se dédommage par-là de l’aveu que l’on est contraint de faire. Les païens auraient appelé cela une critique de la Fortune, sur le mauvais choix de ceux à qui elle présente les occasions. Envers sa veuve. — Nous dirons ailleurs que la fille d’Odes, mariée à ce gouverneur de Cordoue, était la plus belle princesse de son temps, et qu’ayant été amenée à Abdérame après la mort de son mari, elle fut envoyée au calife. C’est un endroit sur lequel un historien sarrazin ne passerait pas aussi légèrement que nous faisons nous autres auteurs chrétiens. Il mettrait cela au-dessus de tout ce que les Grecs et les Romains ont publié, les uns à la gloire d’Alexandre, les autres à la gloire de Scipion. Alexandre se comporta chastement envers la femme et envers les filles de Darius, qui étaient devenues ses prisonnières. Scipion se contint à l’égard d’une jeune fille très belle qu’il avait en sa puissance, et la renvoya à l’homme de qualité auquel elle était fiancée. Un historien panégyriste trouverait dans les circonstances de la conduite d’Abdérame de qui lui donner la place d’honneur. Ce ne tenait qu’à lui de garder la veuve d’un chef rebelle : c’était une beauté extraordinaire ; cependant il n’y toucha pas. Si les Gascons résistèrent. — Les historiens les plus exacts remarquent qu’Abdérame entra en France par le pays qui est entre la Garonne et l’Océan, et que ce pays était alors sous la domination du duc des Gascons, et non pas sous celle du duc d’Aquitaine. Ils ne parlent point du siège d’Arles, que M. Moréri fait faire au général des Sarrasins avant que de l’envoyer à leur secours dans l’Aquitaine, et avant que de le rendre maître du Languedoc, du Rouergue, etc. 30 ABDÉR sont des brouilleries d’autant plus glandes, qu’il est sûr que les Sarrasins étaient maîtres du Languedoc avant qu’Abdérame eût passé les Pyrénées. Le chemin qu’il tint me servira ci-dessous à la justification du duc d’Aquitaine. Les brouilleries d’Augustin Curion sont encore plus confuses; il veut qu’Abdérame soit entré en France avant la mort de Munuza; qu’il y ait gagné une bataille contre Eudes: qu’y étant retourné après la mort de Munuza, il ait passé le Rhône, et fait un carnage horrible à Arles; qu’après cela il ait mis le siège devant Toulouse sans la prendre, puis devant Bordeaux avec tout le succès qu’il aurait pu souhaiter, et qu’enfin il ait pillé et brûlé à Tours l’église Saint-Martin. Une sanglante bataille sur Eudes. La perte des chrétiens fut telle, si nous en croyons Isidore, évêque de Badajoz, que Dieu seul sait le nombre des Français qui y moururent. Selon Mézerai, le duc Eudes se battit aussi courageusement qu’il se pouvait; mais à la fin il succomba avec une perle inestimable de ses gens. Je ne comprends point ce que veut dire M. de Cordemoi, que si Eudes eût attendu Charles Martel, comme il le devait attendre, les Sarrasins n’auraient jamais passé la Dordogne. Ne l’avaient-ils point passée avant que la bataille se donnât, et avant que Charles Martel eût passé la Loire? À quoi pouvait donc servir de l’attendre pour empêcher le passage de la Dordogne? Il fallait dire que, si Eudes eût attendu Charles Martel, il eût empêché les Sarrasins de se répandre dans la Saintonge et dans le Poitou; parce qu’en ce cas-là il n’aurait point perdu la bataille qu’il perdit, et qu’ayant toutes ses troupes, il aurait pu tenir l’armée ennemie en respect à la faveur des postes avantageux qu’il aurait choisis. Conservant, histor. Sarracen., lib. IV, pages 3 et 4. Isidorus Pacensis, Chronic. Mézerai, Abrégé Chronologique. Tom. I, page 192. Cordemoi, Histoire de France, page. Eudes ne recula point, quand il sut qu'Abdérame avait passé la Dordogne: il le combattit. Cordemoi, la même. AME. ainsi ses troupes jusqu'à l’arrivée de Charles, il rendait la défaite entière des Sarrasins plus probable, en quelque province qu’on les rencontrât. Il serait peut-être difficile de décider si l’ardeur qui empêcha Eudes de fuir la bataille est plus digne de censure que le flegme et que la grave lenteur avec laquelle Charles marcha vers la Loire. C’étaient deux hommes qui jouaient au plus fin. Eudes souhaitait de vaincre sans Charles Martel, et celui-ci n’était pas fâché que les Sarrasins désolassent l’Aquitaine et battissent les troupes d’Eudes. Cela le délivrait des obstacles qu’il craignait de ce côté-là pour son grand dessein de se faire roi, et la gloire d’avoir délivré la France devait croître à proportion que ce rival y aurait eu une moindre part. Il y a des écrivains espagnols qui disent qu’Eudes fut battu entre la Garonne et la Dordogne. M. de Mézerai a eu de meilleurs mémoires quand il a écrit que Eudes n’avait osé attendre les Sarrasins au-delà des rivières, mais s’était retiré en-deçà de la Dordogne; et là, s’étant réconcilié avec Martel, il assemblait ses troupes, attendant qu’il le vînt joindre avec celles des Français. Abdérame ne lui en donna pas le temps; et, poussant toujours en avant, passa la rivière pour l’attaquer dans son camp. Le duc l’attendit de pied ferme, et se battit aussi courageusement qu’il se pouvait. Ceci montre que ce n’est pas tant de son impatience qu’il se faut plaindre que de la patience de Charles Martel. De l’année 782. N’est-il pas bien étrange qu’une victoire comme celle-ci n’ait pu échapper aux variations chronologiques? Catel la met sous l’an 725, dans la page 532 de ses Mémoires; mais, dans la page 531 (l'intervalle n’est pas bien grand), il la pose sous l’an 727. L’année après, dit-il, qui fut l’an sept cent vingt-huit, Eudes, duc d’Aquitaine, mourut. Calvisius, en citant les Annales de Fulde, la pose sous l’an 726. Le père Petau la pose sous l'an 725. C’était autrefois la foule des écrivains qui prenaient ou l’an 755, ou l’an 726; mais depuis quelque temps on se range à l’an 732. C’est là que le père Labbé, Mézerai, Cordier, etc., s’en tiennent avec les Annales de Metz, et les plus anciennes chroniques. Le nombre de leurs morts ait été tel. On le fait monter communément à 370 ou 375 mille, et celui des Français à quinze cents. C’est la supposition d’Anastase le bibliothécaire; c’est celle de Paul Diacre, et de plusieurs autres historiens; mais on ne s’y fie plus. Mézerai dit nettement qu’il n’y avait en toute l’armée des Sarrasins que quatre-vingt ou cent mille hommes. Il faut bien se souvenir qu’ils se battirent jusqu’à la nuit, sans lâcher le pied, et que le lendemain on ne les poursuivit pas quand on eut su qu’ils avaient marché toute la nuit. Or il serait presque impossible de faire un si prodigieux carnage sur des gens qui tiennent bon; une tuerie de tant de milliers de soldats ne se fait qu’à la poursuite des fuyards, lorsqu’on ne donne nul quartier. Puisque ce fut la nuit qui sépara les combattants, il faut regarder comme un conte romanesque ce qu’on lit dans du Haillan, que le roi Abdérame, et presque tous les principaux des siens, furent trouvés entre les grands monceaux des morts, seulement élevés de la presse qui recula sur eux. S’il y avait eu alors des nouvellistes hebdomadaires, on eût couru moins de risque de se tromper en jugeant du nombre des Sarrasins selon les gazettes qui auraient précédé la bataille, qu’en prenant pour règle les relations du combat. Pendant la marche de ces barbares, les nouvellistes autorisés, ou même gagés du public, auraient représenté leur armée comme peu nombreuse, et ils l’auraient affaiblie de jour en jour par les désertions et par les maladies qu’ils y auraient fait régner. Après la victoire, ils se seraient ravivés; ils auraient appris de bonne main que cette armée était innombrable. On pourrait donc être trompé et par les gazettes antérieures et par les postérieures; mais s’il y avait à noter la relation écrite par Eudes au pape Grégoire II. Voyez ci-dessous la remarque K. choisir, je conseillerais, à tout hasard, de se fier plutôt aux premières qu’aux dernières. Se retirèrent plus aisément qu’ils n’avaient lieu de l’espérer. Pour rectifier les idées qu’on se forme populairement de cette grande victoire, il est bon de considérer ce que les historiens les plus exacts en ont dit : « Les Sarrasins eurent beau lancer des traits, les écus des Français, passés les uns sur les autres, les encadrèrent ; et quand les Sarrasins vinrent l’épée à la main, tout leur effort, ne pouvant ébranler un si grand corps et si bien uni, ne servit qu’à les rompre eux-mêmes. Charles, qui savait prendre ses avantages, ne manqua pas en cet état de les faire charger : il en fut tué un prodigieux nombre par les Français, qui combattirent toujours fort serrés. Abdérame même demeura sur la place ; mais la nuit survenant mit fin au combat, sans que Charles connût tous ses avantages. Il ne voulut pas qu’on suivît les restes de l’armée des Sarrasins, pour éviter les embûches qui sont toujours à craindre quand les ennemis sont en grand nombre. Il fit même retirer ses soldats en ordre, et l’épée haute, dans leur camp, où ils passèrent la nuit; et dès le point du jour il les remit en bataille à la vue du camp des ennemis. On y voyait tant de pavillons, que, bien que le champ où l’on avait combattu le jour précédent fût tout couvert de corps de Sarrasins, Charles avait sujet de croire qu’ils avaient encore un grand nombre de soldats sous leurs tentes, et pensait qu’ils allaient sortir ; mais enfin, après avoir longtemps attendu, on s’aperçut qu’ils avaient abandonné leur camp, et des espions vinrent donner avis qu’ils avaient marché toute la nuit vers la Septimanie. Abdérame avantage (19). Te veux croire qu’il était, comme tant d’autres, plus habile à vaincre qu’à profiter de la victoire; mais qui sait s’il ne trouva pas à propos de laisser retirer tranquillement les Sarrasins, afin qu’ils fussent plus capables de ruiner le duc d’Aquitaine, qu’il regardait comme un dangereux ennemi ? Quelle peine lui et son fils Pépin n’eurent-ils pas à subjuger cette famille ! Elle fut la dernière qui cessa de flécher le genou devant ces usurpateurs. Au reste, le mauvais succès d’Abdérame n’empêcha pas ses successeurs de revenir quelques années après, et de faire bien du mal. Jamais accusation n’a été plus contraire aux apparences que celle-ci. Premièrement, Eudes avait marié sa fille avec le gouverneur de Cerdaigne, afin de l’engager à une guerre civile qui empêchât les Sarrasins de passer les monts; son beau-fils avait péri malheureusement dans cette entreprise, et sa fille, tombée au pouvoir d’Abdérame, avait été envoyée au calife des Sarrasins. En second lieu, on ne voit point qu’Eudes ait fait aucune démarche pour faciliter l’entrée de ces gens-là : il ne leur donna point de passage sur ses terres ; ce fut par le pays du duc des Gascons qu’ils entrèrent dans les Gaules, et qu’ils s’avancèrent jusqu’à Bordeaux. De plus, on ne voit point que les Sarrasins aient eu aucune sorte de ménagement pour les terres du duc d’Aquitaine; ils le traitèrent en ennemi depuis le commencement jusqu’à la fin, bien loin de lui restituer quelque chose de ce qu’ils lui avaient ôté dans leurs précédentes expéditions, comme il serait arrivé sans doute s’il avait négocié avec eux pour l’entreprise d’Abdérame. Enfin, quelle nécessité y avait-il que quelqu’un sollicitât ce général à venir en France ? Les Sarrasins n’y étaient-ils pas déjà entrés? N’avaient-ils point déjà pris Narbonne, Carcassonne, et ne s’étaient-ils point déjà étendus jusqu’au Rhône ? L’expédition d’Abdérame ne fut que l'aboutissement d'une politique menée par les Sarrasins depuis de nombreuses années. L'EMPEREUR, qu'une suite de ce que ses prédécesseurs avaient si bien commencé; il voulut continuer leurs conquêtes au-delà des monts, et, afin de donner du relief à ses entreprises, il ne voulut point suivre une route déjà tracée. Il alla prendre le passage des Pyrénées du côté de la Biscaye: c'était le moyen de conquérir dès le premier pas; mais, s’il avait pris la route du Roussillon, comme autrefois Annibal, il serait entré d’abord dans une province déjà conquise. Et pour ce qui est de ce grand nombre d’annalistes qui ont diffamé là-dessus le duc d’Aquitaine, il ne saurait balancer des raisons qui le justifient; car ce sont des gens dont les derniers ne font presque que copier les premiers, et ceux-ci avaient puisé dans une tradition qui devait son origine aux artifices de la cabale de Charles Martel. Cette cabale, pour bien des raisons, devait imputer au parti contraire une intelligence avec les ennemis de la religion et de l’état. Vous ne verrez point qu’un Isidore de Badajoz, un Sébastien de Salamanque, un Roderic de Tolède, et tels autres historiens espagnols, dégagés des impressions de cette cabale, accusent Eudes d’avoir attiré les Sarrasins. Or, voyez ce que c’est que de naître heureux. Je crois que Charles Martel n’avait pas attiré ces infidèles; néanmoins les soupçons en devaient tomber sur lui plutôt que sur Eudes, puisque c’était Eudes qui devait être le premier accablé, et que Charles avait lieu de croire que, pendant que les Sarrasins le délivreraient d’un si redoutable ennemi, il se préparerait à les repousser, et que le bonheur de les vaincre lui abrégerait beaucoup le chemin du trône. Voilà de grandes prises pour les malins interprètes de la conduite des grands; et néanmoins Charles n’a point été soupçonné d’intelligence avec Abdérame. Il y a quelques historiens qui ne disent pas qu’il combattit ce jour-là avec Martel; mais d’autres le disent expressément. Voici les paroles de Paul Diacre: "Ocindè post decem annos, cum universis et parulis venientes, (il parle des Sarrasins), Aquitania Galliceprovinciaus" quasi habitaturi ingressi sunt. Carolus et Clemens, Aquitaine princeps, tum discordiam habebant; qui tamen in unum se conjungebant contra eosdem Saracenos, particulari consilio dimicarent; nam irruentes Franci super eos, trecenta septuaginta quinque milia Saracenorum interemerunt, ex Francorum vero partem mille et quingenti tantum ibi ceciderunt, Eudo quoque cum suis super eos irruens, pari modo multos interjiciens onmia devastavit it. Reginon a parlé aussi de la réconciliation de Charles et d’Eudes : il a dit qu’elle fut faite avant la bataille, et qu'après cela ils attaquèrent de concert les Sarrazins. Si l'on considère le partage de la gloire de cette journée entre ces deux chefs, il semble ne vouloir donner à Eudes que l'avantage d'avoir forcé le camp des Sarrazins, et d'avoir abîmé les débris de leur armée; Eudo quoque reconciliatus castra Saracenorum irrupit, et reliquias eorum contrivit. Roderic, archevêque de Tolède, nous fournira une bonne preuve; car il dit que les plus grandes forces de Charles Martel étaient composées d’Allemands, de Goths et de Français, qui étaient restés à Eudes après la bataille que les Sarrazins gagnèrent près de la Dordogne. N’oublions pas la lettre qu’Eudes écrivit au pape Grégoire II, où il lui fit un récit de la bataille. Marianus Scotus et Othon de Frisingen parlent de cette lettre. Anastase le bibliothécaire en parle aussi; et ce qu’il y a de bien singulier, c’est qu’il donne toute la gloire de l’action au duc d’Aquitaine, sans dire quoi que ce soit de Charles Martel; et, pour ce qui est du nombre des morts, 370,000 du côté des Sarrazins, et 15,000 du côté des Français. Il en donne pour son garant cette lettre d’Eudes, d’où il tire une particularité assez burlesque : c’est que le jour de la bataille, Eudes fit hacher en petits morceaux trois éponges bénites, que le pape lui avait envoyées, de celles qui servaient à l'usage de la table, et en donna à manger à ses soldats, ce qui leur porta. Histor. Longob., lib. VI, cap. XLVI. aptd Catel, Mémoires du Languedoc, p. 530. Roderic, Histor. Arabum, dans les Mémoires de Catel, page 534. Dan. les Mémoires de Catel de l’Histoire du Languedoc, page 535. tant de bonheur, qu’aucun de ceux qui en mangèrent ne fut ni tué ni blessé. Pour entendre cet usage de la table, souvenez-vous de ces paroles de Martial : Haec libens sorti dalus tergenda spongia mensis Vilitis. Les modernes ont osé en débiter tant de choses particulières. Je me servirai de la judicieuse réflexion de l’historien qui m’a servi de principal guide dans cet article. L’on ne peut trop remarquer, dit-il, cette journée, et l’on ne peut assez blâmer les anciens annalistes de n’avoir rapporté aucune circonstance d'une action si mémorable. Mais, d’un autre côté, quand on aime un peu la vérité, on a peine à excuser ce que des auteurs modernes, dont le mérite est grand d'ailleurs, ont écrit de cette bataille. Ils en parlent comme s'ils avaient été présents à tous les conseils, et comme s’ils avaient vu tous les mouvements des deux armées ; ils décrivent, non seulement les armes des Français et des Sarrasins, mais la manière dont Charles et Abdérame rangèrent leurs troupes. Ils apportent de longues harangues remplies de choses qui ne sont ni vraies, ni convenables ; ils disent de quelles ruses se servit Abdérame, l'adresse dont Charles en évita l'effet, et achèvent par la description des postures différentes où on trouva les corps de ceux qui demeurèrent sur le champ de bataille, sans oublier la plainte des mourants, et les louanges que les chevaliers de l’armée de France, c’est-à-dire, Charles et Oudes, se donnèrent l’un à l’autre. Il cite en marge Paul Émile et Fauchet. ABDÈRE, mignon d’Hercule. Voyez la remarque de l’article suivant. ABDÈRE, ville maritime de Thrace, proche de l'embouchure du Nestus. Il y en a qui veulent que la sœur de Diomède l’ait bâtie, et qu’elle lui ait donné son nom; mais qu’en la récite Hérodote, livre VII, chapitre CIX, CXXV. Solin, chapitre X. Verrez aussi Mélave, livre II, chapitre II. TOME I. ABDÈRE. prière, ceux de Clazomènes la rebâtirent, et lui firent porter le leur. Si l’on en croit Hérodote, ils ne firent qu’en jeter les fondements, sous la conduite de Timésius: on les chassa, on rendit nulle leur entreprise; et ce sont les Téiens qui, à proprement parler, bâtirent Abdère, lorsque, se voyant près de tomber entre les mains d’Harpagus, lieutenant de Cyrus, ils aimèrent mieux abandonner leur patrie que de se voir sous la domination des barbares. Ils s’embarquèrent donc tous, et allèrent achever ce que Timésius n’avait fait que commencer. Il en courut un proverbe qu’Érasme n’a pas trop bien entendu: "Je ne parle pas de l’opinion qui attribue à Hercule la fondation de cette ville": il vaut mieux se souvenir de quelques singularités qu’on a débitées touchant Abdère. Les pâturages des environs avaient une telle force, qu’ils donnaient la rage aux chevaux. Il y eut une si grande multitude de grenouilles et de rats dans cette ville, au temps de Cassander, roi de Macédoine, que les habitants furent contraints de se retirer ailleurs; mais il faut croire qu’ils y retournèrent bientôt, ou que d’autres allèrent occuper leur place. Les Abdérites ont été fort décriés du côté de l’esprit et du jugement; et néanmoins il est sorti beaucoup de grands hommes de leur ville: un Protagoras, un Démocrite, un Anaxarque, l’historien Hécatée, le poète Nicænetus, et plusieurs autres dont les catalogues des hommes illustres faisaient mention. Rien n'est plus étrange que la maladie qui régna pendant quelques mois dans Abdère, du temps de Lysimachus. C’était une fièvre chaude qui se dissipait au septième jour par quelque crise; mais elle causait un tel trouble dans l’imagination des malades, qu’elle les convertissait en comédiens. Ils ne faisaient que réciter des morceaux de tragédie, et surtout de l’Andromède d’Euripide, comme s’ils eussent été sur le théâtre: de sorte qu’on voyait dans toutes les rues je ne sais combien de ces acteurs pâles et maigres qui faisaient des exclamations tragiques. Cela dura jusqu’à l’hiver suivant, qui fut fort froid, et par-là plus propre à faire cesser cette rêverie. M. I! rait appeler en quelque manière auto du fé; car c'était sans doute un acte de religion. On dévouait une personne, et puis on l’assommait à coups de pierres. Je crois qu’il n’y a qu’Ovide qui en parle; il met cela entre les malédictions qu’il souhaite à son ennemi: Aut te devoveat certis Abdera diebus, Scaque devotum grandine plura pétant. Les commentateurs sont muets sur ce passage. Il faut qu’on ne trouve pas l’origine ni les circonstances de cette cérémonie. Je dirai ailleurs qu’il y avait dans Abdère un temple de Jason que Parménion fit détruire. Ovide, in Ibim, vers. 494. Dans l'article JASON. La sœur de Diomède l’ait bâtie. Il n’y a point d’homme qui puisse ajouter foi à M. Moretti sans être persuadé qu’Abdère, bâtie par les Téiens, a porté le nom de Diomède, qui en était roi, et que c’est Hérodote qui nous l’apprend. Or, ce n’est qu’un tas de mensonges: car, en premier lieu, ce qui regarde Diomède est un fait du temps poétique; mais l’abandon de Téos par ses habitants, et leur retraite dans la Thrace, où ils bâtirent Abdère, est un fait du temps historique et qui se rapporte à la 59e olympiade. C’est donc une étrange bévue que de joindre ces deux choses de telle manière, qu’on met le temps de la fable après celui de la vérité. Si vous voulez suivre Hérodote touchant la construction d’Abdère par les Téiens, ne nous allez plus parler de Diomède, qui, en cas qu’il ait jamais été, était mort depuis plusieurs siècles; ou, si vous voulez parler de cet ancien roi de Thrace, avertissez-nous que vous rapportez une opinion différente de celle qui concerne les Téiens. En second lieu, Hérodote, quand il parle de la construction de cette ville, ne fait pas plus de mention de Diomède que du grand-turc. Enfin il n’est pas vrai qu’Abdère ait porté le nom de Diomède. Il fallait dire que, selon Solin, la sœur de Diomède l’avait bâtie et lui avait donné son nom, d’où M. de Saumaise a eu grand droit de conclure que cette sœur s’appelait Abdera. Il y a dans Goltzius une médaille où l’on voit une tête de femme, avec cette inscription ΑΒΑΗΠΑ ΚΟΠΑ. Nos plus savants médaillistes la rapportent à la sœur de Diomède, fondatrice d’Abdère. pas tant l’explication du proverbe que ce qu’il ajoute, que peut-être Cicéron a fait allusion à cela dans ses épîtres à Atticus. Il en cite deux endroits, dans lesquels il est visible que Cicéron ne parle d’Abdère que pour la représenter comme un lieu où les affaires se traitaient sottement, et sans raison. Mais si Erasme, qui s’est servi d’un « peut-être », ne laisse pas de mériter quelque censure, que dirons-nous de ce ton affirmatif de Moréri, Cicéron fait sans doute allusion ? Qu’en dirons-nous, lorsque nous saurons à quoi l’on rapporte cette allusion ? Ce n’est pas au fait qu’Érasme a conjecturé la faute serait plus légère ; c’est à un certain éclat qu’il est sûr que ceux de Clazomène, chassés de l’Asie, donnèrent à la ville d’Abdère, qui la rendit si célèbre, et qui donna l'occasion à ce proverbe des Grecs, « Abdère la belle. » Je le répète encore, il est visible que Cicéron ne se parle d’Abdère que pour en tourner en ridicule le gouvernement. C’est donc une grande faute que d’avoir dit qu’il fait sans doute allusion à l’éclat, à la gloire et à la beauté de cette ville. Mais, de plus, il n’est pas vrai que les Clazoméniens soient la cause de ce prétendu grand éclat qui fit naître le proverbe. J’avoue que, selon Solin, ils rebâtirent Abdère que le temps avait fait tomber en ruine, et qu’ils la firent plus grande qu’elle n’était : mais voilà tout ce que nous lisons d’eux ; et si l’on consulte Hérodote, on trouvera que les Thraces ne leur donnèrent pas même le temps de la bâtir. Après tout, n’est-il pas certain que Strabon rapporte expressément le proverbe aux Téiens, qui, pour n’être pas exposés à l’insolence des Perses, se réfugièrent à Abdère ? Le nom des Téiens n’est-il pas contenu dans le proverbe ? Outre cela, que Moréri nous dise un peu où il a trouvé que, quand les Clazoméniens vinrent bâtir cette ville dans la Thrace, on les avait chassés de l’Asie. Hérodote ni Solin n’en disent pas un seul mot. Enfin je ne vois personne qui n’entende le proverbe plutôt au désavantage qu’à l'avantage d’Abdère. Érasme même n’a point rejeté l’explication de Vadianus, quoique peu glorieuse à cette ville. Exilium Epist. XVI, lib. IV, et Epist. VII, lib. VII. convenire proverbium ubi quis fortunam tenue, sed cum libertate conjunctam, anteponit amplis opibus, sed obnoxius servituti. Cujus sententiae non rejicio; nam damnabilus est sibil derisorum aer, et item pascua. Voyez Isaac Vossius sur Pomponius Mela. Qui attribue à Hercule la fondation de cette ville. M. de Saumaise n’a prouvé, que par le témoignage de Tzétzès, que la fondation d’Abdère ait été attribuée à Hercule : il pouvait en donner un meilleur garant ; car nous apprenons d’Apollodore qu’Hercule, ayant enlevé les cavales de Diomède, fut averti que les Bistons avaient pris les armes ; que là-dessus il donna ces cavales à garder à un jeune homme qu’il aimait, nommé Abdère, et marcha contre les Bistons; qu’il en tua une partie; qu’il mit les autres en fuite ; qu’il tua aussi Diomède ; mais qu’à son retour il trouva que les cavales avaient mis Abdère en pièces ; qu’il bâtit une ville auprès du tombeau de ce jeune homme, et qu’il livra ces cavales à Eurysthée. Étienne de Byzance dit seulement que la ville d’Abdère fut ainsi nommée à cause d’Abdère, mignon d’Hercule; il ne dit point si ce fut Hercule qui la bâtit, ou si ce fut le jeune mignon. Ce dernier sentiment est rapporté par Marcien d'Héraclée. Le septième livre de Strabon, si on l’avait tout entier, déciderait peut-être la chose : les extraits que l’on en a marquent seulement que le nom de la ville d’Abdère est celui d’un homme qui fut mangé par les chevaux de Diomède. Remarquez qu’Hygin semble dire fort clairement qu’Abdère était un des domestiques de Diomède, et qu’il fut tué par Hercules. Page 135. Salmasii Exercitat. Plinian., page 160. Apollodori Biblioth., lib. II. ’Απόstvoι τούτο εικονίς ανδρός φύσει επιπονούμενος. Saumaise a fort bien dit qu'au lieu d'héroïque il faut lire Αχιλλεύς, qui est le nom que Apollodore (il dit Apollonius) a donné au mignon d’Hercule. Pinedo et Berkelius disent qu'il faut corriger ainsi; mais ils n’avaient pas que Saumaise l’avait remarqué avant eux. Le premier cite Apollonius, et n’a pas pris garde que c’était une faute d'impression, ou de mémoire, dans Saumaise pour Apollodore. On pouvait citer Philostrate. Apud Salmasii Exercit. Plinian. p. 60. ABDERE. 3 7 cule : Diomède, roi de Thrace, et des grenouilles ne s’emparassent maiquin quatuor ejus, qui carne humanâ gratia lui de tout un pays ? M. Moreri, l'escheantur cum Abdero famulo inqui apparemment n’avait jamais su factit (13). M. de Saumaise dit que l’on eût demandé raison de cette dessus qu’il ne faut point chercher peur à l’historien Justin, a fait tout l’uniformité dans les fables : il a raconté qu’il fallait pour lui épargner cette peine ; on trouve le blanc et le noir sur censure; car il déclare avoir Cassander les mêmes choses dans les écrivains du temps fabuleux ; mais peut-être qu’on pourrait dire qu’Hygin a voulu signifier qu’Hercule, secondé d’Abdère, tua ce cruel roi de Thrace qui nourrissait de chair humaine ses chevaux. Je ne garantis point ce sens. Vignère avait déjà remarqué l’opposition qui se trouve entre Hygin et Philostrate (14). On pouvait encore dire que ce dernier est très-différent d’Apollodore : car il veut (15) que Diomède ait abandonné Abdère à ses cavales ; qu’Hercule, allant délivrer son favori, l’ait trouvé à demi mangé ; et que, pour punir Diomède, il l’ait fait servir de nourriture à ses cavales (16). Philostrate ne veut point, comme Apollodore, qu’Hercule ait fait bâtir une ville auprès du sépulcre de son ami. Mais d’ailleurs Apollodore ne dit point, comme Philostrate, qu’Hercule ait ordonné des jeux ou des exercices en l’honneur d’Abdère. Je crois qu’il n’y a qu’un seul auteur (17) qui ait dit que Patrocle fut frère de cet Abdère. On prétend pouvoir prouver par les médailles que les Abdérites aimaient mieux rapporter le nom de leur ville à Abdéra, sœur de Diomède, qu’au mignon d’Hercule (18). De se retirer ailleurs. Justin dit que Cassander, ayant peur qu’ils n’envahissent la Macédoine, entra en traité avec eux, et les plaça sur les frontières. On s’est un peu moqué de cette peur de Cassander (19) ; lui qui faisait trembler toute la Grèce, pouvait-il craindre que les habitants d’une seule ville qui fuyaient des rats et (13) Hygin. Fab. XXX. (14)Vignère, Annot., sur le Sépulcre d’Abdère, de Philostrate. (15) Philostr. in Iconol. (16)Vignère dit faussement que Tatien dans son Discours contre les Gentils, dit qu’Hercule trouva Abdère demi-mangé. (17) Ptolém. Hephæst. recul les Abdéritains dans la Macédoine avec beaucoup de bonté. Ceux qui s’en fieront à son dictionnaire ne songeront pas à critiquer cet ancien historien. On ajoute que cette bonté de Cassander se déploya l’an 3650 du monde, selon la chronologie d’Eusèbe. Qui croirait, en lisant cela, qu’Eusèbe n’a pas dit un seul mot de cette action de Cassander, et qu’il ne compte point les temps selon les années du monde ? Venant au fond, je dis que, selon Justin, les Abdéritains furent placés par Cassander sur les frontières du pays avant qu’il tuât les fils d’Alexandre ; or, selon Calvisius, il acheva de s’en débarrasser l’an du monde 3641; ainsi la chronologie de notre homme est aussi fausse que la bonté de Cassander est contraire au seul historien qu’il a pu suivre. Qu’ils y retournèrent bientôt, etc.] Ce que Lucien rapporte de la maladie des Abdéritains arriva sous le règne de Lysimachus, et, par conséquent, est postérieur à l’aventure des grenouilles ; car, selon Justin, elle précéda le temps auquel Lysimachus et Cassander prirent la qualité de roi. Ajoutez à cela qu’au temps du dernier roi de Macédoine, la ville d’Abdère était assez florissante. Le préteur Lucius Hortensius la pilla ; mais sa conduite fut désapprouvée par le sénat romain, et la liberté fut rendue aux Abdéritains. Les Abdéritains ont été fort décriés du côté de l'esprit et du jugement. On a déjà vu comment Cicéron les accommode dans ses lettres à Atticus. Il n’est pas plus obligeant dans un autre livre où, après avoir rapporté une opinion qu’il croit ridicule, il ajoute, quæ quidem omnia sunt pa서 id Democrito quant Democrito digniora. Juvénal, ne pouvant nier que Démocrite n’eût beaucoup d’esprit et de sagesse, prétend que c’est une preuve que les grands hommes peuvent naître sous un air grossier et dans le pays des sots : Cujus prudens monstrat Summos posse viros, et magna exempla duros Verecundum in patria, crassoque sub aère nasci. Martial n’a guère jugé plus avantageusement des Abdérites, quand il a dit : Si patient, forlitque tibi, durusque videtur, Abderitanorum pectora plebis habes. Vigènere s’abuse grossièrement sur ce passage ; il le croit adressé au criminel qui représentait sur le théâtre l’action de Mutius Scipion en mettant la main dans le feu ; mais il s’adresse à ceux qui seraient si dupes, qu'ils prendraient cela pour un acte de constance, vu que ce criminel ne l’avait fait que pour s'exempter d’être brûlé vif. Nam cum ducul tumidu pressente molesta Urem manum, plus est dicere, non dicam. Isaac Vossius, qui était quelquefois assez singulier dans ses pensées, a fait pour les Abdérites une apologie d’un tour nouveau. Il avoue que plusieurs d’entre eux naissaient ou devenaient fous ; mais il prétend que ce n’était pas une marque de stupidité, vu que la folie ne s’attaque pas à des lourdauds et à des stupides qui n’ont rien à perdre, et qu’elle s’empare très-souvent des plus grands esprits. Et quant à ce qu'Hippocrate a fait mention de plusieurs Abdéritains dont la fièvre avait été accompagnée de délire, M. Vossius prétend que ce n’est point de là qu’est né le proverbe qui décriait cette ville ; mais plutôt de la passion agréable qui succédait à leur fièvre. Ex affecta jucundissimo, qui ipsorum febribus succedere solebat, ut legatur Lucianus scripto de Conscribenda Historia, ils devenaient passionnés pour les vers et pour la musique, et ils faisaient les comedies. diens dans les rues. Une folie comme celle-là, dit-il, ne tombe point sur des gens grossiers et flegmatiques : Tam elegans insania non cadit in crassos et pituitosos, ne dum in ursina capita. Cet auteur aurait dû se souvenir de la maxime d’Aristote, qu’une hirondelle ne fait pas le printemps. Pourquoi tourne-t-il en coutume et en habitude une suite de fièvre qui n’arriva qu’une fois ? Ce qu’il cite de Lucien est un fait unique qui ne fonde point de tels proverbes. Je dirai en passant qu’Érasme n’a pas bien pris la pensée de Cicéron, car on doit inférer des paroles de ce Romain, non pas que les habitants d’Abdère fussent stupides, mais que, par un grand égarement d’imagination, ils donnaient dans des paradoxes incroyables et insoutenables. Abderitanis natura peculiari indicat mentem stuporem M. Tullius in libris de Naturae Deorum, c’est ce que dit Érasme. De fort habiles gens citent cela comme le propre texte de Cicéron, tant il est vrai que les recueils de nous autres gens de lettres tiennent du naturel de la renommée ; ils acquièrent de nouveaux traits en changeant de place. Ceux qui prétendent que le terme d'αδηνποκάρυον, qui se trouve proverbialement dans le discours de Tatien contre les Grecs, signifie un conteur de sornettes, un donneur de bêtises, ne confirment point l’accusation de stupidité que l’on intentait aux Abdérites : un niais, un sot, un butor, n’en donnent pas à garder aux gens. Outre que Tatien applique son mot aux doctrines de Démocrite, qui sans doute n’étaient pas les rêveries d’un gros animal. Lucien, qui en a décrit les symptômes, a prétendu en trouver la cause dans ce que je m’en vais dire. Archélaüs, bon comédien, avait joué l’Andromède d’Euripide devant les Abdéritains, au milieu d’un été fort chaud ; plusieurs sorciers, en routine, voulurent imiter ce qu’ils avaient vu faire à la salle de jeu. Cette maladie qui régna pendant quelques mois dans Abdère. Lucien, qui en a décrit les symptômes, a prétendu en trouver la cause dans ce que je m’en vais dire. Archélaüs, bon comédien, avait joué l’Andromède d’Euripide devant les Abdéritains, au milieu d’un été fort chaud ; plusieurs sorciers, en routine, voulurent imiter ce qu’ils avaient vu faire à la salle de jeu. ABDÉRE. 30 taient du théâtre avec la fièvre, et, comme ils avaient l’imagination tout imprimée de la tragédie, les rêveries que la fièvre leur causa ne faisaient que leur représenter Andromède, Persée, Méduse et ce qui s’ensuit, et réveillaient de telle sorte les idées de ces objets et du plaisir de la représentation, qu’ils ne pouvaient s’empêcher de réciter et d’actionner à l'imitation d’Archélas. Je pense que les premiers qui donnèrent cette comédie dans les rues, après que leur fièvre continua fut passée, gâtèrent plusieurs autres convalescens. Les dispositions étaient favorables alors aux progrès de cette contagion. L’esprit est sujet aux maladies épidémiques tout comme le corps; il n’y a qu’à commencer sous de favorables auspices et lorsque la matière est bien préparée. Qu’il s’élève alors un hérésiarque ou un fanatique dont l’imagination contagieuse et les passions véhémentes sachent bien se faire valoir, ils infatueront en peu de temps tout un pays, ou, pour le moins, un grand nombre de personnes. En d’autres lieux ou en d’autres temps, ils ne sauraient gagner trois disciples. Voyez-moi ces filles de Milet qui furent pendant quelque temps si dégoûtées du monde, ne put les guérir de la fantaisie de se tuer qu’en menaçant d’exposer nues aux yeux du public celles qui se tueraient. Le remède seul témoigne que leur passion n’était qu’une maladie d’esprit, où le raisonnement n’avait nulle part. On vit à Lyon quelque chose de semblable, vers la fin du quinzième siècle. La différence qu’il y a entre ces maladies et la peste ou la petite vérole, c’est que celles-ci sont incomparablement plus fréquentes. Je croirais volontiers que le ravage que le comédien Archélas et le soleil firent dans l’esprit des Abdérites est moins une marque de stupidité que de vivacité; mais c’était toujours une marque de faiblesse; et je m’en rapporte à ceux qui ont observé quelles gens étaient les plus ébranlés de la représentation d’une pièce de théâtre. Quos notes ou er. La maxime ordinaire des philosophes, sol et hora o générant bominem, était ici véritable d'une façon spéciale. Sorte aux rencontres fréquentes dans l'enceinte théâtrale, où sont muliebres et puer, movet audiens tam grande carmen: Adsum, alque advenio Ackerunte vix via alta alque ardua, Per speluncas saxis striculas asperis, pendentibus, Maximis, ubi rigida constat crassa caligo inferior. Il n'est pas vrai que les Abdérites mourussent sur les théâtres, ni que la maladie qu’ils eurent alors ait donné lieu au proverbe, abderitica mens. On mettrait bien en peine les gens, si on les obligeait de prouver qu’il y a eu autrefois un tel proverbe : ne suffirait, pas de soutenir que les Abdérites passaient communément pour des sots : il faudrait montrer qu’on se servait des propres termes, abderitica mens, pour signifier cette opinion générale ; or il est sûr qu’Erasme n’a cité personne qui ait employé ces termes. Mais laissons cet incident ; abandonnons même comme fausse la réflexion que voici : c’est qu’une chose aussi passagère que le fut cette maladie des Abdérites, de laquelle Lucien est le seul qui ait parlé, et encore ne l’a-t-il fait que pour en former l’exorde d’une dissertation ; c’est, dis-je, qu’un fait comme celui-là ne semble pas pouvoir donner lieu à un proverbe qui diffame éternellement tout un peuple ; car si l'on me dit, par exemple, que le sero sapiunt Phryges pouvait, n’avoir été fondé que sur une seule faute des Phrygiens, je donnerai d’abord une bonne différence, puis qu’il est certain que, dès que la chose eut été tournée en proverbe, on ne l’appliquait pas aux Phrygiens plus qu’à une autre nation, au lieu que les reproches qu’on faisait aux Abdérites les regardaient littéralement et continuellement, et de la manière que ceux qu’on fait aux Normands et aux Gascons regardent ceux à qui on les fait. Mais, encore un coup, traitons cela de fausse chicane, et contentons-nous de dire que les proverbes qui attaquent la Normandie et la Gascogne sont fondés sur des défauts permanents et d'habitude qui passent de génération en génération. Ce coup à bout portant. Le proverbe de M. Moret, abdereatica mens, ne servait qu’à imputer aux Abdérites beaucoup de bêtise; or, la maladie dont parle Lucien n’était point bêtise, ce n’était qu’une imagination déréglée, et une sorte de folie qui attaque plutôt les gens de beaucoup d’esprit qu’un sot et un hébété: donc M. Moréri a eu tort de dire que son proverbe eut pour fondement la fureur que Lucien a rapportée. Si je nomme Lucien, ce n’est pas que je ne sache que M. Moréri n’a cité que Caelius Rhodiginus, comme on le lui a déjà reproché. C’est Charles Étienne qui lui a fourni cette citation. Lui et une infinité d’autres gens ont rempli et remplissent tous les jours les espérances que cet auteur italien conçut en se résolvant de ne point citer. Il espérait qu’on le citerait lui-même, ce que l’on n’aurait point fait s’il avait mis à la marge de son livre le nom des anciens qu’il copiait. Sur une médaille des Abdérites. D’un côté, elle représente un grillon, et de l’autre une tête d’homme sans barbe, couronnée de laurier, avec ces mots: LNI AI02 AAIOT. M. Deger conjecturait que cette médaille, consacrée à Apollon sous le titre de Jupiter malfaisant, sous le joug sinistro, la même chose qu’à Rome, sous le joug, avait été destinée à signifier les trop chaudes influences du soleil qui étaient cause des imperfections pour lesquelles on diffamait les Abdérites, et qui cependant les rendaient de bons disciples d’Apollon. M. de Spanheim entend par cette inscription le préteur ou le gouverneur d’Abdère, et il dit que, le griffon ayant été le symbole de Téos, comme il paraît par plusieurs médailles, il ne se faut pas étonner que les habitants d’Abdère, colonie des Téiens, aient marqué le même symbole dans leurs actes publics. C’est ainsi que les colonies en usaient à l’égard de leur ville mère : l’exemple de Syracuse et du Corfou, qui avaient pour armes un Pégase, à l’imitation de Corinthe, en est une preuve. Pour ce qui est de la tête couronnée de laurier, elle représente ou Abdérus, le mignon d’Hercule, ou Tisamenes le Clazoménien, révéré comme un héros par les Téiens domiciliés à Abdère. temps et en tous lieux. Ils sont aussi rares et peut-être plus que les gens de bien qui, au dire de Juvénal, égalent à peine le nombre des embouchures du Nil. Abdias de Babylone, auteur qui mérite d’être placé parmi les plus hardis légendaires. C’est un imposteur qui se vante d’avoir vu Notre-Seigneur Jésus-Christ, d’avoir été l’un des soixante-douze disciples, d’avoir assisté aux actions et à la mort de plusieurs apôtres, d’avoir suivi en Perse saint Simon et saint Jude, et d’avoir été établi par eux le premier évêque de Babylone. L’ouvrage qui court sous son nom est divisé en dix livres, et a pour titre : Historia certificationis apostolicae. Wolfgang Lazius en trouva le manuscrit dans une caverne de Carinthie; et quoiqu’il fut habile homme, il se laissa tellement tromper par cet écrivain fabuleux, qu’il se prépara à le donner au public comme une pièce importante. Il ajouta foi à l’inscription de ce manuscrit, qui portait qu’Abdias, évêque de Babylone, établi par les apôtres mêmes, avait composé en hébreu cette histoire de leurs actions, et qu’Eutropius l’avait traduite en grec, et Africanus en latin. Il la publia à Bâle, l’an 1551, avec quelques remarques. Chauffepié, au mot Abdias, promet des remarques sur l’auteur de cette histoire, qui n’est, dit-il, ni d’Abdias ou Adee, ni de Crathon, etc.; mais il n’en nomme pas l’auteur, qu’il croit avoir vécu dans le septième siècle, et peut-être plus tard. Julius Africanus dit qu’Eutropius était disciple d'Abdias. autres vies de saints. Elle a été depuis imprimée plusieurs fois en divers lieux. M. Fabrice remarque que ceux qui ont dit qu’elle a été insérée dans la Bibliothèque des Pères se trompent. Laurent de La Barre l’inséra dans son Histoire des Pères, à Paris, en 1583. Ce n’est point le pape Gélase, comme M. Moréri l’avance, mais le pape Paul IV qui a rejeté comme apocryphe l’ouvrage de notre Abdias. Plusieurs écrivains, tant parmi les catholiques que parmi les protestants, ont reconnu l’imposture. Ceux-ci prétendent avoir dessillé les yeux aux autres; on ne leur accorde point cela. La gloire serait au fond très-petite; car ce fourbe a usé de si peu d’adresse, qu’il a cité l’Hégésippe, qui a fleuri cent trente ans ou environ après l’ascension de Notre-Seigneur. Il a parlé aussi d’un disciple des apôtres nommé Crathon, qui fit, dit-il, une histoire en dix Livres de tout ce que saint Simon et saint Jude avaient fait et souffert dans la Perse pendant treize ans, dans laquelle histoire, poursuit-il, Africain historiographe a mis en latin. Où trouverait-on cet Africain, qu’en la personne de Julius Africanus, mort environ l’an 230? M. du Pin, qui a marqué les éditions de 1557, de 1560 et de 1571, et, outre cela, une édition de Bille de 1531, et une de Paris de 1583, a oublié la première qui était la plus digne d’être marquée. Comme je n’ai point sa Bibliothèque ecclésiastique de l’édition de Paris, je n’oserais mettre sur son compte la prétendue édition de Bille de 1531. Baronius, Possessinus, Salmeron, Mireus, et autres, ut sileam Kossum, Cocum, hivetum, similesque heterodoxos criticos, in alienis ab ecclesia catholica castris militantes, atque ex catholicorum duntaxat scriptis et observationibus suffarctinatos. Mentii tur enim pro more Andreas Rivetus, qui libri I, cap. XI, alicare ausus est, oculatores pontificios ex suorum, hoc est, haereticorum hominum animadversionibus edoctos, nugas et mendacia illius operis deprehendisse, ita ut eos tam puridi commenti pudeat. Sed, armabo, qui sum Calvini cubulus hoc commentum subodoratus est ante felicellum, Molanum, Sixtum, ipsumque a Paulum VI, romanum pontificem, qui inter scripta a se dumat, rejicit? Je crois que l’on condamna encore ce livre à Rome depuis la mort de Paul IV : car je ne pense pas que Claude d'Espense veuille parler de la condamnation faite sous ce pape, lorsqu’il dit: Qualiscumque autor sit Abdias, superius certè quam hic scribemus anno, a romanis inquisitoribus proscriptus est. Ces paroles sont dans le chapitre V du livre V de la Continence. Le continuateur de Magirus a tort d’en conclure que l’année dont il s’agit là est 1568. Cet ouvrage de la Continence ne fut-il pas imprimé en 1565? Jerôme-Paul Verger, auteur protestant, mort en 1565, avait crié contre l’imposture de cet Abdias, dans son Idololtum Lauretanum, composé en italien, traduit en latin et imprimé en 1554 en 4°. Eponymol. Critic., pag. a. Voyez Launoi Hist. Colleg. Navarr., pag. 710. ABDISSI (A), patriarche de Muzal, dans l’Assyrie, au-delà de l’Euphrate, vint à Rome l’an 1562 ; et, ayant rendu ses hommages à Pie IV, reçut de lui le pallium. Comme le concile de Trente était alors assemblé, le cardinal de Mula, protecteur des chrétiens orientaux, ne manqua pas d’écrire sur ce sujet à cette assemblée. Ses lettres furent lues dans la vingt-deuxième session. Fra Paolo conte le fait: nous examinerons ceci en un autre lieu. On examine, par Paolo, le fait: nous examinerons ceci en un autre lieu. Pans l'article Hebed-Jesu. Onufre Panvini le nomme Abdysu, ce qui, dit-il, signifie servus Jesu. Surins et M. de Sponde lui donnent le même nom; M. de Thou le nomme Abisius, et ajoute qu’il était fils de Jean, de domo Marciâ, de la ville de Gezire sur le Tigre. J’avoue que je n’entends pas assez ce que c’est que ce domus Marciâ, pour me contenter de la traduction française que j’en pourrais faire. Je n’acquiesce donc pas à cette maison de Marc qu’il a plu à M. Moréri d’employer. Aubert Le Mire nomme Abdiesu le patriarche en question, et dit qu’il était religieux de l’ordre de saint Pacôme; qu’il avait succédé au patriarche Simon Sulacha, moine du même ordre, qui était venu se soumettre au pape Jules III; qu’il était d’une érudition admirable; qu’il entendait beaucoup de langues, et qu’il savait extrêmement bien les saintes lettres. Les mémoires de M. de Thou portaient que cet homme entendait le chaldéen, l’arabe et le syriaque, et qu’il répondait pertinemment aux questions très difficiles qu’on lui faisait. Panvini, Surius et M. de Sponde assurent la même chose avec plus de circonstances. Dans la profession de foi qu’ils rapportent, il dit qu’il avait été moine de St.-Antoine dans le monastère des saints Rochas et Jean, frères. Il avait fait faire beaucoup de progrès à la foi romaine, si nous en croyons Aubert Le Mire; mais ses successeurs laissèrent tout dépérir; de sorte que Léonard Abel, évêque de Sidon, nonce apostolique en ces pays-là, en l’année 1583, trouva que le patriarche Donho Simon, qui était le second depuis Abdiesu, s’était retiré vers les confins de la Perse. Les affaires du pape n’étaient pas en meilleur état. Panvini in Vita Pii IV. Thuan. Histor., lib. XXXII. Aubertus Miræus, Politiæ Eccles. lib. IV, cap. V, pag. 217. M. de Thou le nomme Salafca, M. de Sponde, Sulaca. Voyez la remarque de l'article Hebed Jesu. état lorsque Pierre Strozza, secrétaire de Paul V, publia à Rome et à Cologne, en 1617, sa dispute de Chaldeorum dogmatibus. Pour s’excuser de ce qu’il n'y allait pas. Cela montre que M. Moret s’est fort trompé lorsqu’il a dit qu’Abdissi se trouva au concile de Trente, et qu’il y présenta sa profession de foi, en la session XXII. Aubert Le Mire a commis la même faute, qui et Tridentino concilia interfuit, dit-il, en parlant de son Abdissus. Ce qu'il y a de plus surprenant est que Morèri a cité MM. de Thou et de Sponde, dont le premier ne dit pas un mot de ce prétendu voyage du patriarche au concile, et le dernier dit expressément qu’on lut les lettres où Abdissu faisait ses excuses de ce qu’il ne pouvait pas à Trente. Je remarquerai par occasion une faute qui s’est assurément glissée dans M. de Thou ; il dit que ce patriarche était venu ad apostolorum limina pontificem salutatorius, ut ab eo confirmatus partem de corpore sancti Petri acciperet. Qui ne s’imaginerait pas dessus qu’il était venu pour demander le bras, ou quelque autre morceau du corps de saint Pierre ? car c’est faire sa cour à Rome que de déclarer qu’on y est venu pour en remporter de tels présents. Mais je suis persuadé qu’au lieu de partem il faut lire pallium, comme il y a dans M. de Sponde, qui, à cela près, se sert des mêmes expressions que M. de Thou. C’est ce qu’on peut voir dans sa Continuation des Annales de Baronius, à l’année 1562. Aubertus Miræus, Politiæ Eccles. lib. II, cap. F, pag. 219. Ibidem, pag. 217. Thuani Hist., lib. XXXII, pag. 640, col. 2. Edisl. Francof., anni 1625. ABEL, second fils d’Adam et d’Eve, fut berger. Il offrit à Dieu des premiers-nés de sa bergerie, dans le même temps que son frère Caïn offrit des fruits de la terre. Dieu eut pour agréable l’oblation d’Abel, mais non pas celle de Caïn; ce qui chagrina de telle sorte ce dernier, qu’il s’éleva contre l’autre, et le tua. C’est tout ce que Moïse nous en apporte (a). Mais si l’on voulait s’étendre sur tout ce que la curiosité de l’esprit humain a enfanté là-dessus, on aurait une infinité de choses à dire. Office d’Abel, ce qui, selon eux, avait relation au lion de la tribu de Juda, dont la venue avait déjà été promise. J’ai rassemblé dans les remarques un assez grand nombre de différents sentiments sur les choses qui concernent Abel. C’est avoir rassemblé bien des mensonges et bien des fautes. Or, comme c’est le but et l’esprit de ce dictionnaire, le lecteur ne doit point donner son jugement sur ce ramas sans se souvenir de ce but. Et cela soit dit une fois pour toutes. Combien a duré l’état d’innocence. Les auteurs sont fort partagés sur ce point. Quelques-uns veulent qu’Adam ait péché le jour même de sa création, et qu’il n’ait demeuré dans le Paradis que six, ou sept, ou dix heures. D’autres allongent le terme jusqu’à six, à huit, ou à dix jours. D’autres, jusqu’à trente-quatre ans. Ils se fondent presque tous sur des rapports qu’ils imaginent entre Adam et Jésus-Christ : car, par exemple, ceux qui disent qu’Adam demeura quarante jours dans le Paradis terrestre, ou qu’il y demeura trente-quatre ans, en donnent pour raison qu’Jésus-Christ fut quarante jours sans manger, ou qu’il vécut sur la terre trente-quatre ans. Il serait superflu d’avertir les gens d’esprit que cette sorte de raison ne prouve rien. On peut faire d’assez bonnes objections à ceux qui ne font durer que quelques heures l’état d’innocence ; mais on en peut faire de beaucoup plus fortes à ceux qui le font durer des semaines ou des années. Car, n’en déplaise à quelques rabbins, c’est un fait certain par le texte de Moïse qu’Adam ne connut sa femme qu’après la sortie du Paradis. Or, pourquoi aurait-il tant différé la consommation de son mariage? N’avait-il pas reçu la bénédiction nuptiale de la bouche de son créateur? N’avait-il pas ses ordres dûment expédiés et signifiés pour foisonner, pour multiplier, et pour remplir la terre ? La plus solide raison qu’on puisse alléguer pourquoi cette consommation ne se fit qu’après la chute, c’est que la femme fut tentée et séduite aussitôt presque que formée. Voilà comment saint Augustin satisfait à cette difficulté : Moque la créature femme, autre que le coenenirenl, facta est ilia transgressio. après Caïn. Reconnaissons pourtant qu’il est très-probable que Caïn naquit l’an premier du monde, et qu’Abel naquit l’année d’après. La révélation de Méthodius est une pièce apocryphe et une chimère. On a dit qu’il lui fut révélé d’en-haut, pendant sa prison pour la foi, qu’Adam et Eve sortirent vierges du Paradis ; qu’ils demeurèrent en cet état quinze années consécutives, entièrement occupés à pleurer leur chute ; qu’au bout de ce terme ils engendrènt un fils et une fille tout à la fois, savoir Caïn et Calmana ; qu’ensuite ils se remirent dans la continence pendant quinze autres années, après quoi ils engendrènt un fils et une fille, comme la première fois, savoir Abel et Delbora ; et qu’en l’an 130 d’Adam arriva le meurtre d’Abel par Caïn, ce qui jeta Adam et Eve dans un deuil qui dura cent ans, après quoi ils engendrènt Seth. Les habitants de l'île de Ceylan prétendent que le lac salé qui est sur la montagne de Colombo est l’amas des larmes que Eve répandit cent ans entiers sur la mort d’Abel. Les rabbins veulent qu’Adam ait pleuré cette même mort cent ans durant dans la vallée des Larmes auprès d’Hébron, sans aucun commerce charnel avec sa femme, ce qui aurait peut-être duré plus longtemps, si un ange ne l’eût averti de la part de Dieu qu’il eût à s’approcher d’Eve, puisque le Messie ne voulait pas descendre de Caïn. Pure chimère ; le monde n’avait pas alors besoin d’un tel deuil : il demandait, au contraire, qu’on se consolât bientôt par la réparation de la brèche ; de sorte qu’il est très-probable qu’Adam et Eve adoucirent promptement leur ennui par la consolation réciproque de se donner un nouveau fils à la place de celui que Caïn leur avait tué. Cependant on ne saurait croire combien cette fable de la longue séparation d’Adam et d’Eve, quant au lit, a été propagée. Nous en parlerons dans l’article de Lamech. En quelle année du monde il fut tué par son frère. Un trouve probable qu'il fut tué après la naissance de Seth. Possible que ce meurtre fut commis la même année que Seth vint au monde, c’est-à-dire, la 130e de Adam : on le trouve, dis-je, probable, quand on songe qu’Eve, donnant le nom de Seth à un fils dont elle était accouchée, se sert de cette raison, car Dieu m'a donné une autre lignée au lieu d’Abel que Caïn a tué. Mais il faut tomber d'accord que cela est beaucoup plus propre à prouver que Seth fut le premier fils qu’Eve mit au monde depuis la mort d’Abel qu’à prouver que cette mort ait été bientôt suivie de la naissance de Seth. Saint Augustin ne veut pas même accorder à Seth le droit d’aînésse sur tous les enfants qu’Adam et Eve ont engendrés depuis le meurtre d’Abel. Il explique les paroles d’Eve, non pas d’un remplacement de fils, mais d’un remplacement de vertu, c’est-à-dire, que Seth fut considéré comme celui qui succéderait à la piété et à la sainteté d’Abel. "Potuit Adam divinitus admonitus dicere postquam Seth natus est, suscitavit enim mihi Deus semen aliud pro Abel"; quand talis erat luteus qui impleret ejus sanctitalem. Il est sûr que tout ceci n’est que matière à conjectures, et que, si les paroles d’Eve, rapportées ci-dessus, laissaient à nos réflexions toute leur liberté naturelle, nous ferions remonter bien haut le meurtre d’Abel; car voici à quoi la lumière naturelle nous conduit. Caïn et Abel tirent leurs offrandes à Dieu dès que la récolte de l’un et la bergerie de l’autre leur en fournirent les moyens; ils s’aperçurent dès la première fois que Dieu mettait de la distinction entre les leurs présents; le dépit de Caïn le précipita peu après dans le dessein de tuer son frère. Il le tua donc avant l’âge de soixante ans, car ce fut l’an 50 du monde, à ce que dit Eusèbe, qu’Adam assigna à ses deux fils le genre de vie qu’ils auraient à suivre. Ce n’était pas s’en avertir tard, dit-on, puisqu’en ce temps-là, selon la tradition, puisqu’en ce temps-là, selon la tradition, Abel était nommé prêtre, et Caïn était nommé guerrier. |
github_open_source_100_8_20195 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //
// UIEvent.swift
// Cacao
//
// Created by Alsey Coleman Miller on 6/7/17.
//
import typealias Foundation.TimeInterval
/// An object that describes a single user interaction with your app.
public class UIEvent {
// MARK: - Getting the Touches for an Event
/// Returns all touches associated with the event.
///
/// - Returns: A set of `UITouch` objects representing all touches associated with the event.
public var allTouches: Set<UITouch>? { return nil }
public func touches(for view: UIView) -> Set<UITouch>? {
return Set(allTouches?.filter({ $0.view === view }) ?? [])
}
public func touches(for window: UIWindow) -> Set<UITouch>? {
return Set(allTouches?.filter({ $0.window === window }) ?? [])
}
public func touches(for gestureRecognizer: UIGestureRecognizer) -> Set<UITouch>? {
return Set(allTouches?.filter({ $0.gestureRecognizers?.contains(where: { $0 === gestureRecognizer }) ?? false }) ?? [])
}
// MARK: - Getting Event Attributes
/// The time when the event occurred.
///
/// This property contains the number of seconds that have elapsed since system startup.
/// For a description of this time value, see the description of the `systemUptime` method of the `ProcessInfo` class.
public internal(set) var timestamp: TimeInterval
// MARK: - Getting the Event Type
/// Returns the type of the event.
///
/// The UIEventType constant returned by this property indicates the general type of this event—for example,
/// whether it is a touch or motion event.
public var type: UIEventType { fatalError("Should override for \(self)") }
/// Returns the subtype of the event.
///
/// The `UIEventSubtype` constant returned by this property indicates the subtype of the event
/// in relation to the general type, which is returned from the type property.
public var subtype: UIEventSubtype { return .none }
// MARK: - Initialization
internal init(timestamp: TimeInterval) {
self.timestamp = timestamp
}
// MARK: - Private Methods
internal func gestureRecognizers(for window: UIWindow) -> Set<UIGestureRecognizer> {
return []
}
}
// MARK: - CustomStringConvertible
extension UIEvent: CustomStringConvertible {
public var description: String {
return "\(Swift.type(of: self))(timestamp:\(timestamp), touches: \(allTouches ?? []))"
}
}
// MARK: - Supporting Types
public enum UIEventType: Int {
/// The event is related to touches on the screen.
case touches // 0x0
/// The event is related to motion of the device, such as when the user shakes it.
case motion // 0x1
/// The event is a remote-control event.
///
/// Remote-control events originate as commands received from a headset
/// or external accessory for the purposes of controlling multimedia on the device.
case remoteControl // 0x2
/// The event is related to the press of a physical button.
case presses // 0x3
// Private
case physicalKeyboard = 0x4
case move = 0x5
case wheel = 0x7
case gameController = 0x8
case drag = 0x9
}
public enum UIEventSubtype: Int {
case none
case motionShake
case remoteControlPlay
case remoteControlPause
case remoteControlStop
case remoteControlTogglePlayPause
case remoteControlNextTrack
case remoteControlPreviousTrack
case remoteControlBeginSeekingBackward
case remoteControlEndSeekingBackward
case remoteControlBeginSeekingForward
case remoteControlEndSeekingForward
}
// MARK: - Internal
internal protocol UIResponderEvent: class {
func sendEvent(to responder: UIResponder)
}
|
historyofuniteds02thom_15 | English-PD | Public Domain | for peace. The war had dragged on for nearly four years, without any certain signs of an end ; taxes were high ; the expenses of keeping up the military and naval establishments enormous ; thousands of families had lost one or more mem- bers by death on the field, or in the hospital, or in southern prisons. The fact that over 1,000,000 new men had been called for duiiog the past year led many to believe that the Union armies had not been as successful as was reported, and that ultimate triumph was hopeless. Cries of a military des- potism were raised, and unconstitutional and arbitrary meas- ures were charged upon the administration. The Republican party had gathered to itself many who had hitherto acted with the Democrats, and for the time the title National Union Party was adopted. A convention was held at Baltimore, June 7, 1864, and President Lincoln was renominated on the first ballot. Andrew Johnson, the one senator from the southern states which seceded who refused to act with his state, and who had afterwards been appointed military governor of his own state, Tennessee, by President Lincoln, was nominated for Vice-President. The platform adopted expressed confi- dence in the administration, approved the Emancipation Proclamation, the employment of colored troops, and "the determination of the government of the United States not to compromise with rebels, or to offer them any terms of peace, except such as may be based upon an unconditional surrender of their hostility and a return to their just allegiance to the Constitution and laws of the United States." A constitu- tional amendment abolishing slavery, "and the speedy con- struction of the railroad to the Pacific coast," were among the measures favored. In short, the acts of the administra- tion were thoroughly endorsed. 347. Radical and Democratic Conventions. (1864.) — A week previous to the meeting of the Union convention, about 350 RADICAL AND DEMOCRATIC CONVENTIONS. 321 persons, representing those who believed that the President was too conservative, met at Cleveland, Ohio, and nomi- nated General John C. Fremont of California and John Cochrane of New York. Their platform in essential points differed little from that adopted at Baltimore, except in de- claring " that the confiscation of the lands of the rebels, and their distribution among the soldiers and actual settlers, is a measure of justice." The feelings of others was expressed by Wendell Phillips, who wrote, " The administration, there- fore, I regard as a civil and military failure, and its avowed policy ruinous to the North in every point of view." The Democratic convention met in Chicago, August 29, and nominated General George B. McClellan of New Jersey and George H. Pendleton of Ohio. The platform declared " that after four years of failure to restore the Union by the experiment of war . . . justice, humanity, liberty, and the public welfare demand that immediate efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities, with a view to an ultimate convention of the states, or other peaceable means, to the end that at the earliest practicable moment, peace may be restored on the basis of the Federal union of the states." Various acts of the government were declared to be " a shameful violation of the Constitution," and it was charged, among other things, "that the administrative usurpation of extraordinary and dangerous powers not granted by the Constitution . . . [is] calculated to prevent a restoration of the Union and the perpetuation of a government deriving its just powers from the consent of the governed." McClellan in his letter of acceptance almost repudiated the platform, and could hardly do otherwise, as he himself had done many of the things of which it specially complained. 348. Political State of the North ; Lincoln re-elected. (1864.) — In September Fremont and Cochrane withdrew from the 322 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. contest, lest a division among the Republicans might elect the Democratic candidate. Fremont was careful to make this clear in his letter by saying, " I consider his [Mr. Lin- coln's] administration has been politically, militarily, and financially a failure, and that its necessary continuance is a cause of regret for the countr}^" There was much to dis- courage tlie Union party. General Grant had been put in control of all the armies and had fixed his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac. Still, though there had been many battles and a terrible loss of life, many thought there had not been enough gained to make the capture of Richmond any more likely. Very many of those who would support the re-election of the President were in the armies, and it was possible that such states as New York and Pennsylvania might be carried by the opposition. The destruction of the Alabama^ the successes of Sherman in Northern Georgia, the ca})ture of Atlanta only a day or two after the Demo- cratic convention had pronounced the war a failure ; and besides the arrangements by which the votes of the volun- teer soldiers in the armies could be counted, the withdrawal of Fremont, the conviction of many that it would be a bad policy to change leaders while the war questions were unset- tled, and also the recognition by many of the real greatness of Lincoln, — all these influences combined produced such an effect, that at the election in November, Lincoln and Johnson received a popular majority of over 400,000, exclusive of the army vote,^ and 212 electoral votes to 21 for the Democratic candidates. Every state not in the Confederacy had given its vote to Lincoln except New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky, 1 The majority for Lincoln in the army vote was over 80,000, which brought u^; his majority to nearly 500,000. ADMISSION OF WEST VIRGINIA AND NEVADA. 323 349. Admission of West Virginia and Nevada. (1863, 1864.) — In 1863, forty-eight of the western counties of Virginia, whose inhabitants objected to being carried into secession, were admitted into the Union as the state of West Virginia. There were few slaves in tliese counties, and the interests of the people were mining and manufacturing rather than agri- cultural. The Constitution (Art. IV., sect. 3) requires the consent of the legislature of the state concerned if a new state is to be formed within its jurisdiction; and Congress practically decided that the state of Virginia consisted of the part under the control of that government which was in sym- pathy with the United States authority ; so the people of what is now West Virginia did little more than ask their own consent. In October, 1864, the territory of Nevada, with the addition of a small part of Arizona, was admitted as a state. Almost the only large interest in this state is that of mining silver, and subsequent events show it would have been wiser to delay admission to the Union, but the enormous output of the mines, it was expected, would attract many settlers, and this expectation and supposed political expe- diency carried the day.^ 350. Charleston taken ; Sherman marches Northward. (1865.) — Sherman with his veteran troops left Savannah (sect. 344) February 1, 1865, on his northern march. Owing to the numerous rivers and the many swamps along the coast, he struck directly for Columbia, South Carolina. On the 17th he entered the city, and a large part of it was burnt. 1 Nevada has an experience, unique among the states of the Union, of suffering a loss in her population. This in 1870 was 42,491 ; in 1880, 62,266 ; in 1890, 45,761. This loss is due to the decline in mining interests, resulting in part from the failure of many mines and from the unprofitableness and difficulty of working mines at great depths. If this decline should be con- tinued, an interesting question will be presented to the country for solution. 324 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Whether the fires were started by the Confederate troops as they went out of the town, or by the Union troops as they came in, has never been shown. Each side charged the other with the action. Simultaneously with the taking of Colum- bia, Charleston was evacuated by the Confederates, and the Union troops took possession. Other Confederate garrisons followed this example, and the troops thus gathered together, with the remnant of Hood's army (sect. 341) were, in answer to public demand at the South, placed under the leadership of General Joseph E. Johnston. Sherman's northward march was in reality much more hazardous than that through Georgia. Tlie country was more difficult to march through, supplies were less sure, and above all there was an opposing general, who, if not strong enough to risk an open battle, was quite strong enough to make the advance in the highest degree dangerous, and who was ever on the alert to take advantage of the slightest error which his antagonist might commit. By the time Sherman approached Goldsboro, North Carolina, Johnston felt able to risk an attack which was made with great vigor ; he was, however, repelled, and Sherman reached Goldsboro, where he received reinforce- ments by way of Wilmington, which had fallen into Union hands in January. Both armies now halted, waiting for further developments in Virginia. 351. Chief Justice Chase ; Peace Negotiations. (1864, 1865.) — In June, 1864, Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, resigned, and W. P. Fessenden was appointed to fill his place. In October of the same year Chief Justice Taney died, and President Lincoln nominated Ex-Secretary Chase as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and he was confirmed by the Senate. During 1864 and the early part of 1865 there had been several informal attempts both North and South to PEACE NEGOTIATIONS; SHERIDAN'S RAID. 325 bring about a cessation of hostilities which might lead to peace. The most important of these was in February, 1865, when Alexander H. Stephens, the Vice-President of the Con- federate States, and two companions, by previous arrange- ment, met President Lincoln and Secretary Seward on board a steamer in Hampton Roads and had a full, intelligent, and amicable discussion of the state of affairs. But as President Lincoln refused to negotiate except upon the basis of the disbandment of the Confederate forces, the restoration of the national authority, and the acknowledgment of the abolition of slavery, the conference came to nothing. During the con- versation Stephens attempted to show that Lincoln would be justified in making terms with " rebels " by referring to the case of Charles I. of England. To this Lincoln replied, "I am not strong on history ; I depend mainly on .Secretary Seward for that. All I remember of Charles is that he lost his head." 352. Sheridan's Raid ; Petersburg -; Richmond taken ; Lee sur- renders. (1865.) — In February, Wilmington, N.C., was taken, and the Confederacy was without a port. In February and March, Sheridan, at the head of his cavalry, made a raid down the Shenandoah valley to Staunton, cutting the railroads upon which Lee largely depended for his supplies. He then, after joining Grant, was sent by him to the southwest of Peters- burg. Sharp battles were fought with the result that Lee was unable to hold Petersburg, so he sent a telegram to President Davis on the 2d of April that it was necessary to evacuate both that city and Richmond at once. The mes- sage reached Davis while in his place of worship, for it was Sunday. He immediately arose and left the building. The preparations for evacuation soon* told the inhabitants what was coming, and directly there was the greatest confusion. 326 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. The naval rams in the river were blown up, the tobacco warehouses set on fire, barrels of liquor were knocked in the head and their contents poured into the gutters as a precau- tion. Some soldiers, getting drunk from the liquor scooped up, began pillaging, which was joined in by others. Early in the morning of the 3d, General Weitzel, learning through a captured negro that the Confederates were evacuating Rich- mond, advanced, entered the city with his troops, and Rich- mond was taken at last. Six days after (April 9), Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant at Appomattox Court House, seventy-five miles west of Rich- mond, whither he had retreated after evacuating Richmond and Petersburg. Grant's terms were most liberal. The Confederate troops were to lay down their arms, return to their hon:\^s, and agree not to fight against the United States ; he also let them have their horses, as they would " need them for the spring ploughing." 353. Lincoln assassinated ; his Greatness. (1865.) — The capture of Richmond and the surrender of Lee's army was felt to be the end of the struggle. Lincoln himself visited Richmond the day after the capture, and walked through its streets. The rejoicing in the North over the successes had not ended, when the whole country, North and South, was horrified by the news of the assassination of President Lin- coln at Ford's Theatre, AYashington, on the evening of April 14, b}^ John Wilkes Booth. The crime seems to have been the work of a southern fanatic filled Avith a half-crazy idea of vengeance, joined with a desire for notoriety. Secretary Seward was also attacked by another conspirator, but, though severely wounded, recovered.^ 1 Booth escaped, but was pursued, and finally shot by one of his pursuers. A number of the conspirators were captured, tried, and convicted, some on ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1865. ANDREW JOHNSON BECOMES PRESIDENT. 327 It was not until after the death of President Lincoln that the people of the country realized how much they loved him, and how much they had learned to rely upon liis kindliness and judgment. No vindictiveness had ever been apparent in his words or actions ; and the southern people mourned him as well as the 23eople of the North, for they felt they had lost one who would have been their friend. His real statesman- ship received a tardy recognition ; and now that they can be read calmly, his state papers are seen to be almost unsur- passed for clearness of meaning and vigor of style. His address at Gettysburg and his second inaugural are models of English. (Appendix iv.) 354. Andrew Johnson becomes President; Moral Effects of the War. (1865.) — A few hours after the death of Lincoln, Chief Justice Chase administered the oath to the Vice-Presi- dent, Andrew Johnson, who thus at once assumed the position and duties of President in accordance with the constitutional provision. On the 26th of April Johnston surrendered his army to Sherman. On the 10th of May Jefferson Davis ^ was captured in Georgia, and shortly after the Confederate forces one after another laid down their arms.^ On the 22d of May the President issued a proclamation, raising the blockade except for the ports of Texas. These were opened a month later. On the 23d and 24th of May rather slender evidence. Four were hanged, and four sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. 1 Davis was first taken to Savannah, and thence to Fortress Monroe, where he was kept in imprisonment about two years. He was then released on bail, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Horace Greeley, and Gerrit Smith becoming his bondsmen. He was never brought to trial. He died in New Orleans, December 6, 1889. 2 The last engagement was on the banks of the Rio Grande (May 12), and was a success for the Confederates. 328 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the armies of Grant and of Sherman were reviewed in Wash- ington by the President and the Cabinet, before being dis- banded and sent home. The column of soldiers was over thirty miles long, and was a sight the like of which had never before been seen in the United States, and it is to be hoped never will be seen again. In a short time all the troops were disbanded except about 50,000, which were con- sidered necessary to keep order. In all, about 1,000,000 men were sent back to their homes in the North, and about 200,000 in the South. Never had such large forces been returned to civil life with so little exhibition of lawlessness. Nor was there the slightest desire for anything like military rule. This was a great triumph for republican principles ; and yet there is no doubt that in many ways the moral tone of the whole country was lowered, a logical result of all war, which must beget in most minds a disregard for the rights of others and for the value of human life. Many of the moral effects did not show themselves at once, but were seen later on. The same was true of the social and economic effects. The whole nation had become accustomed to large enterprises, and enormous financial operations by the government ; and this may partly account for the willingness to continue to make large outlays of public money after the war had ended, and also for that spirit of speculation and expansion in business which helped to bring about the crisis of 1873 (sect. 375). 355. Losses from the War. (1865.) — Of the losses which can be estimated, the total is appalling. The loss of life in battle, from wounds, and from disease is thought to have been about equal on each side, and to have amounted to nearly 600,000 in all. The loss resulting from several hun- dred thousand men permanently disabled cannot be estimated. B^sid^s this the United States government had piled up a vast SANITARY AND CHRISTIAN COMMISSIONS. 329 debt, the interest and principal of which were to be a heavy burden for years. ^ The cost to the South cannot be told. The South would count the value of the slaves, estimated to be 12,000,000,000 ; then property destroyed by both armies ; then the actual expenditures by the individual states and by the Confederate government. All the southern notes and bonds, having been repudiated and rendered absolutely void, were a total loss, as well as all the state, county, and city loans issued in aid of the Confederate armies.^ A careful writer says, '' Altogether, while the cost of the war cannot exactly be calculated, $8,000,000,000 is a moderate estimate." 356. Sanitary and Christian Commissions ; Effect of the War. (1865.) — Soon after the beginning of the war the accounts of the sufferings of the wounded and of the needs of the soldiers on the field and in the hospital led to the establish- ment, in the North, of the Sanitary and of the Christian Commissions. The former had its corps of officers, nurses, physicians, and attendants, whose duty was to look after the suffering, the wounded, and the needy. It had hospitals, hospital cars, and hospital boats. Its litters and ambulances were on the field before the battle was over, to care for those who needed help. Through it were distributed vast quanti- ties of clothing, stores, and various comforts which had been prepared in northern homes. Millions of dollars to carry on this work were raised by private subscriptions and by means of "Sanitary Fairs," which were held all over the North. 1 The debt reached its highest point August 31, 1865, when it amounted to $2,845,907,626.26. This inchided the "greenbacks," on which no interest is paid. Nearly $800,000,000 of revenue had also been spent ; and the cities, towns, counties, and states had also expended much in cash beside incurring debts. The payment for pensions is already without precedent, and the aggregate will be something enormous. 2 See Amendment XIV. to the Constitution. 330 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. The Christian Commission was organized to look after the moral and religious needs of the soldier, and co-operated with the Sanitary Commission. Never before had such great efforts been made to mitigate the sufferings incident to war. The South was able to do very much less for her soldiers than the North, owing to the lack of resources. The war settled at least two things : (1) That slavery was forever abolished ; this was a result anticipated by very few ; (2) that no state could leave the Union ; that, in the words of Chief Justice Chase, the " Constitution looked to an inde- structible union of indestructible states." The effect abroad was to increase greatly the respect in which the United States was held by foreign nations, and to strengthen the cause of republicanism everywhere. It was shown by both North and South that loyalty is as strong in a republic as in a monarchy. CHAPTER XVII. RECONSTRUCTION. REFERENCES. General. — James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, i. 549-605, ii. 1-502 ; A. W. Young, The American Statesman, pp. 1211-1426 ; W. AVilson, Division and Reunion (Epochs of American History), pp. 253-272; A. H. Stephens, The War between the States, ii. 631-670 ; Jefferson Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, ii. 717-764 ; Gold win Smith, The United States, 298-301. Biographies. — See references for two preceding chapters. Special. — Alex. Johnston, American Politics, Chaps, xxi., xxii. ; E. Stan- wood, History of Presidential Elections, Chap. xxii. ; Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia, 1865-1871 ; E. McPherson, Political History of Reconstruction ; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia, iii. 540-556 ; James Russell Lowell, Political Essays, pp. 177-294; A. Johnston, American Orations, iii. 249-282 ; Kuklux Klan : Century Magazine, xxviii. 398, 461 ; J. J. Lalor, Cyclopaedia, ii. 680-682. Alaska : Century Magazine, xxiv. 323 ; xxx. 738, 819 ; xxxix. 902. Atlantic Cable: H. M. Field, Story of the Atlantic Telegraph (Revised edition). 357. Andrew Johnson. (1865.) — Andrew Johnson Avas a man of strong will, of decided convictions, and of much natural ability. He was born in North Carolina in 1808, and removed to Tennessee in early manhood. His parents were very poor, and his early education was extremely limited ; in fact, it is said that he learned to read and write after he was married. He joined a debating society, accustomed himself to speaking, and soon was elected to the office of an alder- man. He filled other offices in succession ; and when Presi- dent, he was fond of saying that he had filled every political office in the gift of his countrymen, a statement which was 331 332 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. perfectly true and much to his credit. Up to 1861 he was a loyal Democrat, supporting the party in all its policy. He was a strong Unionist, and was, as has been said, the only southern senator who refused to follow his state. He was again elected senator after leaving the Presidency, and died while holding that position, in 1875. He was pleased to be thought to resemble Andrew Jackson, and evidently took him as a model. Coming directly after Lincoln, and being placed in an extraordinarily difficult position, he was harshly judged by his contemporaries, though it must be said that his unyield- ing temper had much to do with provoking opposition. The Re- publicans soon repented their choice of him as much as the Whigs had done that of Tyler. Congress having adjourned in March until December, the Presi- dent made the most of his op- portunity. The condition of the South demanded some sort of gov- ANDREW JOHNSON. _ ernment at once ; J ohnson ap- pointed provisional governors who were to reorganize the states as soon as practicable. He believed that individuals should be punished, but the idea that a state should be kept from exercising any of its functions was contrary to his whole bringing up. He accordingly issued procla- mations of amnesty to almost every one who had been engaged in the conflict on condition of taking an oath " faith- fully to support, protect, and defend the Constitution and the Union " ; he restored the writ of habeas corpus every- where in the North; and in general tried to restore every- thing except slavery to the condition of affairs before the war. PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT IN THE SOUTH. 333 358. Provisional Government in the South. (1865.) — The provisional governors called conventions which were elected by white voters. These conventions repealed the ordinances of secession ; ratified the thirteenth amendment to the Con- stitution abolishing slavery, which had been proposed by the Congress early in the year, but not yet ratified by the states; and passed resolutions declaring that no debts in- curred in supporting the Confederacy should be paid. The state governments were also recognized. In the President's view, nothing more was necessary to enable the states to send senators and representatives to Congress. When that body met in December, it viewed the matter in a very different light. It felt bound to protect the freedmen, as the former slaves were now called, and it was believed to be the inten- tion of the southern legislatures to keep them in a condition of virtual slavery. While these facts may not justify the laws, they serve to explain their enactment. Congress accordingly refused to admit the senators and representatives, claiming that with it alone rested the power to decide when the states should be admitted to a representation in Congress (Consti- tution, Art. I., sect. 5). It must be remembered, however, that the southern whites had reason to believe that the freed slaves would be an idle, shiftless class, and were also natu- rally unwilling that they should be placed upon an equality with themselves. 359. Thirteenth Amendment; the President and Congress. (1865.) — The thirteenth amendment, having been ratified by the requisite number of states, became a part of the Consti- tution in December, 1865. This action did for the whole country what the Emancipation Proclamation had previously done for a part. It also confirmed the effects of that docu- ment and made them secure. The language of the amend- 334 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ment is taken almost without a change from the Ordinance of 1787 (sect. 154). Maryland had, in October, 1864, by a small majority, adopted a new constitution which abolished slavery within her limits. Thus, after nearly a century, the United States became what Washington, Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, and others of the early days had longed that she might be, — a free country. From this time the President and Congress were continu- ally in conflict. Owing to the non-admission of the south- ern members, the Republicans had a full two-thirds majority in both houses, and so were able to pass any measure which they desired over the .President's veto (Constitution, Art. I., sect. 7). In this way the Civil Rights Bill, giving the freedmen the rights of citizens of the United States, was passed, though it did not give the right of suffrage, for then this matter was wholly within the authority of the states. Congress also, in order to make the provisions of the Civil Rights Bill permanent, proposed the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution. It also passed over the President's veto the Freedmen's Bureau Bill, providing for the interests of the freed slaves in many ways. All this greatly irritated the President, Avho, foolishly in his turn, irritated Congress by calling it " No Congress." Congress revived the grade of general in the army, and Grant was promoted to that rank. 360. Reconstruction Acts. (1867.) — The result of the elections was to encourage Congress in the course upon which it had entered, for it became certain that the new Congress would have a two-thirds majority in opposition to the President. Accordingly a bill was passed, one of the pro- visions of which practically took from him the command of the army by requiring him to issue his orders through the gen- eral of the army, who could not be removed without the RECONSTRUCTION; SIX STATES ADMITTED. 335 consent of the Senate. The subsequent legislation of the Congress aimed to secure the suffrage of the negro and dis- franchisement of the former southern leaders. In order to bring about this end various measures were passed, in 1867, called Reconstruction Acts. They provided first for the military government of the seceded states except Tennessee, which had been admitted to a representation in Congress in 1866. Again, each state was to remain under this military government until a convention chosen by voters, without regard to race or color, should frame a nev*^ government, acknowledging the fourteenth amendment to the Constitu- tion. The old Confederate leaders were debarred from vot- ing for these conventions, or taking any part in them, and of course the adoption of the amendment would permanently disqualify them for holding public office of any kind unless by special action of Congress these disqualifications should be removed. (Appendix III., Constitution, Amend. XIV.) 361. Six States admitted; "Carpet-Baggers." (1868.) — Six of the states, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, agreed to these conditions, and their delegations to Congress were admitted in June, 1868. The other four states declined to assent. The result in the assenting states was quite different from what had been hoped. In several of them the freed slaves were in the majority, and they were extremely ignorant, yet to them was committed the government of the states, the enactment of laws, and other important matters wath which they Avere totally incompetent to deal. The natural result followed, — they were made tools of by unscrupulous men, many of Avhom came from other states with so little property with them that it was said it could all be put in a carpet-bag. Hence they were called "carpet-baggers." Between these "car- 336 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. pet-baggers " and the ignorant negroes the southern states fared badly, for money was squandered lavishly, and much that should have gone for public uses went into private pockets. This period in the South was a most unfortunate one. But neither North nor South was wholly to blame for it. The North acted with much ignorance of the real situation ; while the South was naturally reluctant to accept the results of the war. 362. Tenure of Office Act; the President impeached. (1867, 1868.) — Since the adoption of the Constitution it had been the practice of the Presidents to remove subordinates When occasion seemed to demand it. Now Congress feared that President Johnson miglit, by removal of officers of the gov- ernment who differed with him in politics, impede if not render useless the acts which had been passed. So the Tenure of Office Act was passed to prevent this. By this act, which the President vetoed as unconstitutional, but which was passed over his veto March 2, 1867, no officer for whose appointment the consent of the Senate was needful could be removed without the consent of that body. Tliis sweeping measure naturally roused the ire of the President, and he resolved to ignore the act. He consequently asked Secretary Stanton (May 5) to resign ; upon his refusal, he removed him. At the next session of Congress the Senate re- fused to confirm this action, so Stanton again took possession of his office, but the President ordered Lorenzo Thomas, whom he had appointed in his place, to resume the duties of his office. For this action mainl}", though other points were men- tioned in the indictment, the House of Representatives im- peached President Johnson. According to the provisions of the Constitution, he was tried by the Senate, Chief Justice Chase presiding (Art. I. ii. 5 ; iii. 6). After a trial lasting GRANT AND COLFAX. 337 from March 5 to May 16, 1868, he was acquitted, those voting guilty being one less in number than the two-thirds necessary for conviction. This has been the only instance of impeach- ment of a President, and many even of those politically op- posed to Johnson thought the measure unwise. 363. Grant and Colfax elected; Amnesty. (1868.) — The time had again come to nominate a candidate for the Presidency. The Republican convention, justifying the acts of Congress, went before the country on that issue and nomi- nated General Grant for President and Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, for Vice-President. The Democratic convention attacked the measures and policy of the Republicans, and demanded that the southern states should be restored to all their rights, and that the question of suffrage should be left to the individual states. Horatio Seymour, of New York, and Francis P. Blair, of Missouri, were chosen as candidates. At the elec- tion in November, 1868, Grant and Colfax were chosen by a large majority of the electoral votes, as well as of the pop- ular vote. Thus the voice of the people seemed to confirm the action of Congress, but as Grant was at this time the most popular man in the United States, it is likely that thousands voted for him, giving little attention to the politi- cal questions involved. President Johnson, on Christmas Day, 1868, issued a proc- lamation of ''full pardon and amnesty" to those who had been concerned in the " late rebellion." This did not restore political rights, as that had to be done by Congress. The thirteenth amendment to the Constitution had forbidden slavery ; the fourteenth had given the freedmen citizenship ; and now Congress proposed the fifteenth, which would give the freedmen the right of suffrage. 338 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 364. Atlantic Telegraph Cable. (1866.) — Alaska bought. (1867.) — But political matters, though of surpassing interest, were not the only ones to claim the attention during President Johnson's administration. Cyrus W. Field, of New York, to whom the first Atlantic cable had been due (sect. 290), was by no means discouraged by its failure. He had demonstrated the possibility of a communication under the ocean, and so he set to work to remedy the defects of the earl}^ cables, and in the summer of 1866 the immense steamship Great Eastern^ with a new cable made in England on board, set sail for America, for the purpose of laying the cable on the way. This was entirely successful, and on the 27th of July the western end was landed at Heart's Content, Newfoundland, and messages were exchanged with Valentia Bay, Ireland. Since that time the telegraphic communication between the old Avorld and the new has never been interrupted. Later on, other cables were laid, until, in 1892, there Avere ten lines in operation across the North Atlantic alone. The rates of transmission have been so much reduced b}^ competition that it is within the means of almost every one to send messages, while the newspaper press has whole columns of news cabled every day. Trade has been revolutionized by the cable no less than by steam, as through it the market prices of the world are daily reported in the newspaper press. In 1867 the possessions of Russia in America were bought by the United States for 17,200,000. The territory amounted to about 577,390 square miles.^ It was thought by many at the time a very foolish enterprise, and Secretary Seward, to whom the purchase was largely due, was made the object of much ridicule and chaffing. Time has, however, abundantly justified his action, the rent of the seal fisheries alone being 1 This territory differs from previous annexations in that no part of it touched the boundaries of the United States. \ TERRITORIAL^ GROWTH A \ OF THE UNITED STATES SCALE OF MILES ^ 0 lUO 200 300 s&^^/^.^, ^ O "'•f'and ^r .«. M iy\ >^ "^^^^W^SSak- f^TOvleans T*4p o ¥ M )E X NOTE. The United States seized part of West Florida in 1810, and part in 1812. 92 from 87 Greenwich 82 R. D, SerTflss, EngV, K. V. FRENCH IN MEXICO; MAXIMILIAN. 339 sufficient to pay the interest on the investment. Alaska, as the territory was named, has been discovered to be a land rich in mineral wealth and in valuable forests, while the climate is by no means a cold or very disagreeable one, though somewhat damp. It has already become a place of resort for summer tourists on account of the wonderful scenery, its mountains and glaciers rivalling those of Switzerland. As the Aleutian Islands were included in the purchase, the western limit of the United States was carried to longitude 173° east from Greenwich, making the possessions of the United States cover one hundred and twenty degrees of longitude. Nebraska, which had been organized as a territory under the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 (sect. 280), was admitted as a state in 1867, with the proviso that negro suffrage should be allowed. 365. French in Mexico ; Maximilian. (1861-1867.) — In 1861 France, England, and Spain jointly had interfered with the affairs of Mexico on the ground of non-payment of her bonds, but England soon saw that Napoleon III., the Em- peror of France, had political designs in the movement, and so withdrew from the alliance. Spain also refused to have any- thing more to do with the matter. Napoleon, however, went on with his plans, in spite of the protest of- Secretary Seward that such action would be resented by the United States as contrary to the policy laid down in the Monroe Doctrine (sect. 208). French troops were sent to Mexico, the repub- lican government was overturned, and an empire in Mexico proclaimed. Napoleon's idea was to found a grand empire in Mexico tributary to himself. For emperor he fixed upon Maximilian, a nephew of the Emperor of Austria. Deceived by deputations of Mexicans who were under the influence of the French, he was persuaded to accept the offer, and in the 340 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. spring of 1864 entered the city of Mexico. He soon quar- relled with the party who had supported him, but by the aid of the French troops he maintained his power in the capital and in some of the other cities. In 1865 the United States government, having come out of the Civil War successfully, again demanded of the French emperor the withdrawal of his troops. This time Napoleon deemed it wise to comply. Maximilian, however, thought he could get along without the support of the French, but the armies of the Mexican republican party captured him in 1867, and, though the United States interceded for him, he was shot, together with two native Mexican generals who had espoused his cause. His wife, Carlotta, a princess of Belgium, who felt herself in some degree responsible for his remaining in Mexico after the withdrawal of the French troops, became insane through grief. The Mexican republic was re-established and has remained undisturbed ever since. 366. Expatriation ; Chinese Treaty ; Pacific Railroad ; San Domingo. (1868-1871.) — In 1868 the historian, George Ban- croft, then United States minister to the North German Confederation, negotiated a treaty with that power by which the right of expatriation was acknowledged ; that is, the Ger- man government recognized that a citizen of one country had a right to sever his allegiance to it and become a citizen of another country. This principle the United States had up- lield from the very first, but the European nations had been slow to accept it. It was not until two years later (1870) that England, by the passage of her Naturalization Act, adopted the principle, and gave up what she had claimed as a right, and had practised during the Revolutionary War as well as that of 1812. Most of the European nations have followed the example of Germany and England. CHINESE TREATY; SAN DOMINGO. 341 During the same year, 1868, a treaty with China was negotiated through Anson Burlingame, who had been minis- ter to that country, but was now acting as agent for China. This was the first treaty which that country had ever, of its own accord, offered to make with a foreign nation. An early event of Grant's administration was the comple- tion of the Pacific Railroad at Ogden, Utah, May 10, 1869, which was appropriately celebrated. This great work, ac- complished by means of most liberal grants by Congress, was the first of those chains which bind the two extremes of the country together, and make a union under one government possible. By means of it and the other railroads to the Pacific which have since been built, communication with the Pacific states is easier and more rapid than between the cities of Boston and Washington in the early part of the century. Josiah Quincy, who protested, in 1811, against the admission of Louisiana as a state, partly because it would make the country too large to be governed as a republic, lived to see representatives from Oregon in Congress, and the Atlantic and Pacific bound together by telegraph and railroad. President Grant strongly recommended to Congress the annexation of San Domingo, part of the island of Haiti. He urged that it would be of great advantage to the United States as a coaling station for war vessels, that it was exceed- ingly fertile, and that under the care of the United States its people would rapidly increase in intelligence and in thrift. Congress did not approve of the scheme, feeling that the coun- try had enough on its hands in settling the difficult questions in the South without undertaking anything else of a similar nature ; and in this they represented the popular opinion. 367. " Kuklux Klan." (1868-1871.) ~ All States represented in Congress. (1871.) — About the time of the Presidential elec- 342 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. tion of 1868 a secret organization arose in the South, known as the " Kuklux Klan." Originally started to scare the superstitious colored people, it soon became a political soci- ety, whose purpose was to terrify the freedmen and intimi- date the " carpet-baggers " and their supporters. Some of its members, or pretended members, went on from this to commit outrages of various kinds and even murder. The operations were extensive enough to demand the attention of Congress, which passed severe laws to suppress the order, and appointed an investigating committee which made a volu- minous report. At last the law-abiding citizens of all political affinities united in suppressing it. The Kuklux Klan was chiefly active in North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, and Arkansas. The efforts of the white population of the South were directed towards getting control of the state legislatures, in order to revise the election laws. It was not very long before this end had been practically gained in most of the recon- structed states. By 1869 all the southern states had been readmitted to a representation in Congress except Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas. These were admitted in the next year, so that in January, 1871, for the first time since 1860, every state was represented in Congress. The Supreme Court of the United States had decided, in 1869, in favor of the legality of the reconstruction measures of Con- gress. The court declared that the states had never been out of the Union, but that the Confederate government was " a temporary militar}^ dominion, in which the lawful authority was entirely suspended." 368. Fifteenth Amendment; Civil Rights and Election Acts. (1870-1871.) — The flfteenth amendment, having been rati- fied by the requisite number of states, was proclaimed August FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT; CIVIL RIGHTS ACT. 343 22, 1870.1 It was one thing to adopt amendments, but quite another thing to cany them out. Accordingly Congress, believing that in a great part of the South they were a dead letter, passed one law after another to enforce them. On this ground were passed the Civil Rights Act (1870), de- signed to apply to the fifteenth amendment; the Election Act (1870), which regulated all the national elections, and also made the manner of the election uniform, and the day of the election the same throughout the country ; ^ and the Enforcement Act (1871), or, as it was generally called, the " Force Bill." This bill was somewhat similar to the Sedition Act of 1798 (sect. 166), and was resented by the South and disapproved of by many in the North, even among the Republicans. It divided that party, and ultimately drove many permanently out of its ranks. A large committee was also appointed by Congress to inquire into the condition of the southern states. |
github_open_source_100_8_20196 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# *****************************************************************************
# NICOS, the Networked Instrument Control System of the MLZ
# Copyright (c) 2009-2022 by the NICOS contributors (see AUTHORS)
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
# Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
# version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
# this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
#
# Module authors:
# Nikhil Biyani <[email protected]>
# Artur Glavic <[email protected]>
#
# *****************************************************************************
import pyads
from nicos.core import Attach, HasCommunication, Override, Param, Readable, \
status
from nicos.core.errors import CommunicationError
from nicos.core.params import ipv4
class ADSServer(HasCommunication, Readable):
"""Handle communication to the MCU w/o EPICS
"""
parameters = {
'ip': Param('IP address of Beckhoff terminal', type=ipv4,
preinit=True, mandatory=True),
'amsnetid': Param('ID of Beckhoff terminal', type=str, preinit=True,
mandatory=True),
'port': Param('ADS port of PLC terminal', type=int, preinit=True,
mandatory=True),
'timeout': Param('Communication timeout for pyads', type=float,
prefercache=False, preinit=True, default=5.0),
}
parameter_overrides = {
'unit': Override(mandatory=False, userparam=False, settable=False)
}
def doPreinit(self, mode):
self._statusok = True
def doRead(self, maxage=0):
return ''
def doStatus(self, maxage=0):
if not self._statusok:
return status.WARN, 'no communication'
return status.OK, ''
def communicate(self, attribute, ads_type):
return self._com_retry('ADS call', self._call, attribute, ads_type)
def _call(self, attribute, ads_type):
# open ADS connection and close after communication
with pyads.Connection(self.amsnetid, self.port, ip_address=self.ip) \
as connection:
connection.set_timeout(int(self.timeout * 1000))
return connection.read_by_name(attribute, ads_type)
def _com_return(self, result, info):
"""Overwrite to set status to OK
"""
self._statusok = True
return result
def _com_raise(self, err, info):
"""Overwrite to set status to not OK.
"""
self._statusok = False
raise CommunicationError(self, str(err))
class PT100(Readable):
"""PT100 temperature sensor device
"""
parameters = {
'attribute': Param('Index of the axis to be read', type=str,
default='nTempM1', ),
}
parameter_overrides = {
'unit': Override(default='C', mandatory=False, settable=False,
userparam=False),
}
attached_devices = {
'server': Attach('Server for communication', ADSServer)
}
valuetype = float
def doRead(self, maxage=0):
return self._attached_server.communicate('main.' + self.attribute,
pyads.PLCTYPE_INT) * 0.1
|
US-2381525-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | (3. The process of making a chain link from a strip of sheet metal, saidlink having side bars and end bars and a special attachmrnt or wing uponone of said end bars, said attachment or wing consisting of an extensionof said one end bar at an angle to said link and braces upon saidextension. which consists in producing upon a blank of said strip areasof score outlining a link body and an attachment or wing and lines ofscore defining said side bars and end bars; in severing the metal alongsaid areas of score thus defining said link body and attachment or wing;in severing the met a] along said lines of score and simultaneouslycrimping the center portion of the link body thus preliminarily shapingsaid end bars: in further shaping and forming said end bars; in bendingthe braces of said attachment or wing relatively to the link extensionthereof and finally shaping said end bars; and in severing the linkblank from the strip of metal and bending the link body and the specialattachment or wing as a whole relatively to each other to complete thelink.
7. The process of making a chain link from a strip of sheet metal, saidlink having side bars and end bars, and an attachment or wing upon oneof said end bars, said attachment or wing consisting of an extension ofsaid one end bar at an angle to said link and braces upon said extensionat an angle thereto, which consists in defining upon a blank of saidstrip a link body and a link attachment integral with said body; inbending, forming, and haping said link body to provide said side barsand end bars of the link; in bending the braces of said attachment orwing relatively to the link extension thereof; 2 lid in sever ing thelink blank from the strip ol metal and bending the link body andattachment or wing relatively to each other to complete the link.
8. The process of making a chain link from a strip of sheet metal, saidlink having side bars and end bars, and a special attachment or wingconsisting of an extension of one of said end bars at an angle to saidlink and braces upon said extension and engaging said link, whichconsists in producing upon a blank of said strip areas of scoreoutlining a link body and an attachment or wing and lines of scoredel'ining said side bars and end bars; in severing the metal along saidareas of score and sinuiltaneously crimping the center portion of thelink blank thus preliminarily shaping said end bars; in further roundingand shaping said end bars and transversely scoring the metal to detinethe rear end of said link blank; in bending the braces of saidattachment or wing relatively to the link extension thereof; in finallyshaping said end bars in removing the blank from the strip; and inbending said link and attachment or wing relatively to each other sothat the inner ends of said braces engage said link.
9. In a machine for making a chain link from a blank of sheet metal,said link hav ing a working attachment or wing thereon, the combinationoil? forming dies for produe ing said link, a bending element forproducing said working attachment or wing, and a bending element forpositioning said link and working attachment or wing at an angle withrespect to each other.
10. In a machine for making a chain link from a blank of sheet metal,said link having a working attachment or wing at one end of the link,the combination of forming and shaping dies for producing said link,with a bending die for producing said working attachment or wing. and abending die for fixing said link and attachment or wing at desired anglewith respect to each other.
11. In a machine for making a chain link from a blank of sheet metal,said link having a working attachment or wing upon one end of the link.the combination of forming dies for producing said link, with bendingelements for producing said working attachment or wing and for bendingsaid link and working attachment or Wing relatively to each other.
12. In a machine for making a chain link from a blank of sheet metal.said link having a working attachment or wing at one end of the link,the combination of forming dies for producing said link, with a shapingelement for producing said attachment or wing, and a bending and formingelement for setting said link and attachment or wing relatively to eachother.
13. In a machine for making a chain link from a blank of sheet metal,said link having a working attachment or wing at one end of the link,the combination of forming and shaping dies for producing said link,with. a forming element for shaping said attaclnnent or wing, and abending and forming element for positioning said link and attachment orwing at an angle with respect to each other.
14. In a machine for making a chain link from a blank of sheet metal,said link having side bars and end bars, and a special attachment orwing thereon, the combination of forming dies for producing the side andend bars of said link, a bending element for producing said attachmentor wing, and a bending element for positioning said link andatttlCltlllQIlt or wing at an angle with respect to each other.
15. In a machine for making a chain link from a blank of sheet metal,said link having side bars and end bars, and a special attachment orwing upon one of said end bars, the combination of forming and shapingdies for producin the side and end bars of said link, with a formingelement for bending a portion of said attachment or wing relatively to adifferent portion thereof, and a bending and forming element for settingsaid attachment or wing and said link at an angle with respect to eachother.
16. In a machine for making a chain link from a blank of sheet metal,said link having side and end bars and a special attacln ment or wing,and said attachment or wing consisting of an extension of one of saidend bars, the combination of forming, bending, and shaping dies forproducing said side and end bars, with a bending element for producingsaid attachment or wing.
17. In a machine for making a chain link from a blank of sheet metal,said link having side and end bars and a special attachment or wing, andsaid attachment or wing consisting of an extension of one of said endbars and braces upon said extension, the combina tion of forming,bending, and shaping dies for producingsaid side a ndend bars, withbending and forming elements for producing said at.- tachinent or wingand for setting said link and attachment or wing at an angle to eachother.
18. In a machine for making a chain link from a blank of sheet metal,said link having side and end bars and a special attachment or wing, andsaid attachment or wing consisting of an extension of one of said endbars and braces upon said extension, the combination of forming,bending, and shaping dies for producing said side and end bars, with abending and forming element for producing said attachment or win", and abending and forming element for positioning said link and attachment orwing relatively to each other.
19. In a machine for making a chain link from a blank of sheet metal,said link having side bars. end bars, and an attachment or wing whichincludes an extension of said link at an angle thereto and braces uponsaid extension and engaging said link; the; eombina til tion of meansfor producing the side and end bars of said link, with means forbeinling said braces relatively to said extension to produce saidattachment or wing, and means for bending said attacinnent or wing as awhole relatively to said link.
20. In a machine for making a chain link from a strip of sheet metal,said link having side bars. end bars, and an attachment or wing whichincludes an extension of said link at an angle thereto and braces uponsaid extension and between the extension and link, the combination ofmeans for providing a blank including a link portion and an attachmentor wing portion, and means for producing the side and end bars of saidlink. with means for bending said braces relatively to said extension otsaid attachment or wing portion to produce said attachment or wing.
21. The combination as specified in claim 20, and means for bending saidattachment or wing relatively to said link portion to complete the link.
22. In a machine for making a chain link from a stripo't' flat sheetmetal, said link having side and end bars and a special attachment orwing at one end of the link, the combination of means for producing ablank from said strip including a flat link body portion and a flatattachment or wing, link forming and shaping elements, a bending elementfor forming said flat attachment or wing into a special attachment orwing, and a bending element for positioning said special attachment orwing at an angle to said link body.
In a machine for making a chain link from a blank of sheet metal, saidlink having an attachment or wing, the combination of means l orprogressively operating upon the blank to produce a link having side andend bars, with means for progressively operating upon the blank toproduce said attachment or wing. certain oi said means for producingsaid link acting simultaneously with means for producing said attachmentor wing.
L'l. 'lihe con'ibination as specified in claim 23. and means forpositioning said attachment or wing at an angle to said link.
:25. In a machine for making a chain link from a strip of sheet metal.said link having side bars and end bars, and a special attach ment orwing upon one of said end bars, means for removing portions from thestrip to define a blank comprising a link body portion and a linkattachment or wing portion, and means for operating upon the blank toprovide a link and a special attachment or wing.
26. In a machine for making a chain link l'rom a strip of sheet metal.said link having side bars and end bars, and a special attachment orwing upon one of said end bars, means for removing portions from thestrip to define a blank comprising a link body portion and a linkattacln'nent or wing portion,
means for operating upon the blank to provide a link and a specialattachment or wing, and means for positioning said attachment or wing atdesired angle to said link body.
27. In a machine for making a chain link from a blank of sheet; metal,said link having side bars and end bars, and a special attachment orwing upon one of said end bars, the combination with means for operatingupon the blank to define the outlines of said side and end bars and ofsaid attachment or wing, of bending, forming, and shaping elements toproduce said link and said attachment or wing, and a link finishingelement adapted to linally bend said attacluncnt or wing to desiredangle with respect to said linln 2b. In a machine for making a chainlink from a strip of sheet metal, said link having side bars and endbars, and an attachment or wing upon one of said end bars, saidattachment or wing consisting of an extension of said one end bar at anangle to said link and braces upon said extension at an angle thereto.the combination of means for defining a blank including a link body anda link attachment integral with said body, with bending, forming. andshaping elements for providing side and end bars of said link, formingand shaping elements for bending the braces of said attachment or wingrelatively to the link extension thereof, means for severing the linkblank from the strip of metal, and finishing elements for bending thelink body and attachment or wing relatively to each other to completethe link.
29. In a machine for making a chain link from a strip of sheet metal,said link having side bars and end bars, and a special attachment orwing upon one of said end bars, the combination with means for producingupon a blank of said strip areas of score outlining a link body and alink attachnn'nt or wing and lines of score detiuing side bars and endbars of said link body, of means tor severing the metal along said linesof score and for preliminarily shaping said end bars, means l'orsevering the metal along said areas of score to detine said link bodyand attachment or wing. means for further shaping and forming the endbars of said link body, means for bending portions of said specialattachment or wing relatively to other portions thereof to produce saidattachment or wing, means for severing the link blank from said strip,and means for bending the link body and special attachment or wingrelatively to each other to complete the link.
30. In a machine for makin a chain link from a strip of sheet metal,said link having side bars and end bars, and a special at tachment orWing consisting of an extension of one of said end bars at an angle tosaid like and braces upon said extension and engaging said link, thecombination with means for producing upon said strip areas of score llt)outlining a blank comprising a link body and an attachment or wing andlines of score defining said side bars and end bars, of means forsevering the metal along said areas of score, means for severing themetal along said lines of score and for crimping the center portion ofthe link body to preliminarily shape said end bars, means for furtherrounding and shaping said end bars, means for bending the braces of saidattachment or wing relatively to the link extension thereof, means forgiving said end bars final shape, means for removing the link blank fromthe strip of metal, and means for bending the attachment or wingrelatively to the link body so that the braces engage said link body.
31. In a machine for making a chain link from a strip of sheet metal,said link including a special attachment or Wing, the combination ofmeans for producing the link and the attachment or wing from a blankwhile part of the strip, with means for severing said blank from thestrip, and means for bending the link and the attachment or wingrelatively to each other to complete the chain link.
32. In a machine for making a chain link from a strip of sheet metal,said link including a special attachment or wing, the combination ofmeans for producing the link and the attachment or wing from a blankwhite part of the strip, with means for severing said blank from thestrip, means for bending the link and the attachment or wing relative lyto each other to complete the chain link, and means for removing thefinished link from the machine.
In a machine for making a chain link from a strip ot sheet metal, saidlink having a special attachment or Wing including an extension of thelink at an angle thereto and braces upon and at an angle to saidextension, the combination of means acting upon a blank while part ofthe strip for producing the link and for bendin said ,braces relativelyto said extension to produce said special attachment or Wing, with meansfor severing said partially completed blank from the strip, and meansfor bending the link and attachment or wing relatively to each other tocomplete the chain link.
34. The combination as specified in claim 33, and means for removing thefinished link from the machine.
85. In a machine for making a chain link from a strip of sheet metal,said link having a special attachment or wing, the combination of meansfor producing the link and the attachment or wing. and means torsevering the produced link and attachment or wing from the strip, withmeans including a fixed tool and a tool with spring acting presser footfor bending said link and attachment or wing relatively to each other tocomplete the chain link, and a spring pressed knockout for removing thefinished link from the machine.
36. In a machine for making a chain link from a strip of flat sheetmetal, said link having side and end bars and a special attachment orWing, the'combination of means for ]')roducing a blank from said stripinclud ing a flat link body portion and a flat attach ment or wing. linkforming and shaping elements, a bending element for forming said tiatattachment or wing into a special attachment or wing, and a bendingelement for positioning said special attachment or wing at an angle tosaid link body.
37. In a machine for making a chain link from a strip of sheet met-a1,said link including a special attachment or wing, the combination ofmeans tor producing the link and the attachment or wing from a blank,with means for severing said blank from the strip, and means for bendingthe link and the attachment or wing relatively to each other to completethe chain link.
38. In a machine for making a chain link from a strip of sheet metal,said link including a special attachment or wing, the combination ofmeans for producing the link and the attachment or Wing from a blank,with means for severing said blank from the strip, means for bending thelink and the attachment or wing relatively to each other to complete thechain link. and means tor removing the finished link from the machine.
Signed at Bridgeport, in the county of Fairtield and State 0!Connecticut, this 31st day of March A. 1)., 19:25.
CHARLES PARKER.
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US-202016782566-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Systems and methods for providing an industrial cart in a grow pod
ABSTRACT
A cart having a wheel and a cart-computing device communicatively coupled to the wheel, where the cart-computing device receives an electrical signal via the wheel. The electrical signal comprises a communication signal and electrical power. The communication signal corresponds to one or more instructions for controlling an operation of the cart and the electrical power of the electrical signal powers the cart-computing device.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/934,436 entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PROVIDING AN INDUSTRIAL CART FOR A GROW POD,” filed on Mar. 23, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/519,304, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PROVIDING AN ASSEMBLY LINE GROW POD” filed Jun. 14, 2017, the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/519,326, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PROVIDING AN INDUSTRIAL CART FOR A GROW POD” filed Jun. 14, 2017, and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/519,316, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR COMMUNICATING WITH AN INDUSTRIAL CART” filed Jun. 14, 2017, the entirety of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
TECHNICAL FIELD
Embodiments described herein generally relate to systems and methods for providing an industrial cart for a grow pod and, more specifically, to industrial carts in an assembly line configuration of a grow pod.
BACKGROUND
While crop growth technologies have advanced over the years, there are still many problems in the farming and crop industry today. As an example, while technological advances have increased efficiency and production of various crops, many factors may affect a harvest, such as weather, disease, infestation, and the like. Additionally, certain countries, regions and/or populations may not have suitable farmland to grow particular crops.
Currently, greenhouses and grow houses utilize stationary trays for growing plants. This typically requires large amounts of floor space because workers must be able to access the trays in order to water and otherwise tend to the plants while they are growing. For example, stationary trays in greenhouses need to be periodically rotated or relocated so the plants growing within them receive the required amount of light and/or exposure to environmental conditions such as humidity or airflow. Consequently, greenhouses must provide additional floor space for workers to carry out these tasks and may be limited by the vertical reach of the worker. Greenhouses and grow houses are only an example where a facility needs to accommodate access to stationary objects from time to time by a worker. Other environments, such as warehouses, fulfillment centers or the like must also utilize large amounts of floor space and may be vertically limited by the height of their workers.
As such, a need exists to improve environments such as greenhouses and grow houses, which can reduce the amount of direct worker interaction with stationary objects, such as a plant during the growing process and remove limitations on the use of large floor spaces and relatively small vertical elevations for growing plants.
SUMMARY
In one embodiment, a cart includes a wheel, a drive motor coupled to the wheel such that an output of the drive motor causes the wheel to rotate and propel the cart, a cart-computing device communicatively coupled to the drive motor, and one or more sensors communicatively coupled to the cart-computing device, the one or more sensors generating one or more signals in response to a detected event. The cart-computing device receives a communication signal and electrical power via the wheel. The communication signal corresponds to one or more instructions for controlling an operation of the cart. The cart-computing device receives the one or more signals from the one or more sensors. The cart-computing device generates and transmits a control signal to the drive motor to cause the drive motor to operate based on at least one of the one or more signals generated by the one or more sensors or the communication signal.
In some embodiments, a system includes a track, a master controller communicatively coupled to the track, and a plurality of carts supported on the track. At least one cart of the plurality of carts includes a wheel supported on the track and electrically coupled to the track, a drive motor coupled to the wheel such that an output of the drive motor causes the wheel to rotate and propel the at least one cart along the track, a cart-computing device communicatively coupled to the drive motor, and one or more sensors communicatively coupled to the cart-computing device, the one or more sensors generating one or more signals in response to a detected event. The cart-computing device receives, via the track and the wheel, a communication signal transmitted from the master controller and electrical power. The communication signal, generated by the master controller, corresponds to one or more instructions for controlling an operation of the at least one cart. The cart-computing device receives the one or more signals from the one or more sensors. The cart-computing device generates and transmits a control signal to the drive motor to cause the drive motor to operate based on at least one of the one or more signals or the communication signal.
In some embodiments, a system includes a track having an ascending portion coupled to a descending portion by a connection portion wherein the ascending portion wraps around a first axis and the descending portion wraps around a second axis, and at least one electrically conductive rail. The system further includes a master controller communicatively coupled to at least one electrically conductive rail of the track; and a plurality of carts. Each one of the plurality of carts includes one or more wheels supported on the track and electrically coupled to the at least one electrically conductive rail of the track, a drive motor coupled to the one or more wheels such that an output of the drive motor causes the one or more wheel to rotate and propel the cart along the track, a cart-computing device communicatively coupled to the drive motor, and one or more sensors communicatively coupled to the cart-computing device, the one or more sensors generating one or more signals in response to a detected event. The cart-computing device receives both a communication signal transmitted from the master controller and electrical power propagating over the track and through the one or more wheels. The communication signal, generated by the master controller, corresponds to one or more instructions for controlling an operation of the plurality of carts. The cart-computing device of each cart of the plurality of carts receives the one or more signals from the one or more sensors. The cart-computing device of each cart of the plurality of carts generates and transmits a control signal to the drive motor to cause the drive motor to operate based on at least one of the one or more signals generated by the one or more sensors or the communication signal.
In some embodiments, a cart having a wheel and a cart-computing device communicatively coupled to the wheel, where the cart-computing device receives an electrical signal via the wheel. The electrical signal comprises a communication signal and electrical power. The communication signal corresponds to one or more instructions for controlling an operation of the cart and the electrical power of the electrical signal powers the cart-computing device.
In some embodiments, a system includes a track, a master controller communicatively coupled to the track, and a plurality of carts supported on the track. At least one cart of the plurality of carts includes a wheel supported on the track and electrically coupled to the track and a cart-computing device communicatively coupled to the wheel. The cart-computing device receives, via the track and the wheel, an electrical signal wherein the electrical signal comprises a communication signal transmitted from the master controller and electrical power. The communication signal, generated by the master controller, corresponds to one or more instructions for controlling an operation of the at least one cart and the electrical power of the electrical signal powers the cart-computing device.
These and additional features provided by the embodiments described herein will be more fully understood in view of the following detailed description, in conjunction with the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The embodiments set forth in the drawings are illustrative and exemplary in nature and not intended to limit the disclosure. The following detailed description of the illustrative embodiments can be understood when read in conjunction with the following drawings, where like structure is indicated with like reference numerals and in which:
FIG. 1 depicts an illustrative assembly line grow pod that includes a plurality of industrial carts according to embodiments described herein;
FIG. 2 depicts an illustrative network environment for various components in an assembly line grow pod according to embodiments described herein;
FIG. 3 depicts a plurality of illustrative industrial carts supporting a payload in an assembly line configuration according to embodiments described herein;
FIG. 4 depicts various components of an illustrative cart-computing device for facilitating communication according to embodiments described herein;
FIG. 5A depicts a circuit diagram of illustrative sub-circuits of electronics for a cart-computing device according to embodiments described herein;
FIG. 5B depicts a circuit diagram of illustrative sub-circuits of electronics for a cart-computing device according to embodiments described herein;
FIG. 5C depicts a circuit diagram of illustrative sub-circuits of electronics for a cart-computing device according to embodiments described herein;
FIG. 5D depicts a circuit diagram of illustrative sub-circuits of electronics for a cart-computing device according to embodiments described herein;
FIG. 5E depicts a circuit diagram of illustrative sub-circuits of electronics for a cart-computing device according to embodiments described herein; and
FIG. 6 depicts a flowchart of an illustrative method of controlling an industrial cart in a grow pod assembly according to embodiments described herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Embodiments disclosed herein generally include systems and methods for providing one or more industrial carts in an assembly line configuration of a grow pod. Some embodiments are configured such that an industrial cart supporting a payload travels on a track of a grow pod to provide sustenance (such as light, water, nutrients, etc.) to seeds and/or plants included in the payload on the industrial cart. The industrial cart may be among one or more other industrial carts arranged on the track of the grow pod to create an assembly line of industrial carts.
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 depicts an illustrative assembly line grow pod 100 that includes a plurality of industrial carts 104. As illustrated, the assembly line grow pod 100 includes a track 102 that supports one or more industrial carts 104. Each of the one or more industrial carts 104, as described in more detail with reference to at least FIG. 3, may include one or more wheels 222 a-222 d (collectively, referred to as 222) rotatably coupled to the industrial cart 104 and supported on the track 102.
The track 102 may include an ascending portion 102 a, a descending portion 102 b, and a connection portion 102 c. The ascending portion 102 a may be coupled to the descending portion 102 b via the connection portion 102 c. The track 102 may wrap around (e.g., in a counterclockwise direction as depicted in FIG. 1) a first axis 103 a such that the industrial carts 104 ascend upward in a vertical direction. The connection portion 102 c may be relatively level and straight (although these are not requirements). The connection portion 102 c is utilized to transfer the industrial carts 104 from the ascending portion 102 a to the descending portion 102 b. The descending portion 102 b may be wrapped around a second axis 103 b (e.g., in a counterclockwise direction as depicted in FIG. 1) that is substantially parallel to the first axis 103 a, such that the industrial carts 104 may be returned closer to ground level. Each of the ascending portion 102 a and the descending portion 102 b includes an upper portion 105 a and 105 b, respectively, and a lower portion 107 a and 107 b, respectively. In some embodiments, a second connection portion (not shown in FIG. 1) may be positioned near ground level that couples the descending portion 102 b to the ascending portion 102 a such that the industrial carts 104 may be transferred from the descending portion 102 b to the ascending portion 102 a. Similarly, some embodiments may include more than two connection portions 102 c to allow different industrial carts 104 to travel different paths. As an example, some industrial carts 104 may continue traveling up the ascending portion 102 a, while some may take one of the connection portions 102 c before reaching the top of the assembly line grow pod 100.
FIG. 2 depicts an illustrative network environment 200 for an industrial cart 104 in a grow house. As illustrated, each of a plurality of industrial carts 104 (e.g., a first industrial cart 104 a, a second industrial cart 104 b, and a third industrial cart 104 c and collectively referred to herein as industrial cart(s) 104 or cart(s) 104) may be communicatively coupled to a network 250. Additionally, the network 250 may be communicatively coupled to the master controller 106 and/or a remote computing device 252. The master controller 106 may be configured to communicate with and control various components of the assembly line grow pod 100 including the plurality of industrial carts 104.
The master controller 106 may be a personal computer, laptop, mobile device, tablet, server, etc. and may be utilized as an interface to the assembly line grow pod 100 for a user. Depending on the embedment, the master controller 106 may be integrated as part of the assembly line grow pod 100 or may be merely coupled to the assembly line grow pod 100. For example, an industrial cart 104 may send a notification to a user through the master controller 106.
Similarly, the remote computing device 252 may include a server, personal computer, tablet, mobile device, etc. and may be utilized for machine-to-machine communications. As an example, if the industrial cart 104 (and/or assembly line grow pod 100 from FIG. 1) determines that a type of seed being used requires a specific configuration for the assembly line grow pod 100 to increase plant growth or output (e.g., through the cart-computing device 228 and/or one or more sensors e.g., 232, 234, 236), then the industrial cart 104 may communicate with the remote computing device 252 to retrieve the desired data and/or settings for the specific configuration.
The desired data may include a recipe for growing that type of seed and/or other information. The recipe may include time limits for exposure to light, amounts of water and the frequency of watering, environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, and/or the like. The industrial cart 104 may further query the master controller 106 and/or remote computing device 252 for information such as ambient conditions, firmware updates, etc. Likewise, the master controller 106 and/or the remote computing device 252 may provide one or more instructions in a communication signal to the industrial cart 104 that includes control parameters for the drive motor 226. As such, some embodiments may utilize an application program interface (API) to facilitate this or other computer-to-computer communications.
The network 250 may include the internet or other wide area network, a local network, such as a local area network, a near field network, such as Bluetooth or a near field communication (NFC) network. In some embodiments, the network 250 is a personal area network that utilizes Bluetooth technology to communicatively couple the master controller 106, the remote computing device 252, one or more industrial carts 104, and/or any other network connectable device. In some embodiments, the network 250 may include one or more computer networks (e.g., a personal area network, a local area network, or a wide area network), cellular networks, satellite networks and/or a global positioning system and combinations thereof. Accordingly, at least the one or more industrial carts 104 may be communicatively coupled to the network 250 via the electrically conductive track 102, via wires, via a wide area network, via a local area network, via a personal area network, via a cellular network, via a satellite network, and/or the like. Suitable local area networks may include wired Ethernet and/or wireless technologies such as, for example, Wi-Fi. Suitable personal area networks may include wireless technologies such as, for example, IrDA, Bluetooth, Wireless USB, Z-Wave, ZigBee, and/or other near field communication protocols. Suitable personal area networks may similarly include wired computer buses such as, for example, USB and FireWire. Suitable cellular networks include, but are not limited to, technologies such as LTE, WiMAX, UMTS, CDMA, and GSM.
Communications between the various components of the network environment 200 may be facilitated by various components of the assembly line grow pod 100. For example, the track 102 may include one or more rails that support the industrial cart 104 and are communicatively coupled to the master controller 106 and/or remote computing device 252 through the network 250 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. In some embodiments, the track 102 includes at least two rails 111 a and 111 b. Each of the two rails 111 a and 111 b of the track 102 may be electrically conductive. Each rail 111 may be configured for transmitting communication signals and electrical power to and from the industrial cart 104 via the one or more wheels 222 rotatably coupled to the industrial cart 104 and supported by the track 102, as shown in more detail in FIG. 3. That is, a portion of the track 102 is electrically conductive and a portion of the one or more wheels 222 is in electrical contact with the portion of the track 102 that is electrically conductive.
Referring to FIG. 3, a plurality of illustrative industrial carts 104 (e.g., the first industrial cart 104 a, the second industrial cart 104 b, and the third industrial cart 104 c), each supporting a payload 230 in an assembly line configuration on the track 102 is depicted. In some embodiments, the track 102 may include one rail and one wheel 222 in electrical contact with the one rail. In such an embodiment, the one wheel 222 may relay communication signals and electrical power to the industrial cart 104 as the cart travels along the track 102.
In some embodiments, the track 102 may include two conductive rails (e.g. 111 a and 111 b). The conductive rails may be coupled to an electrical power source. The electrical power source may be a direct current source or an alternating current source. For example, each one of the two parallel rails 111 a and 111 b of the track 102 may be electrically coupled to one of the two poles (e.g., a negative pole and a positive pole) of the direct current source or the alternating current source. In some embodiments, one of the parallel rails (e.g., 111 a) supports a first pair of wheels 222 (e.g., 222 a and 222 b) and the other one of the parallel rails (e.g., 111 b) supports a second pair of wheels (e.g., 222 c and 222 d). As such, at least one wheel 222 from each pair of wheels (e.g., 222 a and 222 c or 222 b and 222 d) are in electrical contact with each of the parallel rails 111 a and 111 b so that the industrial cart 104 and the components therein may receive electrical power and communication signals transmitted over the track 102.
Turning to the portion of FIG. 3 that includes industrial cart 104 a, the portion of the track 102 that supports the wheels 222 of industrial cart 104 a is segmented into two portions of track 102. That is, track 102 is segmented into a first electrically conductive portion 102′ and a second electrically conductive portion 102″. In some embodiments, the track 102 may be segmented into more than one electrical circuit. The electrically conductive portion of the track 102 may be segmented by a non-conductive section 101 such that a first electrically conductive portion 102′ of the track 102 is electrically isolated from a second electrically conductive portion 102″ of the track 102. For example, wheels 222 a and 222 c of industrial cart 104 a are supported and electrically coupled to the first electrically conductive portion 102′ of the track 102 and wheels 222 b and 222 d of industrial cart 104 a are supported and electrically coupled to the second electrically conductive portion 102″. The configuration allows the industrial cart 104 a to continuously receive electrical power since at least two wheels (e.g., 222 a and 222 c or 222 b and 222 d) remain electrically coupled to one of the two electrically conductive portions of the track 102 as industrial cart 104 a traverses the track 102.
As the industrial cart 104 a traverses the track 102 from the first electrically conductive portion 102′ to the second electrically conductive portion 102″, the cart-computing device 228 may select which of the pair of wheels (e.g., 222 a and 222 c or 222 b and 222 d) from which to receive electrical power and communication signals. In some embodiments, an electrical circuit may be implemented to automatically and continuously select and provide electrical power to the components of the industrial cart 104 a as the industrial cart 104 a traverses from the first electrically conductive portion 102′ to the second electrically conductive portion 102″ of the track 102.
An example of such an electrical circuit is depicted in FIG. 5B and further described with reference therein. In other words, the industrial cart 104 a may be configured to select electrical power from either a first electrical power signal transmitted by the first electrically conductive portion 102′ or a second electrical power signal transmitted by the second electrically conductive portion 102″ when the industrial cart 104 spans and traverses the track 102 from the first electrically conductive portion 102′ to the second conductive portion 102″.
For example, when wheels 222 a and 222 c are in electrical contact with the first electrically conductive portion 102′ and wheels 222 b and 222 d are in electrical contact with the second electrically conductive portion 102″ the cart-computing device 228 or an electric circuit may select which of the two conductive portions 102′ or 102″ to draw electrical power. Furthermore, the cart-computing device 228 or the electric circuit may prevent the two conductive portions 102′ or 102″ from being shorted as the industrial cart 104 a traverses both segments and may prevent the industrial cart 104 a from being overloaded by two electrical power sources. Therefore, the cart-computing device 228 or other communicatively coupled electronic circuit (e.g., as depicted in FIG. 5B) may receive electrical power from one of the two conductive portions 102′ or 102″ through the one or more wheels 222 and then distribute the electrical power signals for use by the drive motor 226, the cart-computing device 228 and/or other electronic devices communicatively coupled to the industrial cart 104.
Still referring to FIG. 3, the communication signals and electrical power may include an encoded address specific to an industrial cart 104. Each industrial cart 104 may include a unique address such that multiple communications signals and electrical power signal may be transmitted over the same track 102 and each signal may be received by the intended recipient of that signal. For example, the assembly line grow pod 100 may implement a digital command control system (DCC). The DDC system may encode a digital packet having a command and an address of an intended recipient, for example, in the form of a pulse width modulated signal that is transmitted along with electrical power to the track 102.
In such a system, each industrial cart 104 may include a decoder, which may include a cart-computing device 228 coupled to the industrial cart 104, designated with a unique address. When the decoder receives a digital packet corresponding to its unique address, the decoder executes the embedded command. In some embodiments, the industrial cart 104 may also include an encoder, which may be included in the cart-computing device 228 coupled to the industrial cart 104, for generating and transmitting communications signals from the industrial cart 104. The encoder may enable the industrial cart 104 to communicate with other industrial carts 104 positioned along the track 102 and/or other systems or computing devices communicatively coupled with the track 102.
While the implementation of a DCC system is disclosed herein as an example of providing communication signals and/or electrical power to a designated recipient along a common interface (e.g., the track 102), any system and method capable of transmitting communication signals along with electrical power to and from a specified recipient may be implemented. For example, some embodiments may be configured to transmit data over AC circuits by utilizing a zero-crossing of the power from negative to positive (or vice versa).
In embodiments that include a system using alternating current to provide electrical power to the industrial carts 104, the communication signals may be transmitted to the industrial cart 104 during the zero-crossing of the alternating current sine wave. That is, the zero-crossing is the point at which there is no voltage present from the alternating current power source. As such, a communication signal may be transmitted during this interval. In some embodiments, the industrial cart 104 may only receive communication signals while traveling along portions of the track 102. Therefore, in such embodiments, during a first zero-crossing interval, a communication signal may be transmitted to and received by the cart-computing device 228 of the industrial cart 104. The communication signal transmitted during the first zero-crossing interval may include a command and a direction to execute the command when a subsequent command signal is received and/or at a particular time in the future. During a subsequent zero-crossing interval, a communication signal may include a synchronization pulse, which may indicate to the cart-computing device 228 of the industrial cart 104 to execute the previously received command. The aforementioned communication signal and command structure is only an example. As such, other communication signals and command structures or algorithms may be employed within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
In further embodiments that use alternating current to provide electrical power to the industrial carts 104, the communication signals may be transmitted to the industrial cart 104 during the zero-crossing of the alternating current sine wave. In some embodiments, a communication signal may be defined by the number of AC waveform cycles, which occur between a first trigger condition and a second trigger condition. In some embodiments, the first and second trigger condition, which may be the presence of a pulse (e.g., a 5 volt pulse) may be introduced in the power signal during the zero-crossing of the AC electrical power signal. In some embodiments, the first and second trigger condition may be or a change in the peak AC voltage of the AC electrical power signal. For example, the first trigger condition may be the change in peak voltage from 18 volts to 14 volts and the second trigger condition may be the change in peak voltage from 14 volts to 18 volts. The cart-computing device 228 may be electrically coupled to the wheels 222 and may be configured to sense changes in the electrical power signal transmitted over the track 102 and through the wheels 222. When the cart-computing device 228 detects a first trigger condition, the cart-computing device 228 may begin counting the number of peak AC voltage levels, the number of AC waveform cycles, or the amount of time until a second trigger condition is detected. In some embodiments, the count corresponds to a predefined operation or communication message. For example, a 5 count may correspond to an instruction for powering on the drive motor 226 and an 8 count may correspond to an instruction for powering off the driver motor. Each of the instructions may be predefined in the cart-computing devices 228 of the industrial carts 104 so that the cart-computing device 228 may translate the count into the corresponding instruction and/or control signal. The aforementioned communication signals and command structures are only examples. As such, other communication signals and command structures or algorithms may be employed within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
In some embodiments, bi-directional communication may occur between the cart-computing device 228 of the industrial cart 104 and the master controller 106. In some embodiments, the industrial cart 104 may generate and transmit a communication signal through the wheel 222 and the track 102 to the master controller 106. In some embodiments, transceivers may be positioned anywhere on the track 102. The transceivers may communicate via IR or other near-field communication system with one or more industrial carts 104 positioned along track 102. The transceivers may be communicatively coupled with the master controller 106 or another computing device, which may receive a transmission of a communication signal from the industrial cart 104.
In some embodiments, the cart-computing device 228 may communicate with the master controller 106 using a leading sensor 232 a-232 c, a trailing sensor 234 a-234 c, and/or an orthogonal sensor 236 a-236 c included on the industrial cart 104. Collectively, the leading sensors 232 a-232 c, trailing sensors 234 a-234 c, and orthogonal sensors 236 a-236 c are referred to as leading sensors 232, trailing sensors 234, and orthogonal sensors 236, respectively. The sensors 232, 234, 236 may be configured as a transceiver or include a corresponding transmitter module, In some embodiments, the cart-computing device 228 may transmit operating information, status information, sensor data, and/or other analytical information about the industrial cart 104 and/or the payload 230 (e.g., plants growing therein). In some embodiments, the master controller 106 may communicate with the cart-computing device 228 to update firmware and/or software stored on the industrial cart 104.
Since the industrial carts 104 are limited to travel along the track 102, the area of track 102 an industrial cart 104 will travel in the future is referred to herein as “in front of the industrial cart” or “leading.” Similarly, the area of track 102 an industrial cart 104 has previously traveled is referred to herein as “behind the industrial cart” or “trailing.” Furthermore, as used herein, “above” refers to the area extending from the industrial cart 104 away from the track 102 (i.e., in the +Y direction of the coordinate axes of FIG. 3). “Below” refers to the area extending from the industrial cart 104 toward the track 102 (i.e., in the −Y direction of the coordinate axes of FIG. 3).
Still referring to FIG. 3, one or more components may be coupled to the tray 220. For example, each industrial cart 104 a-104 c may include a back-up power supply 224 a-224 c, a drive motor 226 a-226 c, a cart-computing device 228 a-228 c, a tray 220 and/or the payload 230. Collectively, the back-up power supplies 224 a-224 c, drive motors 226 a-226 c, and cart-computing devices 228 a-228 c are referred to as back-up power supply 224, drive motor 226, and cart-computing device 228. The tray 220 may additionally support a payload 230 thereon. Depending on the particular embodiment, the payload 230 may contain plants, seedlings, seeds, etc. However, this is not a requirement as any payload 230 may be carried on the tray 220 of the industrial cart 104.
The back-up power supply 224 may comprise a battery, storage capacitor, fuel cell or other source of reserve electrical power. The back-up power supply 224 may be activated in the event the electrical power to the industrial cart 104 via the wheels 222 and track 102 is lost. The back-up power supply 224 may be utilized to power the drive motor 226 and/or other electronics of the industrial cart 104. For example, the back-up power supply 224 may provide electrical power to the cart-computing device 228 or one or more sensors 232, 234, and 236. The back-up power supply 224 may be recharged or maintained while the cart is connected to the track 102 and receiving electrical power from the track 102.
The drive motor 226 is coupled to the industrial cart 104. In some embodiments, the drive motor 226 may be coupled to at least one of the one or more wheels 222 such that the industrial cart 104 is capable of being propelled along the track 102 in response to a received signal. In other embodiments, the drive motor 226 may be coupled to the track 102. For example, the drive motor 226 may be rotatably coupled to the track 102 through one or more gears, which engage a plurality of teeth, arranged along the track 102 such that the industrial cart 104 is propelled along the track 102. That is, the gears and the track 102 may act as a rack and pinion system that is driven by the drive motor 226 to propel the industrial cart 104 along the track 102.
The drive motor 226 may be configured as an electric motor and/or any device capable of propelling the industrial cart 104 along the track 102. For example, the drive motor 226 may be a stepper motor, an alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) brushless motor, a DC brushed motor, or the like. In some embodiments, the drive motor 226 may comprise electronic circuitry, which may be used to adjust the operation of the drive motor 226, in response to a communication signal (e.g., a command or control signal for controlling the operation of the industrial cart 104) transmitted to and received by the drive motor 226. The drive motor 226 may be coupled to the tray 220 of the industrial cart 104 or may be directly coupled to the industrial cart 104. In some embodiments, more than one drive motor 226 may be included on the industrial cart 104. For example, each wheel 222 may be rotatably coupled to a drive motor 226 such that the drive motor 226 drives rotational movement of the wheels 222. In other embodiments, the drive motor 226 may be coupled through gears and/or belts to an axle, which is rotatably coupled to one or more wheels 222 such that the drive motor 226 drives rotational movement of the axle that rotates the one or more wheels 222.
In some embodiments, the drive motor 226 is electrically coupled to the cart-computing device 228. The cart-computing device 228 may electrically monitor and control the speed, direction, torque, shaft rotation angle, or the like, either directly and/or via a sensor that monitors operation of the drive motor 226. In some embodiments, the cart-computing device 228 may electrically control the operation of the drive motor 226. In some embodiments, the cart-computing device 228 may receive a communication signal transmitted through the electrically coupled track 102 and the one or more wheels 222 from the master controller 106 or other computing device communicatively coupled to the track 102. In some embodiments, the cart-computing device 228 may directly control the drive motor 226 in response to signals received through a network interface hardware 414 (as depicted and described with reference to FIG. 4). In some embodiments, the cart-computing device 228 executes power logic 436 (as depicted and described with reference to FIG. 4) to control the operation of the drive motor 226.
Still referring to FIG. 3, the cart-computing device 228 may control the drive motor 226 in response to one or more signals received from a leading sensor 232, a trailing sensor 234, and/or an orthogonal sensor 236 included on the industrial cart 104 in some embodiments. Each of the leading sensor 232, the trailing sensor 234, and the orthogonal sensor 236 may comprise an infrared sensor, a photo-eye sensor, a visual light sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a pressure sensor, a proximity sensor, a motion sensor, a contact sensor, an image sensor, an inductive sensor (e.g., a magnetometer) or other type of sensor capable of detecting at least the presence of an object (e.g., another industrial cart 104 or a location marker 324) and generating one or more signals indicative of the detected event (e.g., the presence of the object).
As used herein, a “detected event” refers to an event for which a sensor is configured to detect. In response, the sensor may generate one or more signals corresponding to the event. For example, if the sensor is configured to generate one or more signals in response to the detection of an object, the detected event may be the detection of an object. Moreover, the sensor may be configured to generate one or more signals that correspond to a distance from the sensor to an object as a distance value, which may also constitute a detected event. As another example, a detected event may be a detection of infrared light. In some embodiments, the infrared light may be generated by the infrared sensor reflected off an object in the field of view of the infrared sensor and received by the infrared sensor.
In some embodiments, an infrared emitter may be coupled with the industrial cart 104 or in the environment of the assembly line grow pod 100, and may generate infrared light which may be reflected off an object and detected by the infrared sensor. In some instances, the infrared sensor may be calibrated to generate a signal when the detected infrared light is above a defined threshold value (e.g., above a defined power level). In some embodiments, a pattern (e.g. a barcode or QR code) may be represented in the reflected infrared light, which may be received by the infrared sensor and used to generate one or more signals indicative of the pattern detected by the infrared sensor. The aforementioned is not limited to infrared light. Various wavelengths of light, including visual light, such as red or blue, may also be emitted, reflected, and detected by a visual light sensor or an image sensor that generates one or more signals in response to the light detection. As an additional example, a detected event may be a detection of contact with an object (e.g., as another industrial cart 104) by a pressure sensor or contact sensor, which generates one or more signals corresponding thereto.
In some embodiments, the leading sensor 232, the trailing sensor 234, and the orthogonal sensor 236 may be communicatively coupled to the cart-computing device 228. The cart-computing device 228 may receive the one or more signals from one or more of the leading sensor 232, the trailing sensor 234, and the orthogonal sensor 236. In response to receiving the one or more signals, the cart-computing device 228 may execute a function defined in an operating logic 432, communication logic 434 and/or power logic 436, which are described in more detail herein with reference to at least FIG. 4. For example, in response to the one or more signals received by the cart-computing device 228, the cart-computing device 228 may adjust, either directly or through intermediate circuitry, a speed, a direction, a torque, a shaft rotation angle, and/or the like of the drive motor 226.
In some embodiments, the leading sensor 232, the trailing sensor 234, and/or the orthogonal sensor 236 may be communicatively coupled to the master controller 106 (FIG. 1). In some embodiments, the leading sensor 232, the trailing sensor 234, and the orthogonal sensor 236 may generate one or more signals that may be transmitted via the one or more wheels 222 and the track 102 (FIG. 1). In some embodiments, the track 102 and/or the industrial cart 104 may be communicatively coupled to a network 250 (FIG. 2). Therefore, the one or more signals may be transmitted to the master controller 106 via the network 250 over the network interface hardware 414 (FIG. 4) or the track 102 and in response, the master controller 106 may return a control signal to the industrial cart 104 for controlling the operation of one or more drive motors 226 of one or more industrial carts 104 positioned on the track 102.
Still referring to FIG. 3, the one or more signals from one or more of the leading sensor 232, the trailing sensor 234, and the orthogonal sensor 236 may directly adjust and control the drive motor 226 in some embodiments. For example, electrical power to the drive motor 226 may be electrically coupled with a field-effect transistor, relay, or other similar electronic device capable of receiving one or more signals from a sensor. For example, electrical power to the drive motor 226 may be electrically coupled via a contact sensor that selectively activates or deactivates the operation of the drive motor 226 in response to the one or more signals from the sensor.
That is, if a contact sensor electromechanically closes (i.e., the contact sensor contacts an object, such as another industrial cart 104), then the electrical power to the drive motor 226 is terminated. Similarly, when the contact sensor electromechanically opens (i.e., the contact sensor is no longer in contact the object), then the electrical power to the drive motor 226 may be restored. This may be accomplished by including the contact sensor in series with the electrical power to the drive motor 226 or through an arrangement with one or more electrical components electrically coupled to the drive motor 226. In other embodiments, the operation of the drive motor 226 may adjust proportionally to the one or more signals from the one or more sensors 232, 234, and 236. For example, an ultrasonic sensor may generate one or more signals indicating the range of an object from the sensor and as the range increases or decreases, the electrical power to the drive motor 226 may increase or decrease, thereby increasing or decreasing the output of the drive motor 226 accordingly.
|
github_open_source_100_8_20197 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package org.jbehave.examples.jruby;
import static org.jbehave.core.io.CodeLocations.codeLocationFromClass;
import static org.jbehave.core.reporters.Format.ANSI_CONSOLE;
import java.util.List;
import org.jbehave.core.configuration.Configuration;
import org.jbehave.core.configuration.MostUsefulConfiguration;
import org.jbehave.core.io.StoryFinder;
import org.jbehave.core.junit.JUnit4StoryRunner;
import org.jbehave.core.junit.JUnitStories;
import org.jbehave.core.reporters.StoryReporterBuilder;
import org.jbehave.core.steps.InjectableStepsFactory;
import org.jbehave.core.steps.InstanceStepsFactory;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@RunWith(JUnit4StoryRunner.class)
public class JRubyStories extends JUnitStories {
@Override
public Configuration configuration() {
return new MostUsefulConfiguration()
.useStoryReporterBuilder(new StoryReporterBuilder().withFormats(ANSI_CONSOLE));
}
@Override
public List<String> storyPaths() {
return new StoryFinder()
.findPaths(codeLocationFromClass(this.getClass()), "**/*.story", "");
}
@Override
public InjectableStepsFactory stepsFactory() {
return new InstanceStepsFactory(configuration(), new JRubySteps());
}
}
|
sn84022793_1872-08-01_1_2_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Guggen to a rumor that a Democratic Territorial Convention will be held in that city for the nomination of a candidate for Delegate to Congress, the nomination of Judge McFadden having relapsed in consequence of the postponement of the election from June till November. We hope and believe that no such Convention will be held; that the authorities having in charge the Democratic organization will take no measures which will draw party lines in this Territory in the coming election, and that the same good sense and sound judgment will be dis played in their future action which char acterized their last Convention; the first in the United States to endorse the action of the Cincinnati Convention after the unanimity of that body. The fight is a good one as it stands. We want no more of party in this Territory; no more of ring combinations to defeat the popular will through the instrumentality of party caucus; no men the use of public offices as rewards for party services to unscrupulous politicians. The uprising of the people through the length and breadth of the country—which has no parallel in the civil communities which have preceded it—is simply a popular protest against party and its abuses. The candidates for President and Vice President cast off their party shackles and stand forth as the free representatives of a free people, pledged only to administer the Government for the whole people, regardless of party considerations. After their election—which it is sacrilege to doubt—no faithful public officer will be dismissed from the public service on party grounds; no incompetent will be appointed for party services. In this Territory, the issue is preeminently between the people and their plunderers—a junta of spoils gathered upon the public treasury by a recreant Delegate in Congress, for whose services the office holders have everything and the people literally nothing to show. Judge McFadden was not nominated by any of the usual appliances of party conventions; he was in no ordinary sense a party candidate; the Convention but rejected the spontaneous will of the people in presenting his name and he reluctantly consented to become the candidate. He will be sustained regardless of former party affiliations. Illusions, and there is no need of any new convention to ascertain what is apparent to all, or to embarrass the contest with any old party prejudices. There is no Democrat party or any Republican party. These distinctions have been swept away by the blood of revolution in the popular sentiment, and a party endorsement carries with it no prestige except to those who hope to profit by party success. The party of the future is Democratic Republican and all other combinations must go down before it. Cossack.—The most zealous and unquestionably the most able supporter of the Grant party in Oregon, is our old friend James O’Meary, whose paper was suppressed by military authority during the war, for “giving aid and comfort to the enemy.” No man has more to say of the inconsistency of supporting an old political enemy. However, Mr. O’Meary forgot to remember who were his enemies then, and from whom he draws his support now? Instead of telling his columns with extracts from the New York Tribune, denunciation of the Democracy. Suppose he should quote a few from James O’Meary, written about the same time, giving his view of the Republicans with whom he is now acting. It would be quite as interesting to his readers and undoubtedly fully as effective. Concerning the office-holder, the organ affects sympathy for the pecuniary embarrassments of Brother Prosch, of the Tribune, whose office has been advertised to be sold at Sheriff sale. Prosch will not have to wait long to return the compliment. The Courier, as every principle publisher knows, is now sustained at an expense of not less than $1,000 a month, drawn from the public treasury, and must go down as soon as its supporters go out of office. The defeat of Garfield will be death to the organ, and “the mourners will go about the streets.” “Swan Bedding”—We have received, under the frank of Senator Harlan, a Methodist preacher, Nos. 1 and 2 of a newspaper published on Government patronage, at Washington, called “The Irish Republican,” devoted to the Roman Catholic religion and the advocacy of Gruntism. The paper of course supports Wilson, one of the founders of the Know Nothing party and a leader of that party in Boston when the Roman Catholic Convent was destroyed by 3 Know Nothing mob without the intervention of the civil authorities. But what has a Methodist preacher to do with circulating Roman Catholic documents? Is he a Jesuit propagandist under false colors, or only a believer in subordinating religion to party politics? William W. Rockwell has Resigned from the Grant Central Committee, of New York, and came out far below, was Exams, most blatant of the henchmen of the grant. But in the time of the henchmen, he was talked of - a possible candidate for the Presidency, he nominated by the Liberal Republican Party. Conquering the incident, he renewed his allegiance to Grant and is now one of his most contemptible sycophants. In connection with his present political attitude, and as a proof of the corrupt nature of the man and his brazen corruption in assisting the people of the South in assuring the national legislation, designed to release them from their present enslaved condition, we extract the following message from the Kansas City Times: "That's a lie, John, and you know it. You induced my husband to join the rebel army, and he lost his life by taking your advice." This was the language employed by Gen. Logan's son when he was declining in Southern Illinois that he had never sympathized with and given aid to the South. "Yes, and this same Logan went to Richmond towards the last of April, 1861, and proposed to join the Southern army if he would make him a Major General. DIVIS refusing he returned, raised a regiment in Southern Illinois and was made Major General of the Union Army by Lincoln. It is just such unscrupulous adventurers as this that the election of Horace Greeley will forever squelch. In Memoriam. To the Worshipful Master Wardens and Brothers of Franklin Lodge No. 5, F. and A. M.: The undersigned committee appointed to draft resolutions expressive of the feelings of the Lodge on the death of Bro. J. L. Emmy, respectfully submit the following: WHEREAS, It has pleased our supreme Grand Master to remove our worthy Brother J. L. Emmy, a member of this Lodge, from his sphere of usefulness here below to that better Lodge on high. Therefore Resolved, That in the decease of Bro. Emery this Lodge has lost one of its pillars of strength; the fraternity has lost a zealous Mason and the community a moral, honorable and useful member. Resolved, That while we submit to this afflicting dispensation of Divine Providence, we do not wish the bereaved relatives of our departed brothers to mourn their loss, and commending the orphan children to Him who tempers the wind to the show lamb, believing that He in His wisdom doeth all things well. Resolved, That the Lodge be draped in mourning and the members wear the usual badge of mourning for thirty days. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions and the Seal of Franklin Lodge No. 5, be sent to the relations of the deceased, and also published in the PUGET SOUND DRAWING. A. S. MILLER. A. D. GABTON, Committee. O. BALL. N. P. R. R. Surveyor. Col. Morris, Chief Engineer of the Pacific Division arrived in this city from the Skagit Pass on Thursday last. We have no doubt, from the vigorous manner in which the surveys are being pushed, that all the engineering problems West of the Rocky Mountains will be solved by the first of October. There are six parties in the field in the Pacific Division, exclusive of those on construction. The party under Capt. Sheets, which ran the line up the Skagit, met Ward's party coming from the East, 12 miles beyond the Summit on the 19th inst.— Ward remains on the Summit to develop the pass by a more detailed survey, and will then run eastward to the Cour d'Alene Pass. Capt. Sheets was in this city on Saturday last fitting out his party to run a line from the Snoqualmie Pass down the Snoqualmie River and on connection with Habersham's line on the Shore line. Capt. Birnie was also in town on Sunday, and reports his party at the crossing of White River. The line from Hodgdon's, the present forty mile terminus, to White River is a very favorable one, easy of construction and with long tangents and light grades. This line will be continued along the West shore of Lake Washington and thence over the divide and on north till a connection is made with the lines of Sheets and Habersham. Habersham's line is now about ten miles North of Tulullip and will be run on north to the British line. Nothing has been heard of Harry Steelman who was lost from Sheets' party on the 19th of June. Every effort was made by Capt. Sheets which was possible, both in person and through persons sent over the route the lost man must have traversed. There is no longer hopes of his recovery, and the impression is that he was murdered by Indians. The R. R. Co. have offered a reward for the discovery of the murderers, and it is hoped the Governor will do likewise. Noam Grumman—The State election in North Carolina takes place today. If the expenditure of money can carry the State for Grant it will be done directly from the Federal Treasury has been carried there for that purpose. The usual sum sent to United States marshals in the several States of medium size, like North Carolina, for the contingent expenses of the United States Courts is $5,000 each. But upon inspection at the Department of Justice, the Attorney General's Office, in Washington, by an expression, one of the committee on "Southern outrages." It appears that the sum of $223,000,000 has been sent to the United States marshals of the United States. In the South Carolina with a line just sixty (It's, $40,000 of which was shipped less than ten days ago.— This is, of course, simply an immense clearing fund to corrupt the vote of the ignorant and debased portion of the population, which is very large. W. Allen Warden, who was S. Lincoln Presidential elector in 1864, and a Grant elector in 1868, has announced himself a supporter of Greeley. Just Received, X. B. WINDWARD, 774 pkgs. Assorted Merchandise. THOMAS T. MINOR, Physician and Surgeon, Gums—Next door to the Custom House. PORT TOWNSEND, W. I. Piano Forte Tuner. R. DIGBY PALMER (OF VICTORIA, B. C.) will be in Seattle about the 6th of August for the purpose of tuning and repairing. Orders to be left at the Occidental Hotel. TREES! HEDGE PLANTS! Nursery Stock! Fruit and Flower plates! Address F. K. PHOENIX. BLDIMINGTOH HILLS. 600 Acres; 8th year: 12 Greenhouses. Apple, 1,000 lbs. $350; 3 lbs. $450; 4 lbs. $450; 4 lbs. $450. Catalogues, 20 cents. $250 REWARD: ON THE 19TH DAY OF JUNE, 1872. EARLY STEELMAN, a member of Captain Sheets’ Northern Put-ins Railroad Surveying party, left the "Jain," on the Skagit River, to join the party then camped about forty miles from the mouth of the river, since which no information has been communicated of him, and it is feared he has been murdered. The above reward will be paid for such positive evidence that will prove the manner of his death, or for the finding of his body. Address Haul-ll Sievres, Attorney. N. P. R. S., Olympia. THUS. B. MORRIS. 36-2 w. Engineer Pacific Div. NJ".113. Dr. H. P. LATHROP, (LATE OF SAN FRANCISCO.) HAVING LOCATED IN SEATTLE. TEN ders his professional services to the citizens of Seattle and vicinity. Office temporarily at the Occidental Hotel. Situation Wanted, BY A YOUNG MAN WHO HAS A THOROUGH KNOWLEDGE OF BANK-KEEPING, as Book Keeper or Clerk, in any business. Salary not so much an object as permanent situation. Best of references given. Address "Accountant," at this office. SIG N AND Ornamental Painting. J. F. COCRAN 311?” street, main the P. O. ‘LETTERING IN THE BEST CITY STYLES. A Ornamental Painting and Gilding on Glass. Charges reasonable. Scuttle, July 18, 1872. 33”. KNIGHT—PICTURES, Paint 85 Color Store, WASHINGTON ST. SEATTLE, W.T. Notice. KNIGHT & DICKSON, PAINTERS, WASHINGTON ST. and W. King, having retired from the firm of Knight Brothers, the business will now be carried on in the above name. KNIGHT & DICKSON beg to return thanks for past favors, and hope by close attention to business to merit the patronage of the public. 33!! SEAL, W. T. Capital Stock $500,000. O. T. WARREN, President. SAMUEL P. WARREN, Cashier. THIS COMPANY WILL TRANSACT ALL kinds of legitimate Banking business, receive deposits, make collections, and sell Exchange in Gold and Currency drawn direct on New York or San Francisco. Make no charge for collections in Seattle; Drafts on New York or San Francisco collected at cost. Certificates of Deposit issued bearing interest from six to ten percent per annum. Approved business paper discounted for depositors. Funds invested in Real Estate or loaned on Mortgage, and reliable information furnished regarding this Territory for non-residents. SAVINGS DEPARTMENT. Money deposited in This Department, in sums of One Dollar and upwards, will draw interest at ten percent per annum. Mechanics, Mining and Railroad Employees will find a safe and reliable place for deposit for their many, besides receiving interest on the sum. Sight Drafts on New York or San Francisco will be taken without discount. Time Duties collected free of charge for depositors. Rules of this Department furnished on application. JAS. H. ROBBINS, WHOLESALE DEALER IN Foreign and Domestic Wines, Bakers' Whiskies, Etc., No. 15 Commercial Street, Seattle, W. Genuine Cutter Whiskey Always on hand. NORTH PACIFIC GARDENS. Picnics, Bananas, Fairs, or other Social Entertainments, at reasonable prices. Apply to FRANK GITZENBERG, Proprietor. Seattle, July 25, 1872. New Goods, Groceries, and Barley. EX-BARK JENNY PITTS. SHOWABACHER BROS & CO. Have received a shipment from the supply of Boots and Shoes, Glass Ware, Rope, Plows, Lead Paints, Trunks, Pails, Out Meal, Sugar, Soap, Iron, Cement, Gun Powder, Dry Goods, Green-houses, &c. EX-JENNY PITTS. Sugars of all grades, Best Dutchess County Cheese, Codfish, Olives, Citron, St. Louis Hams. On the way and to arrive shortly, full stock of Groceries, Provisions, Hard Ware and Ship’s stores. CRAWFORD & HARRINGTON. Seattle, July 18, 1872. CHAS. A. WHITE, Surveyor, Drafting and Civil Engineer, Olympia. WELLS, FARGO & CO., Yates Street, Victoria, B. C. DRAW EXCHANGE ON LONDON, NEW YORK, San Francisco, Boston, and the principal points in the West and Dominion of Cum. LEGAL TENDER NOTES AND OTHER Government Securities BOUGHT AND SOLD. Deposits received and amounts kept subject to Draft. Interest allowed on Thin Deposit- for a period at the same months and upwards. All orders with any of our Agents on Puget Sound will be promptly attended to. P. GARESGHE, Agent. April 11, 201:. THE INDERSIGNED WOULD INFORM their friends and the public that they are now prepared to resale the thirsty at the Dolly Varden Saloon, Corner of Front and Cherry streets. opposite the N. P. Brewery. SEATTLE, W. T. Where among other luxuries may be found the BEST BRANDS OF Wines, Liquors and Cigars. SMITH'S PREMIUM CORNICES, acknowledged by competent judges to be superior to all others, will be dispensed at all hours. The proprietors think that by strict attention to business, and kindly treatment of guests, to ensure a plum of public patronage. SMITH & LOWE. July 4, 1872. PIONEER BOOK STORE, HAVING MADE SCHOOL, MISCELANEOUS and Blank Books a specialty, we are now prepared to fill all orders promptly in that time. We have been in the Agency for the best Pianos and Organs: On this Coast, we are prepared to fill all old orders at short notice on easy terms. Patent desiring to dispose of Pianos on SAN FRANCISCO OR THE Eastern State. Please enquire of Wells, Fargo & Co's. Agent at the PIONEER BOOK STORE. Puget Sound Ice Company, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN ICE. SEATTLE AND OLYMPIA, W. T. ICE IN QUANTITIES TO RIT WILL BE delivered every morning. Sundays excepted) In any part of Seattle: THREE CENTS PER POUND. Orders from Seattle will be made promptly to ensure prompt attention. Ice in quantities to suit forwarded as mentioned. Toms at Gombs & Pumpline's, Seattle, W. W. W. BARKER, Agent. BAKERY. Letters from the Pavilion and Telegraph Office, FRESH BREAD EVERY DAY, EXTRA LOAF Bread, (Pan and Bottom). Gunpowder Bread. Boston Brown Bread and Rusk. Cakes, Pies, Calms, Fruits, Candies, and Family Groceries, HOT BOSTON BROWN BREAD Sunday mornings. Store closed on Sundays after 8% o'clock, A. M. THOS. H. STRINGHAM. Scuttle, Lily 9, 1872. Homeopathic Physician and Surgeon, At the United States Hotel, Seattle, W.T., offers new Barber Shop. Late of Washington, I.T., informs the citizens of Seattle that he has all kinds of A Toxsomu ALON, Commercial Street, next door to the Bank Exchange. Shaving, Hair Dressing, and Shampooing are also available. Give me a call and you will come again. July 18, 1888. Seattle Cor. Hill and Fourth Street, opposite Baxter's Tannery. STUART GRIGHTON (in Co. PROPRIETORS. To supply the WHOLE OF PUGET SUGAR, WITH THE Best Draft and Bottled Ale, Beer, Porter, and Lager Beer, made on the Pacific Coast. Our BOTTLED ALE and PORTER is considered by competent judges equal to the best imported, while our LAGER BEER, (made by Mr. JOHN Omm; the famous German Beer Brewer, sowell and favorably known on the Sound and lately Brewer for the N.P.R.R. Brewery, at Seattle, is excelled by none. The patronage of the beer-drinking public of Puget Sound is solicited, as we feel satisfied we can supply them with no other. BETTER AND PURER ARTICLE than they can get elsewhere. All our MALT LIQUORS are made of the best Malt and Hops—contain no drugs—and are properly fermented on scientific principles. All orders promptly attended to, and particular attention paid to orders from families. STUART CRICHTON & CO. Seattle, July 11, 1873. Millinery Establishment. A CHOICE SELECTION OF MILLINERY GOODS just received. Fine Feather Flowers, Real Ostrich Plumes, Gros grain Ribbons, And in the latest styles in HATS and BONNETS. New Styles and Novelties By every San Francisco “camel" Ladies from the Sound Ports should call and examine. All orders promptly attended to in satisfaction manner. Stamping, Braiding and Pinking done to order. Mr. G. W. HALL. Commercial street, next door to Schwabacher Bros. & CO., Seattle. W. 1. yes. MRS. M. A. STRINGHAM Horticultural Store. 0» Cherry bet. lot and 9d sts. She keeps on hand a variety of HOUSE PLANTS, GARDEN AND FLOWER SEEDS, SLIPS AND BULBS, GARDEN PLANTS; FLOWER POTS, HANGING BASKETS, PICTURES AND PICTURE FRAMES, LEATHER WORK. COLORED MOSSES, WOOLEN WORK, ETC. ETC. ETC. Agent for VICE of Borsheimer, N. Y. And for JAY & CO. and MITCHELL & JOHNSON of Victoria, B. C. and will furnish orders that they will supply. Also given lessons in Worsted and Luther work and Floral Colonizing. No business done on Sundays. FOR SALE. 300 BARRELS FRESH SAN JUAN LIME, JUST RECEIVED. Inquire Ses. June 21, 1812. 3e21, ISAAC A. PALMER, Architect and Builder, SEATTLE, W. T. Prompt attention to every description. A. HAWTHE Tamituréfon No. 10 Commercial St. SEATTLE, W. T. Furniture of all descriptions, Wholesale and Retail Bedding, Pictures, Molding, Oval Frames, Window Curtains and Fixtures. Agents for the celebrated Chromo Sewing Machine Pictures Framed. Furniture made to order. Show Cases Made in Walnut and Maple. Repairing done with neatness and dispatch. July 4, 1872. 32m. NEW Furniture Store ANDERSON & HOPKINS. Having completed their NEW BUILDING on Mill street, next door to the Post Office, are prepared to furnish the People of Seattle and vicinity with a superior article of FURNITURE, and Goods in their line at Reduced Prices! Also, Doors, Sash and Blinds. Furniture Repaired. SHOW CASES Made to order. Shop open before purchasing elsewhere. ANDERSON & HOPKINS. Seat for, June 13, 1872. "June 1st, 1872. THE VERY LATEST NEW MARKET at Commercial and Washington streets. Great Reduction in Prices, Summer prices established at the Seattle Market. Sale of all. Townsend Market. Business confined exclusively to Seattle. Prepared to contract Beef at SIX CENTS a pound during the Summer. Just Received. 30 head choice Bland Reeves; 50 head from east to the Mountains. To Arrive. 500 head of choice mutton Sheep from Oregon, in charge of James How, Meats and Vegetables delivered in any part of the City accessible by team free of charge. Seattle Market closed on Sundays. WE ARE NOW PREPARED TO COX. Contract for supplying Mills, Nivmum, Vessels, Loggers and Hotels with but by the side at any point per During the summer, commencing June first, The Retail Trade will be supplied at the very lowest rates. Special attention is called to our JUNE PRICES. The Seattle Market will remain upon "min" o'clock Saturday awnings, giving every a chance to purchase their goods at the most which it will be closed until Monday morning Having disposed of our Port Townsend Market. We shall in future give our full attention to the interest of wattle and the wants of all our customers in our line of business. This is our aim to provide that by doing so, we shall merit their continued patronage and good will. BOOTH, FOSS & BORST. Proprietors. GARE. WE TAKE PLEASURE IN ANNOUNCING to the public the return of Mr. THOMAS MURPHY to our new advertisement. He will be remembered as a person who gave our house such an unrivalled reputation, last full, for having a choice quality of small goods of all descriptions, consisting of Bologna Sausage, Pork Sausage, Beef Sausage, German Sausage, Summer Sausage, Liver Puddings, Black Puddings, Saucy, Trip, Head Cheese, etc. As there has always existed in the minds of many persons, and more especially the ladies, a sort of antipathy in regard to the manufactory of these small goods by butchers, the public, and in course the ladies, are very respectfully invited to visit our sausage department and witness the marks of making these goods. Mr. Murphy will be found in this apartment, always willing to give any information desired in regard to his trade. BOOTH, FOSS & BORST, Seattle Market. Seattle, May 20, 1872. 26tt'. NOTICE The merchants of Puget Sound; ON THE FIRST INST. WE HAD SHIPPED to our Mid-ass from the well known Pack in: Hulm' M Thomas J. Bigger, Illinois. Missouri. TWENTY THOUSAND POUNDS cured Meats, consisting in part of Breakfast Bacon, Heavy Bacon, Sugar Cured Hams, Barreled Pork, etc. We receive these meals directly from the first hand by the car load, and hence will amply the trade from San Francisco shipping rates. We also offer a large stock of Pure Leaf Lard, in packages of all sizes to $101 each, which we guarantee to the trade at the same rates. We have made arrangements with this House for supplies of my nuggetable quality which (from the Sound) will warrant, our object being to establish. Wholesale Market here for these and other articles of Eastern manufacture in our line, instead of burning! "Can to California and Oregon for them. Being permanently located in the most central point on the Sound for distributing and supplying rooms suitable for our new in all its branches, and especially in view of establishing this trade, we can assure the public that we shall furnish this on" against all foreign competition. As much as possible are not usually provided for suitable rooms for keeping this cup of molds, they can accommodate their supplies from "9. Quotations to suit, on very short notice." Obviating the necessity of keeping in mind for their trade, besides. saving the 1st of transportation and keeping, and the 1st of insurance necessarily invested. Our stock will arrive on or about the 1st of July. (no momentous object) It $110. Smith Jum 17; U 572. |
github_open_source_100_8_20198 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright (C) 2017 CenturyLink, Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.centurylink.mdw.hub.context;
import java.io.File;
/**
* Lightweight server-side model object for dynamically populating index.html.
*/
public class Mdw {
private String version;
public String getVersion() { return version; }
private String build;
public String getBuild() { return build; }
private String hubRoot;
public String getHubRoot() { return hubRoot; }
private String servicesRoot;
public String getServicesRoot() { return servicesRoot; }
private String webToolsRoot;
public String getWebToolsRoot() { return webToolsRoot; }
public void setWebToolsRoot(String webToolsRoot) { this.webToolsRoot = webToolsRoot; }
private File assetRoot;
public File getAssetRoot() { return assetRoot; }
private String overridePackage;
public String getOverridePackage() { return overridePackage; }
private File overrideRoot;
public File getOverrideRoot() { return overrideRoot; }
private String hubUser = "";
public String getHubUser() { return hubUser; }
public void setHubUser(String user) { this.hubUser = user; }
private String authMethod;
public String getAuthMethod() { return authMethod; }
public void setAuthMethod(String authMethod) { this.authMethod = authMethod; }
private String authTokenLoc;
public String getAuthTokenLoc() { return authTokenLoc; }
public void setAuthTokenLoc(String authTokenLoc) { this.authTokenLoc = authTokenLoc; }
private String autoTestWebSocketUrl;
public String getAutoTestWebSocketUrl() { return autoTestWebSocketUrl; }
public void setAutoTestWebSocketUrl(String url) { this.autoTestWebSocketUrl = url; }
private boolean allowAnyAuthenticatedUser;
public boolean isAllowAnyAuthenticatedUser() { return allowAnyAuthenticatedUser; }
public void setAllowAnyAuthenticatedUser(boolean allow) { this.allowAnyAuthenticatedUser = allow; }
Mdw(String version, String build, String hubRoot, String servicesRoot, File assetRoot, String overridePackage) {
this.version = version;
this.build = build;
this.hubRoot = hubRoot;
this.servicesRoot = servicesRoot;
this.assetRoot = assetRoot;
this.overridePackage = overridePackage;
if (assetRoot != null)
overrideRoot = new File(assetRoot + "/" + getOverridePackage().replace('.', '/'));
}
/**
* For ExpressionUtil model.
*/
public Mdw getMdw() {
return this;
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20199 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | add-delete-button {
body {
background: url(http://subtlepatterns.com/patterns/project_papper.png);
}
.item-md .item-button {
padding: 3px 1.6em;
height: 25px;
font-size: 1.4rem;
}
.item-md .item-button {
padding: 3px 0.6em;
height: 25px;
font-size: 1.0rem;
}
.item-md [item-end] {
margin: 9px 8px 9px -9px;
}
.item-md {
padding-left: 0px;
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20200 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using BankAccount.Interfaces;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace BankAccount
{
public class Customer
{
private string accountOwner;
private CustType customerType;
public string AccountOwner { get { return this.accountOwner; } set { this.accountOwner = value; } }
public CustType CustomerType { get { return this.customerType; } set { this.customerType = value; } }
public Customer(string ownerID, CustType custType)
{
this.AccountOwner = ownerID;
this.CustomerType = custType;
}
public enum CustType{
Company , Individual
}
}
}
|
archivfurpathol00vircgoog_14 | German-PD | Public Domain | Besser ist und weniger ermüdend gewiss^ ein Geräth zu gebrauchen, welches frische atmosphärische Luft zuführt; ein solches ist ein ge- wöhnlicher Küchen •> Blasebalg. Es ist nicht nothwendig, für das Entweichen der Luft während der Exspiration eine Oeffnong in dem Blasebälge In der Nähe seines Griffes anzubringen, welche während des Einblasens mit dem Finger verschlossen werde; die Luft ent- weicht eben nicht durch den Katheter. Aehnlich wie es Herr V. Hüter für die Katheterisalion der Luftröhre bei asphyctischen Neugeborenen empfohlen hat'), so ist es auch bei Erwachsenen, die aus dem V^asser gezogen worden, räthlich, anfänglich durch den Katheter ' eine theilweise Aspiration der in den Luftwegen be- findliehen Flüssigkeit zu versuchen, während ein Oehülfe den Thorax comprimirt, dann nimmt man den Katheter heraus, reinigt ihn sdiUell, führt wieder ein und beginnt mit dem eigentlichen Ein- blasen; es gelingt dies leichter, wenn man den Kopf der Verun- flüdrten etwas über den Rand des Tisches hängen lässt und die Tlonge herauszieht und fixirt, sodann unter Führung des linken Zeigefingers eingeht; es bedarf nicht erst eines Kehlkopf-Spiegels, wie' ihn eigens zu diesem Zwecke jüngst Hr. Labordette ange- geben hat; die Mundsperre, welche man immer als einen Hinde- nings-Grund für die Einführung des Katheters gelten Hess, ist gerade in der Asphyxie kein Hemmniss; Glottis und Epiglottis bieten eben- sowenig Hindemisse, denn der „Glottis-Krampf Ertrunkener", von 1) W. Kfibne, Lehrbuch der physiologischen Chemie. S. 445. *] Monatsschrift für Gebartskunde und Frauenkrankheiten. Bd. 21. Hft.2. S. 123. 878 dem bei früheren viel die Rede, ist ia der Asphyxie gar nicht vo^ handen. Nur wenn man, im Falle noch nicht Asphyxie eingetretei, das Lufb-Einblasen vornähme, könnte, so lange die Reflex-Erregtorkeit noch erhalten, Husten-Bewegung und dadurch Verschluss der Stimm- ritze erfolgen. Die Gompression des Blasebalgs, weldier schnell nüt dem Katheter verbunden wird, muss an Dauer einer natttrliehen In- spiration gleichkommen und vollständig sein; darauf folgt die Gom- pression der Bauch-Eingeweide gegen das Diaphragma und Druck aof das untere Dritltheil des Sternum. Der Rath, welchen einst auch di Leroy d'EtioUes gab*)? <lie einzublasende Luft erst zu erwärmen, ist widersinnig, weil diese nur durch ihren 0-Gehalt wirken soll und keine Zeit zu verlieren ist. Auch das Luft-Einblasen ganz zu sisti- ren, sobald sich spontane Athmungen einstellen, ist nicht rithlidi, sondern man soll die Phasen dieser selbständigen Respirationei beobachten und jede der beiden durch die Hülfsmittel der Kaust unterstützen. Das Verfahren darf nicht öfter als circa ISmil m der Minute vor sich gehen. Hat man genügende Assistenz, so kais ein anderer, während der Arzt einbläst, durch künstliche InspintiOB nach Silvestre'scher Methode die Luft-Aufnahme in den Tboni fördern. — So angewendet ist das Luft-Einblasen keine rohe, 80d- dern die zuverlässigste Methode der künstlichen Respiration; fOhit sie nicht zum Ziele, so kann weder die Tracheotomie mit danof folgendem Einblasen noch irgend ein anderes Verfahren nfitzei. Jene Methode ist nicht zu schwierig, wie man sich auch an Leicbea überzeugen kann, und im Allgemeinen nicht gefabrvolL Man bat ihr vorgeworfen, dass sie leicht zu Zerreissungen der LungenUis- chen, interiobulärem, subpleuralem Emphysem, ja selbst zu Luft- Extravasaten in's Mediastinal- Zellgewebe führen kann. Ich habe jedoch schon an einem anderen Orte dargethan '), dass jene V<tf- kommnisse selbst beim Neugeborenen vermieden werden kOnaea und, wenn auch das in jenem Lebens-Stadium stärkere iaterlobuttic Bindegewebe den zarteren Alveolen gleichsam einen Stutzpunkt v«^ leiht, so ist dafür beim Erwachsenen die Alveolen- Wand selbst eine dichtere; selbst bei kleinen Säugethieren werden solche Beschädi- gungen nur durch sehr ungestümes Vorgehen verursacht. Jene *) Archiv, gendr. 1829. p. 302. ') V. Horn's Viertelj. 1869. Hft 2. 279 nadi uBserem Dafärbalten übertriebenen Befarditungen haben wohl mit ^ur EmpUsbhmg der Eledridtät in Form der Faradisation der Nerv, phreqiei als. Belebungs-Mittel z. B. bei Kohlenoxyd-, Leuchtgas- Asphyxiey schwerer AlkohoHntoxication u. a. beigetragen ; sie findet oamentlich anH. Ziemssen 0 einen Lobredner, welcher aber auch die motorischen Genossen der Phrenici für die Inspiration mit in den Kreis der electriscbea Strömung gezogen wissen will. Was ihre Anwendung bei Ertrunkenen anlangt, so ist, von den äusseren UiizutrSglichkeiten abgesehen, von vom herein ein hoher Nutzen xweifelhaft, wdl doch in der Asphyxie die Irritabilität der Nerven sehon sehr geschwächt ist. Deshalb (und weil die Obstruction der Bronchial-Verästelungen einen Widerstand leistet), muss man, wie audi allgemein angegeben wird, starke Ströme anwenden und hier liegt wieder die Befürchtung baldiger Erschöpfung der Nerven-Erreg- iMrtLeit nahe; ieh habe öfters gesehen, dass bald nach Beginn vor- •ehnftsaiässiger Faradisation einige sehr ergiebige Athem-Bewegungen SU Stande kamen '), aber dabei blieb es, zu dauernder Wiederkehr der Respiration kam es nicht. Bevor die eigentliche Asphyxie ein- fetreten, ist die ReizrEmpfönglichkeit der Nerven eine günstigere und deshalb, wie auch durch den verursachten Schmerz, böte die Eftedneität eher Vortheile, wenn wir nicht für die früheren Stadien eiafiiu^re Mittel zur Verfügung hätten. Indem ich die Electricität nur dann zur Wiederbelebung führen sah^ wenn die Asphyxie erst knne Zeit gewährt hatte, gewann ich die Ueberzeugung, dass sie in aiditB der Silvestre'schen Methode vorzuziehen ist und hinter dem Laft-Knblasen als Belebungs-Mittel Ertrunkener durchaus nachsteht; icb würde raUien, bei Scbeintodlen nicht erst die Zeit mit dem 6l0eiriBchen Verfiahren zu vergeuden. Für die Ertrinkungs-Asphyxie kemntte ich jBomit zu ähnlichem Urtheile wie in Betreff der Ohloro- ferai-Narkose die Soci6t6 mddicale d'6mulation, welche im Widar- iprucbe mit Duchenne das Lufteinblasen ganz positiv für vorzüg- Ueber als die Faradisirung erklärte. Auch die Londoner Com- npission sah bei ihren durch Verschluss der Trachea erstickten Hunden unter 11 Fällen nur 4mal Erholung und doch wurde in etilen 11 mit der Electricität höchstens 1 Minute nach Beginn der „Apnoe^ angefangen. 0 Die Electricittt in der Medidn. 1866. S. 174. *) Mitunter so§par erfotgen solche noch nach eben eingetretenem Herz-Stillitande. 280 Ich balte also die Anscbaffüng eines electrischen Apparates za einem Rettungs-Kasten für Ertrunkene durchaus entbehriieh; une^ lässlicbe GerSthe eines solchen sind meiner Meinung nach nur ein Schwamm, eine Bürste, ein Fläschchen Salmiak, ein elastischer Ki- theter, ein Blasebalg (namentlich der Rosent harsche). Hat nun der Arzt durch zweckmässige Anwendung dieser MiUd den Verunglückten so weit hergestellt, dass die selbständige Athmong kaum etwas zu wünschen übrig lässt^ die Reißex-Thätigkeil nabezn normal ist, was sich oft durch tüchtige Hustenstttsse bekunden wird, ' so kann er sich an den nebensäd)lichen HQlfeleistungen betheiligeD, mit denen die Assistenten schon vorher begonnen. Nothwendig ist davon als Einleitung der Wiederbelebungs-Maassregeln nur die Rei- nigung des Mundes und die Entblössung des Oberkörpers^ jeden- falls Entfernung aller beengenden Kleidungsstücke; dann trodoe man den Verunglückten, jedoch ohne hierdurch die so Oberaos wichtige künstliche Respiration zu stören; in der Asphyxie, and wenn unter therapeutischen Maassnahmen die Girculation reger za werden beginnt, trockne man nicht, wie es allgemein noch iw- geschrieben wird, durch starkes Reiben, bis „Haut-Röthung erfolgt^, es würde ein derartiges stürmisches Vorgehen ebenso schädlicb sein wie eine VernachlSssigUDg des alten aus der Erfahrung geschöpften Rathes, nur allmählich zu erwärmen. Beides hat zur phy5iok)gi- schen Grundlage die Möglichkeit, dass durch solche ttbermlssige Reizung der Haut das Blut mehr hierher strömen wird zu einer Zeit, wo die inneren Organe, namentlich das Gehirn, es vor AUem nothwendig brauchen. So erwünscht die Wiederkehr gesunder HiiA- Färbung, besonders frischer Gesichtsröthe ist, weil sie anzeigt, dass der Kreislauf neu belebt ist und die Bewegung des Blutes im Antlitie von Seiten der Athem-Bewegungen schon dieselbe wesentlidie Unto^ Stützung wie im Normal-Zustande erfährt, so darf man doch Bidit dauernd einen Afflux des Blutes zur Haut auf Kosten der inneren Organe herbeiführen. Uebrigcns Hesse sich die schädliche Wirkung derartiger Haut-Reizungen in jenem Stadium unseren mehrfach an- geführten Experimenten entsprechend in der Art erklären, dass durch dieselben, nachdem eben erst die respiratorische Function des Ge- hirns eingeleitet, nun eine ihr entgegentretende Hemmungs-Wirknng auf das inspiratorische Nervensystem ausgeübt werde. Ich resumire also meine Vorschläge dahin: dass wenn man 281 cu einem aus dem Wasser Gezogenen kommt, welcher den geschil- derten Zustand der Regungslosigkeit oder Asphyxie bietet, es, falls matt einen Katheter zur Hand hat, vor allem rathsam Ist, das Luft- Einblasen vorzunehmen, ganz besonders wenn man einen Blasebalg zur Verfügung hat; allenfalls aber kann man erst mit der an Heil- wirkung am nKchsten stehenden Sil vestre 'sehen Methode beginnen, die oft genug allein zum Ziele führen wird. Einige Worte noch über die Transfusion: auch sie könnte in Frage kommen, da sie durch schnelle Zuführung gesunden Blutes auf einmal den fehlenden 0 dem Gehirne zuleiten möchte. Indes- sen bei der grossen Trägheit der Circulation in der Asphyxie muss eine Transfusion ohne vorgängigen Aderlass höchst bedenklich sein ; wird aber ein Aderlass vorangeschickt, so geht kostbare Zeit ver- loren und alle Bedenken kommen zur Geltung, welche wir vorhin gegen diese Operation ausgesprochen haben; endlich glaube ich aus meinen Versuchen schliessen zu müssen, ' dass das Gehirn, wenn es durch schnelle 0-Verarmung seine normale Erregbarkeil verloren hat, nur durch allm&hliche Wiederaufnahme von 0 dauernd zu ge- sundheitsgem&sser Punctionirung zurückgelangen kann. Hiermit steht aoeh die Thatsache im Zusammenhange, deren Renntniss ich der mündlichen Mittheilung des Hrn. Rosenthal verdanke, dass, wenn man ddrch Gompression der zum Hirne laufenden grossen Schlag- adern erst die gewöhnlichen Erstickungs-Er^cheinungen, dann Asphyxie benrorgebracht hat, nun, wenn man plötzlich die Girculation wieder frei macht, wohl einige sehr tiefe Inspirationen erfolgen, darauf aber doch der Tod eintritt. Ed kann endlich auch vorkommen, dass der Reiz, welcher beim plötzlichen Hineingelangen in's Wasser zunächst einen Stillstand der Athmung hervorrief, ein so intensiver war, dass weder unter Wasser die Inspirationen angefangen haben noch auch sofort beim Heraus- nehmen die Athmung wieder beginnt. Die Unterscheidung eines solchen Zustandes von der Asphyxie wird sich in den meisten Fällen darauf stützen können, dass Herz-Thätigkeit und Reflex-Erregbarkeit nicbt beeinträchtigt sind; daher wird es meistens nur der gewöhn- lichen Mittel bedürfen, welche reflectoriscb die Gehirn-Thätigkeit wieder in Gang bringen, also auch hier Reiben und Bürsten der Handteller und Fusssohlen, wo nicht, so kann man an die Sil- v^stre'scbe Methode gehen, mit welcher somit bei allen nach Her- i S82 ausziehen aus dem Wasser keine Athinung zeigenden Individuen ni beginnen räthlich erscheint Ich scbliesse mit dem Wunsche, dass die letzte nodi von Jahre 1847 stammende behördliche „Anweisung zur zweckmSMigea Behandlung und Rettung der Seheintodten oder durch pUHzIiehe Umstände verunglückten Personen^ baldigst zweckentspreebende Umänderungen erfahre. X\II. Die erste Epidemie von Febris reenrrens in ScUesieo. Von Dr. v. Pasta u^ Saoitätsratb uod Dirigeuten des städtischen Krankenbauaes zu AUerbeUigee in Breslau. Wie die heutige Naturwissenschaft uns die Erkenatniss |^ bracht, dass die gesammte Schöpfung einen ununterbrochenen ¥\m der Dinge darstellt und dass zumal die lebende Natur sidi n» einer Reihe allmählicher Uebergänge entwickelt hat und nodi eal- wjckelt, in welchen sich eine bestimmte Form des Daseins 4ea äusseren natürlichen Verhältnissen und den verschiedeneii Bedia- gungen des Lebens anpasst, so kann man auch aus der Gesebicbte der Krankheiten, wenn man sie mit einem allgemeinen naturhisto- rischen Blicke betrachtet, die Lehre ziehen, dass geoiäas den ver- schiedenen Phasen der £ntwickelung, welche das Menschengesebledit durchgemacht, von dem rohesten Naturzustande an bis zu der os- geheuren Mannichfaltigkeit des Gulturlebens, welche es heute di^ bietet, gemäss den verschiedeneu klimatischen und sodalen Ein- flüssen, welche ebenso störend, wie fördernd auf seinen Bestand einwirken können, die Formen des Krankseins immer gewechselt ha- ben, die Krankheiten, als Collectivbegriffe einer bestimmten Reüie von Erscheinungen aufgefasst, demselben Gesetze der Entstehoog und der Exstinction unterworfen sind, wie die Speeies im Pflanzes- und Thierreiche. Aber wie andererseits die wesenUicben Erschei- nungen, in denen überhaupt das Leben Form und Gestalt geinoat, zu allen Zeiten immer dieselben gebheben sind, weil sie die Mani- 283 feslatioo jeaes ordnendca Planes und Gedankens darstellen, welcher die gesammte Schöpfung als Gesetz durchdringt, weil in ihnen die sich immer gleich bleibende Idee der Organisation sich ausspridit, so kann man auch von dem innersten Wesen der Krankheiten sagen, dass es über alle Veränderung erhaben ist, weil, so lange Menschen bestehen, ihre Organe und deren Functionen sich nicht geändert haben. Unter solchen Umständen darf es uns nicht Wunder neh- men, dass zumal im Gebiete der epidemischen Krankheiten, die zu allen Zeiten wegen ihrer grösseren Verbreitung eine erhöhte Auf- merksamkeit hervorgerufen haben, so oft eine für den Augenblick neue und ungewohnte Erscheinung beobachtet wurde, alsbald auch eine Meinungsverschiedenheit unter den Aerzten ausbrach, von denen die Einen wirklich etwas ganz Neues und noch niciit Dagewesenes gesehen zu haben glaubten, während Andere dem Aehnliches oder ganz dasselbe schon irgendwo einmal in einer Nachricht oder Be* Schreibung aiys früherer Zeit gelesen zu haben sich erinnerten. Ein sehr gelehrter Arzt des 16. Jahrhunderts, Schlesier von Ge- burt, Johann Lange, sagte bei Gelegenheit des damals noch neuen und bekanntlieh von Fracastoro zuerst genau beschriebenen Petechialtyphus: Fateor ob mulatam victus rationem et siderum influxu alteratam loci a^risque aquarumque naturam et corporis homimim temperaturam alios exolescere et desinere morbos, et exoletos veterum morbos denuo quoque incrudescere et innovari. Oriri vero novos morbos, quorum vestigia saltem ante non appa- rüissent, pernego; quod febris lenücula approbat, quae ante, quam Fracastorius nasceretur, qer Graeciam passim saeviit. (Grüner^ antiquitates morborum, pag. 120.) Wenden wir diese allgemeinen Betrachtungen auf die Febris racurrens an, die wir hier zum Gegenstande einer Schilderung nach den von nns gemachten epidemiologischen Beobachtungan ersehen haben, so müssen wir zunächst die auffalleude Tbalsache constatiren, dass über die Geschichte dieser Krankheit nur äusserst dürftige Forschungen bisher angestellt worden sind. Wenn wir die Febris recurrens als eine Unterart jener grossen fast über die ganze be- wohnte Erde verbreiteten und zu allen Zeiten, soweit geschichtliche Erkinerung reicht, vorgekommenen Krankheitsform, des Typhus, schlechthin Jbezeichnen, ja, wenn wir in ihr ganz oberflächlich weiter nichts, als eines jener fieberhaften Leiden erblicken, die nicht blos 284 der menschlichen, sondern der thierischen Organisation überhaupt bigenthttmlich sind, so könnte man schon daraus den Sehiuss za ziehen wagen, dass eine Ertcrankung, die den Quell der ErnShrung, das im Körper kreisende Blut betrifift ebenso wie andere Störungei dieser Art, wie die kalten Fi^er, Ausschlage u. s. w. niemals ge- fehlt haben wird. Oder, um die Frage hier gleich mit aufoiiwerfisD, ist die Recurrens eine so specialisirte, mit anderen Typhus- oder Fieberformen so innig verwandte imd so leicht zu yerwechselnde Krankheitsfbrm, dass ihre Fixirung als pathologischer Begriff erst unserer in den Erkenntnissmitteln bedeutend TorgeschritteileB Zeit gelungen, dass sie z. B. ohne die jetzt üblichen genauen TemperatuN Messungen gar nicht deutlich zu erkennen ist? Grieisinger bat uns auf die eben aufgeworfene Frage eine Antwort gegeben; denn nach ihm ist die Febris recurrens eine spedfiscbe Form von ty: phoider Erkrankung, der es bis dato nur an einem Namen geman- gelt, der aber so wesentlich differente pathologische Charactere ni- gehören, dass sie ein typisch sich immer gleichbleibendes Bild uns I]ef(»*t und nur aus einer ganz bestimmt nachweisbaren Beihe fon Ursachen entspringt, die in ihrer abgeschlossenen Wirksamk^t m nicht blos epidemisches, sondern auch endemisches Uebel herTO^ bringen. Nach der Natur der hier einwirkenden Ursachen und der mit Nothwendigkeit aus ihnen gesetzten krankhaften Aeusserungen des menschlichen Körpers hat Griesinger sich auch der Ver- muthung nicht verschlicssen können, dass ähnliche zumeist sociale UebelstSnde, geeignet, eine besondere Art von Typhus zu erzengen, schon früher obgewaltet haben und Andeutungen davon hoch über das naheliegende Beispiel des oberschlesischen und endemisdien Hungertypbus hinaus schon in dem Hildebrandt'schen Kriegs- typhus gefunden. In der No. 40 des Jahrgangs 1865 der Wiener medicinischen Wochenschrift wird von der Febris recurrens mit Bestimmtheit be- hauptet, dass sie seit den ältesten Zeiten existirt und dass in deflo ersten Buche der Volkskrankheiten Hippokrates die Krankhat als naebUssendes Brennfieber beschneben habe. Auch Murchison ist dieser Ansicht, citirt ebenfalls den Hippokrates und nennt Spital als denjenigen, der zuerst die Entdeckung bei Hippokrates gemadit.. Es ist dort von zwei jungen Leuten die Rede, welche beide einen Rüdifoll von der Krankheit bekamen, nachdem dieselbe bei dem einen 6, bei dem anderen 5 Tage ausgesetzt. Bei Beiden endete die Krankheit am 17. Tage nach dem RUckfoll. Bei den meisten aber, so heisst es weiter dort bei Hippokrates^ entschied sich die Krankheit am 5. Tage, setzte 7 aus und entschied sich dann 5 Tage nach dem Rückfall. Bei anderen wieder entschied sie cfich am 7. Tage, setzte 7 aus und entschied sich dann wieder 3 Tage naeh dem Rückfall. Und nachdem Hippokrates noch mehrere Varianten des Verlaufs geschildert, kommt die mi^kwUrdige Aeussenhsg^ dass alle, die am Leben geblieben sind , solche Rück- nne gehabt haben und dass die meisten Kranken einen solchen Verlauf der Krankheit gehabt In der Kühn 'sehen Uebersetzung heisst es: „Haud sein an eorum cuiquam, qui superfuerunt, rite feetae raorboilmi reversiones non recurrerinl*^ , ist also gleichsam das Wort recurrens schon gebraucht. Nichtsdestoweniger ist bei delr abgerissenen Kürze, mit welcher die hippokratischen Aitfzeicli^ 386 nuDgea eine BeotKichtung wiedergeben, schwer za sagen, ob die m beschriebenen Fälle von unleugbar typhöser Erkrankung wiritlkiie Relapsing fever sind; um das mit Bestimmtheit zu wissen^ mitesei wir das ganze Krankheitsbild und nicht blos ein einzelnes Symploa vor uns haben. Denn obwohl der Rekurs nach stattgehabter Inte^ mission, nicht Remission, das wesentliche Kennzeicben einer Re- currens ist, so muss doch erst der Beweis geführt werden, dass « auch bei Hippokrates sich nicht um ein zufälliges lUcidiv, sofi- dem um einen regulären Rückfall als nothwendiges Ereigniss der Krankheit handelt. Grammatikalisch ist noch nicht festgestellt, lie sich das Wort Recurs von Recidiv unterscheidet Die fingUlmter haben mit der Bezeichnung Relapsing fever einen Ausdruck ge^ braucht, den sie in ihrer pathologischen Nomenelatiir als gleich- bedeutend mit Recidiv schon vorfanden, während Griesinger m ganz neues, bisher ungebrauchtes Wort für einen bisher bei uns nicht bekannten pathologischen Vorgang einführte. Halten wir nun fest, dass es kein anderes contiauidicbes oder remittirendes Fieber gibt, das eine solche, zwischen i^ei Anttlk eingeschobene, ganz krankheitsfreie Intermission aufzuweisen bätd^ so dürfte, wenn wir nach historischen Analogien suchen» jumstt Bück hauptsächlich auf solche Krankheiten zu richten «ein, 4erm Gewalt sich in einzelnen Anfällen concentrurt. , Man bat dObneUB die Recurrens ganz und gar mit der Intermittens p^micio$9. JW* 287 Gfamelzen wollen, was keineswegs zu billigen ist, weil die Aehn- ic^keit sich nxxr auf die heftigsten Fiilie der Recurrens beschrifnkt, ofera nehmKch auch bei ihr gleich der erste Anlauf einen tödt- lehen Ausgang zu nehmen vermag. Von diesem Gesichtspunkte US gesehen, nehmen sich dann beide Krankheiten wie ein höchst oncentrirter Typhus aus, aber im Uebrigen ist die Verschiedenheit ross genug, um schon im Anfang unter gewöhnlichen Verhältnissen rkannt zu werden. Es ist bekannt, dass ausnehmend ungesunde Gegenden, die »n starkes Sumpfmiasma erzeugen, neben einem höchst tückischen PITeebselfieber auch die der Intermittens mehr oder weniger noch rerwsBdten biliösen remittirenden oder typhoiden Fieber hervor- (Hingen, in welche allenfalls die Intermittens auch direct übergehen caxin. In früheren Zeiten, da dergleichen klimatische Sehädlich- iLeiten sich in grösserer Ausdehnung über unsern Gontinent er- itreckten als hent, sind nicht nur bösartige Wechselßeber, sondern ittch die aus^ ihnen hervorgegangenen malignen Fieber von typhoi- iem Cbarader oft an der Tagesordnung gewesen, und wenn einige Pathologen, obgleich irrthümlich, behauptet haben, dass die hef- tigeren Typhusformen das mildere Wechselfieber ausschliessen — ich babe jetzt Gelegenheit, das Gegentheil zu sehen — so gilt immerhin nir die sdiwttcbepen Formen der von allen grossen Pathologen an- erkannte Satz, dass die Fieber leicht ineinander übergehen. Zur Zeit, als in England jene grosse Pieberperiode herrschte, welche von yorzttglichen Epidemiologen, wie Willis, Morton und Syden- ham, geschildert worden ist, beschrieb der erstere eine Epidemie aus dem Jahre 1657 mit solchen Symptomen, dass die Aehnlich- keli mit einer Recurrens ganz unverkennbar hervortritt, trotzdem dass nach des Autors Angabe die ursprüngliche Form des Fiebers eine deutliche Tertiana gewesen ist. Denn die Krankheit begann mit, aber manchmal auch ohne Frost, zeichnete sich durch un- gemein starke Hitze (intensissimus calor) und durch starken Schweiss ans, womit sidi das Fieber gewöhnlich entschied. Auch Brechen war meist im Anfang zugegen. In der ganzen fieberfreien Zeit tber blieben die Kranken ungemein schwach und hinfällig. Willis sneiit ZV beweisen, dass die Krankheit von der Art der intermit- threndeo Fieber gewesen sei, und stützt sich vornehmlich auf ihre firioge Sterbliehkeit; es sei trotz ungeheurer Verbreitung kaum 288 einer auf tausend gestorben, was bei einem wirkliehen Typhus nidit vorkommt, quod de synocbo epidemico vix auditum censeo. Die Krankheit sei deshalb mit Recht damals für eine ganz neue g^ halten worden, denn sie habe wesentliche Unterschiede vom ge> wohnlichen Wechselfieber besessen. Erstens nebmlich sei sie mit biliösem Erbrechen aufgoireten, eine Erscheinuog, die sich, wie die Diarrhoe, auch im weiteren Verlaufe wiederholt Zweitens um die Kranken in der fieberfreien Zeit schwach und appetitlos ge- wesen; drittens sei ein ganz besonderer Unterschied der, dass die neue Krankheit sich durch Contagium fortgepflanzt, und viertens seien dysenterische Zufälle gefolgt oder in Form von Cholera, gil- hgtes Erbrechen und galiigte Durchfälle mit aufgetreten. Die Re- convalescenz habe sich Wochen und Monate hingezogen. So weft Willis. Ich darf wohl davon absehen, der von mir beabsicfatigte& Schilderung einer localen Epidemie noch einen Abriss derjenigeo historischen Data voranzuschicken; welche seit dem Bekanntuferdei der Krankheit sich ereignet haben, wie es ebenfalls überflüssig wäre, eine Schilderung der Krankheit zu geben, die aus ihrem bis- her beobachteten epidemischen Auftreten entnommen ist. -Die R^ currens, kann man sagen, war für uns so lange nur eine wissei- schaftliche Guriosität, als man sie höchstens dem Namen nach M den Nachrichten kannte, die uns meist von englischen SehriflstelijBii zugegangen waren, unter denen Murchison wohl als der zBve^ lässigste hervorragt. Da trat auf einmal durch die gewaltige P^ tersburger Epidemie von 1865, welche an Ausdehnung ond Intel- 289 sit&i selbst alle vorangegangenen irischen, schottischen und ameri- eanischen übertraf, die Krankheit näher an uns heran; die Besorg- niss erhob sieh, dass Russland uns wiederum mit einer feindlichen faiYasion ttberfallen werde, die nicht minder schrecklich als die Cholera; selbst die Regierungen wurden aufmerksam und schickten offidelle medicinische Vertreter ab, um die Seuche an Ort und Stelle zu stttdiren. Die Aufregung war um so gegründeter, als ^ichzeitig mit der Recurrens noch eine andere, sehr gefährliche Krankheit aus Russland vorzudringen schien, die vielfach mit der fteeorrens verwechselt wurde, weil man sie ebenfalls nur aus Be- liebten oder gar nur aus dem Hörensagen kannte. Die in den preiissisehen Ostseeprovinzen, zumal in Westpreussen gesehenen Epidemien von Meningitis cerebro-spinalis epidemica gaben wenig- llens Gelegenheit, auch diese gewaltige Krankheit in ihrer wahren Gefttalt kennen zu lernen, aber trotzdem wurde von den femer iMienden Aerzten an eine Verwandtschaft beider Krankheiten ge- l^ubt, weil die Berichte aus Petersburger Hospitälern ausser den verschiedensten Formen von Typhus auch diese epidemische Me- nbiigitis mit meldeten und zumal in den politischen Zeitungen, die löder jetzt das Privüegium haben, pathologische Ereignisse noch BrUher zu besprechen, ehe sie von Aerzten untersucht und explicirt worden sind, wurden alle möglichen Leiden von irgend epide- ■liaehem Anstrich in einen Topf zusammengeworfen. So glaubte mftii schliesslich nur das Schreckgespenst einer einzigen neuen, ganz unbekannten miasmatischen Krankheit vor sich zu haben, die wie die Cholera verheerend durch ganz Russland zog. Seit der grossen Petersburger Epidemie hat die Krankheit nichts weiter von sich hören lassen, bis sie im April 1868 im ÄrehlT r. patliol. Aaal. Bd.XLVII. Hfl. 2. 19 290 Breslauer städtischen Krankenhospital zu Allerheiligen aoftaudite. In Petersburg war sie bekanntlieh in der doppelten Form dner einfachen Recurrens und eines biliösen Typhoids aufgetreten und die Beschreibung, welche die Petersburger Aerzte Herrmann und KUttner von diesen beiden Formen gegeben haben, entspridil ganz den respectiven Krankheitsbiidern, welche Griesinger in dem Lehrbuch der Infectionskrankheiten aufgestellt hat. Da aber die Breslauer Epidemie insofern eine erhebliche Abweichung vob der Petersburger zeigt, dass in ihr die schwere biliöse Form, die mehr den Character eines schweren Typhus, wo nicht eines Ide- rus gravis gehabt, gar nicht zum Vorschein gekommen ist, di ferner die Petersburger Epidemie, im Grossen und Ganzen ge- nommen, eine weit grössere Mortalität als die Breslauer aufweist, denn sie betrug dort beinahe 1 1 pCt., während sie in Breslau nur 2 — 3 pCt. betrug, so muss die Breslauer Epidemie als eine ein- fache Recurrensepidemie angesehen werden, deren Mortalitttt aoeh noch nicht einmal an die schweren Epidemien der einfachen Re- currens hinanreicht, die im Durchschnitt nach Griesinger dae Sterblichkeit von 6 — 8 pCt. hat In London sind nach einer xelrn* jährigen Durchscbnittsberechnung der dortigen Hospitäler nur 2 In 3 pCt. an der Krankheit gestorben. Offenbar kommt die grotfi Sterblichkeit der Petersburger Epidemie auf die schweren FäUe tm biliösem Typhoid, bei welchem, wie einzelne Beispiele von dfl^ gleichen Epidemien beweisen, die Sterblichkeit sogar zwei Drittel aller Kranken betragen kann. Der von einzelnen Autoren ge- machte Unterschied zwischen einer einfachen Recurrens und eiaen biliösen Typhoid ist in unserer Epidemie nicht zum Vorschein ge» kommen. Die wenigen Fälle von Icterus, die wir beobachtet habet, beruhten auf einer Resorption der Galle, die in Folge eines Doo- denalkatarrhs entstanden war, wie sich das deutlich aus dem Un^ Stande ergibt, dass Galienfarbstoff im Urin nachgewiesen wurde. Welches die Ursachen sind, die bei uns in Breslau die» Krankheitsform erzeugt haben, müsste die nächste Aufgabe unsenr Abhandlung sein. Ehe wir aber in eine Erörterung der ätiolo- gischen Momente eingehen, werden wir vorher einen kurzen histD- rischen Ueberblick über den Gesammtverlauf der Epidemie gdMii Indem wir dabei die zeitlichen und örtlichen Verhältnisse berflek- gichligen, imter denen die Krankheit aufgetreten ist, wird es I 201 hoffenüicb gelingeDy diejenigen Momente festzustellen, die als spe- delle Ursftchen der Recurrens bezeichnet werden mUssen. Denn dass diesen Ursachen eine besondere Specificität innewohnen muss, -ins welcher gerade diese und keine der verwandten Krankheita- -formen entsteht, die sich auf eine bestimmt nachweisbare SchSd- bchkeit zurückführen lassen, ist schon aus dem eben angeführten Grunde einleuchtend, und wenn es auch unmöglich sein sollte, ein solches bestimmtes Agens aufzufinden, so werden wir doch viel- kidii aus dem Zusammenfassen der dabei concurrirenden Einflüsse •wie der Witterung, der Localität und vor Allem der hygieinischen Qfld diätetischen Schädlichkeiten, denen das Individuum ausgesetzt .war, einen näheren Einblick in das Wesen der Krankheit zu ge- winnen im Stande sein. A e t i 0 1 0 g i e. Die Breslauer Epidemie der Febris recurrens hat vom April bis Deeember 1868 in das Hospital geliefert 171 männliche und 180 weibliche, in Summa 351 Kranke (und zwar auf die medic- kHnische Abtheilung 51 männl., 38 weibL, Summa 89; auf die Hospital-Abtheilung 120 männl., 142 weibl.. Summa 262). Davon JkoBimen auf den April 6, auf den Mai 12, auf den Juni 66, auf den Juli 108, auf den August 107, auf den September 33, auf den Oetober 14, auf den November 3, auf den Deeember 2. Hieraus ersieht man, dass in den drei Monaten Juni, Juli und .August cirea 80pCt..der gesammten Summe aufgenommen worden sind. Diese Monate, namentlich aber der Juli und August waren durch eine ungewöhnlich starke und anhaltende Wärmeentwickelung ausgezeichnet, wie überhaupt der Sommer des Jahres 1868 ein 'USgewöhnllch heisser gewesen ist, von Anfang Mai bis Ende Sep- tember durchweg schönes, trockenes und warmes Wetter brachte und in dieser Gleichmässigkeit und längen Dauer seit Menschen- gedenken nicht seines Gleichen hatte. Einen causalen Zusammen- kang zwischen der Witterung und der Entstehung der Krankheit nachzuweisen, dürfte zumal für den Beginn der Krankheit äusserst schwierig sein, da eben die ersten Fälle schon im April vorge- kommen sind; aber dass der Einfluss der Witterung nicht ganz irrelevant gewesen ist und dass sie zur epidemischen Ausbreitung der Krankheit etwas beigetragen haben kann, möchte ich auch um 19* 292 deswillen nicht ganz in Abrede stellen, weil ich aus anderen Be- richten ersehe, dass die Krankheit fast immer nur im Sommer grassirt hat. Wenigstens in den von Hirsch gesammelten Nidh richten, die bis in 's vorige Jahrhundert zurückgehen , ist regel- mässig diese Jahreszeit angegeben, die grosse Petersburger Epi- demie war auch im Sommer und in der oben von Willis ange- zogenen Beschreibung heisst es, dass ein so drückend heisser Sommer geherrscht, dass die Leute nicht aus dem Seh weiss and der Mattigkeit herausgekommen sind. Auch die viel später als n Breslau, in Posen beobachtete Recurrens, über welche Dr. v. S wi- der ski auf der Naturforscher- Versammlung in Dresden nieai, datirt noch aus den Sommermonaten August und September. Wenn nun auch Gründe dafür vorhanden sein mögen, die Krank- heit ursprünglich wärmeren Klima ten oder wärmeren Jahreszeiten zuzuschreiben, so sind wir doch nicht speciell nachzuweisen im Stande, welchen Einfluss die allerdings abnorme Hitze des Som- mers 1868 auf ihre Entstehung oder Verbreitung bei uns gehabt hat, zumal, wie wir gleich zeigen werden, grösseres itiologisdies Gewicht auf anderweitige Ursachen, zumal socialer Natur, lo le- gen ist. Von den in das Hospital aufgenommenen Kranken stanunta 124 aus der grossen Rosengasse, 81 aus der kleinen Rosengoie und 30 vom Viehmarkt. Diese drei vor dem Oderthor gekgeM Gassen und Plätze grenzen aneinander und bilden ein von der ärmsten Bevölkerung der arbeitenden Klasse bewohntes Revier, welches in einem niedrigen, sumpfigen und den Uebersehm- mungen der Oder leicht ausgesetzten Terrain gelegen ist, weü « schon in die Spitze des Winkeb hineinreidit, den die alte oni neue Oder vor ihrer Vereinigung in sich einschliessen. Das gaue Viertel gehört zu den nördlichsten Ausläufern der Stadt und vrift im Norden zum Theil von dem die Ufer der Oder weit ausflUIenda Sand, zum Theil von Morästen und Gräben begrenzt, die aber jetzt in Ackerland umgewandelt worden sind, nachdem dinrch ReguUmog der Dämme und vor Allem durch die Anlage einer Eisenbahn die Gegend etwas erhöht und vor Ueberfluthungen der Oder mehr fo- sidiert worden ist. Die Häselei, welche die offene Seite des k- schriebenen Reviers bildet und von jeher die verrufenste Gegari von ganz Rreslau war, wird durch die Trebnitzer Chaussee tm 293 dem freien I^ate getrennt, der als Viebmarkt benutzt wird nnd der flieh dann nordwesttieb in der Ricbtung nach Oswitz zu in eine ganz uncnltivirte, aus Sand und GestrOpp bestehende, vielfach mit lUmpeln bekleidete Fläche verliert Die grosse Rosengasse ist eine enge, nicht mehr als 12 Fuss breite, krumiü gebaute, in mehr- fiiehen Windungen von SOd-Ost nach Nord-West verlaufende Gasse, die zuletzt im freien Felde mündet und von der ersten westlichen Endung der grossen Verkehrsader der Odervorstadt, der Matthias- stradse abgeht. In der Mitte der grossen Rosengasse trennt sich res ihr eine kleinere aber breitere Strasse, die kleinere Rosengasse, am in die Fortsetzung der Matthiasstrasse zu münden. An der aOrdlichen Mündung der grossen Rosengasse beginnt die HMselei oder der am Viehmarkt genannte offene Platz, der sich von Osten nach Westen erstreckt. Das Ganze ist also ein unregelmässiges Dreiedc, das, wie schon oben gesagt, die Ausbuchtung einer Insel darstellt, welche nach der alten Oder zu sehr stark abfällt und Yon dem uns hier nur die zwei bewohnten Seiten interessiren. Die grosse Rosengasse hat 23 Häusernummem, d. h. unregel- mSssig stehende Häuser, die kleine Rosengasse 5, der Viehmarkt 13. Zaai Theil befinden sich unter diesen Häusern einzelne grössere mit ansehnlichen Hofräumen und Hofgebäuden versehen, in der Mehrzahl aber sind es kleine, niedrige, einstöckige, noch mit Schin- ddii oder asphaltirter Pappe gedeckte, schlechte Häuser, welche unzweifelhaft auch äusserlich die uncultivirteste und verwahrloseste Gegend von Breslau repräsentiren , ganz analog der Bevölkerung, welche sie bewohnt Offenbar geht auch diese Gegend einer bes- seren Zukunft entgegen, schon wegen der unmittelbaren Nähe der entstandenen Bahnhofsgebäude; die letzten Jahre haben schon inche Aenderung gebracht, es hat früher in diesem Winkel noch trauriger ausgesehen, wo die letzte Klasse der Prostituirten und die Gorrigenden ihre Zuflucht hatten. In dieser Gegend, wo das Wechselfieber selten ausgeht, wo die bösartigsten epidemischen Krankheiten immer eine Brutstätte geftinden hab^ — nach dem Bericht meines Vorgängers Ebers Ober die grosse Epidemie von exanthematischem Typhus aus dem Jahre 1857, welche 1640 Kranke aus allen Bezirken der Stadt in das Hospital lieferte, kamen im Jahre 1856 228, etwas über 17 pCt der ganzen Jahressumme 1299, aus dem kleinen Rosenbezirk; der 294 zunächst am stärksten heimgesuchte aber yiel grössere benac^birte 11,000 Jungfrauenbezirk lieferte nur lOpCt, alle übrigen stUti- schen Bezirke noch bedeutend weniger — in dieser Gegend, wo ferner auch in den letzten Jahren fortwährend der Petecbialtyph«, wenn auch nur in kleinen Hauptepidemien, genistet hatte, sind in der Recurrens 66,9 pGt., also zwei Drittel der Gesammtsunune aller Kranken, erkrankt, die sich im Uebrigeu auf nicht weniger iJs 51 Strassen und Gassen vertbeilen, von denen aber keine ein&ge — mit Ausnahme etwa unseres Hospitals, wo 11 Personen woid nur in Folge von Gontagion erkrankten, eine erhebliche Ziffer auf» zuweisen hat; denn selbst die lange, wohl an 100 grosse bewohnte Häuser zählende Friedrich-Wilhelmstrasse hat nicht mehr als vier Kranke entsandt. Dagegen kamen aus einem einzigen Hause der grossen Rosengasse No. 17, welches gleichzeitig die Ecke desViefa- marktes bildet und trotz breiter Front ein schlechtes, einstöckiges Gebäude darstellt, 56 Kranke, aus der No. 16 kamen 24 imd aus der No. 12 kamen 16. Aus den 4 Häusern der überhaupt nur 5 Nummern zählenden kleinen Rosengasse kamen aus No. 1 5, aus 2 17, aus 3 24, aus 4 35 und aus dem Hause No. 12 des Viehmarkts 22. Die ersten Fälle kamen aus der No. 4 der kldnen Rosengasse, welches, wie man sieht, lange Zeit ein Hauptbeerd der Krankheit blieb. Um persönlich einen Finblick in die dortig Wohnräume zu nehmen, begab ich mich am 19. Juni, von eiMn meiner Assistenzärzte begleitet, zu einem in der Rosengasse No.3 parterre hintenheraus wohnhaften, vom Hospital her uns drüber bekannten Kranken, Namens Oschatzky, der uns zu einem Be- suche aufgefordert hatte. In einem niedrig gelegenen, kleinei, feuchten, dumpfigen Gemache trafen wir 5 Personen als Inwobaer. Der an Recurrens erkrankte Oschatzky, der deshalb auch am 228ki in's Hospital aufgenommen wurde, lag nackt auf eiaem schmutzigeB von Läusen wimmelnden Lager. Aus dieser Schmutzhöhle stams- ten ausser däm etc. Oschatzky dessen Frau, Sohn, Schwager uod Schwägerin, die dann alle gleichzeitig wegen Recurrens in's Ho- spital aufgenommen wurden. Wie ich aus weiteren NacbforschuDgefl erfuhr, besassen die meisten der von der Rosengasse ba^tammei- den Kranken dort keine feste Wohnung. Sie lagen auf Schla&teile, d. h. übernachteten für das Entgelt von meist einem Silbergrosctea in einem ihnen zugewiesenen engen Raum und lagen da zusaDunea- 296 gepfropft auf fouligem Stroh, das oft monatelang nicht gewechselt, des Morgens aogelUft^l zusammengebunden und in die Ecke ge- stellt wird, nolhdürf&ig den Körp^ mit einigen Lumpen bedeckt Es war mir onmöglieh, sonst noch einen dieser SchiaMume in Augensdiein zu nehmen; überall, wo ich deshalb anfragte, erfuhr ieb, dass die Inhaber nicht zu Hause seien. Die meisten aus dieser ■G^end stammenden Kranken, die ich bei ihrer Aufnahme in das Ho^ital zu Gesicht bekam, zeichneten sich durch Mangel der noth- wendigsten Kleidungsstücke imd diie grosse Unsauberkeit aus. Klei- der und Haare wimmalten oft von Läusen, die Haut war mit Schmutz bedeckt und theils von diesem, theils von der Sonne plgmentirt. Zahllose kleine* Petechien stellten sich bei näherer Be- sichtigung als Flohstiche heraus. Bei Manchen gesellte sich noch die KrStze oder ein bedeutendes Krätzeeczem hinzu. Ein Theil der Kranken gab an, Noth gelitten zu haben, während andere zugaben, daäs es ihnen nicht an Gelegenheit zu lohnendem Verdienst gefehlt; einige waren gut gebaut und von kräftiger Constitution, oft aber waren es auch elende, decrepide, schlecht genährte und muskel- schwache Individuen. Sehr viele der Kranken hatten, früher an Wechselfieber gelitten, einige am Typhus. Dem Branntweingenuss waren viele derselben ergeben, aber einen ausgebildeten Alkoholis- mus habe ich nur bei zwei Weibern wahrgenommen. Zwei Dritt- Iheile aller Recurrens-Kranken überhaupt gehörten dem eigentlichen Arbeiterstande an, das übrige Dritttheil besteht fast ganz nur aus Handwerkern männlichen Geschlechts. Jene Tagarbeiter repräsen- tirten mit ihren Frauen und Kindern wohl die ärmste Klasse des von der Krankheit befallenen Bevölkeruugstheils unserer Stadt; erst Im weiteren V.erlaufe der Epidemie gesellten sich auch solche Per- sonen hinzu, die nicht an Nahrungsmangel gelitten hatteu, so na- mentlich Dienstmädchen aus den respectablesten Häusern und 1 1 zu unserem Krankenwärterpersonal gehörige Individuen, von denen 9 weiblichen Geschlechts. Mit wenigen Ausnahmen waren die behandelten Recurrens- Rranken alle aus Breslau. Die allerersten zur Beobachtung ge- kommenen TäUe waren es ganz bestimmt. Am 17. April wurde zwar bereits ein aus Frankenstein zugereister Handwerksbursche wfgenommen, der unterwegs einen Frostanfall erlitten und sich in das AUerheiligen-Hospital gewandt hatte. Er überstand einen Recurrens- 296 Anfall von 10- und einen zweiten von Stigiger Dauer mit zwischen- liegender 9tägiger Remission. Da der junge Mensch aber glddi nach seiner Ankunft in Breslau ohne Aufenthalt in das Ho^iUl geschafft worden ist, so lässt sich an einer autochthonen Entstehung der Epidemie in Breslau nicht zweifeln. Am 14. Juni, wo wir be- reits an 30 Erkrankungen zählten, wurde ein anderes, wahischdn- lich zugereistes Individuum, ein Cigarrenarbeiter, aufgenonunen, den man schlafend auf einer Wiese ausserhalb der Stadt gefunden hatte und der, weil er über heftige Hitze, Kopf- und Gliede^ schmerzen, sowie Uebelkeit klagte, in das Hospital befördert wird, wo er eine wirkliche Recurrens überstand. Als die Epidemie hier im Erlöschen war, mehrten sich derartige Fälle von zagereistefl Personen, meist Handwerksburschen, die unterwegs erkrankt oder anderswo schon einen Anfall überstanden hatten und die Remis- sionszeit zur Wanderschaft und Reise benutzten, ein Beweis, dass auch in anderen Gegenden der Provinz die Krankheit selbstind^ entstanden ist. Dass zur Verbreitung der Krankheit, abgesehen von den oba geschilderten ursächlichen Momenten, auch ein Contagium heig^ tragen hat, davon haben wir mehrfach uns zu überzeugen Gelegen- heit gehabt. Zwei deutliche Belege sollen hier angeführt werden. Ein Tischlermeister aus Breslau kehrte Ehde Mai von einem m^ wöchentlichen Aufenthalt in Gbarlottenbrunn zurück und begab «di auf Schlafstelle Rosengasse No. 16. Hier erkrankte er am 29. Mai an Febris recurrens und ward am 2. Juni in das Hospital aufge- nommen. Dass er nicht in dem gesunden Gbarlottenbrunn aefa inficirt hatte, ist gewiss, dass aber die Krankheit schon in dem Hause, wo er übernachtet hatte, ausgebrochen war, bewiesen die Aufnahmelisten. Der andere Fall betrifft eine von früheren Krankheiten schon schwer heimgesuchte Gonstitution, eine 22jährige Krankenwärterin im Hospital, die schon Gholera, Unterleibstyphus und Petediial- typhus überstanden hatte. Nachdem am 2. Mai die ersten Recu^ rens-Anfälle auf der Weiber-Abtheilung, wo sie beschäftigt war, vorgekommen waren, machte sie am SOsten einen Ausflug zu ihren Eltern auf das Land und erkrankte da, bald nach ihrer Ankunft, an einem heftigen Fieberanfall, so dass sie, statt am 3.^ erst am 297 12. Juni schwach und hinfSllig wieder hier eintraf. Sie bekam am 17. d. M. einen Relaps. Es braucht wohl nicht erdt besonders hervorgehoben zu wer- den, dass die oben angegebenen localen und socialen Momente mit den ätiologischen Angaben übereinstimmen , die von anderen Autoren gemacht worden sind. Vorzugsweise entstanden ist die Recurrens bei Nothleidenden^ in Schmutz und Elend verkommenen Populationen und in LocalitSten, wo die Keime zu Malariaseuchen oder zum Petechialtyphus aus schlechter Luft und aus schlechter Ernährung sich entwickeln. In allen uns zugekommenen Berichten finden wir immer dieselben Schädlichkeiten als Ursachen der Krank- heil aufgeführt, bald in grösserem, bald in geringerem Maasse. Die ungeheure Ausdehnung und die relativ grosse Sterblichkeit, welche die Krankheit in Petersburg gehabt, 1625 Kranke und 836 Todte, rührt offenbar von der grösseren Intensität der ursäch- Udien Momente her, d. h, dass dort die arme Bevölkerung noch mehr in Noth und Elend verkommen ist, als in anderen grossen Stttdten, die Lebensmittel noch schlechter, die Wohnungen noch erMrmlicher, die Trunksucht noch allgemeiner ist und selbst die klimatischen Verbältnisse viel ungünstiger sind als anderswo. Dazu kommt noch, dass, je intensiver die Krankheit auftritt, sie auch ein um so stärkeres Gontagium entwickelt. Auch die Erfahrung haben wir ähnlich wie andere Beobachter gemacht, dass die Krankheit zwar kein Lebensalter verschont, dass ihr aber das jugendliche ofld kräftige Mannesalter am meisten unterworfen ist. Dies hat aber wohl darin seinen Grund, dass das kräftige Mannesalter am allerehesten auf einen raschen Ersatz angewiesen ist. (Schlass folgt.) 29S XVIII. Zar Geschichte der Arthritis deformans. ■ . • Von Rud. Vircbow, (Hierzu Taf. IX. Fig. 3.) Bei Gelegenheit einer antiquarischen Reise in Hinterpommerfl besuchte ich am 3. April d. J. die Stätte des ehemaligen Klostm MarienIhroB bei Neustettin. Dasselbe ist im Jahre 1356 gegrOndet, hat etwa 200 Jahre bis zur Reformation bestanden und seine Stdoe sind 1579 zun) Bau einer Kirche in Neustettin abgebrochea tind weggebracht wordep. Kurze Zeit vor meiner Ankunft war man iei Gelegenheit von Abgrabungen an der Stelle des alten Klosters aof Fundamente und zwischen denselben auf sehr gut erhaltene Skidete gestossen, die in einer Reihe neben einander lagen. Ein Tbefl der Knochen befand sich noch auf dem Platze und ich bemerkte danmter einige ausgezeichnet pathologische, insbesondere zwei untere flMlftei von offenbar zusammengehörigen Oberarmknochen. Es wurde fiim von Neuem gegraben und noch eine Reihe von Skeleten blossgd^ Unter den so gesammelten Knochen fand sich eine Reihe yorzQ^ lieber Specimina von Arthritis deformans, die ich unserer Sunt: lung einverleibt habe, nicht nur weil sie für die Gesebiehte te Krankheiten des Mittelalters wichtige Beweisstücke darstellet^, sot- dem noch mehr, weil sie seltenere und zumTheil sehr ongewOhi- liche Formen der Erkrankung darstellen. In beiden BeziehuBgei reihen sie sich an die Befunde, welche ich an einem aus einem pommerschen Hünengrabe entnommenen Skelete früher beschrieben habe (Verhandl. der Berliner med. Gesellsch. 1867. Bd. I. S. 272). Ich erwähne ausser einem Finger mit arthritischen Verände- rungen der unteren Gelenkfläche der ersten Phalanx folgende FHlle: 1) Arthritis deformans genu mit Synostose der Patella an einem Oberschenkel, dessen Condyleu stark nach hinten gebogen sind, wie nach früherer Rachitis. Die Abschleifung der Gondylen liegt gleichfalls mehr nach hinten; vorn zwischen ihnen findet sidi die Patella breit aufgeheftet p- 309 2) Artttr^ def. vertebrarum, und zwar an einem Epistropheus (in geringerem Grade), an einem Cervical- und an zwei Lumbal« wirbeln (in höchstem Grade). Was den Gervicalwirbel betrifft, so findet sich die haupteSchliche Veränderung an den GelenkflSchen der GelenkfortsStze und an der oberen und unteren Fläche des Körpers. Beide. sind vertieft, wie ausgehöhlt, porös und abgerieben, an den Rändern mit rauhen Auflagerungen besetzt, wie es auch ein Präparat unserer Sammlung (No. 178) zeigt. Der eine Lenden-^ Wirbel ist theilweise verletzt und bietet ah den Bändern des Kör* pers stark bervortretehde supracartilaginSre Exostosen, wie sie v6r- häitnissmässig häufig vorkommen. Sehr ungewöhnlich ist dagegen der andere, übrigens sehr gut erhaltene Lendenwirbel. Ausser starken marginalen supracartilagtnären Knoehenwucherungen besitzt derselbe (Taf. IX. Fig. 3) auch auf der Fläche des Körpers, die der intervertebra Ischeibe zugekehrt ist, rauhe warzenartige Knochenvor^ Sprünge, die offenbar in den Knorpel eingedrungen sein müssen. Hö(^t auffällig ist sodann die geringe Höhe des Körpers, welche nur 25 Mm. bei 40 Mm. Querdurchmesser beträgt An den Gelenk* flächen der Proc. articulares ist die Veränderung sehr fortgeschritten. Sie sind überall uneben und ausgeriefoen und zugleich durch starke, hie und da fast strahlige marginale Osteophyten vergrössert. Am meisten verändert ist das Wirbelloch (Foramen vertebrale). Das- selbe ist so eng, dass man den kleinen Finger nicht durchbringen kann« und zugleich in der Gestalt sehr verändert, indem seine Form mehr breit, wie von hinten nach vom plattgedrückt erscheint. Auch ist die untere und obere Ansicht ganz verschieden, indem die obere mehr dreieckig, die untere mehr oval aussieht. Es misst in der grOssten Br^te (dicht hinter dem Körper des Wirbels) 22 Mm:, wibrend der sagittale Durchmesser 15 Mm. beträgt. Diese beträcht- liebe Abweichung erklärt sich zum kleinsten Theile durch o$teo(>hy- tisehe Wucherung am hinteren Umfange des Wirbelkörpers, haupt- sächlich durch die grosse Veränderung der ßogenstücke und der (}elenkfortsätze. Erstere sind viel kürzer als gewöhnlich ; sie messen Ton dem Ansätze am Körper bis zu der Basis der Gelenkfortsätzb nur 6 Mm. Durch die schon erwähnte grosse Verbreiterung der Gelenkfortsätze ist der Raum jedoch noch mehr verkleinert, so dass der vordere Band dieser Fortsätze von dem hinteren Rande des Kör- pers nur 5 Mm. beträgt Zugleich springen sie so weit nach innen 300 Tor, dass dadurch die Schenkel des gedachten dreiecktgen Wirbel- loches gegen den Wirbelkanal hereingerUckt werden. Man kann sicher schliessen, dass diese Verengerung des Wirbelkasals für das Rttckenmark nachtheilige Folgen haben musste, und ich möchte vermuthen, dass eine Lähmung der unteren R5^ pertheile dadurch hervorgebracht sei. Ich erwähne diess deshalb, weil in der neueren Zeit, wohl zum Theil in Folge der gebräudh liehen Eröffnung des Wirbelkanals von hinten her, die Aufimert- samkeit sich dieser Art der Verengerung wenig zogewendet bat, während es doch nicht unwahrscheinlich ist, dass wir hier dne Veranlassung zu Atrophie des Rückenmarks und Lähmung vor uns haben. In unserer Sammlung findet sich nur ein Präparat mit einer, jedoch massigen Verengerung des Wirbelkanals (No. 1 794). Ob die vorgefundene Veränderung allein der Arthritis deformans nzo- scfareiben ist, muss dahin gestellt bleiben; die grosse Emiedriguag des Wirbelkörpers und die Ve^kürzung der Bogenstöcke ennnert an gewisse Formen der Infraction. Ein Präparat unserer Sammhmf (No« 11 vom Jahre 1859), bei dem ein Lendenwirbel nur 19 Mm. |
github_open_source_100_8_20201 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Wrappers for the MPI-distributed FFTW
// Maybe this should be a submodule that can be included
// with a compile-time switch.
module FFTW_MPI {
use CTypes;
use FFTW;
use SimpleMPI;
// Start with a straight wrap of the key FFTW routines
extern proc fftw_mpi_init();
extern proc fftw_mpi_cleanup();
// Data distribution functions
extern proc fftw_mpi_local_size(rank : c_int, const ref n : c_ptrdiff, comm : MPI_Comm,
ref local_n0 : c_ptrdiff, ref local_0_start : c_ptrdiff) : c_ptrdiff;
extern proc fftw_mpi_local_size_transposed(rank : c_int, const ref n : c_ptrdiff,
comm : MPI_Comm,
ref local_n0 : c_ptrdiff, ref local_0_start : c_ptrdiff,
ref local_n1 : c_ptrdiff, ref local_1_start : c_ptrdiff) : c_ptrdiff;
// Note 1D transforms are special here
// Make sure you read the revelant sections in the FFTW manual
extern proc fftw_mpi_local_size_1d(n0 : c_ptrdiff, comm : MPI_Comm,
sign : c_int, flags : c_uint,
ref local_ni : c_ptrdiff, ref local_i_start : c_ptrdiff,
ref local_no : c_ptrdiff, ref local_o_start : c_ptrdiff) : c_ptrdiff;
// Planner routines
extern proc fftw_mpi_plan_dft(rank: c_int,
n, // BLC: having trouble being specific
in1: [] fftw_complex,
out1: [] fftw_complex,
comm : MPI_Comm,
sign : c_int, flags : c_uint) : fftw_plan;
extern proc fftw_plan_dft_r2c(rank: c_int,
n, // BLC: having trouble being specific
in1: [],
out1: [],
comm : MPI_Comm,
flags : c_uint) : fftw_plan;
extern proc fftw_plan_dft_c2r(rank: c_int,
n, // BLC: having trouble being specific
in1: [],
out1: [],
comm : MPI_Comm,
flags : c_uint) : fftw_plan;
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20202 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # frozen_string_literal: true
class User
attr_reader :name, :location
class << self
def attribute_names
%i[name location]
end
end
def initialize(name, location)
@name = name
@location = location
end
def attributes
{name: name, location: location}
end
def attribute_names
attributes.keys
end
end
|
github_open_source_100_8_20203 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/bin/bash
rm -f input.raw
rm -f publickey.gpg
rm -f output.encrypted
rm -f output.decrypted
rm -f message.sha256
rm -f message.sha256.sig
|
github_open_source_100_8_20204 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.alsan_grand_lyon.aslangrandlyon.service;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import com.alsan_grand_lyon.aslangrandlyon.dao.MessageDAO;
import com.alsan_grand_lyon.aslangrandlyon.dao.UserDAO;
import com.alsan_grand_lyon.aslangrandlyon.model.DataSingleton;
import com.alsan_grand_lyon.aslangrandlyon.model.User;
import com.alsan_grand_lyon.aslangrandlyon.view.launch.SplashActivity;
/**
* Created by Nico on 24/04/2017.
*/
public class LoadUserTask extends AsyncTask<String, String, User> {
private SplashActivity splashActivity;
private UserDAO userDAO;
public LoadUserTask(SplashActivity splashActivity) {
this.splashActivity = splashActivity;
this.userDAO = new UserDAO(splashActivity);
}
@Override
protected void onPreExecute() {
super.onPreExecute();
}
@Override
protected User doInBackground(String... params) {
userDAO.open();
User tmp = userDAO.select();
userDAO.close();
DataSingleton.getInstance().setUser(tmp);
return tmp;
}
@Override
protected void onPostExecute(User result) {
splashActivity.userLoaded(result);
}
} |
github_open_source_100_8_20205 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*******************************************************************************
* File Name: EzI2C_scl.h
* Version 2.20
*
* Description:
* This file contains the Alias definitions for Per-Pin APIs in cypins.h.
* Information on using these APIs can be found in the System Reference Guide.
*
* Note:
*
********************************************************************************
* Copyright 2008-2015, Cypress Semiconductor Corporation. All rights reserved.
* You may use this file only in accordance with the license, terms, conditions,
* disclaimers, and limitations in the end user license agreement accompanying
* the software package with which this file was provided.
*******************************************************************************/
#if !defined(CY_PINS_EzI2C_scl_ALIASES_H) /* Pins EzI2C_scl_ALIASES_H */
#define CY_PINS_EzI2C_scl_ALIASES_H
#include "cytypes.h"
#include "cyfitter.h"
#include "cypins.h"
/***************************************
* Constants
***************************************/
#define EzI2C_scl_0 (EzI2C_scl__0__PC)
#define EzI2C_scl_0_PS (EzI2C_scl__0__PS)
#define EzI2C_scl_0_PC (EzI2C_scl__0__PC)
#define EzI2C_scl_0_DR (EzI2C_scl__0__DR)
#define EzI2C_scl_0_SHIFT (EzI2C_scl__0__SHIFT)
#define EzI2C_scl_0_INTR ((uint16)((uint16)0x0003u << (EzI2C_scl__0__SHIFT*2u)))
#define EzI2C_scl_INTR_ALL ((uint16)(EzI2C_scl_0_INTR))
#endif /* End Pins EzI2C_scl_ALIASES_H */
/* [] END OF FILE */
|
github_open_source_100_8_20206 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package kwasilewski.marketplace.dtoext.ad;
import kwasilewski.marketplace.dto.AdData;
import kwasilewski.marketplace.dto.PhotoData;
import kwasilewski.marketplace.security.context.UserContext;
import kwasilewski.marketplace.util.AppConstants;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class AdDataExt extends AdMinimalDataExt {
protected Long catId;
protected Long sctId;
protected Long prvId;
protected String description;
protected String city;
protected String phone;
protected List<String> photos = new ArrayList<>();
protected boolean active = true;
public AdDataExt() {
}
AdDataExt(AdData ad) {
super(ad);
this.catId = ad.getCategory().getCategory().getId();
this.sctId = ad.getCatId();
this.prvId = ad.getPrvId();
this.description = ad.getDescription();
this.city = ad.getCity();
this.phone = ad.getPhone();
this.photos = ad.getPhotos().stream().map(PhotoData::getPhoto).collect(Collectors.toList());
this.active = ad.isActive();
}
public Long getCatId() {
return catId;
}
public void setCatId(Long catId) {
this.catId = catId;
}
public Long getSctId() {
return sctId;
}
public void setSctId(Long sctId) {
this.sctId = sctId;
}
public Long getPrvId() {
return prvId;
}
public void setPrvId(Long prvId) {
this.prvId = prvId;
}
public String getDescription() {
return description;
}
public void setDescription(String description) {
this.description = description;
}
public String getCity() {
return city;
}
public void setCity(String city) {
this.city = city;
}
public String getPhone() {
return phone;
}
public void setPhone(String phone) {
this.phone = phone;
}
public List<String> getPhotos() {
return photos;
}
public void setPhotos(List<String> photos) {
this.photos = photos;
}
public boolean isActive() {
return active;
}
public void setActive(boolean active) {
this.active = active;
}
public AdData getAdData(UserContext ctx) {
AdData ad = new AdData();
ad.setUsrId(ctx.getUserId());
ad.setCatId(this.sctId);
ad.setPrvId(this.prvId);
ad.setTitle(this.title);
ad.setDescription(this.description);
ad.setPrice(this.price);
ad.setCity(this.city);
ad.setPhone(this.phone);
if(miniature != null) ad.setPhotos(getPhotosList());
return ad;
}
public AdData getAdData(UserContext ctx, Long id) {
AdData ad = getAdData(ctx);
ad.setId(id);
ad.setActive(active);
return ad;
}
private List<PhotoData> getPhotosList() {
List<PhotoData> photos = new ArrayList<>();
photos.add(getPhotoData(miniature, true));
this.photos.stream().limit(AppConstants.MAX_PHOTOS).forEach(photo -> photos.add(getPhotoData(photo, false)));
return photos;
}
private PhotoData getPhotoData(String photo, boolean isMiniature) {
PhotoData photoData = new PhotoData();
photoData.setMiniature(isMiniature);
photoData.setPhoto(photo);
return photoData;
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20207 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | var Vpc = require('../templates/vpc')
, Template = require('../template')
, kosmoform = require('../../../kosmoform')
, _ = require('lodash')
, yaml = require('js-yaml')
, multipart = require('mime-multipart');
function Bastion(options) {
if (!(this instanceof Bastion)) {
return new Bastion(options);
}
Template.call(this);
var vpc = options.vpc;
var keyName = options.keyName;
var imageId = options.imageId;
var allowedSshCidr = options.allowedSshCidr || '0.0.0.0/0';
var instanceType = options.instanceType || 't2.micro';
var name = options.name || 'Bastion';
var users = options.users;
var vpcIsTemplate = vpc instanceof Vpc;
var vpcResource = vpcIsTemplate
? vpc.vpc
: vpc;
var vpcCidrBlock = vpcIsTemplate
? vpc.vpc.properties.CidrBlock
: options.vpcCidrBlock || '0.0.0.0/0';
var vpcPublicSubnets = vpcIsTemplate
? vpc.publicSubnets
: options.vpcPublicSubnets;
var vpcPublicAvailabilityZones = vpcIsTemplate
? _.map(vpcPublicSubnets, 'properties.AvailabilityZone')
: options.vpcPublicAvailabilityZones;
name = name.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + name.slice(1);
function mkname(str) {
return name + str;
}
var eipAttributes = vpcIsTemplate
? { DependsOn: vpc.internetGatewayAttachment.name }
: undefined;
var elasticIp = this._addResource(kosmoform.ec2.EIP(mkname('Eip'), {
Domain: 'vpc',
}, eipAttributes));
var securityGroup = this._addResource(kosmoform.ec2.SecurityGroup(mkname('Sg'), {
VpcId: vpcResource,
GroupDescription: 'Bastion host security group',
Tags: {
Application: kosmoform.refs.StackId,
Name: kosmoform.fn.join('-', [kosmoform.refs.StackName, mkname('Sg')]),
},
}));
this._addResource(kosmoform.ec2.SecurityGroupIngress(mkname('SgiIcmp'), {
GroupId: securityGroup,
IpProtocol: 'icmp',
FromPort: -1,
ToPort: -1,
CidrIp: vpcCidrBlock,
}));
this._addResource(kosmoform.ec2.SecurityGroupIngress(mkname('SgiSsh'), {
GroupId: securityGroup,
IpProtocol: 'tcp',
FromPort: 22,
ToPort: 22,
CidrIp: allowedSshCidr,
}));
this._addResource(kosmoform.ec2.SecurityGroupEgress(mkname('SgeHttp'), {
GroupId: securityGroup,
IpProtocol: 'tcp',
FromPort: 80,
ToPort: 80,
CidrIp: '0.0.0.0/0',
}));
this._addResource(kosmoform.ec2.SecurityGroupEgress(mkname('SgeHttps'), {
GroupId: securityGroup,
IpProtocol: 'tcp',
FromPort: 443,
ToPort: 443,
CidrIp: '0.0.0.0/0',
}));
this._addResource(kosmoform.ec2.SecurityGroupEgress(mkname('SgePostgres'), {
GroupId: securityGroup,
IpProtocol: 'tcp',
FromPort: 5432,
ToPort: 5432,
CidrIp: vpcCidrBlock,
}));
this._addResource(kosmoform.ec2.SecurityGroupEgress(mkname('SgeIcmp'), {
GroupId: securityGroup,
IpProtocol: 'icmp',
FromPort: -1,
ToPort: -1,
CidrIp: '0.0.0.0/0',
}));
this._addResource(kosmoform.ec2.SecurityGroupEgress(mkname('SgeSsh'), {
GroupId: securityGroup,
IpProtocol: 'tcp',
FromPort: 22,
ToPort: 22,
CidrIp: vpcCidrBlock,
}));
var role = this._addResource(kosmoform.iam.Role(mkname('IAmRole'), {
AssumeRolePolicyDocument: {
Version: '2012-10-17',
Statement: [{
Effect: 'Allow',
Principal: {
Service: [ 'ec2.amazonaws.com' ],
},
Action: [ 'sts:AssumeRole' ],
}],
},
Path: '/',
}));
this._addResource(kosmoform.iam.Policy(mkname('IAmRolePolicy'), {
PolicyName: 'root',
Roles: [ role ],
PolicyDocument: {
Version : '2012-10-17',
Statement: [{
Effect: 'Allow',
Action: [
'ec2:AssociateAddress',
],
Resource: '*',
}],
},
}));
var instanceProfile = this._addResource(kosmoform.iam.InstanceProfile(mkname('IAmInstanceProfile'), {
Path: kosmoform.fn.join('', ['/', kosmoform.refs.StackName, '/bastion/']),
Roles: [ role ],
}));
var shellscript = kosmoform.loadUserDataFromFile(__dirname + '/bastion-user-data.sh', {
ASGName: name,
LaunchConfigName: mkname('LaunchConfig'),
EIPAllocId: kosmoform.fn.getAtt(elasticIp.name, 'AllocationId'),
});
var userDataUsers = {
users: _.flattenDeep(['default', users || []]),
};
var placeholder = '###PLACEHOLDER###';
var userData = multipart.generate([
{
content: placeholder,
mime: 'text/x-shellscript',
encoding: 'utf8',
filename: 'bastion-user-data.sh',
},
{
content: yaml.safeDump(userDataUsers),
mime: 'text/cloud-config',
encoding: 'utf8',
filename: 'users',
},
], {
from: 'nobody XX XXX XX XX:XX:XX XXXX XXXX',
boundary: '3f4aec2c-5233-11e5-9d64-e745058d08ed',
});
var parts = userData.split(placeholder);
userData = kosmoform.fn.join('', [_.first(parts), shellscript, _.last(parts)]);
var launchConfiguration = this._addResource(kosmoform.asg.LaunchConfiguration(mkname('LaunchConfig'), {
KeyName: keyName,
ImageId: imageId,
SecurityGroups: [ securityGroup ],
InstanceType: instanceType,
AssociatePublicIpAddress: true,
IamInstanceProfile: instanceProfile,
UserData: kosmoform.fn.base64(userData),
}, {
DependsOn: role.name,
}));
var asg = this._addResource(kosmoform.asg.AutoScalingGroup(name, {
AvailabilityZones: vpcPublicAvailabilityZones,
LaunchConfigurationName: launchConfiguration,
VPCZoneIdentifier: vpcPublicSubnets,
MinSize: 1,
MaxSize: 2, // one extra reserved for rolling update,
DesiredCapacity: 1,
Tags: {
Application: { Value: kosmoform.refs.StackId, PropagateAtLaunch: true },
Name: { Value: kosmoform.fn.join('-', [kosmoform.refs.StackName, name]), PropagateAtLaunch: true },
Network: { Value: 'public', PropagateAtLaunch: true },
},
}, {
UpdatePolicy: {
AutoScalingRollingUpdate: {
MaxBatchSize: 1,
MinInstancesInService: 1,
PauseTime: 'PT15M',
WaitOnResourceSignals: true,
},
},
}));
this.securityGroup = securityGroup;
this.elasticIp = elasticIp;
this.asg = asg;
}
Bastion.prototype = Object.create(Template.prototype);
module.exports = Bastion;
|
westwardhoe24dekkuoft_2 | English-PD | Public Domain | getrings in MichadfflM terrne next to a Tauernc token, that ihou Hialt neurr be ah inn.ocenf. ,v»:^i • . rJI/«/?r//. tuft. Who ar«fo?' • wiuV.c,rn»>oi!M^ : .71ir4. Foohrwhy then are you fn pretize? your husbands down the v.i M d ami wil you like a haglers Arrow, be down ib« weather, Strike wiiiKt the iron is hot. A wo man when there be rofes in'her t'.t -. checkcs. WEST-WARD HOE clieefos.CherriejonherlippeSjCiuet in her breath, Tuory in her teeth, Lyllyes in her hand, and Lickorifhin her heart, why fhecs like aplay. If new very good company, very good company, but it 'l.ilc , like old leraaimtf : goa by, go by. Therefore as J faid be fore, Itnke. 3c(idcs;you muft thinkethat the commodity or beauty was no: mads to lye dead vpon any young womans hands if your husband haue ginen yp his Cloakc, let another take mea- fnre ofyou in his Ierkin:for as the Cobier,in thcnight time walks with his Lanthome, the Mcrchant,and the Lawyer with his Link, andthc Courtier wi'th his Torch : So euery lip hashis Lettice to himfejfc : the Lcb has hii Lafle, the Collier hisDowdy, the We- iicrnc-manhis Pug, the Scruing-manhisPunke, thcftudenthl* Nun in white Fry er&, the Puritan his Sifter, and the Lord hii La dy : .which worfhipfull vocation may fall vppon you, ifyoule but ftr ike whileli the Iron « hot. Mtft.Jitft. Witch :thislbrfakethySpels : Werelkeptbrsoc, On a Kings coft, I am but a Kings flaue. Exit. Bird. I fee, that as Frenchmen loue to be bold, Flemings to be drunkcjWdchrnentobecald Brians, and IriflhmentoDeCo- ftermongcrsjfo, Cocknyei. Cefpecially Shfe-Cocknies) loue not i4q*a-v,tc when t i s-goo d for the m. 'Enter Afontpclj. Mi. Saw you my uncle? Brid. I am him once now going the way of all fledgings to the townward, hecares a letter to your worship from the party. Mont. What party? Bir. The Waterkok, our woman. Men. From her? Fetch? pray thee, stretch more upon your Tenterback, pox on her? Are there no Pottecaries with Town to send her Phisteries to, but me? Shees not troubled with the green she knelt still, is she? Bird. Well, I shall find both back and blew if you look under her eyes. Mt. Well: ring over. Her ditty, when I'm in Rome, I'm not in Rome, but will you send her a Box or something else and a Dragon Water, I mean something restaurant. WEST-WARD HOE. I know how welcome you are to the City, and will you marry some of the most important men. Bird. Troth as the way, I'll tell you how the poor gentleman I am. Why, how lies she? Bird. Troth as the way, I'm not sure. You would pity a woman case if you saw her: write to her. Come treatise of pacification. He writes to her tomorrow. Tomorrow; I'm not sleep then but tumble, and if she might have it to night, it would better please her. Perhaps He does not tonight, for she will. !oi.If you doot to night, it would better pleafe her then to mor row. Mo. Gods fo, doft heare, I'me to fup this night at the Lyon inShcredich v iihccrten gallants: caft thou not draw forth fomc dilicatc face, that I ha not feene, and bring it thither, wut thou? Bird. All the painters in London iTialnothctorcolour aslc. n; but we fhall hauc 'b:ne fwaggerjng? CxWo. All as ciuill (by this ;ightj as Lawyers. Tird. But Itell you.fhcei not fo common as Lawyers, that I meanc to betray to your Table: for at I'me a Sinner, fheesa Knights Cozen ; aYork(niregentlv»oman,andonly Ipeakcsa lit tle broad, but of very good carnage. A font. Nay tints no matter, we can fpeake as broad as Hie? but Wut bring her? Bird.You fhall ca'l her Cozen.do yoo fee : two men (nail waite vpon her, and He come in by chance : buc Hull not thcpai ry be« there? Men*. Which party? "Bird. Tl»c writer ofthat limp! e hand. UWj».Not for as miny Angels as there be letters in her Paper: Speilcenotofmee to her, nor our meeting if you louc met: -A Jt comef ^<r^Mum,Ilecome. Mono. Farewell. TW.Good Maifler Monopoly, /hope to fee you one day a mm ofgrearcreditr. <Jlfg. Jr'I be.lle build Cl'imnies with Tobacco but lie Iruoakefome : and befure "Bird. IleOicke vtooll vponlhy back. Bird. Thankc s fir, I know yoo wil, for all the kiiucd of the JMvtfpoltts are held to be great Fleecers. Exetmt. £*ittrfir CjoiJat : Ljnttocket W%ir/epoote, tttd the three £ittitj>u winei imtskt, Ittdjth, Mtbell^ *nd Clurt. fax~So draw th*ie Cuitaincs,and lets fee the pi&urcs vnder em. WEST-WARD II OE Lr». Welcome to theStilliard faire Ladies. All 3 . Thatikes good inaifter Ljujfxkf. Whirl. Ham: some wine HMS. Enter I Lint with cUtb and Buns. Hunt. Yaw, yaw, you fall hebben it metier: Old vine, or EC w vine. (Jez. Spake women. lud. New wine good fir Cjox,Kn: wine in the muft, good Dutch man, for mart i s best for vi women. HAMS. New wine? veil: two pots of ne w rir. Exit Hani. An honest Butterlox: for if it be old, here's a stone of u coins into any belly. M*b. Went to the hot, pray theelets dance friskin, & be merry. L.H. Thou art too troubled with many flat, thy so hang at thy heart flanges. Clu. Pox a my heart then. Enter Hams with trine. Itd. I and mine too, if any Court of them all see to his gallows there: which we him as thou do. Thy panrablcs, come to let him keep thy bread, for he feeds thee with nothing but Court holy bread, good words, and cares not for thee: For God will you taste a Dutch wharch, and a Dutch wharch you call him. Md. Here in a letter, half a mile is yours. But, But, But, "Suit, Father Parent, this is yours. Terr. Which room is where are they? We hold our room, and the whole that lock our room. Par. Not till I am in: and then lock out the dull the heecome in the shape of a puritan, taste 3. Sorrowful, welcome welcome come in truth. Who would not be scruple with such burs flicking on his breeches: Sorrowful gentlemen; O noble Knight, (so. More wine has been). Ex. Am not I (gentlemen, not the eighth) that can make three Conies boil at a clap into your pursuits? Has little do their 3. husbands dream what coppies I am setting their wives now? Well, not if they should come to me like horrible noise of Fidlers. I do not care: let them come: I tell them, if none of their dull mugs. C/W<*£. Here, my dear, let them come. For. Thanks good mugs. Wafer. D* T.*r: WEST-WARD HOE. For. Where there. Peepers: Intelligence: Enefdr*pper». Ont. Vdi foot, throw a pot at head? P*r. On Lord f O Gentlemen, Knight, Ladies, that may be, Citizens, that are, Quirbryourfclucs. for a pair of your husbands' heads are knocking together with fauhis, and inquiring for you. O*«j;.Xecpc the doorlock. lud. Oh!, co, do: and let Sir God's (becaufe he has been in the low Countries) swear gotz Sacrament, and drive them away with broken Dutch. Trf.Heresa wench has simple Sparkes in her: she's my poor Gal lants: Good-god? I see a man is not sure that his wife is in the Chamber, the his own fingers hung on the Padlock: Trap-doors, false Drabs, and Spring-lockes, may cozen a Co-ty of Consul. How (he filly Husbands might lice r c h a beeae guld with Flemish money. Corn: drinke vp 'R^enf, Thames and Mtunder dry, There's Nobody. lad. Ah thou vngodly master. For I did but make a false fire, to try your Tailor, because you were let on come. By this glade of women, wine would not have seen their Spirits walk here, to be dubbed deputy of a Ward, I, they would have Chronicled me for a Fox in a Lamb's skin: But come: Is this merry Midfather night agreed upon when shall it be? Why, faith tomorrow at night. We take a Coach and ride to Him, or so. Tent. O Be upon: a Coach: I cannot abide to be lost. Yet most of your Citizens, wives, loue along. Goz. Why, you to ack-wall, or Limestone, Limestone. It is, Every room there is much of Tar. Lust, Let's to mine host Deghakt at Brainford then, there you are out of eyes, out of eyes. Ears, private rooms, with Lyons, with attendance and what cheer you will? Om. Comfortable to "St. John's" Mt. I, I, let go by water, for Sir George I have heard you say you long to go by water. But when he hears, with what pulls shall we slide with some clean clothes, out of our husbands' supposition, being gone well for such; all night. That's the block now we all tumble at night well, and all the company is time. Why then good morning, I have it, Sir George, that's the child, if you that are the men could provide for such a countenance. May if he be an Affe, he will keep his countenance, and I, but I mean, on education, could see out his tale with indignation, and say that the child were sick, and swear dagger at it: That last should suffer all our eyes etc. We, but where will that wife be found now? I see I'm borne stiff, but I will be that Affe that shall go over the mire for you: that wife bett will I be. He be that Affe that shall go over the burden of that abominable life. Heauen pardon me, and pray God the infant be not punished for. Let me see: He break down in anger like a Thacher, or a Sowgelderer, or something: and speak dreamingly, and swear how the child pukes, and eats nothing (as perhaps it does not) and lies at the mercy of God, (as all children and old folks do) and then scholler wer, play you your part. Where will you meet with morning? What some tavern near the water-side? That has hurt. Where Greyhound, the Greyhound in Black-fryers, an excellent Tew, Content the Greyhound by eight. And then you may whip forth two first, and two next, on sudden, and rake Boats Bridgwater priuately. Omni, Best so: a good place. He goes make ready my rusticall properties: let me see scholister, you may be borne, for your child shall be sick within this half hour. Exit. Enter Sir. lud. 7 is the yprightcft dealing man? Gods my pitty,whofc yonder .' "Bird. I 'me bold to prefse my felfe voder the Cullers of of your company> hearing that Gentlewoman was in the roooic :• A word miflris .' Qv. How now,what faies he.' Goz,. Zounds what Hie ? a Bawd, bit h Lord I ft not ? tJWib. No indeed, fir Gtrxlin dices a very honeft woman, and aM'd-ivi.'c. ^7dr. At the Lyon in Shoredich ? And would he not read it ? nor write to me -? lie poyi'on his Supper ? 2-W.But no words that I bewrayd him. Clar. Gentlemen I mufl be gonr.I cannot Hay in faith : pardon me : He mccte to moirow : come Nurfe, cannot tarry by this ele ment. D 3 (jo** WEST-WARD HOE. </««. MocJicr, you : Grannam drmke ere you 50?. BirA: I atn going to a wo:n.iiis labour, iridecdc fir, cannot Hay. Exeunt, tsfnb. I hold my life the blacke-beard her husband wliifl'ds for lier./W. A reckoning : Breakeonc.breakeall. O'ot. Here HMJ, draw rot, He draw for all as line true knight. lud. Lc: him : amcngft women this does (land for law, the worchicft man (tho he be foo'e^ mufl draw. Extant. aAttiu TcrttHs Sc^na Tritr.a. Enter m<nfttr Tevterhfoke Mid his » tfe. TVrt. What bpoke is that ivvcet hart? Mtfl. Ten. Why the booke of bonds that arc due to you. Tfin. Come, what doc you wi.h it.' Whydo^ou tioubleyoui felfcto take care about my bufincflc f ////?.rf/».Wliy fir.doth not that which concernsyou, concerns rne.YoutoldniecJWiw»»/>«/)'had difchargcd lus bond,l lindcby the booke of accounts hccre , that it is not canceld. laic I would fiirfcr fuch a cheating companion to laugh at me,Ide fee him ha>. Good weather, mechanics, you loued me, as ever my bed was pleasing to you, arrest the knowledge we were near to him for a pin, but for eating up victuals. Good mother, enter an adieu against him. I troth like I may die the gentleman much desired, and besides it may be other actions may fall very heavy upon him. (Jlfft. Tent. Hang him, to see the dishonesty of the king. Teni. A wife, good words: A courtier, A gentleman. Tern. Why may not a gentleman be a knight that were strong in faith: but as I was a saying, to see the dishonesty of him, but would never come since he received the money to serve you, you know. Master Thorough as I am virtuous you shall. Arrest him. Tent. Why, I know not when he will come to Towne. Tent. To the town: this night be spies at the Lyon in Shoare-ditch, good husband enter your action, and make halt to the Lyon in the night. The officer, an honest fellow, Sergeant Ambush, will do it in a trice, he never falters a man in Curtess, but he catches him as if he would arrest him. Good hait, let Sergeant Ambush in wait for him. Tent. Well, and thy enemy, I will do it. Come, let me see you, buy a stick, and meet me at the Counter in Wood Street. Here, you see, I am here. Tent. Don't sleep, I come to bed, and meet you at the Counter in Wood Street. Here, you see, I am here. Tent. Mfft. Tent: No lamb, baa fheep,ifa tvomnn will be free in this intricate laborinth of a husband.let her marry a man of a melan choly complexion, flic /hal not be much troubled with him. By my footh my Husbaud hath a hand as dry as his braines , ar.d a breath as flionge as fix comorr gardens.Wcl my husband is »on to arrefl Monopoly.I haue dealt with a Sargeam nriuatly, to in- trcate him, pretending that he is my Aunts Son, by this nieanes flial I fee my young gallant that in this ha* plaid his part. When they owe mony in the Citty once, they deale with their Lawyers by atturnr , follow the Court though the Court do them not the grace to allow them their dyct.O the wit of a woman when flic is put to the pinch. € xit MiftrisTmterhoo^. Enter matfter Tmttrhee^e,Sergtttnt A* (nfotMiAjtoman (Clutch. "Tot, Come Sergeant Ambufh, comeyeomanClurch,yonsthe Tau«me,the Gentleman will come outprcfemly : thou art refo- lute. iAmb. Who I, I carry fire & fword that fight for me, hear, and hesre. I knowmoft of the knaues about London, and moft oftheTheeues to, I thank e God, and good intelligence. Ttnt.l wonder thou doft not turne Broker then. Amb. Pew ; I liaue bin a Broker already $ for I was firfl a Puritan, then a Ban- querout, then a Broker, thtfi a Fencer, and then Sergeant.were not thefe Trades woulde make a manhooed^ peace thedoore- opesjwhecle about yeoman Clutch. Enter whirled, Listock, and Glencify trierraff. And care I come to sup in this Tauern again. The more attendance then in a tale, and there had been a Punchbowl in the company then we should not have been rid of the drawers; now were I in an excellec humor to go to a valetting house, would break down all their glasses, throw their glasses, and their precious stones, tear their plates, and play the part of the Gods, what I could do: I would undergo fifteen hundred bawds by this duknes, or if I could meet one of these Varlets that were Pinnier ally on their backs (Sergeants) I would make them feud so fast from one, that they should think it a shorter way between this and Ludgate, then a condemned Cutpourse thinks it between Newgate and Tjburnc. Lynft. You are for no action tonight. Wiwr/.jVollctobed. V.: Mine, Am not I drunke now : 'vipcnturvcitris lacc^ymqitify Tobacco. W^r/r. Faith we are all heated. vrfarlepooie when wilt come to Court and dine With me? W/w/. Ont of the daies Franke, but He get mee two Gaunlcts for fcare I lose my fingers in the difh«s, their bee excel lent flaisers! heate in the most of your under offices? I protest I have often come thefher, fat downs drawn, my knife, and care I couW fay grace all the meate hath bin gone. Ihiuerilen, and departed thence as hungry, as euer came Countrey Atturny from. Weftminister? Good night house Franke, do not swaggle with the watch Franke. Extmt. Te*ter. So now they are goncyou may Take him. Amb. Sir, I arrest you? M. A rest me, at whose suite you were? Cloud. At my master Tenterbeak. O. Why you varlets dare you arrest out of the Court. Come, will you be quiet? O, pretty, you will be good, yeoman call the gentlemen back again. There's a Gentleman, he has carried a hundred pounds of mine bone with him, rebelling because he cannot carry it on the field. He did not have it, he preferred it. That's a trick, you would procure a rescue. Mino. Catchpoled, you will have the hair of your head and beard stained of for this, and care I catch you at Grisilm by this high law. Come, will you march. Are you Sergeants, Chrians? Sir, thou lookest like a good pityful man, and thou art a man to succeed, thou hast back to rainy a man in thy time I warrant. Have had many a man by the back, sir. Messrs. Welfast in truth, I love your quality, I have needful every man you come by his own; but as God makes me... Gentlemen, I have not one cross about me, only you two might not you let a Gentlemen pass out of your hands, and say you say him not? Is there not such a kind of mercy in you now and then my Masters, as I have, if you come to my lodging tomorrow morning, give you fine brace of Angles? Good yeoman perwade you? Gradual here: I know Come of you to be honest, faithful Drunkards. Respectfully, a poor Gentleman in my case. Come, it will not serve your turn, Officers look to him, upon your peril. Do you take care, you see I am in the hands of a couple of Raucns here, as you are a Gentleman and a forty-stullings, let me not like if I do not answer you the forfeiture of the whole bond, and never plead Continence. Tent. Not a penny, not a penny: God night for. Toiler. Mo-io Well, 3 man ought not to fw?ar by anie thing in the hands of Sergeants but by filucr.and because my pocket is no la wful I u- Hiceto Mimfterany fach oath vnfo me, I will patiently incounfcr the Counter. Which is the deareft wardr in Piifon Sergeant ! fl c knights ward c" Amb. No fir,thcMaiflers fide. dffHo. Well the knight is dsouc the maiUcr though his Table be worfe furnifht : ] le go thcfhcr. Amt>. Come fir, I mud vfe you kindly the Gentleman; Wife that hath arrcHec! you: (JJfoiiy.l what of her. Amb. Shefaiesyou archer Antes for\ne.Mono. I,am ? Arr.b. She takes on fo piffifully for your Arreiling, twas much agaiiifl her wil(good Genticwom5)'.hat this affli^ion lighted vp» on you. cJIfowa. She hath rcafon.if flic rcfpcft her poorc kindred. y/«£. You fiwll not go to prifon. Mono. Honcf] Serseanr, Confcionable Officer, dit! I forget my fclfeeucnnow,a vice that flicks to me alwaics v.hcn lam drsnke to abufe my bcH friends : where didfl buy this buffe? Let tne not liue but llcgiue ciiee a good fuirc of durance, Wilt thou rake my bond Sergeant ? Whcres a Scriuener, a Sciiucnergooci Yeoman ? you fli^l hnue my fword and hangers to paie him. zAmb. Not fo Sir: but vou fnairbc prifcnerin tny hcufe : I do not i hinkc but that your Cofinwii! viiltyou ther«i"th morning, and take order for you. 'JJfj-o. Weil (aid; vvaf] not a moll treacherous partfo arrtfta ma^ in the nijhr.and whephcisalmof} drunk , when he hath not his witsabotit Irtm to remember which of his friends is in the Sub- fedy: Come did! abu'e you, I recanf,yc*u r.rc a? ncceflbry in a ci- lyasTu'nblcrsmNIorfoikc, Sumnc'.si:)Lur.£j(lntc,orKi;l<e-l-c!s in an Armie,- I \-tnnt E VM>:T WEST-WARD HOE. Enter Parenthejis Itl^e * Colltar^nnA* Etj. Fully. Buy any small Coale, buy any small Coale. Collier, Collier. What same boy. That Ware the Policy. Oh, boy the policy affords many a man that he was no cut-old, for how impossible were it a man should thrust his head through the final loop of his forehead, his forehead were broken by a loop of his forehead, and many French Women coming out of the Isle of Wight coming out of the Isle of Wight. Yes, Collier: how came the goof to be put upon you, ha? I tell thee, the Yearly lying at Winchester in Henry the Thirds days, and many French Women coming out of the Isle of Wight. Yet it could brook the more dreadful Cockatrice, (here were many Punkets in the Town) your Farmeis that would spend but three pence on his ordinary, would laugh a Crown on his Leathers; and many men (Calves as they were) would ride in a Farmer's foot bootes before breakfast, the common (I (inner had more fluttering about her, then a fresh puncheon hath when she comes to a Town of Garrison, or to a University. Captains, Schollen, Serampier, Turors, Clergy, and the Blackguard used all to one Ordinary, and most of them were called to a particular reckoning, or before two returns of Michaelmas, Surgeons were full of bones, the care of most secret grew as common as Lice in Ireland, or as scabbles in France. One of my Tribe, a Collier, carried in his Cart 40. Mairo'd Fouldiers to Sdsburj, looking as pittifully as Dutchmen still made drunke.then carried to bee-heading. Every one that rnette him cried, ware the Goofe Collier, and from that day to this, there a record to be seen at Croiden, how that pitiful was wasted which in deed was very very much in the Collier, that all that rime would carry no Coalcs, laid this Imputation on all the posterity. Boy, you are full of tricks Collier. Boy, where dwells master? Boy, why he is what wouldst? I am one of his Tuvinals? Boy, he did not know (here? Boy, that I do, the Child is wondrous like: I was wild to acquaint thy master and mistress with it. Boy, he was and... Tell them presently. So, if all should fail, I could turn Collier. O the villainy of this age, how full of secret and silence concerning the opinion of the world, have I ever found most women. I have seen a whole afternoon many times by my wife, and look upon her eyes and felt if her pulse had been a test, when I have named a supple died long, yet all this while have not drawn from her the call of scrupulous confession. I have lain awake a thousand nights, thinking she would have released for a while what in her dreams, and when she began to speak anything in her sleep, I have longed for her, and cried a sweet heart. But when will your love come, or what did he say to thee over the Hall? Or what did he do to thee in the Garden-chamber? Or when will he send to To thee, any letters, or when will then send to him any money, what an idle coxco rube is necessary will make a man. Enter Water and his wife. Well, this is my comfort that here comes a creature of the same head. My sweet child, where the Collier? Here, for sooth. Water, run into Bucklersbury for two ounces of Draggon water, so in the Sperma carty and Trcakle. What is it, like the coal burning Fcauer? Faith, mil this I do not know the infirmity of it: will you buy any final Coal, say you? Prethee go in and empty there. Come be not so impatient. Water, if you had ground for as I have done you would have been more natural. Take my riding hat and go to the other side there: lie away, prefer by. You will not go to night, I am sure. Mift wafer As I liue but I wil. : w«/. Faith fweet hart I haue great bufincs to nigh f ,fiay til to moN tow and He go with yeu. cJ?6/? waf. No fir I wil not hinder your bufines. I fee how little you refpeft the fruits of y our owne bodie.Ifhalfindfomebodye to beare me company. Waf. Wcl.I wil defcrre my bafines for oncc.and go with thee. (JM'.fl w*f. By this light but you fhal not.yoa fiial not hit me i't h teeth thai I waiyour hintlraQcc,wil you to Backlett burry fir? Ez »«. WESTWARD HOE. If '<*?. Come y.^i arc a foolc 'caue ycur weeping. Exit W«£ S,f:?>r.f. You fill! not r,'> with me asl liuc. litfl 'Puple. 'JMtJl.n'af. Excellent maiftcr. .!«.•/. Admiral>ic Millns, howchappiebeeur Englifhwornen that are not tit ui>'ed with Iea!ous husbands ; why j our 1 ralians in general arc io Sun-bu;tit with thcfcDog-daict.fiiat your gte.it La dy there t'niakcs her Im.bind bucs her not if hec bee not ^eaiiuus: w!ut coritir'fiCS'tiie libcriy of our women more in England , then the Italian Proucrbe, which faici if there were a bridge oucr the narrow Sea', ..11 the women in Italy would fhew their husbands a Million of light paire of heel es, and flic ouer into England. CW'jt. w*f« The time of our meeting ? Come ? In/}. Seaucn. <JMiftt Waf. The plact. fujh In Blacicc Friers, there take Water, kcepe a loofe from the fliore, on with your Ma»kj,vp with your fails, and W'eft-vardHoe mfiftSl'jf. So. exit Miftrit Wafer. M. O the cyrc !: npprchenfion of women, the'ile groape out a mans meznnp; prefently, wci. it reHs now that I difcouer my feife in tny true Oupc to thefe Gentlewomens husbands : for though: I h.ui .- p'aid the fooJe a little to beguile the memory of mine owne m t.>r (unr, I would* nor play (be knaue, though I be taken for a B Jnnucrour, brn indeed as in other things, fo in thar.the worldc it much deeeiurd in me, for I haue yet three tlioufand pounds in-thc J: ..• J- oi a (u(!;ci<:n: friend, and all my debts difcharged.I haue re- ceiued here a Iff ter from my wife, directed to Stede, wherein (Lee >r>olt repentantly intreateth my return, with prof e ftaticn to gyue me ad'ured try all of her honefty . I cannot tel! what to thinke of it, but [will put it to the tefl, there is a great Oiife bet vteenc beautie, & Challiv.'.'ind that which pleafelh many is neuer free from tem- tation : as fnr lealoafie. it makes many Cackoldei.'many foofa, and m.iny uanquerout j : It may haue abufcd me and no' my wifes honeRy : He fry it : but firft to my fetuf c'^nld dotiftg Gowp«ni- on. • - •• ' fxit. Erttr cWwirapWy md tJMiftrit TtntetkiiQt <>-n Mono. I befecch yo« M-rtris Before Clod He be ficke if you will no* be merry. AfiJf.Tent. You aieafwect Beagle. Come WEST-WART* HOE. *. Come, bccaufc I kept from Tcwne a little.let meenof liue if I did not hearc the (iclcncs was in Townc very hot : In froth thy Inir is of an excellent colour hncc I fa w it.O thole bright tr c (- fcs like to threds of gold. . <JWft.Ttnt. Lye,and aflies.fuffer much in the city for that com panion. <J*f«»M.H?res an honcfi Gentleman wii be here by & by, was borne at Fooiham : his name is f]»fLtig Glco-trorme. t^kft Text. I know him, what is he ? Ai'ono. He is a Knight : what ai!d your husband to be fo hafly to arrefl me/JT///? TVnr.Shal I fpcalc truly • ilial i (peak not like a wo man. MOM. Why not likea woman. UMtQ 7>»rBecaufe womcns tongues are like to c'ocks.if they go too fafl they ncucr goe true, t'was 1 that got rr.y husband to arrelt thee,I hauc. cJWw. I am beholding to you. MiftTem. Forfooth I coulde not come to the fpeech of you, I think- e you may be fpoken with all now. cJW»»s. I ihanlce you, I hope' oul baile me Cofin ? Aftli Ten:. And yet why fhould 1 fpeak wi.h you.I protefll loue my husband <JM»no. Tufli let not any young worn an loue a man in yeares too well c/^/? Tent. Why .' Mono Becaufc heelc d;, e be fore he can requite it. (JM-ino. I haue acquainted Wafer and Honi- focltle with it.and they allow my wit for't extrcaml > .£nter Ambufi. O honctl Sergeant Amk V\'clcoine gc od miftris Tenttrhookf. Af it Tent. Sergeant I mufl needs haue my Cofin go alittle Way out of Town with me and to fecure thee,hcre are two Diamonds, they are worth two hundred pounj.keepc them til I rcturnchim. idmh. Well tis good fccuri'ie. (time C/W//? Te.nt. Do not come in my husbandes fight in the meant Enter Wbtr/e, Cjlo-wtrme, GozJmg, Lntftockf, t^ttftru Hen Amh We'com Gallants. Wkirl. How now Monopoly A rrc fled r tJMam. O mvlitilc Honrfitcltft-ancometovidta Prifoner? ^MiflHonj. Yes fai:h at Gentlemen vifit Marchantj.tofarewcl, or as Poets young quaint Rfuellen, to laugh at them. Sirrha if I were fomc foohfh Tuft;ce, if I wou!de nor beg ihy wit neuer tnift me. (Jltifl- Tent. Why 1 pray you ? <J7f/j? Ho*i. Becaufe it hath bin conceald al this while, but come foal AC to boat, we are furnifh t for attend jnts as Ladies are, £3 We WESTWARD HOE. We haue oarfoolcs, and our Vfliers. Sir. (7»*. I thanke you Madame, I fhall mcete your wit in the dofc one day. MtjL W*f. Sirra, thou kuowcii ray husband keeps * Kennell ot hounds .? Miff. //^/.-Yes. Whirl. Doth thy husband louc vcnery ? Aftfi. fT^f.Vcnery? Whirl. I, hunting, and vcnery are words of one fignin'cation. OW//? VPfif. Your two husband, and heehauc made a match to go find a Hare about Butty Caufy. dftft. Ttnt. Thcilc keepean excellent houfc till we come home againe. mttft.Ho.O excellent, a Spanifh dinner, a Pikhcr, and aDutchfupper,butter and Oni ons. Ly.-.ft. O thou ait a mad wench. tMtft.Tent. Sergeant carry this ell of Cambrickto miflris^Br/ tel her but that it is a rough tide, and that flic feares the water,(h« fiioulcl haue gone with vs. 5«rO<-.O thou haft an excellent wit. whirl.To Boat I uy ? CMift.Honj. Sir Gt*lm .' I d«e take it your legs are married. Sir Got,. Why miftris ? UWi/t. Haiti. They looke fo thin vpon ir. SirCjtz.Eutr fincc I mcafurd with } our husband,! haue flirunk in the calfe. And yet you have a sweet tooth in your head, Suffice. Ought to deal for the calves head, you may take what you will of legs, and sitting in the sand, and swelling beneath the garter. But it's certain when lank thigh is brought long lockings out of fashion, the Courtiers Legge, and his slender tilting hair grew both of the garter. Come for Bradford. Extant. Enter Miss Birdhead Mid Luce. Third Good morning, Luce: how did you rake your rest tonight? How did your good worship like your lodging? What will you have to breakfast? Luce. A piece of the Knight that was here last night, he promised to come home from the wildest of men; he was drunk. He be dewed clean. Why do you think he will send them? Luce. Hang them: us no more in Fashion for them to keep their promises, then this for men to pay their debts. He will lie after them then a Dog trots: what a filthy knocking was at door last night; some puny Inn-a-c ourt-men, he hold my contribution. Yes, in truth were they, call gentlemen without beards, but to say the truth, I did take exceptions at their knocking; took them a side and said to them; Gentlemen, this is not well, that you should come in this habit, Cloake, and Rapiers, Boots and Spurs, I protest to you, those that be your Ancestors in the house would have come to my house in their Caps and Go wines, civilly, and modestly, I promise you they might have been taken for Citizens, but that they take more stock. Who knocks there? Up in your Chamber. Enter master Hovefuckle. Who are you, some? Man of credit? That you come in muffled thus. Honi. Whose about? Bird. Let me see your face fit, O master Hottstukk, why the old party: the old party. Horn. Pcw I will not go up to her: no body else. "Bird, As I have, will you give me some sacrifice, where of the party? "Bird, As I have, will you give me some sacrifice, where of the party? "Horn. What do you call her? "Horn. Hernarnei? G!tfV?/4», but must I not abide that name, and so she calls her opponent. "Horn. Very good, good. "Bird. I am a fishing, bring the rest in Aqueduct. Come sir. Isgo to Noddy. "Horn. I and you will for half an hour. "Horn. Here are the Gardes? deale, God send me down and accustom a Court Card, and I shall get by it. "Horn. Then I can make you nothing. "Horn. Yes if I have a coat." Away, turne vp. Bird: By my troth I must show all and little enough to fix games: play your single game, I shall double with you another. Pray you lend me some muer to count my games? How do you wish it good Sack? Enter (Torsion, Christa Theresa gentleman at doore would speak with you. He: Gods so, I will not be seen by any means. Ewffr Tintterhoo. Bird-inio that closet then? What another master? Ten. How do you wish bird-inio? Bird. Aft, a letter book? The party is about in the dining Clumber. Tent. Aboue. All alone? Is he gone up? Who was I pray thee? Bird. By this fackc I wi 1 not tel you 1 fay that yen wcr« a contry Gentleman, or a Cimzen that hath a young wife, oranlnneof Chauncery Man,(hou d I tell you ' Pardon me ; 'his Sickt taflei ofHorfe flcfli, 1 warrant you the leg of a ciead hoiic hancsiruhc Butof Saiketo kecpc if quick*;: HOHJ, \ bcfeecli thec good Miftru71ir<Uunt tcl me who it wai. Bird. O God fir we are fworne to fcciecy as we! as Surgeons. Conic drinkr Co me, and lets (o our game. ' Tenterhook* and Ltue above. Tent. Who am I ? Luce. You, pray you vnblind mt,Capta\\tfff'hir/poofe, no mai- ftcr Ljnfrockj pray vnblind me,you arc not fir (jozling Ijla-ifmirt, for he we .res no Ringes of his fingers : Maifler rree**-/e.;ther, O your are George the drawer at the Miter, pray you vnbhndc mec, Captainc Pitckfoifl, Mauler Cfuttterfiaim the Lawier, wliat fliedi- u:l mcaneyou, bcllirew your heart you haue a very dry nami.are you not mine hoft Dog-bolt of BrainfordjMilli's btrciljme, rnai- ilcr Homfuckle, Maiftcr W«ifcr. Tent. What the laft of al your Clien«. Luce. O how doQ tho"u good Cofin. Teat. 1 ;, ou haue many C< fins. Luce. Faith I can name many that ] do not know, and fuppofe I did know (hem what then? I will TufFer one to kcfpe me indict, another in appatrcl ; another in Phifick; another (o pay my houfe renf.l amiuit of the Nature of ^Icumj; \ wil fufTvreaery plod ding foole to fpend mnnievpoame, marrienone butfomewor- thic friend to inioy my more rctir'd and vfe-full fsithfulncs. Tent. Your loue.y our loue. Luce. O 1 ,tis the cuife that is laid vppon our qi»allitic. what wee gleanefrom others weloaifh vpon foroe trothlellc wclfac'd youn ger Brot1>er, that Loue! vsoncly for inamtair.ancr. Tent. Haft a good (earme Luce ? I.HCf. \ pox on the Tearmc.and new 1 tliinkc or.f , faics a gen tleman iafl night let the pdx be in the Towne (eauen yeare, Weft- niinltrr neuc r breeds Cob-webs,& vet tis as catching as the p'agu, fliougl) not al f«> general, there beathoufhnd bracing lackes in. I. on Jon, dial wil protcll they can wrefi comfort from me when^I f.vcare)not one of them know wheatber my pa!me bcrroifleor not WEST-WARD HOE. not :Tn troth I Icnie there: You orom;ll me fcuen Ellesof Cam- b;uk. iVuferlmockstfdcHters, Whofe that knocks C1 lh-.i. What, more Sacks to the My I, He to my old rctiremoc. -'•'» ./. Mow doih your good worfliip, Pafsion of my I, art, wh.it ftiittfh ill I m.ikf.Ho-.v hath your good -vor. done, a long tune : U'.'.f. \rery \-c!l Godamercy. F.tr,{. Your good, vvorfh. I thinkc be riding out of ro .vne. **'«/ Yesbeleeueme, I Icuetobeoncea wcekea horfcbacke, roriiKthmks nothing fets a man out, better than a Horfc. Bird. Tis certen.notliins; fets a woman our better t'lan a iiun Wuf. W'latjisinin.LuccaboueC' Mini. Yes truely. Waf. Not a'iyco'np.iiiy with her. H'tfii. Company? Sh.'.'i I fay to your ^oocl A'Oi fliip and not he.fhe liatli had r.o compcir/ (let mi (ee i:o v'ongit vv.is fince your VVor. was heJie) you wet to a Butchers Feat! at Cuckold i-hauen the next d jy alter Saint Lukes dav. Not this fbrtni" lit, in good truth. For, Alafte, good soul. Bird. And why was it? Go to, J. Thackeray, you know better than I. The wench asks the very day when will M. Wafer be here: And if Kinsley asks for her, she cries out at St. Mary's, As you love my life, let them not come up, He does my self violence if they enter: Haue not you promise for her what? Faith, I think you mean some. Lord, I think you knew what I know, then you would say (on what). In good faith, she's very poor, all her gowns are at a premium: she needs to redeem two half-sickness from the Brokers, And do you think she needed be in debt thus, if she thought not of somebody. Good honest Wench. Thackeray, Nay in truth. Shees now Wiring into bond for you, founds more, the Scriuener is but new gone to take her bond. Where come, let her not enter into bond, He lend her pound, she pay the rest her debts, Call down; the Scriuener Bird. I pray you when he comes close, stand ruined, and tell him you are her brother. Waf. If a man has a good one, one which, to his wife, let him nor see her want. Wear. O, mill. Luce, mill. See you, the most unfortunate, the most unfortunate. Gentlewoman that ever breathed your young wife, brother came newly out of the Country, he calls me Bawd, so cares I keep Bawdy himself, he turns where, and that he will kill. May any man that he finds in her company. What conversation will you make with me? Birdlime. God let him not come up to the spring of the wild-oats. "Bird. I have pacified him somewhat, for I told him, that you were a Scriuener come to take a band of her, now as you go forth lay. She might have had so much if she had pleased, and say, she is no honest Gentleman and of will be well. Tent. Inough, farewell good Luce. Bird. Come clung: your voice, and muffle you. Luce. What crick should this be, have never a brother, he holds my life some franker than his franker cousin is come, that face hides him of his footsteps. Enter Tenterheoke and Harem. Tent. The Gentleman is as honored Gentleman as any in London and should have had thrice as much money upon her finger as a bond for the good report I hear of her. Wash. No sir, her friends can furnish her with money. Tent. By this light I should know that voice, word." For you, the Gentleman, Brother. Are your turn a Scrivener? Bird. I am a Scrivener, Testimony by this Tight. Bird. I am then? HOE, Mary, your daily guest, I thankeyou. Omn. Ours. I yours. I was the pedant that learnt your wine to write, I was the Colonel that brought you new wine, but the truth is, for ought I know, the Child is in health, and I have gone to make merry at Brainford. By my truth good wenches, they little dream where we are now by? You little dream what gallants are with them. Tent. Gallants with them! I dream of that. Tent. Gallants by this light, Manipulate it one of them. Tent. Monopoly? I dream of that in faith. Would you laugh at that? Why do you laugh at it then, they are there by this time, I cannot say to give you more particular intelligence. I have received a letter from my wife here, heare you will call me at Puntier, heare you company. O'Folksfoot what a Rogue is Sergeant, lie undo him by this light. I met Sergeant, and wild him come to this House to you presently. Gentlemen, leave you I have nothing to say to you now; do not think to much in such dangerous matters as matters, things more dangerous to land long deliberating, then before a battle. This fellow, poor pity, hath made him an arrant known. Bird, will your worship drink any Aquavit? T.M. Apollo on your Aquavit. Upon your Ambition, that my wife urged me to arrest you to Trowbridge. Enter Ambrose, here comes the varlet. Am. I am come for to know your pleasure. What hath I done? Amb. No sir, but he sent. For money. Tent. You have not carried him to the counter, he is at your house still. And, O Lord, I fear not, he is at your house still. And yet, he is ready to cry. Tent. He is gone with my wife to Brainford, and there he is any Law in England. Hester, you have good security and I care not, besides it was his custom for you to go along with him. Boy, day, her cousin, your security. WEST-WARD HOE. Why, sir, two Diamonds here. Tent. I have a heart: my wife, two Diamonds, well, you go along and indulge this. Ex. I have a heart, Zw. Who am? Tent. What the Murrion care? Who you are told off your Finney, I let them cut them with this Diamond. Luft. He sees them if they tell me, So, He keeps them if they tell me, So, He keeps them if they tell me, As you respect your credit, let them go. Tent. By this right you shall not. Luce. No, what do you think you have Fops in hand, such as me for them, as you and I. As you respect your credit, let them go. Tent. Good Luce as you love me, I have them, it stands upon my credit, you (if it has any thing, take my purse, Luce. I will not be cross in my humor, sir. Tent. You are a damned high-minded pun, what an unfortunate Rogue was I, that ever I came into this house. Bird. Do not spare any body in my house you were bed. Tens. Well, well. B.W. Excellent Luce, the getting of these two Diamonds remains. Chaance to fauc the Gentlewomen crcd t; thou heard all. Luce. O 1, and by my truth put them, what a filthy Knaue was that betrayed them. Lord. One that put me into pittful fear, master Instinct here hath laid lurking like a spinner, and in my knowledge hath drawn these gentlewomen to this misfortune: but lie down to Queen-hue, and the Watermen which were wont to carry me to Lambeth, shall carry me there: It may be I may come before them; I think I shall pray more, what for fear of the water, and for my good success then I did this twelve months. Stu. I have you performed that the wings of Ayre, in thousand forms Inuistibly she, yet be moved away. Away. Ser. Does my Lord mean to Conquer that life drawee this fit and characters. Ser. He does: but we shall see neither the Spirit that rifts, nor the Circle strays in. Ser. Would make our hair stand up an end if we should, come fools compared to nothing. Ser. This night (I say my desires be amply crowned, And all those powers that (as of man in vs, Shall now aspire that point of happiness, Beyond which, (enrual care) looke, (sweet pleasure!) Delicious pleasure, I say, The spring of blood, the it dry up our blood. Rob me of that, (the to be drunk with pleasure, As ran) Keep exacting such in best things is bad; Turnes man into a beast, yet that being gone, A horse and this (the goodliest) shall be one. We feed : we are rich attires : and flriue to clcaue The ftars with Marble Towers, fight battailes : Spend Our b'ood to buy vs names : and in Iron hold Will we cafe roots,to imprifon fugitiue gold : But to do thus, what Spell can vs excite, This the ftrong Magick of our appetite: To feaft which richly , life it fclfe vndoes, Whoo'd not die thus ? to fee.and then to choofe Why euen thofe that flarue in Voluntary wants, An 1 to aduance the mind, keepe theflcfli poorc, The world Tnioying them, they not the world, Wud they do this,but that they are proud tofuckc A fvvecmes fromfuchfowrencs > let emfo, The torrent of my appetite dial I flow With happier flrcamc. A woman ! Oh, the Spirit Andextracl of Creation iThis, thisnighf, The Sun dial enuy .What cold checks our blood ; Her bodie is the Chariot of my foule. f 3 Her WEST-WAUVKOE. Her eiet ray bodies light.which if I want, Life wants, or if pofTclTc.I vndo her ; Turne her into a diuel, vhorn I adore, £y fcowhing her with the hot ftecmeof luft. TB but a minutes plcjfur: : and the unne Scarceaftcd is repented. Shun it than: O he tint cart Abflaine, is more than man ; Tufh. Rcfolu'ft thou to do ill : be nor prccizc Who writes ofPertut beft,arc flaucs to vize, The raufickc founds allarum to my blood, Whati bad I folfow.yetlfeewhatsgood. Whi'.ft thefoti£ a heard. The Sxrte dnrref 4 Curt en and fit I forth 4 Ban quet :he then £\tt,and Enters prefer ilitritlt Parenthcfis Mtirdtikt hn vtft tntskt : I* ait him ta tin tabh ,p/.icri him m im m * ch.itrc. And in £o*rts himttd tkefong be done. |
sn84026824_1880-09-18_1_3_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | VICTIMATE? THE N. A. O. R. R. TAXES. Vested that this road has paid all It is, he asserted the Contra 1,1 iWt? here by a question of fact which , v' a",1 over tax payer in Jefferson. l0!H " nur iVeseiit purpose to protect issues between the road * l.he iw?ople. l" *wh u shap0 that % ; tt f t & comprehended by every man of 'utfcinit intelligence to understand plain The corporation claims the right oh'ar'e more for along distance than for a short distance. In WW, the legislature passed a law regulating the rates of ''it. The company set this law at defiance and refused to obey it. A concern. A committee was appointed by the legislature to inquire into the matter and here is the answer of the road, (See testimony before the Joint Committee, Journal of Senate) by Keyser, Vice-President. The company does not admit the authority of the legislature, but admits the authority of the legislature. The authority to control its charges, therefore, is the authority to control its charges. The question as to the power of the state, and the legislature proposed to have this question considered and decided in the courts, is the right, then, to just as far from market, as the rate of freight is high; but if the road is wrong, then we will enjoy the full advantage of fair proximity to Baltimore. A decision at Millet, on this point, will lead to the value of every acre of land in Jefferson, while a decision in favor of the road will leave matters precisely as they are. Hence, the people have everything to gain and nothing to lose. Such being the case, those who have the interests of the State at heart, are trying to force a decision, which will be decisive. The company is determined to prevent it; the company has no confidence in its pretensions and the report wishes to keep out of court. The last legislature passed a resolution directing the Attorney General to bring a grand jury, which would test the question, but the road bulldozed those who represented the people and they hacked down the law. The present struggle is to elect to the next legislature, a man who will carry this matter to a successful termination and the railroad is trying to exclude every man competent and willing to represent the people in this behalf. As to tax, the real estate of individuals is valued for taxation by an assessor and the law provides, if any land is rated too high, the owner may apply to the County Court and get it reduced. But as the corporation is too powerful for a local tribunal, the law provides that all lands shall be valued by a Board of Commissioners, consisting of three free-born citizens, one for each Congressional district, neither of whom resides in a county through which a railroad runs. The assessment made by them is sent directly to the Auditor of the State, who certifies to the County Court the value of the railroad in the county. The county clerk is directed to inform the Auditor of the amount levied on each $100 or property. The Auditor then informs the railroad of the amount due for each county through which it passes. The company must pay the taxes to the treasurer of the State, and each sheriff is credited with the amount due his county. If the corporation is aggrieved by the assessment, it shall petition the Board of Public Works for a correction; the County Court shall not compromise or remit any portion of the taxes assessed against the road. See Acts 187, 18. 77 and 1875. There is no possible room to make the meaning and purpose of this law. The Board of Railroad Commissioners, as the B. & O. Railroad, has been in session over the past week, instead of presenting its petition to the Board of Public Works, induced our County Court to violate the law; it induced our Court to make a pretended and illegal compromise, where it only pays tax on a valuation of a little over $500,000. Another words, in direct and palpable violation of the statute, this corporation has for many years dodged its legal taxes on over $200,000. This is a very serious matter and comes home to the pocket of every taxpayer. If the levy is only $1, on the hundred, then up to $500 is due for every year this compromise has been in force. For the sake of brevity, we give the round figures, and if we are wrong, it is very easy to point out our mistake. But if a person undertakes to answer the article, we do not want any nisi, let him answer the following questions: 1. What was the valuation of the road in this county, (of the main stem and Winchester branch), by the board of Commissioners? 2. Was it reduced by the Board of Public Works? 3. Did not Keyser talk to certain members of the court in person? If anything was said, by Keyser, in our court, who was present? 4. Give the orders of the County Court making the compromise. We understand, the road sets up the idle pretension that the legislature had no right to forbid the County Court to compromise these taxes. Now, we want this question settled by a judicial decision. Year after year, the law is violated and we want a statute that will compel the corporation to pay its tax; or it is wrong, we want to know what is perfectly plain, if the legislature had the power to pass this statute, then the county court had no right to make this proposition and the county court owes this county $2000 and upwards for each year it has acted on that illegal arrangement. Our readers will take particular notice of the fact, that while the railroad is always denying the authority of the legislature, yet it is very anxious to avoid a judicial ascertainment of its legal rights and it exerts all its influence to keep out of the legislature the men who are your petit jury and willing to furnish relief to the people. Here are matters of vital importance to the citizens of Jefferson; is it not passing strange they are powerless to obtain the necessary relief? Is it not extraordinary that two or three men can vote 3000 directly contrary to what is their true intent? SPECIAL NOTICE. To all who are suffering from the errors and indiscretions of youth, nervous weakness, early decay, loss of manhood, etc., I will send a recipe that will cure you. This great remedy was discovered by a missionary in South America. Send a self-addressed envelope to the Rev. Joseph T. Inman, Station D, New York City. Apr. 1st. Dr. William, for many years, stands at the head of the profession in his specialty, all chronic and blood disorders, nervous prostration, and all disastrous nervous disorders. Read in works, you will find yourself. "More good and less medicine, more of nourishment and strength, less of the debilitating influence of drugs is what our feeble and exhausted constitution requires," said Baron Liebig, when he perfected the composition of the "Malt Extract." Sept. 4th. Horace Maynard, the new postmaster General, has reached Washington and entered upon the duties of his office. Hon. Jas. L. M. Cass, Mr. Editor: Seeing the name of Hon. J. M. Cass. Mason mentioned for the House of Delegates, and as I was present when he represented our county in 1875, I would say in all fairness that I am going to inform you of some of the things I know that he did. Ashe would not obey the dictations of the est. Virginia Ringleaders, the newspapers suppressed li is met its, to prevent him | lrom making reputation. He had the name of being the hardest worker and most tearless man in the legislature; he did not hesitate to expose their tricks, c.j when time and opportunity afford ed to do so, aud was alwavs fully pre pared to explain any question ct diffi culty. He has such an excited way ol speaking aud is so earnest that he does not do himsell justice, but no one was listened to as attentively because his speeches were always lull ol sound sense aud information,! aiu sure that no member exercised more solid influence. Everybody at Charleston in 1375 re cognized that his speeches against Cam den aud Walker (who thought they had the slate fixed up) caused their de ? feat and elected Mr. Caperton. Those \\ ho were present well know thai he was tlie recognized head and front of the impeachment (in lact I do not be lieve bud Mr. Mason not been in the Legislature, there would have been any impeachment trial, and let nit say just here if we had a few such as him iu our 1 last legislature Johnson Camden would ' have had to make amends lor bis con lempt to the special coininitteo ol the ' legislature.) All our leading papers and i politicians were trying to brake the im peachment down, but his speech settled the matter. 1 appeal to the record and assert that he opposed every measure ot extravagance, uotably ihe appropria tion of ?20,000 to the Centennial, 1 remember lie bupfisnl the bill "a bill to advertise the shop keepers of Phila delphia," and hi* speech on that oeca ! sion actually changed thirteen votes. They choked him off by the previous question or he would certainly have defeated the bill. I am free to admit he has some eccentricities but no one had more friends and he managed to come to Jefferson; sends him back they can congratulate themselves, that they will have two honest and faithful workers who cannot be bought by the West Virginia money mongers and railroad corporations and with the indomitable energy of these men, we will have a law passed to make the courts settle the railroad questions; this I tell you is what you want, a lawyer who is honest in representing the people. Mr. Mason I know was well and truly tried, and the best proof of his honesty of purpose is the fact, you will find none of the ling who has a word of good to say for him. If he was not able to do what he proposes and if he was not a formidable man, why do so many politicians and newspapers try to harden him? No one can honestly and truly point out a single thing he has said or done that is not entirely approved by all fair-minded people. With a knowledge of the fact that some very important legislation must necessarily come up in our next session of the legislature, it is important to the people of Jefferson to have such a man as Mr. Mason there who is able and with his passed experience will watch carefully all their interests; with his ability as a lawyer, I believe he will be of more use to us than any ten men such as are usually sent to the legislature. I know there is a clique in this county who are against him. He did not make a creditable representative but it is because he cannot be used by them against the interest of our people as a class. ( ) X E WHO WAS PRESENT. IIO.V.lis. Jl. TUSOX. Mr. Editor, I have heard it very generally remarked by persons from different sections of the county that it would be good policy to nominate for the lower branch of the legislature your correspondent "Junius" and associate with him W. H. Lewis or some other good man that will take care of the county as against railroads. We well know it is to our interest to have State legislation preferable to railroad legislation and have Mr. Lewis's cord on that question. Now Mr. Mason represented us in 1875 and did very good work. I hear of much opposition to him from different parts of the county but this doesn't affect his capacity as they are only expressions and repetitions of expressions of someone that he has been in the way of or who have axes to grind and he would turn. Nobody denies his ability as a lawyer and he certainly understands the controversy with the railroad companies. His communications to the Register evinces his having devoted much labor to this subject, so he will start with the advantage of that information. Should we take a new man, he would not know where to begin or what to do even if disposed to encounter the railroad men. But I have excellent reasons for believing some who are electioneering and laying ropes if elected would follow the main policy so as to secure the influence and goodwill of railroads. Mr. Mason is the only lawyer in the county who has shown any disposition to take the side of this farming section, near it in mind, if you want your freights reduced? Send Mason to the legislature, you I know he would rather die than let the railroad beat him now after all he has written against them. Consequently, take the advice of a friend and send a man to the legislature that won't adopt the main policy, but one that is independent and manly in everything he undertakes; and one that is not afraid of corporations of any kind, and now if you will allow me to name a man that will do this, I will most cheerfully name Mr. James M. Mason of Charlestown. A STRICKER. Capt. Alexander M. Hamilton, who in a fit of mental derangement, blew his brains out in Harrisonburg, Va., on Wednesday, was a son of Wm. Hamilton, of Rockbridge county, Va., and brother-in-law of Cyrus McCormick, of Chicago. He commanded a company of Confederate infantry from Rockbridge in the late war, and was in the first battle of Manassas, where he was shot in the head, but his visor deflecting the ball, saved his life. Reserved with distinction all through the war from the beginning to the close. He was 48 years old and leaves a widow and two sons. It is reported that Gov. Hampton will be invited to New York to give an authoritative exposition of the pending issues from the South Carolina standpoint. HIGH CLASS LOCAL. Notice. One of the conveniences of the S. V. H. will be to our citizens, to go to Hagerstown Md., to make their fall purchases of Dry Goods, Notions, Carpets and Oil Cloths. We would advise them to go to P. A. Brug, 11a is the most enterprising merchant in the City, he has the largest, the most handsome and best stock of Goods in the country, and we know that you will get value received for all you purchase from him. His Store is No. 40 West Washington St., where you will find him always ready and will. In the midst of the stock of goods, Tar Hope or Fodder Yarn for sale by Baker & Billmyer. Firet quality Ground Alum and Fine Salt for sale by Baker & Billmyer. Billmyer & Billmyer are agents for the "Bradley" Standard Fertilizers. A lot of Philadelphia Stark & Mill's Grain Sacks, for sale by Baker & Bitter. Patapsco Guano Company Fertilizers for sale by Baker & Bitter. Timothy Seed for sale by Baker & Bitter. A job in standard Calicoes in dress patterns of 5 and 10 yards at 5 cents per yard. Also an extra heavy yard wide brown Muslin at 5 cents per yard worth anywhere 5 cents at Baker's Dry Goods Store, Hagerstown, Md. Do you want a good quality of Cord at 75 cents, it so call at A. PINKING & Binger's, Md. Bear breech & muzzle loading gun, Black Barley Guns, sixteen different patterns of revolvers, our own powder, Shot, Caskets, Cartridges, Powder Flasks, Shot Pouches, etc., at McKee Brothers, Highstown, Md. Linens, Tickings, Flannels, Cretonnes, Lumber, Victoria and Bishop Lawns, Black Silks, White Goods, Stand Covert, large Corns, Black Alpacas, White Spreads, Remaining Silks, Canton Flannels, Black Cashmeres. All at the lowest prices at ANGLER'S Dry Goods Store, Hagerstown, Md. The greatest curiosity is Hagerstown at this present time is the Carpet Exhibitor at A. B. Hagerstown. S. He represents the largest wholesale House in New York. Can under the new system of selling, show you Carpets representing $5,000 to $10,000, make your order and have the goods in three days. Can sell at one half the profit that other merchants sell at, and make more money. It is a great success. Our Rail Road is now in good running order to Harrisburg, Md. If any person is going there, in search of Dry Goods, Carpets, Notions, they would save money by dropping to Hoffman & Eyerly's at the corner opposite Market House, Hagerstown. They are doing a live cash business, Calvin Hoffman is a seasoned, courteous man. Call and see them, they will treat you well, and sell you good goods cheap. IT IS A FACT that the largest and most complete stock of Hardware, Cutlery, Tools, Iron, Wooden ware, Paints, Glass, Oils, Brushes, Whips, Kettles, and Farming Utensils, in Washington county, can be seen at Mch.ee Brothers, near the Market House, Hagerstown, Md. APPLE PAPERS, Peach Pears, Brass Kettles, Copper Kettles, Porcelain Kettles, Krat and Pickle Tubs, cheap at Mecke Brothers, near the Market House, Hagerstown, Md. A. Young LING, at Hagerstown, Md., is offering his stock with new Fall Goods, everyone invited to call and procure bargains. New Goods! New Goods! I have just received another case of those beautiful black Cashmere, which I have been selling for the past four years, they have gained such an enviable reputation that I can willingly guarantee satisfaction to the purchaser. Also, Mourning Goods, Bleached, Moire, Crepe, and Barege Cloth, both black and colors. A full line of colored Cashmere, Cashmere suit in all colors, beautiful new Brocade Dress Goods for over dresses. I will also receive this week 30 pieces Madras Ginghams that cannot be exceeded in style, and a complete assortment of Laces and Misses Fancy Hosiery. Also, the finest line of Hamburg Edgings ever brought to Hagerstown. A general invitation to all to come and examine my new goods. I. A. out, Bridge -rstown, Md. Just received by Baker & Hillman, a fine lot of Carpeting of the latest styles. I have received and in stock a large lot of Cocoa Mats at Baker & Hillman's. Just received by Baker & Hillman a large stock of Boots and Shoes. Hoop Skirts, at WELSHAN'S. H. C. Fuller & Co. are agents for the - Argosy Suspenders. Call and see them at the best thing out. H. C. Entle & Co. have the largest and best stock of Ready-Made Clothing at prices lower than ever before offered in this town and an early visit to the store will amply repay the visitor. A VINETT article arrangement with a first-class Merchant Tailoring House in Philadelphia, orders will be taken for clothing, and FIT guaranteed. A full line of suits constantly on hand. Fuller & Co. SILK SKIRTS, at WELSH ANS. KOKSAI.K? $."?0(K) worth of Boots and Shoes, Gaiters, Tie Slippers and Sandals. Worth Men's, Youth, Boys and Children's Clothing, - $500 worth of Men's, Boys and Children's Malaga, German Braid Canton, Mackinaw, Linen, Cloth, Wool and Fur Hats. A large stock of Rubber Clothing, Umbrellas, Satchels, Gloves, Hosiery and Tobacco. 30,000 feet Pine Lumber. All at prices that cannot be competed. GEO. H. AGLER, corner Charles and Washington streets, Charlestown, N.A. HOLIDAY SKIRTS, WELSHAN'S. The best Hair Tonics, Invigorators, Restorers, and Promotes, are Lyon's Kathairon, Dr. Swayne's Hair Color and Cleanser, Hall's Sicilian Hair Renewer. Aver's Hair Vigor, Carboline, Cosmetics, Vaseline, Handeline and Chiffon's Coco Cream. These articles are of the most approved kind, not coloring but giving a rich gloss to the hair, making it of all desired and producing a new growth where it has fallen off. Sold by H. L. Magruder. Razors, Pocket Mirrors, Pistols, Cartridges, Violins, Guitar and Banjo Strings, sold by H. L. Magruder. A large lot of Playing Cards and Indelible Ink, for sale by B. L. Magruder. GASS.? A large lot of Window Glass for sale cheap for cash by H. L. Magruder. CHURCH HILL DIKIXTOU. EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Rev. J. P. H. Lattin, Rector. Preaching tomorrow in Shepherds town at 10:30 A. M., and 7:30 P. M. LUTHERAN CHURCH. Rev. D. M. Mosk, Pastor. Preaching tomorrow in Shepherds town at 10:30 A. M. MISSION VETERAN CHURCH. Rev. J. A. Armstrong, Pastor. Preaching tomorrow at Kerneville at 10:30 A. M. Prayer meeting, Wednesday evening, 8 P. M. M. E. CHURCH SOUTH. Rev. W. G. Eggleston, Pastor. No services tomorrow. M. E. CHURCH. Rev. D. G. Muhlen, Pastor. Preaching at Mt. Wesley by Rev. D. M. Moser, at 3 P.M. Shepherds town 7:30 P.M., by Rev. J. H. Hall, of Sharpsburg. ASBURY M. E. CHURCH, COLORED. Rev. H. H. Etten, Pastor. Services tomorrow, Sunday, Shepherdstown, 11 A.M. and 8 P.M. Sacrament the 1st Sunday in every month until further notice. FREE WILL BAPTIST CHURCH, COLORED. Rev. B. F. Fox, Pastor. Preaching tomorrow at 11 and 7:30. HARKNESS FERK. Harkness's Ferry, Sept. 14, 1880. Mr. Editor. My little experience in collecting news leads me to wonder how you gather up so many newsy paragraphs in the course of a week. It is understood that editors have a jolly good time passing round eating square meals and other kinds, and all without money and without price, and yet here is the regular weekly issue all brim full of readable matter. How is it? Perhaps like Dogberry's learning "it comes by nature." There is a dearth of news with us notwithstanding we are always ready "either to tell or hear some new thing." There seems to be everywhere a great deal of hand shaking about this time. History tells us of a man who rose to the highest political positions on the mere strength of his convictions. A smile. Why not attain to similar positions on the mere pressure of a hand shake? Last Monday with us was a gala day. The Masonic Temple at Island Park was an event long to be remembered. Though there was not as many members of the order from a distance as was anticipated, yet the crowd of people was as large, if not larger than any gathering during the season. The rain interfered with the arrangements and marched to some extent the pleasure of the occasion. Just as the procession reached the speaker's stand, copious showers came down from the bosom of the "drooping clouds" and the vast crowd scattered in every direction to seek shelter. Every building was densely packed, and several ladies tainted so great was the pressure. After the rain, the order gathered in the large pavilion, Rev. J. C. Stewart made a few appropriate introductory remarks, prayer was offered by Rev. Mr. Aehbaugh, after which Gen. S. S. Burnett made an address illustrative of the mission and principles of Masonry. Though some of the beautiful imagery he clothed in chaste and polished language is still floating in my brain, as a thing of beauty, yet I would not attempt to give a synopsis of that finished production. As a literary performance it was a masterpiece of perfection. His commanding person and sonorous voice claimed the attention of his audience, whilst his classic allusions, beautiful metaphors, and eloquent utterances called forth repeated applause. To the regret of all, he was forced to stop before he had finished his address, because the time for leaving had arrived. The fraternity would do well to obtain possession of it for publication, for it would adorn the pages of any journal. And so has passed away another day of pleasant association and enjoyment. At the season, Island Park will remain in its beauty and its solitude, while the thronging multitudes whose feet have pressed its grassy walks, will be lost in the air of "Lincoln Forgiveness." ABEX. Q. A. Haddaway, Esq., of the Episcopal Methodist, Baltimore, Md., writes: "With much pleasure, I testify to the good effects of Dr. Bull's Cough Syrup in my family. Have used it in many cases, and in each instance the result was entirely satisfactory. Price 25 cents a bottle." For Constable. MR. ZITTLE? Please announce the name of Mr. EDWARD STROP as a candidate for Constable in Shepherd District. MANY VOTERS. Sept. 18 tf For Constable. WE are authorized to announce Mr. W. HENRY K. CAMERON, of Shepherd district, as a candidate for re-election to the office of Constable. He will be supported by MAW O'LEARS. Sept. 11, 1880. tf For Magistrate. WE are authorized to announce J. SKPII M. STONEER as a candidate for Magistrate in Potomac District. Aug. 5, 1880. tf For Magistrate. In precincts, W. Va. MR. ZITTEE? Having at last obtained the consent of Mr. ALFRED LINK, please, announce him as a candidate for Magistrate in Potomac District. He is well qualified for the office and will be supported by MANY VOTERS. Sept 4 t' For Magistrate. In precincts, W. Va. MR. ZITTEE? Having at last obtained the consent of Mr. ALFRED LINK, please, announce him as a candidate for Magistrate in Potomac District. He is well qualified for the office and will be supported by MANY VOTERS. Sept 4 t' For Magistrate. Mr. Zittle? We take the liberty of announcing Mr. D. C. ADAMS, a candidate for Justice of the Peace in Potomac District. Mr. A. having served as constable for several years and lately Enumerator of census in said District; no one will question his entire fitness and qualification for said position, and will be supported by M. A. OL'EKS. For Magistrates MR. Editor? Please announce Mr. WM. RIGHTSTIN E as a candidate for re-election to the office of Magistrate in Potomac District. Mr. R. has had considerable experience in the office, and the position could not be better filled. MANY VOTERS. Aug. 28 For Magistrate. MR. EDITOR? Please announce Mr. T. W. KATIMER as a candidate for Magistrate in Shepherd District. He will be supported by M. A. N. VOTERS. July 31 * tf For Magistrate. STATE EDITOR? Please announce Mr. JACOB KERR ELLS as a candidate for Magistrate in Potomac District. He will be supported by July 24. MANY VOTERS. For Magistrate. MR. EDITOR? Please announce Mr. D. S. RENTCH as a candidate for Magistrate in Shepherd District. He has had considerable experience in the office, and has proven himself to be one of the most competent in the county, both in his office and the county court, and we feel that we cannot dispense with his services. MANY VOTERS. Aug 7 _ if For Magistrate. MR. EDITOR? Please announce Mr. NO. M. ENOLE as a candidate for Magistrate in Shepherd District. He is well qualified for the office, and will be supported by MANY VOTERS. Aug 14 tf Administrators Notice. The undersigned Administrator of the Estate of Miss SAILIE M. KEVIN, deceased, notifies All persons indebted to make immediate payment, and all persons having claims against the estate to present them properly authenticated for settlement. GEO. W. LICKLIDER, Administrator, Sept. 4, 1878. ANNOUNCEMENTS. A CARD. The manner in which I have been called upon to allow my name to be used as an independent candidate for Circuit Judge, leads me to believe that the people desire to have this office removed from the arena of party politics and placed as it properly should be, upon a more fitting and dignified plane. It is an office of supreme dignity and one of great responsibility, the life, liberty, and property of the citizen are to a considerable extent in the keeping of the court; the peace and happiness of society, its morality, and safety depend largely upon the manner in which courts of justice administer the law. A judge therefore should have nothing to do with politics; it is an office which ever should be separated from them and thus kept pure and uncontaminated by political bias or influences of any character which might affect in purity or independence. A sorry day it will be to any people when the crime is made the reward of political service or made to subserve political ends. I now say to my fellow citizens of all shades of political opinions that it is your pleasure to confer upon me the honor I will accept the trust with a full appreciation of its responsibilities and promise you a faithful and impartial discharge of the duties of the office; remembering as I do it is the whole people who are to gain or lose as the law is properly or improperly administered. I now place myself before the people as their candidate for the office of Judge of this Circuit. Very respectfully, JAMES H. ORR. Independent Candidate for Sheriff. M. R. EDITOR? Please announce me as an Independent Candidate for the Sheriffalty. Respectfully, GEO. H. FLAGG. For Sheriff. We are authorized to announce Mr. AS. C. CONKLIN as a candidate for Sheriff of Jefferson County, with Messrs. THOS. W. DAVIS and S. P. WHITE as Deputies. Sept. 18 For Sheriff. I HEREBY announce myself as a candidate for the Sheriffalty, with Col. Win. A. Morgan and G. Garland Hurst as Deputies. JOHN STROTHER MOORE. Aug. 14 For President of the County Court. I respectfully request the complimentary call through the papers of the county, and repeated solicitations of influential citizens, to become a candidate for President of the County Court of Jefferson County, herewith announce myself a candidate for said office, subject to the decision of County Convention. W. B. DAVIS. Aug. 21, 1880. For President of the County Court. MIL. EDITOR? Please announce Col. R. W. BAYLOR as a candidate for re-election to the office of President of the County Court. I am valuable services in the management of our County affairs. All services cannot be dispensed with. July 24 For President of the County Court. Rio, June 1, 1880. MR. EDITOR? Please announce V. M. FOR PRESIDENT of the County Court of Jefferson. He is capable and honest, and we believe would discharge the duties of said office with dignity and impartiality, having been a practicing lawyer for twelve years. Subject to formal nomination. MEWERS. July 1, 1880. For the Legislature. I am authorized, by the people, to announce Dr. I. S. TANNER as a candidate for election to the House of Delegates, with his consent. JEFFERSON, Sept. 4, 1880. For the Legislature. Editor? Please announce the name of W. H. T. LEWIS as a candidate for re-election to the Legislature. He will receive the support of the people of the county. MANY VOTERS. For the Legislature. Editor? As the county canvass is respectfully suggested, the name of Capt. J. COBS. Melvin is well-respected and capable, and we believe has the confidence of the people of the county. MANY VOTERS. July 10, 1880. For the Legislature. Mr. Editor? FRANK BECK WITH, Esq., having consented to become a candidate for the Legislature, will be supported by MANY VOTERS. For State Senator. We are authorized to announce the Hon. C. T. BUTLER a candidate for re-nomination for State Senator, for this District, subject to the decision of the Democratic Senatorial Convention. July 12-tf For Assessor. I respectfully announce myself as a candidate for the office of Assessor in Jefferson county. R. A. ALEXANDER. July 10, 1880. tf For Assessor. The voters of Jefferson County announce Charles H. Train for Assessor for the second assessment district of Jefferson County. He has been a good and trusty officer, and we hope that the voters will still retain him in office. Many voters. For Prosecuting Attorney. Mr. Editor: Please announce Mr. S. B. Neill a candidate for Prosecuting Attorney. He will be supported by many voters. Shepherdstown. For Prosecuting Attorney. Mr. Editor: Please announce through the columns of your paper that Mr. Clark on Moore of Charlestown will be supported for the position of Prosecuting Attorney, at the coming election, by many voters. Harper's Ferry. For Prosecuting Attorney. REST W. BROWN as a candidate for Prosecuting Attorney. His qualifications as a lawyer eminently fit him for the position. POTOMAC. Change of Time GOING SOUTH. Daily, except Sunday. Sunday. Station No. 1. No. 8. No. 5. No. 7. A.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. Harrisburg 10:25 4:15 0:45 4:30 James 10 J7 4 87 65S 4 15 Grii'S F. 10 44 4 83 7 14 4 54 frharpsbmr 10 55 4 43 7 11 5 0?> Sophiaist 1 1 0:t 4 53 7-1 5 15 ShtBande?h J? Ar.ll 17 r ft- 7 04 Sticnandoab.1.-1* 11 45 7 40 5 31 Chailestown 11 57 5 IS 7 53 5 4s P. M. Ripon F. Law 5 30 5 05 0 02 Kendall F. 13 15 5 37 613 Oil Berryville 12 21 5 45 8 A) G20 Covington U'4 1 00 S34 GS5 White Post 12 50 0 10 s 42 6 45 Ashby F. 101 0 15 $52 0 55 Cedatville F. 111 25 0 1 T 05 Riverton 117 0 32 V OS 7 14 Front Royal 125 0 40 9 16 7 23 Minor F. 135 0 50 7 S3 Hiltonville 1.0 7 0">?40 7 51 Milford 2 0J 7 15 9 50 S 00 Luray (by stage) Ar. TRAINS GOING NORTH. Daily, except Sunday. Sunday. Sutton, No. 2, No. 4 No. 0. No. 5. A. M. A. M. P. 51. A >1. Lurayville Steamships. Milford 4 So i) 05 4 55 0 45 Batonville 4 45 915 5 05 6 53 Mason F. 5 02 y 32 5 30 7 10 Front Royal 5 12 'J 42 5 30 7 20 Riverton 5 20 9 5J 5 30 7 29 Cadarville F. 5 28 10 00 5 50 7 :W Ashby F. 5 27 10 00 5 50 7 :W Ashby F. 5 27 10 00 5 00 7 40 White Post 5 40 10 18 0 10 7 50 Boyceville 5 55 10 27 0 20 S 0'.? Heaville 010 10 41 0 34 S 24 Fairfield F. 6 19 10. M 0 41 S *4 Ri|-on F. 6 26 11 00 0 50 8 41 C'tiarlestown 0 38 11 13 7 <"5 S 57 Shenandoah J? Lc. 7 00 11 37 7 40 It Sbepberdelo au 7 20 11 50 7 57 9 30 Mur[>sburi; 7 ;i2 1159 'J 07 9 39 P. M. Grimes F. 7 42 12 10 8 17 9 51 St. J. nil ea 7 4S 12 17 S 23 10 00 ILigirstown? Ar. S 0J 12 30 S :?5 10 15 A. M. P. M. A M. The 8he?and?ali Valley Railroad i* now (Sep tember (Tib, lviO) built ami in active opera lion from Havciaiown, Maryland, to Mllford, Warren county, Virginia, (76 mile*) counccting at Mil ford with a tlaily Hue o t Staged to uud from Luray. G. U. DUG DALE, Gen'l I'aseei'cer A^cnt. JOSEPH II. SANDS, Superintendent Sort. II, ISS'J. tf s * 1 * 1 ? KS Allspice, ( loves, Ollery -ecd. . JWIiite :u:i| Itlack Mustard, I .? ?i i ?; Pep per, White Pepper, Race Ginger, Turmer j it-, pure, good mid cheap. BAKKR ?t McMl'RRAN. DAINTS AND OIL? A full supply and I X as cheap as they cmi l>e had anew here. BAKER & McMl'RRAN. ' rpAPlOC.V AM) FA RIXA? Fresh and ! 1 nice for desserts and for nourishing diet for children and delicate persons. BAKKK it Mc.Ml RRAN. norv BOOKS AND SCHOOL S'l'A I v TIONERY? A full supply and very cheap. BAKER& Mi Ml RRAN. ' | Sept. 11, 1880. tw OTATIlA AUV ? We have added largely O to our stock of Paper, Envelopes, Box Taper. Ae., which, notwithstanding the : advance in prices, we arc celling ai old ! figures. BUTLER a AIS^UITH. j I ) KM KM BEIt? John Lucas & t o's Li I JVipud Taints are the best and don't you | use any another. BUTLER & Aisgumi. (Jl'H 'KS ? Green, White and Race Giu 0 ger, Celery Seed, Cinamou, Cloves, Mace, and evervthing ?sed in pickling. 1U TLKR A A LStjUITl'l. DOWELL'S PREPARED CHEMICALS Farmers who have signified their intention to use Powell's Fertilizing Chemicals will please let us know by September 8th what quinine they will require as our orders will all go in about that time. BUTLER & ALSAL. PINK (hewing and Smoking Tobacco and Superior Cigars. B. I. T. A. L. A. L. Charlestown, Sept. 4, tf TO THE LADIES. The undersigned takes this opportunity to inform her customers and the public generally that she has moved her place of business to the residence of Mrs. Mary Baker, on the Hill, on Main Street, opposite Mrs. Benton's Millinery store, where she will carry on the DRESSMAKING in all its appointments. All and see her. All work guaranteed. ANNA K. WAKNER. September 1, 3w SHEPHERD COLLEGE. The next session will open September 1, 1880. Pupils will report promptly in order to get into the regular classes. TERMS. Junior Normal Class $25 for 10 months Senior and Senior Normal $30 for 10 months College Class $25 for 10 months The tuition must be paid quarterly or monthly, in advance. Pupil will be charged from the time they enter, but no deduction will be made for a fraction of a month, or for absence, except in cases of sickness, extending over a month. For further information, apply to JOSEPH McILMAN, Principal. Aug. 31, 1830. -In A. D. BENNETT, Artist and Photographer, EAST SIDE PUBLIC SQUARE, H A ORKSTOWN, MD. Fall and Winter Suitings now ready, COMPULSING ALL THE LEADING STYLES OF FRENCH, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CAN WOOLEN, S. A FI LL LINK <?F PARIS AND LON DON TKOL'SK RINGS. Will mi- nu fact u re the al?ove goo?lp to 1 order in thenjost FA SIIIOXABLK MAN NER. at prices to suit customer. F ITS CI AIJA.VfKKD. Gives us a trial. Cut- | ting a specialty. Sept. 11, ISSO. tf LITTLE & KREPS' j FURNITURE WAREROOMS, SOUTH-EAST COR. PUBLIC SQUARE, IIAGERSTOWN. MD. NO ADVANCE IN PRICES, | baring purchased our entire stock before the advance. LAIUJE STOCK INCLUDING PARLOR SUITS, AND WALNUT AND COTTAGE SUITS ' OF THE LATEST PATTERNS, j Prices Ranging front ?20 up lo $200,09,. and til article* usually kept in a Furni- J ture Wareroom. Give them a call when you visit liagerstowu. S?-pt. 11, 1SS0. ' ly Yalua rrilE uik -i- of tin* li?w ed. w ili offer at public Mir i*. .. bidder. in front of the Kntlcr Ilotcl, ill Miepheidstown, W. V;?., On Saturday, Sopt. IS, 1880, at 1 oYlock, T. M.. A VALUABLE TRACT of well improved land, contain ing 22 ACRES. The Improvement* consist of a eomforta ble Dwelling House, w ith Stable, Corn Crib, aud all neee*?ary out-building*. I situated inMr the Murtinsburg road, a liout 3 miles west of Sheidierdstown, ad 1 joining the lands of J. Thornhiirg <v?>r in v. Capt. Henry Kerney, Win. Fletcher Kemey, and Kezin Cros?. The land in well watered. Theie is aln> a \\ ell ot ex ct Uent water in the yard. Tin-re i* nl?o an excellent Orchard on the land. IVi son* de>irhig information will plemo call on the occupant of the laud, Mr. Da vbl 1'itznogle. TKEMS? One-third cash on day of sale, the balance in two equal annual payments, in one and two year terms from day of sale. Absolute and sufficient deed will be given when terms are complied with. George K. Walker, Adrian W. Lewis, Agents. Sept. 1, 1885. SPECIAL Commissioners' Sale OF A VALUABLE FARM. By virtue of a decree of the Circuit Court of Jefferson County, West Va., rendered on the 12th day of April 1880, in the chancery cause of Win, Riggs, Plaintiff, vs. Stephen Staley and others, Defendants, pending in Court, the undersigned Special Commissioners will offer for sale, at public auction, to the highest bidder, before the Keller Hotel, in Shepherdstown, in said county, on Saturday, the 11th day of September, 1880, that VALUABLE FARM IN THE "Stephen Staley Farm," situated about a half mile south-east of Shepherdstown, in the county, containing 120 ACRES, 30 POLES of good limestone land, about seven acres of timber land. In timber, the improvements on said farm consist of a good two-story stone levelling House, Bank Barn, and other necessary outbuildings. Also a good Tenant House. The farm is well watered, there being a fine spring convenient to the buildings. Also good fruit, apples, peaches, peaches, etc. This is a very desirable farm, near town, easy of access, and so located as to make it a pleasant country home for the tenant. TKIT.MS OF SALE? One-third cash on the day of sale, and the residue in two equal payments at one and two years, with interest from day of sale, to be evidenced by the buildings of the purchaser and secured by deed of trust upon the premises sold. C. M. HEITZHOOVER, J. S. H. A. ON I K, J. S. H. A. ON I K, Special Commissioners. August 1, 1880. 4 w IN THE ISSUE OF NEW FALL AND WINTER I) ry ( I o< wis, N of i( >iis, &c., AT THE CITY OF NEW YORK HOOKS JOHN F. WELSHANS. I HAVE just received a Splendid stock of Dry Goods, Notions, etc., and to which I would invite especial attention. BLACK SILKS at $5, $1.25, $1.75, per yard. Prices guaranteed to be as low as the same quality of silks can be bought for in the city. Colored Trimming Silks. Black Satin, a speciality. Fancy Goods, Silk Velvet, Velvet, Trimmed Silk, Satins, Black Silk, Silk Fringe. Established and Brown Cottons, Sheeting, Med Tick Ginghams, Canton Flannels, Shaker Flannels, Prints, Ginghams, etc. Splendid stock of Ladies, Misses, and Children's Hose, Beautiful line of Embroideries, Corsets, Kid Gloves, Hoop Skirts, Ribbons, Ornaments, etc. All the above goods have been bought at bottom prices and will be sold accordingly. Remember we consider it no trouble to fill your goods. Thankful for the liberal share of patronage extended to me in the past and soliciting a continuation of the same. I am respectfully, J. NO. K. WELSAND. Sept. 11, 1880. tf Agricultural Fair At IIAtiEKfiTOWN, M !>., 1 9th, 20lli, 21 mI and 22ml dayi of October, 1HH0. FOUIi MONSTER DAYS in tiir NEW GROUNDS. fp U E8IJ A Y, OCT. IP.?Pedicatlon of th? 1 new Grounds by the Grand Ixslge I. O. O.K., with uniformed drill encump menU. Fifty F?dget iu full regalia arts expected. f3U0 pur*es lor trotting ami running this day. WEDNESDAY, OCT. 20.? Thirty uni formed l ire Companies with Kngii.e/and Music. The most brilliant (Migrant ever witnessed in tb?- Valley. purses for this day lo?* trotting and running. THLKSDA Y, < H T. 21.? Oration by the Hon. A. 11. BOTELKlt. Keceptlou of distinguished ofluial*. f.'W0 purses for till/* tuy. The Big Bun. Mile beats. KKIUAY, OCT. 22.- County day. %IM purses for County trot*. Award of I're iniums. Orand C'liorus and Hand aecoiu paninent. ( losing ceremouiea of the Silver Anniversary at 3 1-2 P. M. A mul titude of novelties earn day. BT All per*on? entitled to Kxhlhit KiVe. La. lies Exhibiting Ave or more articles of m^rit, will b? giv??ii for their own me a eoti)*ou ticket of udmU-iou. l'rice? ofadmiMiou to this Monster Show will be: Single ticket 40. ; children to 12, 2<M-.; ticV?^ admitting horse 25c; her-e and Vehicle, J**'.; 2 horsen and ve hicle .Vic.; coupon tickets, good for otio admission each day |1.UU; stockholder's ticket* admitting the Hiembvr, his wi'e, minor children, untnarrietl daughter*, horse and vehicle with driver fl. No other tick'iu will be ?#ld. Iff" For Kooth L"ttings and privileges addreaa II. A. McCOMAJ*. ir For Premium I.lsts, Programme*, Ac., atldrew p. A. W1TMEK, Secretary of Washington County Agri cultural and Mechanical Association. Sept. II. 1880. tf TO THETiiDIES. |
github_open_source_100_8_20208 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /* Copyright 2015 Esri
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
*/
package com.esri.arcgisruntime.sample.mapsketching;
/**
* Defines events that can be fired from a SketchGraphicsOverlay that the containing
* activity should listen to in order to reflect the enabled/disabled/selected states
* of the various button controls.
*/
public interface SketchGraphicsOverlayEventListener {
/**
* Called when the state of the undo event stack changes. If true, an undo can be
* performed and hence the undo button should be enabled. If false, the undo event
* stack is empty and the undo button should be disabled.
*
* @param undoEnabled true if the undo button should be enabled
*/
void onUndoStateChanged(boolean undoEnabled);
/**
* Called when the state of the redo event stack changes. If true, an redo can be
* performed and hence the redo button should be enabled. If false, the redo event
* stack is empty and the redo button should be disabled.
*
* @param redoEnabled true if the redo button should be enabled
*/
void onRedoStateChanged(boolean redoEnabled);
/**
* Called when the state of clearing the drawings changes. If true, there are currently
* drawings on the SketchGraphicsOverlay which can be cleared, and hence the clear
* button should be enabled. If false, the SketchGraphicsOverlay is empty and the
* clear button should be disabled.
*
* @param clearEnabled true if the clear button should be enabled
*/
void onClearStateChanged(boolean clearEnabled);
/**
* Called when a drawing is finished. When a drawing is finished, the currently selected
* drawing button can be reset.
*/
void onDrawingFinished();
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20209 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | packages
.pub
build
|
github_open_source_100_8_20210 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.hexdomain.api.model;
import lombok.*;
@AllArgsConstructor(access = AccessLevel.PRIVATE)
@NoArgsConstructor(access = AccessLevel.PRIVATE)
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = false)
@Builder
@Getter
@ToString
public class Student {
Long id;
Long studentRef;
String name;
public static Student.StudentBuilder from(Student student){
return Student.builder()
.id(student.getId())
.name(student.getName())
.studentRef(student.getStudentRef());
}
public Student build() {
return new Student(
id,
studentRef,
name
);
}
}
|
2522000_2 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Plaintiff Hakim Abid has an additional claim for relief under Minnesota's statute governing franchise relationships. Minnesota Statutes § 80C.14 severely limits the grounds for immediate termination of a franchise and would not allow Quiznos to terminate his franchise rights, absent reasonable notice and reasonable opportunity to cure, even upon the exercise of the "judgment" described above. In Minnesota, the only grounds for termination effective immediately upon notice are the voluntary abandonment of a franchise, the conviction of a franchisee for an offense directly related to the business, or the failure to cure a default under the agreement after proper notice and opportunity. See id. § 80C. 14(3)(a)(2) and (3)(b)(5). Quiznos invoked none of these circumstances or categories in its December 8, 2006 termination notices.[13]
It is unnecessary for me to reach the merits of Plaintiffs' additional claims that Quiznos's actions breached the covenant of good faith and fair dealing implied in their respective agreements under state law, and I decline to do so. I conclude that Plaintiffs have each established a likelihood of success on the merits sufficient to support their request for preliminary injunction under either applicable Tenth Circuit standard.
IV.
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing, I find Plaintiffs will each suffer irreparable injury unless they are permitted to continue operating under the terms of their respective Franchise Agreements until a trial on the merits of their wrongful termination claims can be had. I further find that the threatened injury to Plaintiffs in the absence of such an injunction outweighs whatever harm the proposed injunction may cause Quiznos and I reject any contention that injunction, if issued, is adverse to the public interest.
On the documentary evidence before me and the witness testimony adduced at the preliminary injunction hearing, I find and conclude that each of the Plaintiff groups is substantially likely to succeed on the merits of their claims that Quiznos's actions in terminating their franchises in retaliation for the TSFA's posting of the Baber suicide letter, without any investigation into Plaintiffs' actions or role in that posting, breached the terms of their Franchise Agreement and, in Hakim Abid's case, also violated Minn. St. § 80C.14. Accordingly,
The temporary retraining order currently in place in this case is converted to a preliminary injunction. Quiznos will maintain the status quo that existed before the *1255 terminations of Plaintiffs' franchise rights pending a trial on the merits of Plaintiffs' claims. In this regard, Quiznos will stay enforcement of Plaintiffs' terminations and will not take any action, without court approval, to change that status quo ante or otherwise prevent the ongoing operation of the stores.
NOTES
[1] At some point between December 8 and December 15, the Fixes and Mr. Abid were informed that the. Baber TSFA posting was the misconduct at issue and received information as to what Quiznos would deem a "cure" of that conduct under Plaintiffs' Franchise Agreements. The requisite "cure" would be comprised of the following four steps: 1) immediately taking the material off the website; 2) posting on the TSFA website that the material violated the franchise agreement, damaged the goodwill of Quiznos, and was "morally reprehensible"; 3) posting an apology on the TSFA website to other franchisees; and 4) executing a written affirmation of existing contractual obligations, including a general release of any and all claims against Quiznos.
[2] O Centro, while ostensibly the Tenth Circuit's definitive en banc review and re-articulation of the standards used to evaluate the grant of preliminary injunctions, is a 58-page decision comprised of two per curiam decisions one reaffirming the already high standard for granting preliminary injunctive relief and the "even higher" standard for disfavored injunctions, and the other affirming the particular preliminary injunction ordered by the trial court in that case, 389 F.3d at 975-76 together with three separate opinions concurring in those decisions in part and dissenting in part (written by Murphy, Seymour, and McConnell, Circuit Judges, respectively) and a dissenting opinion by Circuit Judge Hartz. All three of the separately authored concurring/dissenting opinions are either joined in full by some of the remaining judges or are themselves partly concurred in and dissented to.
Not only is the Court's articulation of its position muddled because of the plurality of the opinions issued, but the "new" heightened preliminary injunction standard ultimately rearticulated is difficult to distinguish from the one that went before. Specifically, in SCFC ILC the Tenth Circuit held that preliminary injunctions of the three disfavored types would issue only upon a showing that the four Lundgrin factors weighed "heavily and compellingly" in movant's favor. SCFC ILC, 936 F.2d at 1098. In O Centro, the Tenth Circuit "affirmed [this] core holding" of SCFC ILC but "jettison[ed]"that part of it that described the showing the movant must make as "heavily and compellingly." 389 F.3d at 975. Instead, it articulated the standard in terms of overall "heightened" scrutiny, requiring a "strong [rather than `heavy and compelling'] showing both with regard to the likelihood of success on the merits and with regard to the balance of harms." Id. The only putatively affirmative change was the en banc court's assertion that movants seeking any of the three disfavored types of injunctions may not rely on the modified-likelihood-of-success-on-the-merits standard. Id. at 976.
Leaving the lesser or greater perspicacity of the per curiam opinion(s) in 0 Centro to the judgment of others, I confess an amount of puzzlement at the distinction, in practical terms, of a standard that requires a "strong," but not "heavy and compelling," showing on the Lundgrin factors before a disfavored injunction will issue. And because the modified-likelihood-of-success-on-the-merits standard was never, in my view, applicable to disfavored injunctions, it is unclear what, if anything, the rearticulation accomplished.
In Schrier v. University of Colorado, 427 F.3d 1253, 1258-59 (10th Cir.2005), a panel of the Court undertook to apply and clarify 0 Centro's "heightened" standard for disfavored injunctions, declaring erroneous the trial court's application of the "heavily and compelling" standard for an injunction sought by a medical school professor seeking reinstatement as chair of the Department of Medicine during the pendency of his action challenging his removal from that post, but affirming denial of preliminary injunction. Schrier was less than helpful in illuminating the standard, however, based on the panel's determination that the professor's preliminary injunction request would be denied "regardless of the standard employed" and thus declining to apply the "heightened" standard articulated in 0 Centro. 427 F.3d at 1261-62 (Dr. Schrier's failure to establish required preliminary injunction factors rendered the magistrate judge's "erroneous application of the `heavily and compelling' standard . . . of no legal consequence").
[3] In my view, the discordant voices recorded in the en banc O Centro decision led right to the precipice of this conclusion but stopped short of the jump. All preliminary injunctions are disfavored, but two (Judge Seymour, joined by Chief Judge Tacha and Judges Porfilino, Henry, Briscoe and Lucero) or three (Judge Murphy, joined by Judges Ebel, Kelly, Hartz, O'Brien, McConnell, and Tymkovich) categories of them are even "more" disfavored than others. And while all preliminary injunctions are "extraordinary" and should be granted only if the right to relief is "clear and unequivocal," these super-disfavored injunctions are an undefined quantum "more" extraordinary and the right to them must be some quantum "more" clear and unequivocal. Schrier, 427 F.3d at 1258 (preliminary injunctions must be granted with caution and only in cases where the necessity for it is clearly established and disfavored injunctions "must be more closely scrutinized to assure that the exigencies of the case support the granting of a remedy that is extraordinary even in the normal course"). Ultimately, the articulation of a standard requiring "heightened" scrutiny and a "strong showing" on all four of the Lundgrin factors was an implicit acknowledgment of the nonutility of distinctions previously drawn in the treatment of disfavored and nondisfavored injunctions. The Court's adherence to a two-tiered standard turning on these distinctions further entrenched, rather than alleviated, the problem.
[4] Judge Seymour came close to this conclusion in O Centro, when she cautioned, in the context of a situation in which there were arguably two status quos created by the coexistence of different applicable federal statutes (the Controlled Substances and Religious Freedom Restoration Acts), that the general maxim that the status quo should be preserved should not betaken "merely at face value or become a goal in and of itself." 389 F.3d at 1001. "Rather," she wrote, "the very purpose of preserving the status quo by the grant of a preliminary injunction is to prevent irreparable harm pending a trial on the merits." Id. "Given the essential role prevention of irreparable harm plays in the grant of preliminary injunctive relief, district courts should consider the question of altered status quo in light of how it impacts the balance of harms between the parties and the public interest, as well as considering what attendant institutional costs may accompany the grant of such relief." Id. at 1001-02. Unfortunately, Judge Seymour did not take her analysis to its conclusion and suggest abandoning the palaver of nondisfavored/disfavored/high scrutiny/higher scrutiny for preliminary injunctions generally.
[5] The Abids and Fixes also contend an injunction is necessary to avoid the irreparable harm attendant Quiznos's demands that they cure their "violations" of the Franchise Agreements by posting speech on the TSFA website acknowledging their conduct was "morally reprehensible." Mot. Prelim. Inj. at 19-20. They contend Quiznos's demand constitutes a coercive infringement on their First Amendment Tights, which would constitute a per se irreparable injury unless en joined. Plaintiffs' First Amendment-based theory of irreparable harm is ill-suited to the instant request for injunctive relief. Plaintiffs are not "obligated" to cure, have not done so, and, therefore, will not be irreparably harmed by Quiznos's cure demand in the absence of an injunction. I note Plaintiffs have asserted a separate cause of action based on Quiznos's alleged coercive infringement of their free speech and any harm attendant with such an infringement is best left to the merits, vel non, of that claim.
[6] Moreover, there is a way of looking at the facts in the instant case where Plaintiffs' injury in being terminated in retaliation for the posting of the Baber letter does not merely flow from the alleged breach, but is the breach. See Wisdom Import Sales Co. LLC v. Labatt Brewing Co. Ltd., 339 F.3d 101, 114 (2d Cir.2003)(money damages were inadequate remedy for the loss of a contractual right to control a business). Where a franchisee's right to continue, uninterrupted, in business is terminated in retaliation for the acts of other franchisees, the interruption and "black eye" of termination itself is an injury that cannot adequately be remedied by damages, and further supports the finding of irreparable harm in this case.
[7] Defendant's corollary to this argument is that Plaintiffs cannot demonstrate irreparable harm because their remedy if they prevail on the merits of their wrongful termination claim would be money damages for the loss of the business. The assertion is tautological: The denial of preliminary injunctive relief obliterates the equitable or intangible benefits of the status quo and limits Plaintiffs to monetary damages for the loss of their businesses should they ultimately prevail. This limitation then justifies the denial of preliminary injunctive relief because Plaintiffs'"loss" is no longer quantifiable in anything but monetary damages. The argument rewards and encourages the nonmovant who undertakes unilaterally to alter the status quo so to destroy it completely, because doing so will preclude entry of preliminary injunctive relief and ensure that all he will be liable for in the end is damages reflecting only those tangible losses plaintiff can quantify and not those intangibles he cannot. The nonmovant may well factor this risk into its calculus ex ante, arriving at a rational decision as to whether acting potentially unlawfully to destroy the status quo may inure to its benefit irrespective of any resulting liability in doing so. See Home Shopping Club, Inc. v. Roberts Broadcasting Co. of Denver, 961 P.2d 558, 562 (Colo.App.1998)(where claims for damages are premised on breaches of contracts, damages that are speculative or impossible of ascertainment cannot be recovered). As a matter of principle and of reason, I reject the corollary.
[8] See infra, n. 10.
[9] The site is no longer accessible to the public without joining TSFA and obtaining a pass word.
[10] Under the doctrine of ejusdem generis, moreover, the term "judgment" is further restricted in its application to those matters specified in the section. That is, the "conduct" at issue must be related to goodwill associated with the Quiznos "Mark." It is not at all clear that the posting of the Baber letter affected that specific goodwill that is associated with the "Quiznos" mark, or Quiznos goods and services. What the public may think of a company is not the same as the goodwill associated with that company's trademark.
[11] While I find no ambiguity in the term "sole judgment of Franchisor," the Agreements were prepared entirely by Quiznos and must be construed accordingly. To substitute "belief" or "feeling" or "discretion" would add words and meaning to the Agreements that are, quite simply, not there.
[12] "Judgment."
"The formation of an opinion or notion concerning something by exercising the mind upon it." "The faculty of judging; ability to form an opinion; that function of the mind whereby it arrives at a notion of anything; the critical faculty; discernment." The Oxford English Dictionary, vol. V (Oxford University Press 1933).
"[T]he mental or intellectual process of forming an opinion or evaluation by discerning and comparing." Webster's Third New International Dictionary (Unabridged) (G & C Merriam Co.1976).
"A sense of knowledge sufficient to comprehend nature of transaction. An opinion or estimate. The formation of an opinion or notion concerning some thing by exercising the mind upon it." Black's Law Dictionary (5th ed. West Publishing 1983).
[13] As previously noted, the Abids had a history of inspections problems and default notices, up to and including notices of termination (which Quiznos revoked after the Abids retained counsel), that are evidenced in the record. See Def.'s Exs. Al A8. I do not, in making my findings on the availability of preliminary injunctive relief in this case, intend to suggest that the Abids (or the Fixes, who also had inspection problems) are not subject to termination under the Franchise Agreement or, in the Abids' case, under Minnesota franchise law, on the basis of these compliance problems. My decision is based entirely on the determination that it is substantially likely that Quiznos's actions in terminating these franchisees on December 8, 2006, for the reasons and in the manner it did, ran afoul of proper procedures and violated both the terms of the Franchise Agreement and Minnesota law.
|
sn85034360_1856-06-23_1_4_2 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Yields the charm by Kiprraii the beautiful T 1,, of orgaudium Muslim. Bm-eges, Law, and Jacquet. of the latest styles. Also very pretty Lawn and Jaconet Rohes, from to to the just the thing for the warm season. Come and seal yourselves. J. A. STIGLER & CO. May 27-fa Rep. copy BH9R3 NAl.i: Or 4-\( linage for Bank Miot L S.i-bO Virginia and Tennessee Railroad 2nd Mortgage cond. [iua 7-t*J LETERS, SPENCE & CO. / 11 Of KB,HltBBiRBAM A > n 11 UO I 11 \ SLF.U just received and for sale by tnt J’> t»_. •> b \ B H. NOWLIN IAINi: 114S *1II »*«k I’A. x> 1- s*.— We have, <tr.n very fine Irish Potato. * for 1 able use, for sale by mywttl « r retail LEE A J0HN8< *.\ O* ** » n\uti M A% ’ once., planter who had best Lyncnelmrir II,at 1 have hi.• d by J »-n K«t lie well. *o|,. agent ul l. vu ill:'.irg for the sale * 1 this eei V neb competition. Potash Quotations. "I tinnj n „..-uiuru, to tn, ai-.-s ui land, will malm 11 »|..» H> of V tobacco u.r.u hop-own n€wl'n? W A MILLER 7 OoBosin MISCELLANEOUS._ ( UlKl'r>U-HU0<l tALKADAB, IMAU. >» *§ | 2 t m January, 12 3 4 5 C 7 H i* loll 12 13 14 1ft 16 17 18 19 •JI> 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 :»o :n f cbm ary, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1ft 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2ft 26 27 28 39 March, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1* 9 10 11 12 13 14 1ft 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Ajrril, 1 2 3 4 ft 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1ft 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2ft 26 27 28 25* 30 May, 1 8 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1ft 16 17 In If* 20 21 22 23 24 2ft 26 27 28 29 :«i 31 June, 1 2 3 4 ft 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1ft 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2ft 20 27 28 29 30 ■■ *'• * * * ■ 5 $ | i i i 5* f s ? ! 2 * i a _as ? S- jJMh U. <2 36ST rTTTl 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 111 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 87 8*8 29 :W 31 Au#u$t, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 :*0 31 September, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 87 28 29 :W October, 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 18* 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 83 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 83 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December. Just received at MORSE'S. June 5th NEW BOOKS OF INDIANS OF THE LIFE OF A FAMILY. A very interesting volume, and should be read by all ages, sects and denominations. It is a highly interesting and seasonable volume. Memoir of a Doll.—Young Misses will be especially interested and greatly benefited by reading this Memoir. Catacombs of Rome.—We need not call attention to this volume—the title will secure that. School Days Reviewed. Students should not fail to read this volume. The Map Mistake —A narrative illustrating with much vivid ness and fidelity the mistakes which too often occur in the religious training of families. Parents don't you need this book? The great Question Is a great book. It treats of great interests. Will you read it? All at the above, and the publications of the American S. S. Union generally, such as Libraries, Teachers' Helps, Question Books, Hymn Books, Maps and Miscellaneous volumes, can be had at L. Loughner & Co.'s Book Store, Lynchburg, Va. T. C. JENNINGS, fub 1st Sup't. Am. S. S. Union. MUSICAL BOXES.-J. M. received a fine assortment of MUSICAL BOXES, which play from three to six tunes each. Call and see them. W. P. GREENE, BOY 5-ta Bank Square. Aim, LIFE A Tilt: IYNI UA^KT - r Lynchburg Hose \ Fire Insurance Company.—This Company makes Insurance against loss or damage by Fire, on Dwelling Houses, Stores, Tobacco Factories and other buildings, on furniture, goods, wares and merchandize, generally, in town and country, on the most favorable terms. Also makes Insurance on the lives of all persons enjoying good health, and of sound constitution for the whole duration of life, or for a limited period. Slaves employed in ordinary occupations, will be insured on reasonable terms. The Company will also take marine risks from and to any of the Northern or Southern Ports, at favourable rates. BOARD OF DIRECTORS. JOHN ROBIN MCDANIEL, President. JAMES M. COBBS, President. SAMPSON DIUGUID, Chief Engineer. DIRECTORS. John O. Taylor, Ulysses O'Leary, James K. Wyman, William H. Stratton, Samuel H. McKinney, Samuel H. McKinney, Samuel Garland, John T. Davis, Pleasant Preston. JAS. O. WILLIAMS, Treasurer. Charles T. Williams, Secretary. Dr. William Otway Owen, Dr. D. H. Gilmer, The Medical Examination of subjects for Insurance will be made at the office of the Company on each day between the hours of 4 and 4 o'clock. V. K. H. Hines, The brick tenement two doors below the Nurvell House, where they intend keeping, at all times, a well-selected stock of FAMILY GROCERIES, and all other articles usually kept in a well-regulated Family Grocery. They have now on hand fine N. O. Sugar, the Coffee, Java Coffee.—a prime article—fine Tea, Dried Apples, Irish Potatoes, Butter, Lard, Soap, Adamantine and Tallow Candles. We also have a beautiful lot of Prints, Ginghams, Domestic, Buttons, Combs, Thread, Am. and many other articles not mentioned. We shall be receiving, in a few days, Molasses, Coffee Sugar, Laguira Coffee, and other articles useful in families. We hope, by strict attention to business, and an earnest effort to please, to share a portion of the public patronage. C. D. FLYNN & CO. N B. C. L. SMITH will be pleased to see his old friends at the above establishment. Another supply of the celebrated Morning Star double-oven cooking stores, for wood or coal. This stove needs no examination to satisfy anyone of the many advantages it has over all others in use. A cordial invitation is extended to all to examine them at the Stove and Range Works, North east side Main street, Leechburg. I have now on hand, and for sale, six pair of the superior Mill Stones. Those in want would do well to call soon. LEE & JOHNSON. KUSK BOOKS, BANK BOOKS - Hymn A CHRISTIAN have in store and for sale a large and well-selected assortment of Blank Books and stationery, to which they would call the attention of all in want of such, etc. VITROTYPES, PHOTOGRAPHS. A GALLERY OF GLASSES VITROTYPES.—The above style of Pictures are taken in all their perfection at the Gallery of G. W. MINNIS & CO. N. S. TANNER would inform his friends, and the public in general, that he has just returned from the North, after an absence of some two months, during which time he has secured, without regard to labor or expense, every new and important improvement known in the Photographic art, and is now prepared to furnish to those who may desire them, Vitrotypes on Glass, Photographs on Paper, or the Daguerreotype, as heretofore, all of which will be taken in all their brilliancy and perfection. He has, also, a large and beautiful assortment of Gold, Lot KKTS, Shirts Pins, Medallions, Fancy Cases, Frames, Etc., made expressly for the art. A visit to this Gallery is solicited, whether Pictures are desired or not. Gallery always open and free to visitors, Sundays excepted. N. N. TANNER, at the Gallery of Minnls & Tanner, Lynchburg Va. THE PARISIAN.—A very fine stock of M. PRINTS, French Work and a variety of white goods, at very low rates, order, and all repairs neatly and promptly done, having in his employ men at Mr. T. R. New one of the best Coach Smiths in America, he having served a time in some of the largest manufacturing establishments in the State. SHIRLEY, HOARLEY, &c.—Highway, Old Draw. LRS, all kinds some large as it! inches; plain and fancy half-hose; Byron and Opera Collars. Summer Urn vats. Stocks, Ties, &c. Ac, WM. L. PAGE, may tilts GANI'V €',%**■ T| |<;|{ |<;* ami VENTING— Fancy French Cluny, Marsaille* and Drillings Silk and Marsaille Vestings—a handsome variety at a*y*n _VVM. I,. PAGE'S. OAKFORD'S NEW FALL HATS FOR lfts. —Received this day a beautiful article. Young gentlemen are requested to call and supply themselves very soon as they are going fast. L. L. A. KM I STEAD, —O'1*_near Farmers' Bank. ETKVV O'FARLAND, < I* II laiHMio.A A FOU. " " A It I * 1N11 HI tl’SE--Th , subscribers have leased, fur a term o* eears, from Mr C. H, l.vneh, his new Tiro l-ni„f BuddmK. tatmy ereeted in this city, directly Opposite the depot I . ,i * • aild imnicliately between tlu Railroad and I. anal for the purpose of carrying on a general GltoCKltr Commission ami ToitwaKiuMi ulsimss, under the style ami hrm of BLACK At PETTYJOHN. \Ve offer to (',ur Irieiida, and the public generally, a new ami n ull selects, •lock u( Groceries, Liquors, Ate., in exchange for cal o purchasing U'<’' ““ '*m,Slly 8oUo“ » • »“ from them before , a good supply of Llnie, Plaster and Cement kept m hand « luel, n il be sold as ,,w as a, »„y other h use in Iho ciiy ’ AU consigned to onr care will be t a anted with dls patch, and parti iliir attention paid to the order of them u »• offer our »< . vices ns agents forth® sale of Wheat Flour robacco, Corn, Oats, du\. 4tc. Charges rFas.mit.iJ - u T£r^:aAersuis('ctim- A--"‘°yr,~™d j..,,, 4.t« A. J. BLACK, _ K 4 •_A. PETTYJOHN. XT.,,*?.00?";.-.received Hi Moi-arV-. ^ W KenHm' y Uay ,bo Norlh-Weat, by J. M The Sparrow grass Papers hy Cozzeus Courtship and Marriage; r;8 Canada and Ouba, by Miss Murray i In- Great American UattU-a, bv Carroll-’ ’ KH^NU!^;;^;,^|^fe^“y'rh„rnwe|1; piu'lipicdio. !,’* pc iSf'"'1 Couutcss I.f l.risi-elia. hy Keymlds; A tnerican Hailway Guide hS-mESS ttti^rJM i ««* J may^lT0”'8 W BiuS." C„"“k' 1,1 all kind-, tenbub they tv. nil ,11 .V LI<4«J0Hfi, friends:m,| il,e publl. generally ^Tl* * of their "IV. fur CASH, a. iu 3 ‘ ''- y «r" determined to sell es|H-. ml tilteut. ... ... „IH.j. of KI'PpSi 0“-y "-nnkt eall TOItAl l ,, \V„ ..ne f..r‘s„ledLr K CHEWING '*'• ' ..II ..- irue IliMiKsai, '‘"‘'‘•IvbrMed OREGON ■1" « b. give a trial farmer would ---- u*i :n (lilts f v* «*«'«>•*- -’ l.ooo Ihs, Vm,l,un Hams 10 Firkins Mutter; t . . . 5 Firklna Lard. J ust received and for sale by „ '■ ~ — —----FRANKLIN At. BROTHER. and oornmou (iuus.'tu w'hich w 0* i,!’-up''/,”1 *,"rk of One sportsmen, and the public getter 111. th* *t*™Uon ol j p. GREGORY A- CO. TRAVELLERS' DIRECTORY, &C ■ AOIIMaCU .MCI l , • ,. %,ru.uiu ’ .. r *lr«t l-a, k-t to»ad With dis rite superior, fa* Mihug. doebm d.. k«t and copper fastened schooner. I LL* ,\ ■ Cat-ta , “*■** JaMM su waBT. now loading and w ,ti *xil .s haiai.ce nf freight apply to 1 1 01 DAVID 4 \VM. U.ltlaj. I* s —Shippers by this Vessel -vll|g..t of destination at on. half rale ot fre,Ki,t ..m.., .TV V,1 V" I‘ou Other route, and m less time, insurance ‘ Vo ,a ' "'-v the best terms. * . *«*••*•'*-ti oi* any«2 tw.__ 4. W C V'lKUIttlA IJMK oi Kki^i4 ANU NKW YOKK rACKKTiS -Th" m.w I, line is composed id the follow mg t. s >ols. an./milsilGi from .New-York every three days All.w. Kichntond, viz: “ ' Ali«,Wind the city * New .Schooner Danville, f!ani.i« r, „„ New " Manchester ^ '' ,lli!"n Kelson, New '■ Lynchburg. .. ” 1 'blchcstcr, “ Gillego, .. Kcth Chester, “ Haxall. o Alexandti Smith, •• New-York, !. “• SUil/b, “ Oriana, , ,, A.ikui.s, “ Henrico, - **• Tuttle, “ itichinnud, 'J Deiaotua. “Merchant,” (7 1, J'U, 1878) “Hanover, “I. [Wbitess, These vessels are of the first class, built for the trade, and have a capacity for passengers. They are commanded by Captains, well qualified for the trade, and who will exert an exclusive care to accommodate. They will be towed to the rivers by steam, and may be relied on to be the best. The Merchants going North or ordering goods from New York will find it to their interest to stop by this line as in the case of the Richmond hire Association by this line. We respectfully ask and hope to succeed in obtaining a share of patronage. Goods shipped by this line to New York will be free of commission to New Orleans, Mobile, Charleston, Savannah, or any other Southern or Northern port. The vessels will be in the dock in the Dock, in New York at Berth No. 1, Coffee House Slip, to or from Wall Street. DAVID & CO. M. CL HIGH, Richmond. C. H. PILLSON, N. Y., Agents August 6-dts Richmond and Richmond Steamers; of March—This line is composed of the following vessels, and sails from Boston every Saturday. Schooner Susan, Captain S. F. Rogers KvssiAner S. R. Allen, O. Baker, Jr, Courier, M. Kelly, W. H. Crowell. E. N. Johnson, Cyrus K. Carson, J. B. Rogers. These vessels are of the first class, built expressly for trade and have superior accommodations for passengers. They are manned by experienced captains, well fitted for the trade, and who will spare no expense to make them comfortable. They will be towed up and down the river by steam and may be relied on in sail promptly as advertised. Merchants going North or ordering goods from Boston, will find it to their interest to ship by this line, as it is the only regular line and freight will always be taken as low as by any other line. The agents in Richmond and Boston to give satisfaction. We respectfully ask and hope to succeed in obtaining a full share of patronage. The vessels will be in Richmond at the Dock, and in this ton at Rowes Wharf. DAVID W. CURRIE, Richmond. ALLEN & WELCH, Boston, Agents. SATURDAY. ALLEGHANY for Richmond. Returning, leaves MOND every THURSDAY AFTERNOON for Baltimore. WANTAS leaves BALTIMORE every WEDNESDAY after NOON for Baltimore. Shippers to Baltimore by these two boats must have the goods here every Monday and Friday of each week. 111,1 " F_BEDLAM ,v WAT SON, lticlmiond Va BKTWFF.Y lilinjlUMf AN l> N. 77 YORK.—STEAMSHIP JAM ESTOWN <-J-lrT.;N Hie E. s. Mail Steamship JAMESTOWN, In n,ui-“^^ maud ot Capt. Lkwis p.otitisti, leaves New York regularly every SATl RIiAY AFTERNOON at J o'clock, for Rich moml. She will not take any freight to or from (.'it v Point. She leaves Richmond regularly every TIESDAY AFTF.lt NOON al 4 o'clock, for New York. Those desiring to ship hy her must have their goods here oa Monday Passengers desiring to take this ship here can hate a State-Room secured by addressing us bv mail. J gr The ROANOKE, Capt. SKINNKR, 'stops at f’ttv Point Where she will land and receive frieght. Doth the Jamestou tl and the Roanoke receive and land passengers at City Point and Norfolk. BEDLAM 4 WATSON, "iar J y__Richmond, Va ^^mg|THHUl UD FROM It Cl HAN AN To LYNCH BERG AND RICHMOND. Fare from Lynchburg to Buchanan.S| f,o To Richmond.... .j rj(J From Lynchburg to t:harlotu*8vilhV.*’' .*g On and alter the 2VM of October our 1‘aeket Duals'w ill leave Buehana" at b A M and Lynchburg at 71 P. M„ Itlnndai, Wednesday antiFriday, and arrive In Richmond second day, at ;> o clock A. Al, • Cbarlottesvllle passengers leaving Lynchburg at 71 1>, M. reach Scutlesnl e at 111' A. M . next day, and arrive in Char lotteavdie at .>, I . M, Leave Lynehburg for Buchanan and Lcxiugtou at O' A. M„ Mouday, Wednesdav and F’ridav and arrive at 7 1* Al. J From Lynchburg to Richmond see time aud distauces in card below : K.tVK lltl'HMOMI MONDAY lI.EAVK l.YNCHBUKO MONUAV W FIIN DAY AFIUIIAY, atop. m.J tV CD'IIA Y ti HtHlAY,at7j p. III. Arrive at Time Mi lee. Arrive at lime. Mile*. Manakin, 1 p.m. 17 Staples’ Mills, 11, 17 J tide's Ferry, 11, 22 Beni Creek, 11 a.m. Till Miehaux’s Ferry, 12, 38 Cedar Point, 1 a.m. 11 Hardwicksville, 5:1 Jefferson, 2, 11, 47 Hoekish, 8, 11 Columbia, 7, Kcottville, 11, 7 SZZtVIn0" New Columbia, 11, 7 Rockish, 2, 9, 9, 9, 10 Carteret, 5, most account, ■nVl,,? uia, and at the usual notice. Call and leave orders at the Auction Store of — _W. H. MOSBY. PE aa.:.ja ^ari-Aoliri'io Norther'i Travellcra feg W elSSg.'Tgapit'll EA BEST' AND MOST COMMODITY TO THE gr?ACUEEKtUl 8' V * SBI'RU and AC Through ticket from Lynchburg to Baltimore,...?11 no „ " Richmond lo Washington.,.,. 5.',1, *' Baltimore... ()y J* “ Philadelphia....,,. ’? tl.?. f“.d conveyed from Danville canto, the depot on Broad street, KITKK of CHARGE. Li t summer a Ashland. 10 miles above Richmond. « fTo dTm“UCUl“' t',"|Uire of A. W, HORN EK. ~ai ddm___Agent Sotibbide It. II. Ilai mmCTBSgEsar: v»It«.IMA A- t;.>■ I-;mmi-:i: usenaETS#!! RA1 lruad.—hummeit seni:1i . .. I'LiL—On and after Thursday Mav fore l oVIrnT"fer ,r',,".wi" e“v" Lynchburg a. 5 mlnum. b, tore t o clock, p.m., and arrive at Ji» M. u 11 oil I apl ao iJin 7; ' — ---- Den. Sup t. IBS H-iMMiiMr.WHTII-hlBIl K ill.ilH.tl> ■ntntg^^^ggsl>MA1 Ell AKU ANU EMENT - Til 0„»,„l.r, ,,t , T,AKK EFFECT MAV 1,1.11*6 — I hutadav, tlto 1st .May next, the Mail and I'r l',ave tho Depot it. IVtcrsburg daily (oxe. pt lit IS, b ocloek. a “..arrive at Burkevillu (Junction) at «.4u.t uo, at U.45. a. ro„ and at Lynchburg at 18.30. t 'u/o I'-V,m; ,bl‘lk at 1 O'clock, p. ill., arrive at Fur,nelllc si ilPurg;" ^pmmolJu“ctlo“)"»4:)0p' ' *nd « »•••• buridallV ' TR AIN will leave the Depot iu Peters ilailv { HXC?pt 8n"d*)**) *« d-Jb and at U m., connecting a-.Ja?C,iRiverb08U for Nu,b,lkf **>"1 on Wei Had u^i.»n,^L VUlvll,V n*ornlnK with the steamer* Jamestown adf“ ""*SeW '“*• F A. HOOOWIK, — _____ Ticket Agent. B BUl aia—E nsMuu an* win .■W" 'ferX F, S S K E RAILROAD-—Tl, FORWARDING MERClIANTb AiUrtieleaef freight Intended to be transported up the VIr ? “ “nd ‘•'““"“to Railroad must be delivered at tht'Lvncle but g Depot llftecn mtmtte. lief,,re I o'clock, lb M., »«the lie pot doora xv,11 bo cloaed at that hour ma Id,,, T' MfCRAHV, --—__ Ass t Agent. C.f.ffTtx f: A,*i• *1 I I* KK.-l lit ■‘MR Mmnship. ROANOKE, lias been put in that ran New York t0orCityapolnb"in couimon,,,d ‘«r regular trips front wlVl"nr'.UrK'hk,“",a',lrt "lller' •"••'"ring Clouds from New York will not forgot to ship bv her Lviehbnrai,PPH1 ?T'N'" York <•“ Wednesday arrive in ninhurg on the following Saturday. LEE & JOHNSON, Agent* i» c -pi. t a York and Virginia Stcamsliin Co. _ . JAMES! OWN leave* CUy Point every Wid r'iPvU'° BOANOK E every Satnrdnv ri 'tiit.g. *♦ M o clock, for New York. |t. T.'ts] L. m3. lb# 4th ot Jan* Jnd during the repairs t<» tlie Aqueduct in will inann i Lynchburg the Packet Boat fr.r Unrhanai A it l ^y nob burg, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at 7 s\t. . ..U-Uin>V. enV,> niu hana"- Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday at , A. M.. ami arrive in Lynchburg, at t> P. M may 3ifta *®*®' * DAVENFORT. CiaAS»JOy*f**» AMI UTIUIt_Afire lhi« * ^ Coal, Lumber and Wood for cash oulv —tan 8b-dly _I, A CHRISTIAN. I fill 1-111 lilt CILOVJRIt MKBI> ''A7 XdJJ “Ok* Ri", l^ignyra aud Java Coffcei , ullboxea Tallotv, Adamautlue and Sperm Candle-', Just received nlid for sale by fe87-t*_ WILSON * CO V'OTIt'K.-Jnsi reniretl „ lot of Irixli l*ul» toes, ,, bleb we will still bv I he barrel or bushel, _ apt ..Hi ts _ FR ANKLIN & BROTHER Uuiiethink sew a.\u hi:aa ri i'll- ••1 i„ L ARMISTEAIi'iS siiok, BOOT. Hat and Cal' Store. I am now opu,dug my .Sbring Styles „f Hats. Caps, Sin"" Hot,ts, ace., eousDtlug of varit.lis steles of Moletklu and lists, of gvery Shml... abapo no,! quality Also Dents' cud I>aulrs Shoe*, of all grndf*. 8t»i,n- .. rv beautiful, ann h iai’B1' asso ment of Trunks, Carpet Hu . ‘ Vnllse», Urn broil h.s. Lalii , rj examine them. E L. ARMiHTEAD. ’■ Its __ VI A ItH 1.11 ivontih-A li.rsst naaortnirul of isM. nnishcfi MoniiiucntH. Toinb and Head and Foot Stour?, now u baud and for etle clieap at may 7 t* 11 A HDESS* M.\HBLR WORKS. CALIFORNIA, 20 tons peruvian Guano just received and for sale by, WILSON & CO. |
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//Update the HTML page with new object data from AJAX request
$( "#model3" ).click(function() {
update(objID=3); //Update gallery to this object.
});
//Select the media object youd like to view
$('.obj3D').show(); //Initially show the 3d model of the object first
$('.objImage').hide();
$('.objVideo').hide();
$('.objSound').hide();
$('#obj3D').click(function(){
$('.obj3D').delay(500).fadeIn(500);
$('.objImage').fadeOut(500);
$('.objVideo').fadeOut(500);
});
$('#objImage').click(function(){
$('.objImage').delay(500).fadeIn(500);
$('.obj3D').fadeOut(500);
$('.objVideo').fadeOut(500);
});
$('#objVideo').click(function(){
$('.objVideo').delay(500).fadeIn(500);
$('.objImage').fadeOut(500);
$('.obj3D').fadeOut(500);
});
function update(objID) {
//Read the JSON file as an AJAX request
$.getJSON('application/model/data.json', function(jsonObj) {
console.log(jsonObj);
//Assign the AJAX requested data in to approriate <div> tag wrapped in HTML
//Start by making AJAX request for the selected object name and its description
$('#name').html(jsonObj.models[objID].name);
$('#description').html('<p style="display:inline">' + jsonObj.models[objID].description + '</p>');
//Then AJAX request the further information based on the object's metadata
$('#designedBy').html('<p style="display:inline">' + jsonObj.models[objID].designedBy + '</p>');
$('#productionDate').html('<p style="display:inline">' + jsonObj.models[objID].productionDate + '</p>');
$('#modelNumber').html('<p style="display:inline">' + jsonObj.models[objID].modelNumber + '</p>');
$('#releasePrice').html('<p style="display:inline">' + jsonObj.models[objID].releasePrice + '</p>');
//Next grab (AJAX request) the thumbnails for each object to create the links to each cultural object, note that we are only dealing with 4 objects here.
//In reality, if we had multple cultural objects, for example being returned by a search for 'bowl', we would be building a 'gallery' selector to browse the multiple objects
//So in this particular case, we have hard wired each object 0 to 3
$('#model0').attr('src', jsonObj.models[0].imageUrl);
$('#model1').attr('src', jsonObj.models[1].imageUrl);
$('#model2').attr('src', jsonObj.models[2].imageUrl);
$('#model3').attr('src', jsonObj.models[3].imageUrl);
//And grab any 3D media objects
//Every time the user clicks on a X3DOM object
var file = jsonObj.models[objID].x3domUrl;
//Replace the x3d file in the context (if not already loaded)
if(file != $('#x3domUrl').attr('url'))
$('#x3domUrl').attr('url', file);
//grab the remaining media objects, e.g. audio, video, image
$('#soundUrl').html('<audio width=100% controls>' + '<source src="' + jsonObj.models[objID].soundUrl + '"'+ ' type=' + '"audio/mpeg"' + '/>' + '</audio> ');
$('#videoUrl').html('<video id=comVideo width=100% height=700px controls>' + '<source src="' + jsonObj.models[objID].videoUrl + '"'+ ' type=' + '"video/mp4"' + '/>' + '</video> ');
$('#imageUrl').html('<a href="' + jsonObj.models[objID].imageUrl + '" class="lightbox center">' + '<img height=700px src="' + jsonObj.models[objID].imageUrl + '" alt="Object Image"/>');
});
}
function reply_click(clicked_id) {
alert(clicked_id);
}
}); |
biblethatisholys00ster_72 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | honorable: be shall be blessed upon the altar of the earth, and thou wilt not deliver him why God layeth into the will of his enemies, his hand upon The Lord will strengthen him by the ways, yea, and affect of sorrow; thou hast turned all his towards he re- bed in his sickness, storeth vs. Therefore, I said, Lord have mercy upon him when for fear heal nip soul, for I have mined row & price of against thee, mind he cast Mine enemies speak enl of me, say himself upon Mine enemies shall he speak, and his name his bed. perish? Hasten he come to me, he speaketh stored him in his tiles, but his heart heapeth in ignoble flesh bed & sense within him, and when he cometh forth, him comfort, he telleth it. That is, curse Withep that hate me, whisper together me, and cannot again against me: even against me, I have quenched, A mischief is tight upon him, and he but with my that is, Hal no more rise, Pea, to comfort me, shalt tifted upon the belief, he conspireth. Therefore, D. Lozde, have mercy upon my death in his me and raise me by: so shall we reward the heart, and bring them, get thereof. If so, knoweth that thou canst not trust the enemies mer, because I do not trust the enemies that God mine, and Dock set me before was become his. The face for eternal mortal enemie. 13 Wiedebeke Lore G DD of Flärde, for the man of woꝛld without end, Sobeit, euen ſo peace. heir, "ee g As Dauid fele This falsehood, & as it was chiefly accomplished in Christ, John 13. 18. so shall his. members continually prone ¥ fame. h Meaning, either in pro- perity of life, or in y true fear of God against all tentations. i Shewing me evident signs of thy fatherly providence. k By this repetition he stirreth up the — peace — a As arreafure vo be kept of thee, which were of the number of — the Leuites. | By these similitudes of the and panting he fheweth his servant guest desire to serue God in his Temple. Asorherstake pleasure in eating and drinking, he was altogether given to weeping, and Travis Bove I Jed the people to serve thee in thy Tabernacle, and now seeing my contrary estate, I die for forowe, Though he sustained grievous affaults of the fieth to cast him into despair, yet his faith ground. ded on Gods ace. c ed mer⸗ cies, getteth the victory. That is, when I remember thee in this land of my banishment among the mountains. Ailidios came so thick upon me, that I felt my self upon him, and did not overcome a person of our misery, till God be pacified, and send remedy. Gods helpe in time to come. i Thatis,I am moft i not be prefent in the Congregation of Gods people,protefting that aithough hewas ſe- parated in body from them, yet his heart was thitherward affectioned. 7 And laf? of allhe fheweth, that he was not fo farre o- uercome with thefe forowes & thoughtes, 8 But that he continually put his confi dence inthe Lord. ‘e § To him thatercelleth. A Pfalme to give inſtruction, * committed tothe founes of Korah. I SH the hart braieth fox the riuers of water, fo > pantetl mp toule after the,D God, 2 My ſoule thirlteth for Gov, euen for the lining God: when thal ZF come and aps peare before the prelence of God? ¢ MPp teares haue bene mp meate Dap and night , while they daplp fap vnto nie, Where is thp Gods 4 When Jremembzed 4 thele things, J powped out mp verie heart, becaule F had gone with the multitude, and ledde them into the Houle of God with the voyce of finging , and ꝓaaiſe, as a multi⸗ tudethat keepeth a fealt, 5 Wbhpartthou cat Downe, imp foule, and buquiet within me z © waite on God: for J will pet giue him thankes for rhe beipe of his preſence. Dp God, mp foule ts call Downe tuith- in me, f becanle J remember the, from the land of Jorden, and Hermonun, and fromthe mount Mizar. 7 Ones depe calleth another depe by the people of the water spouts: all the waters and the floods are gone over me, 8 The Low will grant his loving kindness in the day, and in the night hall, sing of him, come after the God of my life, 9 For the law will grant unto God which is my rock, Who shall not be forgotten me: who goer F mourning, when the enemies oppress me, 10 The bones are cut afunder, while Mute enemies reproch me, saying Daily Buts me, Where is the God? 11 The art thou canst down, nor soul? And who are thou disturbed within me? Wake on God: for I tell him that he is not Himself: he is not present Helpe, And now God. He promised to be delineated from them Which conspire against him, that he might Involyly praise God in his holy Congregations. The same, God, and a Hedefire — Caule against the universal people: God to under- Deliver me. A From the peaceful and take his cause, Wicked man, against the enemy. For thou art the God of my strength: mies, but chiefly Who halt thou put me away? who see that he would Be so mourning, when the enemy opposes him to Presently meet the Tabernacle. Send thy lightest light: let them be. That is, the Made me: let then be mine, that is, the Cabernacle Hollows the Cabernacle, of mine enemies. Ghen 4 will J goe vnto the altar of c To wit,thy fa- _ Gop, euen vnto the Godot mpiop and uour , which ap- gladneſſe: and upon the harpe will J peareth by the giue thanks vnto thee , © God, nip. performance of on, thy promifes. Typ art thou caft Downe, mp ſoule? d He promifech and whp art thon difquicted. with to offer afolemn mez © Waite on God: fox Fwill pet facrifice ofthaks giue. him thankes, he is mp peelent givirg in token helpe, and nip Bos, of his great de⸗ liuerance. ¢ Whereby he admonifheth the faith full not tore- lent, but conftantly to waite onthe Lorde, though their troue bles be long and great. ! PSAL. XLIIII. x The fzithfull remember the great mercie of God toward his people. 9 After, they complaine , becazsfe they feele it no more. 17 Alfo they alledge the couenant made with Abraham, for the keeping whereof they fhewe what grienous things they fuf- fred, 23 Finally they pray unto God nor to contemne their af flictia, feeing the fame redoundeth to the contempt of bis honour. § To him that ercelleth, A Palme ta gine inſtruction, committed ta thefonnes of ttoray, k ot I E haue heard tit our 2 eares, 2 This Palme ® God: our fathers haue tole feemethto haus hs the workes , thar thou batt bene made by pone in rheir dayes, in p olde tinte: fome excellent 2 Howthou hatt driven out the> heathen Prophet for the twith thine hand, and planted< them: vic of the peo- howe thou halt Deftropedthe 4 people, ple, when the and canfed ¢ them to growe. Church was in 3 Forthep inherited not Hlanvde bp their extreme mife-. own fivord Neither md their own arnte rie,eitherat fauethent: but thy right hand, e thine their returne fra armte and the light of thy countenaice, Babylon,or vn- becaufe hou dideft § fauour them. der Antiochus,or 4 Thouart mp King, D Gon ; fend Helpe sn fuch like af buto s Jaakob. fli@ion, 5 » Through thee haue we thinft backe b Thatis, the our aduerfaries : by thp Jame hare Canaanites. Wwetroden downe them that rofely az c Towitsour fa- 4 5 gaint bs. , thers. 6 For F doe not trust in mp borw, neither d OftCanaan. ẽan my ſword ſaue me. e Thatis, our ad⸗ fathers. f Gods free mere · cie and loue is Gov coutinnz the oneiy foun — taine and begin= — ningoft Church, — Deur.4 37. g Becaufe thou art our King,thcrefore deluer thy — people from their miferie. h Becaufe they and rheir fotela · thers made both one Church, they apple that to themfelues, © which before they did attribute to theirfathers. g ut 7 But thou bhatt faucd vs from our ad nerfaries and halk put them to confidi- onrhat hate vs, ’ 8 Therefore will we praile ally, and twill confeile thy ame fez ever, Seiad. AS Ti: 4 Asthe w thou artfarreaf, and puttett J Do himthatercelletha ¥2 Shothan. g — bso! contuſion,a goeſt not forch waitz nim a ſong of b loueco giue miſtructi⸗ pl ohh ona their ftrength Bur armies : Dit,commutted to the fones of thorih, — saiaurent., cameo God,fo 10 Thou makerths to turne hacke from ry q Febheart will vecerfoatha good p' Orin perf. nowe they ac- the aduerlarie, and they, which pate us, matter: J will intreate in nip fot thee cucht 3 knowledge thar {potle" fay themicines. ‘ workes of the King: my tongue — — this affidion 11 * Chou giueſt us k astheepetebecas is as the penne ofa tunft wwziter,. the hufband and camebyhisnut — fell, AND Boek ſcatter vs ãmong the na⸗ 2 Chou art < fairer then the ciytozes of chic veike. iudgement. tions. men: grace ls porored im chy lipyes, bez Yor, at their plea- 12 Thou ſelleſt thy people ! without sre, 072.3 .76 kK Knowing God 20 be autor of 13° Qhou make vs a reproche to our to thein that are roundabout bs, thiscalamitie, 14 hor makelt vs a prouerbe anrong they murmure the nations, anda nodding of the head _ not, bur feeke- among the people, remedicathis IF Mp ™ confulloiis dailp before me, and fhandswho woi- thelhameofuip face path: couered me, ded them. J As flaues rebuker, for the enentie and 2 auenger. which are folde 17 All this is come upon bs, pet doe we fora lowe price, neither lookelt concernitig thp couenant, : thonforhiny 18 Dur beartis not turned backe: neither offrethmof, but ourftepsgoncoutofthp paths, takeftthefirt 19 Wlbeit thou halt ſinitten vs dovone in⸗ chapman. tothe place af · daagons, and couered m‘Idarenorlife bs with the ſhadowe of death. vpminechead. 20 Ifwe haue forgotten p. NRame of our forfhame.. God, aw holden bp our hands taa nMeaning,the Fftrange od, proud and cruell 21 Shall not God afearche this out 2 for tyrant: He knoweth the fecrers of the heart, o They boat 22 Surelpfox thy faker are we flame con notoftheirver- thiuallp, andarecounted as ſheepe for tues,bur declare the flaiughter, thattheyreftvp- 23 Dp, whp leepelkthou; o Lord? awake, on Ged in the be not favre of for ener,. middes of theit 24. WAHerefore hideſt thou thy face Zand afli@ions: who. _ forgetteft ourmileriee our affliction? punifhed not 25 Far our ſoule is ‘beaten dovwne vnto now their finnes, the Dult: our belle cleaueth vnto the but by hardaf- ss ground. MiGions called. 26 Kilſe vꝓ for our firccour,. andredeeme themtothe-con- vs forrhp*inercies fake.. fideration of thie heauenly ioyes. "Or, whales: meanmne the bot tom- les feas of tentations. here we fee the power offaith, which can be ouer- come byno peril, p-hey fhewe that.they honoured God aright Becaufe they truttedin himalone. q Theytake God towitnes tharthey were vpright to himward: r The faithfull’make this their comfort, that the wicked punifh them not for their finnes, bat for Gods caufé, Mat.s.10. 1.Pet.4.14. { There is nohope of reconerie, except thou put to thine hand and’ rayfe vs vp. & Which is the onely and fufficient ranfometo deliuerboth bo- ~ dy-and foule from all kinde of flauerie and miſerie. PSAL, XLY; The majesty of Salomon, his honor, strength, beauty, riches, and power are praised, and also his marriage with the Egyptian being an heathen woman is blessed. If that she can renounce her people and the love of her country, and give her self wholy to her husband. Under the which figure the wonderful majesty and increase of the kingdom of Christ and the Church his House now taken of the Gen. is described. Gaine, and do not increase the price, Girdlewowd wp sn thy thigh, mot neighbours a lie and alighting toke 4. 2nd prosper Math thy glow: 4 nde wy? Thine arrows are For the voice of the Andergast and the Chorus throne, D God, is forever and forever. Not forget, neither bealetwefals nor Chou louett righteaufnes’, and hatert — All thug arments well of inmrbe and Kings daughters were among thine. Yearken, O daughter, and consider, It So shall the King have pleasure in. And the daughter of Cpans which the King's Daughter is all glorious. She shall be brought into the King in. With inpand. gladness hall the. When the people of Salem, be they to be removed from their seats, and to win the favor of the people, which their people, and their power to overcome, enemies here defended. d He alludethto them that ride in chariots in u » their trinmphes, ener s the (cepter of thy kingdomeis a 1. — {cepter ofrighteoumes. — ——— tid ple ink adn see thp Son ne — — ath f angdinted thee wich the opie o ; Ny _gladnes aboue thp fellowes, meeKenes & ius caufe Bad hath blefied thee fo: ever, Niightie,co wit, thp vaorſh ont the worde of truth and of meekenes and of righteauſnes: fothp right hand. {hall teache thee terrible things. tharpe co perce the heart of the Kinges enenties : therefore the people (halt fall vnder the, ftice, notin worldly pompe- and vanitie. ye € Viner thisfis _ ure of this 3 : - inedome of ine. Hono2able wiues: byon thy righthand 5.5 : Did (rand the » Queeneimabetture of MSC1 fet forets : the everlafting + gold of Dphir.. Ringdome — aloes, caſſia, when thou commeſt out of the puorie palaces, s where thep Hane made thee glad. and incline thine eare: forget alſo thine lable owne people and thp fathers houte, Ai thy kine dome as the ff- gure of Chrift, whictris ¥ peace: and joy of the Church. g Inthewhich palacey people made thee joyfub: ~ to fee them giue thankes and tee - ioyce forthee. h Though he © had-many kings daughters amog his wiues, yerhe heautic : forhetsthp Vow, and reue⸗ Fence thou hit, riche ofthe people {hall doe homage bez fore thpface with vieſents. within: her clothing is. of bropmyen olde, rayment of needle worke : tye birgins that followe after ber, and her compan: nits {haibe brought vnto ther, brought, and thal enter inte the Lungs palace, 16 In lkead of thy fathers Mall thy ™ cit ved Pharaohs. daughter beft, © i Vnderthe fi- ure of Phara- . hs daughter he’ bred through all generations : therefore p & fhailthe people gree thankes untathe. Rewsth that the fuozd without end, int a ie. fedions to obey Chrift only. _KHe fignifieth diners of them that be riche, fhalbe benefaétuursto the Church, albeit they giue not perfite obedience to the Gofpel. "O-,Zor. 1 There is nothing fained,nor hypocritieall, but fhe is glorious both withe in and without : and howbeit the Churcli hath not at all rimes this outward glory,the fault is to be imputed only to their own ingratitude, _m They fhall haue greater gracesthen their fac thers, n He fignifiet!i the great compaſſe of Chriftes kingdom. which fhalbe {ufficient to enrich allthis members, @ This mut: oncly be seferred to Chritt and not to — | - . a — fl dren be: thou ſhalt make them princes a through afi the earth.. " oaxL, XLVE x Afong of triumph or thanke[gining for she deliverance of lerufalemy after Sena- Some other like ſudden and marwelous de- diuerance by the mighty bande of God, 8 Whereby the Prophet commending this great benefize,doeth exhors the faithful to gine themfelues God , douting nothi: protection they fall be ſafe againft all the a/faules of their enemies,becaufe this is his delite to aſſuage she rage of the wicked, when they are moft bufte againf? the iuſt. a Whichwasei- Gf Cobimthat ercelicth bpon+ Alas eher a mufical in moth a fong committed to the ftrumentor a ſo⸗ , fonnes of oral, lemne tune,ynto I Od is our" hope € trength , & helpe _ the which this in> rroubles,readie to be found. Pfalmewasfung. 2 herfore wil nor wes feare,thangh "Or, protection. the earth be moued , and though the b Inalmanerof mtountaines fall into the middes of troubles God the fea. * fheweth his (pe- 3 Though the waters thereof 4 rage and # dy mercy and be troubled and the mountaines (hake power indefen- at the {urges of the fame, Delab, ding his. 4 Yerthere isa e Kiuer, whole ſtreames € Thatiswewill fhall make glad the citie of God: cuen motbeoucrcome the Sanctuarie of the Cabernatles of wich Feare. the mot igh. d Thoughthe § Godisinthemiddes of it:therefore ſhal afliGionsrage it not be moued: God fhal helpe tt fez neuerfomuch, xv earely. yet the riuers of 6 When the nations raged, and the kings Gods mercies domes were moued, God” thundped, bring fufficient — andtheeartl melted. : ‘comforttohis. 7 The eae of holtes is & with ys: the ¢ Theriuerof Godot Jaakob is ourrefuge.Delaly. Shiloahwhich 8 Come and beholdethe workes ofthe paffed through _ Up7d, » what deidiations he hath made rufalem: mea- in theearth. —— the 9 Yee maketh warres to ceaſe vnto the defen cefeeme ends ofthe world: he breaketh the bow neuer fo {mall, and cutteth the (peare , and buriteth the yetifGodhaue- chariots with fire. appointed ir,itis 10 2Se i Mill and know that J am God:3 fofficient. Will be eralted among the heathen, and f Alwayeswhen Fiuil beeraited inthe earth. neede requireth. 1x Che Lord ——— vs:the God Ebr gaue his of Jaakob is our refilge. Selah. woyce, They are affured chat God can and will defend his Church 2 h Towit,how ofthe hath de- Bom all dangers and cnemies. firoved his enemies and deliuered his people. i Hewarneth them j perfecute the Church to ceafe their crueltie: for els they hall feele $ Godisto ftrong for them, againft whom they fight. PSAL. XLVII. x The Prophet exborteth all people to the worfhip of the true and everliuing God, commending the mercie of God toward the pofteritie of Iaakob: 9 And after prophe- cieth of the kingdome of Chvift inthis time of the Gofpell, § Zo hin that ercelleth, 0 Pſaline com- . mitted to the fountes of Kozah. pr hy "A cheribwith his armie was driuen away, or 5 Py > PR R aa " vraome Co 700, 5 XY people *clap pour handes: fing a Hereisfigu- loud Unto God ibaiopfullbopce, red Chrift ast) For the Lordis high),and terrible: a whomeall his ep King oner alithe carth. fhould give wil- e hath bfubmned the peopicbnber bp, ling obedic¢e, & andthe nations vnder our feete, who would fhew We hath choien < our imberitance fox himfclfe i * 2 4 is: euen the glozie of Jaakob wohom he to che wicked. loned. Deiah. b He hathinade 5 God is gone byp with triumph, euẽ the the Iewes,who wholy imto the hande of © Uoxde, with the 4 found ofthe truntpet, were thekecpers but that under his 6 Sing praties to God, fing prailes: fig of che Law and praites bute our King, frig praples, —_— Prophets, ſchole 0 @ D Dis the King of all the earth: matters to the fing pratles every one that bath ¢ vnder⸗ Gentiles, 7 they ſtanding. fhould w glad- 8 God reigneth oner the heathen: God nes obey them, ¢ God hath che fitteth bpon bis bolp throne. The princes of the people are gathered from among all nations the people of God of Abraham; other nations to the throne of God of Abraham: other nations to the throne of God: he is great to be exalted. Thus inherit the kingdom. He does not hide the trumpets that were blown at the feet of the mighty seas: but he does further signify the triumph of Christ and his glorious ascension into the heavens. He prescribes that understanding be joined with singing, lest the name of God be profaned with vain crying. He prays that God is high, for that he is the great prince of the world (whom he calls the fellow ship) to the fellowship of his Church, — PSAL. XLVII. 8 Anotable deliwerance of lerufalem from the hande of many kings is mencioned, for _ the which thanks are giuen to God, gy the frate of thas citie is praifed,that hath God (oprefently at all times readie to defende them. The Pfalme feemeth to be made i the time of Abax,lofhaphat, Aſa or Exe chiah:for in their times chiefly was the ci- tie by forrerne princes afjaulted, G2 A ſongor Viale committal tothe *. Some put this founes of Korah. difference be- 1 G Heat isthe Lorde, andgreatlp tobe twene a fong, & ~ praifed, inthe> Citie of our God, Pfalme faying euenbponbisholp@Bountaine, — that itiscalled 2 2 Pount Zion, lying Porthward,is faire fong , whé there in fituation: it is the c10p 0! the whole 1sn0 inftrument, earth, and the uticofthe great tting. but ¥ voyce:and 3 Inthe palaces therof God is knowwen the Pfalme,the forad refuge. contrary. The 4 Forlo, the ings weres gathered,and — of Pſalme went together. whenthein- 5 Vale they (aw Fit,they marueiled:thep ftruments begin, were attan ied, & fuddenly driuen backe, and the voyce 6 Feare came there vpon them, and for followeth The row,as byon.a woman intrauaile, Pfalme ofthe 7 As withan aft winde ÿ becakett the fong,the cotraty, chippes ¢ of Tarſhiſh, fo were they de- b Aibeit God ftroyed. fhew his woders Ms we haue b heard, fo haue we ſeene through all the . world,yet he wil be chiefly prayfed inhis Church ¢ Becaufe the word of fal- uationcame thence to al them: } fhould beleeue.d Except God were the defence thercof,neither ficuation nor munition coul reuayle. e Theyconfpiredand went againit Gods people. E The enemies were afrayd at the fightofthe Citie. § That is,of Cilicia,or of the fea called Mediterranei. hTo wit,cfour fathers,fo haue we proued:or,god hath ee promes. m : it of tne ¥ “pe pS Min: LP — la Picea oe A ae —— i Inallplaces uinthe Citie ofthe Lord of hoſtes, inthe wherethyName Citie ofour God: God wil tablilh tt fox fhalbeheardof, ener, Selah. menfhalprayie 9 We waite for thy loning kindnes, O theewhenthey od, inthe middes ofihp Temple, _heare of thy mar 10 D God, acco ding unto thy frame, fo neilous workes. is thp praile vuto the worlds end: thy kK Letlerifilem right handisfullofr.ghteoufnes, _and the cities of rz Let Mnount Zion reiopce, and pᷣ daugh⸗ - Tudea reioyce tersof Iundah be glad, becaufe of thp for thy iuft iudg- . iudgements ments againft 12 E¢ompail about Zion,and go round thine enemies. about it,and tellthe touzes thereof, I Forinthisout- 13 Darke wel the walthereof:behold her ward defence & toluies, that pe map tel pour potteritie, ftrenethGods 14 Foꝛ this Godisour God fox euer eez bleffings didalfo uer:he ſhalbe our guide vnto the death. appeare : but the chiefe is to be referred toGods fauour and fecret defence , who newer leaueth his. ; ; PSAL. XLIX. ¥ The holy Ghoft calleth al mento the con- federation of mans life, 7 Shewing them not to be moft ble(ved , that are moſt weal- thie ,and therefore not to be feared : but contrariewi[e he lifteth up our mindes to confider how all shinges arevuled by Gods prouidence: 14 Who as he indgeththefe worldly mifers to enerlasting torments, 15 So doth he preferne his & will reward shem in the day of the vefurrection, 2. Theff1.6, : ITo him that ercelleth.2 Pſaline come. * mitted to the fomies of Korah. @ Hewilintreat 1 [Fare this, all ye people: qiue eare, row God gouer- all pe that divel in the world,. neth the worlde 2 As welloweas hie, both rich and by his prouidéce' youre, > whichcannor 3 My mouth thall fpeake of tuif}ome, beperceiuedby andthe meditation of mine heatt is of theiudgement knowledge. ofthe fiehh. — 4 Jwill meline mine eareto a parable,& b Though wic- Litter mp graue matter upon the harpe. Kednes reine & 5 Wherefore (hold 3 > frare i the entll enemies rage, fe~ ing god willexe- cute his iudge- mentsagainit the wicked in _ time cõuenient. e Totruft in ri⸗ thesis more 8 (Ho¢piectonsis theredéption of their _madnes,f{ecing — fantes,eand the continuance foz ener) theycanneyther 9 hat he maptine till fox ener, and not about, as at mine heeles? 6 Thep truſt in their· gods.a boat thẽ⸗ ſelues in the miltitude of their riches. 7 Petamancan bp no meanes redeeme his brother : he can not gute his ranz fometo God, reftore life nor feethegqraue, prolongit. 10 For he feeth that wife men fope, & al⸗ d That is, fo. fo that the ignorant and foliſh perith, rareorné.tobe . andleauc their riches fox ¢ others. found,as prophe- 1r Yer thepthinke, their houles, and their cie was precious habitations fhall continue fo eer, euen inthedayesof — from generation to generation , and Bli, 1.Sam.3 1. @ Meaning,itis impoffible to live for ener: alſo thatlife & death areonelyin Godshands. f Inthat that death maketh no diffe tence betweene the perfons. ¢ Tha t is, not to their children, Bucto ſtrangers. Yet the wicked profit not by thefe examples, but {till dreame an immortalitie in eagth.. Dapes when iniquity hall compalence their names What man shall not come in honor, he shall be the least Had peace, in each case This their war were very their foolish, as touch The least they have, yet their potterity Delicate in their death of the lake Selah. Like sheep they lie in grace: death is they speak Deuoureth chem, as the righteous shall and do the Have dominion over them in peace. Things that they shall go from their house to grace. As Meepe are But God shall deliver my soul from gathered into the power of the grace; so he will receive me. Selah. (they be brought. We not thou a spark when one is made to the grace, Rich and where the glory of his house is. Because they increase, have no part of For bethake nothing awap to the life euerlating. He doth, neither shall his pompousness nor Christ's consent after him, ming is as the For so, while he lined, he recovered him morning, when Selah. And men will praise thee, when the eternal. Thall thou makeest much of the self-reign of Christ. 19 "o Ge that enter into the generation of their head over his fathers, Pandthep shall not live for the wicked, or because he — 20 Manis fit honour, and donderstandeth hath recensed more not: he is like to be a states that perth, - 10b.27.1.96: , £186.76 ea 4 ” Ebrche blessed his soul. The flatterers praise them that rule. indelights and pleasures, or, but soul, and not pass; appointed for life. Both they and their fathers shall line here: but a while, and at length die forever. He condemneth. mans ingratitude, who hauing receined excellent gifts of Gods, - abufechthem like a beatt to his owne condemnation. 5 fol! 2 57: Sy Oa 2 ; 1 Becaufe the Church is abyay full of hypo~ crives, 8 Which do imagine that Godwill be worfhipped with outward ceremonies: onely without the heart: & efpecially the lewes were of this opinion, becanfe of their ~ figures and ceremonies of the law thinking ~ that their [acrifices were fufficiét,z1 Ther fore the Prophet doeth reprone this grofve errour,and pronounceth the Name of God. to be blaſphemed where holines is fet ince~ remonies, 23 For he declareth the worfbip of God to be fpirituall , whereof are tira, principall partes, inuocation, & thankef~ a ining. : — F IA ſalme of Aſaph. a Who was ey⸗ I Ge God of qods,even the Umd hath ther the autor,. {poken and calicd rhe > earth from or a chiefe fin- the rifing by of the ſunne vnts the ger,to whom it going dobone thereof, was committed, z Mut of Zion which is the* perfection of b To pleade a⸗ beautte, bath God Hired, ainſt his diffem-— 3 Dur God hal come and (hatnot keepe Bling people be-. filence 4a fire (hall denour before him, fore heauen and and a mightp tempeit fhall be moued earth. Around about him, because God had chosen it to have his Name there called upon, and also his image shined there in the doctrine of the law. As when God gave his Law in mount Sinai, he appeared terrible with thunder and tempest, so will he appear terrible to take account of keeping the Sabbath. Ye shall eat the heathen about, the earth to judge his people, watching! Haints together unto me, in respect thereof that make a covenant with me is eternal, which sacrifice, And the heathens that declare his right, the whole body holy, become the holy, become the God's Judge himself, Saints and his people. We are, then, the people, we will speak; Which should he have, the First, and I will testify unto you that sacrifice for God, even the God. These are sales of spiritual reprove thee for the sacrifice of the covenant, or that have nor been before God and bene unto him before me. His people, and I will rake no bullock out of the holy religion house, nor goate. out of the fold. Herein, 10 ‘For all the beasts of the forest are mine, For I cannot tell you, and the beasts on a thousand men. For sacrifices, tames. except the true 11 I know all sorts on the mountains: which is there, € the wild beasts of the field are mine. which is to con- 12 If I be hungry, I will not tell thee: for firm your faith the world is mine, ¢ all that there is. In my promises. 13k Wil F eat the flesh of bulls, doth Though the blood of goats? diddelite infa- 14 Offer unto God, and! pape the crifice, yet had vowes Lito the most High, he no need of 15 Mndcallbpon mee into the Day of trouble help there-tinto. glotifie me, k Though mans 16 Wutkntoe wicked said God, What lifefortheinfir- hast thou to do to declare mine ordinã mitie thereof ces, that thou shouldest take my cones hath need of nantinthp mouth, foode, ver God, 17 Seeing thou hatest "to be reformed, a whofelife quick- as casting tunides behmde thee? nethall the 18 Foꝛ when thou feet a these, o thou world, hath no ruin with bun, o thou art partaker neede of such with the adulterers, meanes. 19 Chau gine thy mouth to ent, with Shew thy self the tongue thou forgeest deceit. mindful of Gods 20 Thou shalt, and speakest against the benefites by brother, and quaundereth thy mothers shaking. sone. m Why doe 21 hele things haft thou one, eZ hei thou sayest to be — mp toque: therfore th m On thoughteſt that of my people and I was like thee: but I will prove the, take of my co- an and set them in order before thee. When, seeing 22 Oh, confiser this, pethat forget Cod, thou art burnt in pieces, and there be hypocrites. And to the 23 Mieth that offeth praise, hal gloriñe me: according to my eta him thatc disposseth his tap aright, word. And I, behold the salvation of Gon. He theweth what are the fruits of them that contemn God's word. "Henceforth, the crucified of hypocrites, which spare not in their talke or judgment their own mothers alone. I will write all thy wicked deeds in atolle, and make thee to read and acknowledge them whether thou wilt or no. Under the which is contained faith and innocence. As God hath appointed. That is, declare my self to be his Savior." PSAL, LL When David was rebuked by the Prophet Nathan, for his great offences, he did not only acknowledge the same to God with protestation of his natural corruption and iniquity, but also left a memorial thereof to deliver thee, and then shall he corrupt his nature to his posterity. Therefore first he desires God to forgive his sins, And so renounce him his holy Spirit, With promises that he will not be unmindful of those great graces. Finally, fearing lest God would punish the whole Church for his fault, he requires that he would rather increase his graces towards the same. For him that ercelleth, Psalm of David, when the Prophet Nathan came unto him, after he had a To repent gone in to Wath-theba, him because 17 y Aue mercy upon me, O Gad, acz had committed Hecate to the loving kindness of the king and queen: acz % horrible fins, carding to the multitude of the king and queen in the palaces put away mine iniquities, fame without re Walh mee throughip fram mine iniquities, and my yere. {inne is ener before me, F —— ſinnes 4 Againſt thee, againt thee only hane J were manifold ſmñed, and done enillin chp fight, chãt and great, ſo he thou mapert be iutt when thor ¢ fpeac requireth chat Kelt,and pure whenthou indgelt.. Godwould giue 5 Webhold,F was home ininiquitic, ein him thefeeling finne hath mp mother conceiu ~ ofhis excellent Behold, p tloueſt trueth ni the wward and abundant affections: therefore Hatt taught mercics. me wiſdome in the fecretofmine h ¢ MyGinnes tt. . 2 * 7 Purge me with *hriloveand I albe ſticke fofaltin cleane : tuath mee,and J talbewhiter me,thac I haue theit ſnowe. ; neede of fome 8 Make meetoheare s ioy and gladnes, fingularkinde that the bones which thou batt broken, of wathing. imap reiopce, d * cõſciencẽ 9 Hide thp face from mp ſinnes, and put accuſeth me, ſo awayn all mine iniquities. that I can haue 10 i Create in me a cleane heart, D God, norcit, till be andrenue aright Wiritwithinnte, — reconciled. II Galt menot awapfromthp preſence, e Whenthou ” takenstthine bolp Spiritfrom me, giueſt fentence 12 Keſtore to me the iop of thp faluation, againft finners, and ftabith me with chy «free Spirit, they muft needs 13 Then fhall J teach thp! waies unto the confefle thee to ticked, and finners {hall be connerted be iuſt & them~ , vnto thee, __ felues finners. 14. Deliner me from bleod, God, which I have chosen art the God of my salvation, and me that God, who tongue shall sing topful of the righteousness of our souls, may. 15. Depart from the people, Lord, and me justly destroy — mouth shall show forth thy praise, man, who of us. For thou desirest no sacrifice though it is a sinner, would give it to thou delight not in burnt much more than his offering, whom he had instructed in his heavenly wisdom. 16. He meaneth God's come, comfortable mercies towards repentant sinners. By the bones he understandeth all strength of soul and body, which by cares and mourning are consumed. He confesses that when God's Spirit is cold in us, to have it again renewed as a new creation. Which may assure me that I am drawn out of the flatteries of sin. He promises to indevour that others by his example may turn to God. From the murder of Vriah, and the others that were slain with him, by giving me occasion to pray thee, when they shall forgive my sins. 17. By giving me occasion to pray thee, when they shall forgive my sins. 18. The God are contrite. To him that excelleth and a broken heart, O'Plain of Dauid to guide intructio. Which is, 17 @ avounding of the spirit: a contrit ann heart, proceeding God, thou wilt not defile, LP Ve so foolish hath said in his heart, There kind of more. This is the text: offaithwhich 18 Be favourable vaito P 210 for thy good . ish no God : thep haue coxrupted = b Whereasno J ſeketh vnto picalure:biitd the walles of Jeruſale. bone abominable wickednes: there regard is hadof ‘Godformercy. 19 Chen lhaltthonu accept the facrifices is none that doeth goov, : honeftie ordif ™ p Heprayerh of grighteouſnes, euen the burnt offring 2 Godloked done frombeaucn byon honeftie, ofyer. _ for the whole Eoblation: then ſhall they offercalues the childyen of men, to fee tf there were tucnorofvice, _ Church, becaufe _ bponthine altar, ; ap that would vnderſtand, ande feeke there the Pro- through his finne it was in danger of Godsiudgement. q That on, phet pronoiicethy 4s,tult and Jawfull, applied to their tight end, which isthe exer- 3 * Euery one is gone backe: thep are ale thatthe people ciſe of faith and repentance. together coprupt:thereis none that do⸗ hauenoGod. ye PSAL. LIL eth good, 10 not cite, cWhereby he - 1 Dauiddefcribeth the arrogant tyrannie 4 a ie Shoppe pote pac know — all ew 5 . that they eate bp mp people as thepeat knowledge and gs — 5 hy ete te — bꝛead? they call not bpon God. vnderftanding, Ses caufed A Hs toes RR ACLS Re oft ° § There thep were afraid for feare,where chat tendeth not Priefts to be flaine. 5 Dauid prophecieth “ no? feare was: for Bodhath (catered tofeekeGod. his deftrultion, 6 And encourageth the te Sate —— ee rene sae 5 -f — thou batt put them to cõfuſioñ. becauſe a Dauid pro- — ie pue their sin tne in oe Godhath catt themar — —— whofe in SETIENES eV © 7780 fharp again 6 OY give laluation vnto Iſrael out of vegeance againik his adueraries.9 And finally he vendreth — Zion:tehen God turneth the captiuitie cruel gouerners, , 3 thankesto Godfor his delinerance.Inthis vf 4 Peale Si paabon fhalreiopce, who having AL he goad Ices kk, = bi and Iſrael ſhalbe glad, charge to de- ca — fet forth she Rengdome of fend and preferue Gods people ,domoftcruelly — them. e When they thought there was none oceafion to feare, the {| Cohim that ercelleth, APfalmenf Da⸗ fydden vengeance of God fi ghted vpon them. fBe the encmies. uidta gnie niflruction, When Deeg the power neuer fo great,nor the danger fo Fearefull,yet God deli * Edomite cameand ſhewed Saul, and yereth his in due time. i. 25 RAN sents aa is cometo the boule PSAL: LIVI a t,t ae Yurtelecy, 4 pre 3 a O Dosgyhich 1 Yp boattett hou thp lelke in thy 1 Dauid brought into great danger by the haft credit with * wickednes, D2manof power? - reason of the Z:phims, § Calleth upon the First daul, d * F louing kindness of Godindu- Daye oGodio destroy his enemies, Pro- haust power to retk daply. os Pec (5 bp aie imagineth® miichiefe,wis ng lar ifice free offrings for so great Saints of God. like a tharp ratta, p cutteth deceitfullp, delinerance. i : b Thymalice 3 Ahan doeltioucentll nore thengoos, FCohimthat ercelleth on Neginoth. A moueth thee by” & lies, moze then to speak tye” trueth, Pfalme of Dawud, to gine mitruction, craftie flatteries “Selah, ; When the Ziphins came €fapd vnto & hes to accuse 4 Thou loueſt all tuordes that may de⸗ Daul,*Jsnot Dauid hid among vs? — 1.Sam, 23.79. and destroy the trop of deceitful tongue! I cry, "Amen, God, by thy Name, and a He declareth innocence." Ha hall God deliver the for ever: he hath the power indeed, that when all - "Eb. righteoufnes. shalt make thee and pluck thee out of thy mouth. God, heareth me, praper: hearken meanes do false, though God tabernacle, ereotethe out of the land unto the words of my mouth. God wildeliner for beare of the lining. Seiah. For the straits are the waters against me, euenasit were the yeteth of the righteous alfathaliice it, and the people lecke me soul: thep have by my cle then he willrecom- -feare, and shallaugh at him, saying, not yet God before them. Selah, that all unto the man that tooke wot Sod for. Webhold, God is my helper: the Lord than the good, his strength, burden, and trust in the mulish with them that would make me. A. Albeit thou, the multitude of his riches, and put his strength. We shall reward ennui the secret of his strength, and put his strength. Mall belites g greene oliuetree 6 Then Jj til sacrifice ‘freely unto thee: ¢ Sa fed, inthe boule of God: for Attracted in the will Drawn unto thy Name, O Lezde, becaule armie. e For the eyes mercie of God for ener and ever, ‘It is geod, : “wer ofthe reprobate 9 Jwill alwwap praifethee,forthatthon 7 Fo be bath Delinered mec out of all beaftes & could _ ave fhut yp at hak done’ this, andvAwill"hopeinthp trouble,andanine epe hath sfeene my de⸗ not he ſatisſied godsiudgeméts, jhame , berauleit 1S good befoue thy fire vpon mine enemies, ; but by his death k Withicyfull Haines. d Be theyneuer fo fewe,as he was with Tonathan. e Accor- reuerence, fecing that he taketh their part againtt the wicked. ding to thy faithfull promes formy defence. f For hypocrites * " Or,m bus fusfiance. g He reioyceth to haue a place amon gthe ferue God for feare, or ypon conditions. g We may lawfully * feruants of God, that he may grow in the knowledge ofgodlines. reioyce for Gods indgements againft the wicked, if our affeue & Exeouted this vengeance, " Or,wayte upon thy grace & promes. onsbe pure. PSAL LIIL ' PSAL. LV. f : I Hedefcribeth the crooked nature,a The 1 Dauid being in great heauinss & difireffe crueltie, § And puniflament of the wicked, coplaineth of the crueltie of Sausl,13 And when they looke not for it, 6 And defireth of the falfehoode of his familiar acquain- he delinerance of the godly,that they may tance, Visering moft ardent affections 20 4 weioyce together, “5 moone M ‘ samp being afured of delinerance , he ſetteth forth the grace of God as though he had already obtained his requeft. § To him thatercelleth on Neginoth. ; A Pialme of Danid to gine inſtruction. | Care mp praper, D Gav, ¢ hide a The earneftnes I 1 ( e hiv not thy telf froin up lupplicatio. of his prayer de- cclareththeve- 2 Wearken vnto me, and anlwere hemencieofhis ‘te: Jmourne nip prayer, Emakea grief, info much aro asheiscompel- 3 foe the wore of the enemp, & for the ledtoburftoutr eration ofthe wicked, becauſe? thep into cries. haue aought iniquitie vꝝᷣon ie, and bFor jthreate- furrioufly hate me. : “ningsofSauland 4 Mine heart trembleth within me, and his adherents. the terrois of Death are fallen vpõ me. cTheyhave de- § Sere and trembling are come vpon fame a me,and an horrible feare hath 4 coue⸗ wicked perfon: _ red nie, ‘ ; ortheyhauei- 6 And F fapd, Db pF had winges like a maginedmyde- · ¶ doue:then would Jeflie alwap and reſt. ſtruction. 7 Beboild, J would take mp flight karre d There was no of, and lodge in the wildernes. Selah. F ofhim that 8 Hewould make hattfoz mp deliverace wasnot aftonied froin the ſtormie winde and tempeſt. withextrene 9 Deltrop, D Lorde, ands deuide their _feare. tongues : fox Jhaue ſeene crneltie and eFearehaddri- ſtrife nthe citie, -uenhimtof 10 Dapandnight they go about it vpon eat diſtreſſe, the walles thereof: both diniquitie and eo he wifhed miſchiefe are in the middes of it. |
374502_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Romulea saldanhensis is 'n meerjarige blomplant en geofiet wat tot die genus Romulea behoort en is deel van die strandveld. Die plant is endemies aan die Wes-Kaap en kom voor van St. Helenabaai tot by Darling. Die spesie het 'n voorkomsgebied van 793 km2 en het van sy habitat afgestaan aan kus ontwikkeling en gewasverbouing. Tans is indringerplante 'n bedreiging.
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Plants of the World Online
Romulea
Flora van Suid-Afrika
Endemiese plante van Suid-Afrika.
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US-201113287009-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Interaction of pdsch resource mapping, csi-rs, and muting
ABSTRACT
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques that may help resolve ambiguities between a base station and a user equipment (UE) regarding the use or resource elements (REs) reserved for special purposes, such as PDSCH muting and/or CSI-RS.
CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119
The present application for patent claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/409,486, entitled, “INTERACTION OF PDSCH RESOURCE MAPPING AND CSI-RS IN LTE-A” filed Nov. 2, 2010, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/411,421, entitled, “INTERACTION OF PDSCH RESOURCE MAPPING AND CSI-RS IN LTE-A” filed Nov. 8, 2010, both assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.
BACKGROUND
1. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to a technique for blindly decoding interfering cell Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) to acquire interfering cell Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) transmission information.
2. Background
Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit power). Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency divisional multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example of an emerging telecommunication standard is Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE is a set of enhancements to the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile standard promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). It is designed to better support mobile broadband Internet access by improving spectral efficiency, lower costs, improve services, make use of new spectrum, and better integrate with other open standards using OFDMA on the downlink (DL), SC-FDMA on the uplink (UL), and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology. However, as the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, there exists a need for further improvements in LTE technology. Preferably, these improvements should be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.
SUMMARY
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a method for wireless communication. The method generally includes determining, by a base station, a period of ambiguity wherein the base station lacks certainty regarding the capability of a user equipment (UE) to support a configuration of resources reserved for a special purpose and excluding the resources reserved for a special purpose when performing rate matching when transmitting a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) to the UE in the resource block during the period of ambiguity.
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a method for wireless communication. The method generally includes determining, by a user equipment (UE), a period of ambiguity wherein the base station lacks certainty regarding a capability of the UE to support a configuration of resources reserved for a special purpose in a subframe and processing the subframe with an assumption that the base station has excluded the resources reserved for a special purpose when performing rate matching when transmitting a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) to the UE in the subframe during the period of ambiguity.
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes means for determining, by a base station, a period of ambiguity wherein the base station lacks certainty regarding a capability of a user equipment (UE) to support a configuration of resources reserved for a special purpose in a subframe and means for excluding the resources reserved for a special purpose when performing rate matching when transmitting a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) to the UE in the subframe during the period of ambiguity.
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes means for determining, by a user equipment (UE), a period of ambiguity wherein the base station lacks certainty regarding a capability of the UE to support a configuration of resources reserved for a special purpose in a subframe and means for processing the subframe with an assumption that the base station has excluded the resources reserved for a special purpose when performing rate matching when transmitting a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) to the UE in the subframe during the period of ambiguity.
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes at least one processor configured to determine, by a base station, a period of ambiguity wherein the base station lacks certainty regarding a capability of a user equipment (UE) to support a configuration of resources reserved for a special purpose in a subframe and exclude the resources reserved for a special purpose when performing rate matching when transmitting a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) to the UE in the subframe during the period of ambiguity; and a memory coupled with the at least one processor.
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes at least one processor configured to determining, by a user equipment (UE), a period of ambiguity wherein the base station lacks certainty regarding a capability of the UE to support a configuration of resources reserved for a special purpose in a subframe and process the subframe with an assumption that the base station has excluded the resources reserved for a special purpose when performing rate matching when transmitting a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) to the UE in the subframe during the period of ambiguity; and a memory coupled with the at least one processor.
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a computer program product comprising a computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon. The instructions are generally executable by one or more processors for determining, by a base station, a period of ambiguity wherein the base station lacks certainty regarding a capability of a user equipment (UE) to support a configuration of resources reserved for a special purpose in a subframe and excluding the resources reserved for a special purpose when performing rate matching when transmitting a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) to the UE in the subframe during the period of ambiguity.
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a computer program product comprising a computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon. The instructions are generally executable by one or more processors for determining, by a user equipment (UE), a period of ambiguity wherein the base station lacks certainty regarding a capability of the UE to support a configuration of resources reserved for a special purpose in a subframe and processing the subframe with an assumption that the base station has excluded the resources reserved for a special purpose when performing rate matching when transmitting a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) to the UE in the subframe during the period of ambiguity
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a network architecture.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of an access network.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a DL frame structure in LTE.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of an UL frame structure in LTE.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a radio protocol architecture for the user and control plane.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of an evolved Node B and user equipment in an access network.
FIG. 7 illustrates an example of resource mapping, in accordance with certain aspects of the disclosure.
FIG. 8 illustrates an example resource map with CSI-RS and muting, in accordance with certain aspects of the disclosure.
FIG. 9 illustrates example operations, in accordance with certain aspects of the disclosure.
FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of data flow, in accordance with certain aspects of the disclosure.
FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus employing a processing system in accordance with certain aspects of the disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements”). These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented with a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
Accordingly, in one or more exemplary embodiments, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an LTE network architecture 100. The LTE network architecture 100 may be referred to as an Evolved Packet System (EPS) 100. The EPS 100 may include one or more user equipment (UE) 102, an Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) 104, an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 110, a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 120, and an Operator's IP Services 122. The EPS can interconnect with other access networks, but for simplicity those entities/interfaces are not shown. As shown, the EPS provides packet-switched services, however, as those skilled in the art will readily appreciate, the various concepts presented throughout this disclosure may be extended to networks providing circuit-switched services.
The E-UTRAN includes the evolved Node B (eNB) 106 and other eNBs 108. The eNB 106 provides user and control plane protocol terminations toward the UE 102. The eNB 106 may be connected to the other eNBs 108 via an X2 interface (e.g., backhaul). The eNB 106 may also be referred to as a base station, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), or some other suitable terminology. The eNB 106 provides an access point to the EPC 110 for a UE 102. Examples of UEs 102 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player), a camera, a game console, or any other similar functioning device. The UE 102 may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.
The eNB 106 is connected by an S1 interface to the EPC 110. The EPC 110 includes a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 112, other MMEs 114, a Serving Gateway 116, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 118. The MME 112 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UE 102 and the EPC 110. Generally, the MME 112 provides bearer and connection management. All user IP packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway 116, which itself is connected to the PDN Gateway 118. The PDN Gateway 118 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The PDN Gateway 118 is connected to the Operator's IP Services 122. The Operator's IP Services 122 may include the Internet, the Intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), and a PS Streaming Service (PSS).
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of an access network 200 in an LTE network architecture. In this example, the access network 200 is divided into a number of cellular regions (cells) 202. One or more lower power class eNBs 208 may have cellular regions 210 that overlap with one or more of the cells 202. A lower power class eNB 208 may be referred to as a remote radio head (RRH). The lower power class eNB 208 may be a femto cell (e.g., home eNB (HeNB)), pico cell, or micro cell. The macro eNBs 204 are each assigned to a respective cell 202 and are configured to provide an access point to the EPC 110 for all the UEs 206 in the cells 202. There is no centralized controller in this example of an access network 200, but a centralized controller may be used in alternative configurations. The eNBs 204 are responsible for all radio related functions including radio bearer control, admission control, mobility control, scheduling, security, and connectivity to the serving gateway 116.
The modulation and multiple access scheme employed by the access network 200 may vary depending on the particular telecommunications standard being deployed. In LTE applications, OFDM is used on the DL and SC-FDMA is used on the UL to support both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD). As those skilled in the art will readily appreciate from the detailed description to follow, the various concepts presented herein are well suited for LTE applications. However, these concepts may be readily extended to other telecommunication standards employing other modulation and multiple access techniques. By way of example, these concepts may be extended to Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO) or Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB). EV-DO and UMB are air interface standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part of the CDMA2000 family of standards and employs CDMA to provide broadband Internet access to mobile stations. These concepts may also be extended to Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) employing Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and other variants of CDMA, such as TD-SCDMA; Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) employing TDMA; and Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, and Flash-OFDM employing OFDMA. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE and GSM are described in documents from the 3GPP organization. CDMA2000 and UMB are described in documents from the 3GPP2 organization. The actual wireless communication standard and the multiple access technology employed will depend on the specific application and the overall design constraints imposed on the system.
The eNBs 204 may have multiple antennas supporting MIMO technology. The use of MIMO technology enables the eNBs 204 to exploit the spatial domain to support spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and transmit diversity. Spatial multiplexing may be used to transmit different streams of data simultaneously on the same frequency. The data steams may be transmitted to a single UE 206 to increase the data rate or to multiple UEs 206 to increase the overall system capacity. This is achieved by spatially precoding each data stream (i.e., applying a scaling of an amplitude and a phase) and then transmitting each spatially precoded stream through multiple transmit antennas on the DL. The spatially precoded data streams arrive at the UE(s) 206 with different spatial signatures, which enables each of the UE(s) 206 to recover the one or more data streams destined for that UE 206. On the UL, each UE 206 transmits a spatially precoded data stream, which enables the eNB 204 to identify the source of each spatially precoded data stream.
Spatial multiplexing is generally used when channel conditions are good. When channel conditions are less favorable, beamforming may be used to focus the transmission energy in one or more directions. This may be achieved by spatially precoding the data for transmission through multiple antennas. To achieve good coverage at the edges of the cell, a single stream beamforming transmission may be used in combination with transmit diversity.
In the detailed description that follows, various aspects of an access network will be described with reference to a MIMO system supporting OFDM on the DL. OFDM is a spread-spectrum technique that modulates data over a number of subcarriers within an OFDM symbol. The subcarriers are spaced apart at precise frequencies. The spacing provides “orthogonality” that enables a receiver to recover the data from the subcarriers. In the time domain, a guard interval (e.g., cyclic prefix) may be added to each OFDM symbol to combat inter-OFDM-symbol interference. The UL may use SC-FDMA in the form of a DFT-spread OFDM signal to compensate for high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).
FIG. 3 is a diagram 300 illustrating an example of a DL frame structure in LTE. A frame (10 ms) may be divided into 10 equally sized sub-frames. Each sub-frame may include two consecutive time slots. A resource grid may be used to represent two time slots, each time slot including a resource block. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements. In LTE, a resource block contains 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and, for a normal cyclic prefix in each OFDM symbol, 7 consecutive OFDM symbols in the time domain, or 84 resource elements. For an extended cyclic prefix, a resource block contains 6 consecutive OFDM symbols in the time domain and has 72 resource elements. Some of the resource elements, as indicated as R 302, 304, include DL reference signals (DL-RS). The DL-RS include Cell-specific RS (CRS) (also sometimes called common RS) 302 and UE-specific RS (UE-RS) 304. UE-RS 304 are transmitted only on the resource blocks upon which the corresponding physical DL shared channel (PDSCH) is mapped. The number of bits carried by each resource element depends on the modulation scheme. Thus, the more resource blocks that a UE receives and the higher the modulation scheme, the higher the data rate for the UE.
FIG. 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of an UL frame structure in LTE. The available resource blocks for the UL may be partitioned into a data section and a control section. The control section may be formed at the two edges of the system bandwidth and may have a configurable size. The resource blocks in the control section may be assigned to UEs for transmission of control information. The data section may include all resource blocks not included in the control section. The UL frame structure results in the data section including contiguous subcarriers, which may allow a single UE to be assigned all of the contiguous subcarriers in the data section.
A UE may be assigned resource blocks 410 a, 410 b in the control section to transmit control information to an eNB. The UE may also be assigned resource blocks 420 a, 420 b in the data section to transmit data to the eNB. The UE may transmit control information in a physical UL control channel (PUCCH) on the assigned resource blocks in the control section. The UE may transmit only data or both data and control information in a physical UL shared channel (PUSCH) on the assigned resource blocks in the data section. A UL transmission may span both slots of a subframe and may hop across frequency.
A set of resource blocks may be used to perform initial system access and achieve UL synchronization in a physical random access channel (PRACH) 430. The PRACH 430 carries a random sequence and cannot carry any UL data/signaling. Each random access preamble occupies a bandwidth corresponding to six consecutive resource blocks. The starting frequency is specified by the network. That is, the transmission of the random access preamble is restricted to certain time and frequency resources. There is no frequency hopping for the PRACH. The PRACH attempt is carried in a single subframe (1 ms) or in a sequence of few contiguous subframes and a UE can make only a single PRACH attempt per frame (10 ms).
FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating an example of a radio protocol architecture for the user and control planes in LTE. The radio protocol architecture for the UE and the eNB is shown with three layers: Layer 1, Layer 2, and Layer 3. Layer 1 (L1 layer) is the lowest layer and implements various physical layer signal processing functions. The L1 layer will be referred to herein as the physical layer 506. Layer 2 (L2 layer) 508 is above the physical layer 506 and is responsible for the link between the UE and eNB over the physical layer 506.
In the user plane, the L2 layer 508 includes a media access control (MAC) sublayer 510, a radio link control (RLC) sublayer 512, and a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) 514 sublayer, which are terminated at the eNB on the network side. Although not shown, the UE may have several upper layers above the L2 layer 508 including a network layer (e.g., IP layer) that is terminated at the PDN gateway 118 on the network side, and an application layer that is terminated at the other end of the connection (e.g., far end UE, server, etc.).
The PDCP sublayer 514 provides multiplexing between different radio bearers and logical channels. The PDCP sublayer 514 also provides header compression for upper layer data packets to reduce radio transmission overhead, security by ciphering the data packets, and handover support for UEs between eNBs. The RLC sublayer 512 provides segmentation and reassembly of upper layer data packets, retransmission of lost data packets, and reordering of data packets to compensate for out-of-order reception due to hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ). The MAC sublayer 510 provides multiplexing between logical and transport channels. The MAC sublayer 510 is also responsible for allocating the various radio resources (e.g., resource blocks) in one cell among the UEs. The MAC sublayer 510 is also responsible for HARQ operations.
In the control plane, the radio protocol architecture for the UE and eNB is substantially the same for the physical layer 506 and the L2 layer 508 with the exception that there is no header compression function for the control plane. The control plane also includes a radio resource control (RRC) sublayer 516 in Layer 3 (L3 layer). The RRC sublayer 516 is responsible for obtaining radio resources (i.e., radio bearers) and for configuring the lower layers using RRC signaling between the eNB and the UE.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an eNB 610 in communication with a UE 650 in an access network. In the DL, upper layer packets from the core network are provided to a controller/processor 675. The controller/processor 675 implements the functionality of the L2 layer. In the DL, the controller/processor 675 provides header compression, ciphering, packet segmentation and reordering, multiplexing between logical and transport channels, and radio resource allocations to the UE 650 based on various priority metrics. The controller/processor 675 is also responsible for HARQ operations, retransmission of lost packets, and signaling to the UE 650.
The TX processor 616 implements various signal processing functions for the L1 layer (i.e., physical layer). The signal processing functions includes coding and interleaving to facilitate forward error correction (FEC) at the UE 650 and mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols are then split into parallel streams. Each stream is then mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and/or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 674 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and/or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 650. Each spatial stream is then provided to a different antenna 620 via a separate transmitter 618TX. Each transmitter 618TX modulates an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
At the UE 650, each receiver 654RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 652. Each receiver 654RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receiver (RX) processor 656. The RX processor 656 implements various signal processing functions of the L1 layer. The RX processor 656 performs spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 650. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 650, they may be combined by the RX processor 656 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 656 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, is recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the eNB 610. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 658. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the eNB 610 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller/processor 659.
The controller/processor 659 implements the L2 layer. The controller/processor can be associated with a memory 660 that stores program codes and data. The memory 660 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the control/processor 659 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover upper layer packets from the core network. The upper layer packets are then provided to a data sink 662, which represents all the protocol layers above the L2 layer. Various control signals may also be provided to the data sink 662 for L3 processing. The controller/processor 659 is also responsible for error detection using an acknowledgement (ACK) and/or negative acknowledgement (NACK) protocol to support HARQ operations.
In the UL, a data source 667 is used to provide upper layer packets to the controller/processor 659. The data source 667 represents all protocol layers above the L2 layer. Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the eNB 610, the controller/processor 659 implements the L2 layer for the user plane and the control plane by providing header compression, ciphering, packet segmentation and reordering, and multiplexing between logical and transport channels based on radio resource allocations by the eNB 610. The controller/processor 659 is also responsible for HARQ operations, retransmission of lost packets, and signaling to the eNB 610.
Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 658 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the eNB 610 may be used by the TX processor 668 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 668 are provided to different antenna 652 via separate transmitters 654TX. Each transmitter 654TX modulates an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
The UL transmission is processed at the eNB 610 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 650. Each receiver 618RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 620. Each receiver 618RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 670. The RX processor 670 may implement the L1 layer.
The controller/processor 675 implements the L2 layer. The controller/processor 675 can be associated with a memory 676 that stores program codes and data. The memory 676 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the control/processor 675 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover upper layer packets from the UE 650. Upper layer packets from the controller/processor 675 may be provided to the core network. The controller/processor 675 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and/or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques that may help resolving ambiguity between a base station and a user equipment (UE), regarding the UEs capability to process resources reserved for special purposes. An example of this ambiguity is when a base station is not certain whether or not a UE is capable of properly processing a subframe with REs used for CSI-RS or REs in which PDSCH muting is performed.
In LTE Rel-8/9/10, data transmissions via PDSCH may be either dynamically scheduled or semi-persistently scheduled. PDCCH may be used to dynamically schedule PDSCH or to activate/deactivate semi-persistent PDSCH transmissions. Each UE 120 may be semi-statically configured to operate in a downlink (DL) transmission (TX) mode. Under each DL TX mode, a UE 120 may need to monitor two distinct downlink control information (DCI) sizes coming from two or more DCI formats, depending on whether the DCI is located in the common search space or the UE-specific search space.
For example, in the common search space, DCI formats 1A/0/3/3A (which have the same size) and 1C may be received. Furthermore, in the common search space, up to 6 PDCCH decoding candidates may need to be processed (4 with aggregation level 4 and 2 with aggregation level 8). In general, aggregation level N has N control channel elements (CCEs), each CCE has 36 resource elements (REs), and each RE is a one frequency-time unit.
In the UE-specific search space, DCI formats 1A/0 (which have the same size) and another DL TX mode-dependent format (e.g., 1, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2C, etc.) may be received. In the UE-specific search space, up to 16 PDCCH decoding candidates may need to be processed (6 with aggregation level 1, 6 with aggregation level 2, 2 with aggregation level 4, and 2 with aggregation level 8).
Broadcast transmissions (e.g., system information, paging, RACH response, group power control, etc.) may always utilize PDCCHs in the common search space. UE-specific transmissions may utilize PDCCHs in the UE-specific search space and the common search space (e.g., if DCI format 1A/0 is used).
One purpose of having DCI format 1A in all the DL transmission modes is for what is referred to as “fallback operation.” As used herein, the term fallback operation generally refers to the need for the eNB to have a way to communicate with UE regardless of the operational state of the wireless network. For instance, various periods of ambiguity may occur in the wireless network, where an eNB and UE are not in synch, regarding the capability and/or configuration of the UE.
As an example, during RRC (layer 3) re-configuration of a UE from one DL transmission mode to another mode, there may exist a period during which the eNB may not be sure about whether a given UE is still with the old mode or has switched to the new mode. If there is a need for the eNB to transmit DL data to the UE during this period of operational ambiguity, DCI format 1A and its associated DL transmission schemes, e.g., transmit diversity, can be used. As a result, the communication between the eNB and the UE can be performed without any interruption.
Another example of operational ambiguity may occur when an antenna port to RE's allocated to reference signal transmission may change. When the mapping is changed, during certain period, the numbers of muted REs, as understood by the eNB and a UE, may be different. In some designs, the operational ambiguity may exist for around 5 to 10 subframes (milliseconds).
The mode-dependent DCI format (1, 1B, 1D, 2, 2A, 2B, 2C, etc) is often associated with a particular PDSCH transmission scheme (e.g., CRS based open loop spatial multiplexing, CRS based closed loop spatial multiplexing, DM-RS based spatial multiplexing, rank 1 beamforming, etc.).
Example PDSCH Resource Mapping
In Rel-8/9/10, PDSCH resource mapping is conventionally performed in frequency first, followed by time, as illustrated in the example resource map 700 of FIG. 7. The resource map 700 illustrates a sequence of assigning PDSCH resources. In the depicted resource map 700, region 702 represents resource elements allocated to control messages and region 704 represents resource elements allocated to data transmission. PDSCH is first assigned resources in the same time slot, from a lowest frequency to a highest frequency (line 706), followed by a next time slot (line 708) in which resources are once again assigned starting from the lowest available frequency to the highest available frequency.
In LTE-A, the number of supported antenna configured is increased, relative to previous LTE releases, from up to 4×4 to 8×8, which presents challenges regarding RS overhead with 8Tx antennas. The adopted solution is to decouple RS for channel feedback and RS for demodulation, namely, CSI-RS (Channel State Information Reference Signal) for channel feedback and DM-RS for demodulation.
CSI-RS, similar to CRS, is also a reference signal shared by the UEs in the same cell. CSI-RS is not precoded, is sparse in frequency and time, and is unrelated to CRS antenna ports. CSI-RS has the following characteristics: CSI-RS density is 1 RE per port per PRB, the values for the number of CSI-RS ports are 1, 2, 4 and 8, the number of CSI-RS ports is signaled by 2 bits, the CSI-RS configuration is cell-specific and signaled via higher-layer by 5 bits, and CSI-RS are not present in the cell if they are not configured.
A Rel-10 UE may assume PDSCH rate matching around the CSI-RS REs (e.g., after UE capability, i.e. its release, is known by the eNB) for all unicast PDSCH transmissions in any transmission mode.
In order to be future compatible, particularly for CoMP (cooperative multipoint transmissions) operation, PDSCH muting was agreed to be supported in LTE Rel-10. PDSCH muting configuration may be UE-specific and signaled via higher-layer, and is performed over a bandwidth that follows the same rule as the CSI-RS. The intra-subframe location of muted resource elements is indicated by a 16-bit bitmap, where each bit corresponds to a 4-port CSI-RS configuration, all REs used in a 4-port CSI-RS configuration set to 1 are muted (zero power assumed at UE), except for the CSI-RS REs if they belong to this CSI-RS configuration, and this signaling is common for FDD and TDD CSI-RS configurations.
When muting of PDSCH REs is configured, a Rel-10 UE may assume PDSCH rate matching around the muted REs (after UE capability, i.e. its release, is known by the eNB 110) for all unicast PDSCH transmissions in any transmission mode. However, a “legacy” UE (e.g., Rel-9 or earlier) may not support muting and/or CSI-RS. Thus, a period of ambiguity may exist when the base station lacks information regarding a release version of a standard the UE supports.
A single value of subframe offset and duty cycle may be signaled for all the muted resource elements, using the same encoding as for the subframe offset and duty cycle of the CSI-RS. In some designs, muted REs may not be located in subframes without CSI-RS. In other designs, muted REs can be located in subframes without CSI-RS, and in this case the CSI-RS duty cycle is an integer multiple of the muted REs duty cycle.
Example Interaction Of PDSCH Resource Mapping, CSI-RS, and Muting
FIG. 8 illustrates an example resource map 800 illustrating a possible rate matching scenario within a RB when PDSCH muting is configured. A UE may be signaled of a configuration that identifies resource elements (REs) reserved for special purposes, such as reference signals used to take measurements for channel feedback (e.g., CSI-RS) and/or PDSCH muting.
In the example illustrated in FIG. 8, the given cell has 8 REs reserved for special purposes. In particular, the map 800 has 4 CSI-RS ports occupying 4 REs (labeled “C”) which are not available for PDSCH and 4 additional REs (marked “M”) that may also not be available for PDSCH. These 4 additionally muted REs may provide protection of CSI-RS REs of neighboring cells and, consequently, may facilitate DL CoMP operation.
When performing PDSCH RE mapping, it may be desirable that these 8 REs used for CSI-RS and muting not be mapped (i.e., rate matching may be performed around these 8 REs). However, for legacy UEs (meaning UEs not capable of processing CSI-RS or muting) or for UEs not aware of such muting operation, these 4 muting REs should be part of the PDSCH RE mapping operation.
This, however, presents a potential period of ambiguity, for example, when a UE is exchanging messages with an eNB while attempting to access the network. In some designs, a unicast PDSCH transmission sent before a UE conveys its release information to the eNB, may not exclude the REs signaled by the eNB for PDSCH muting operation. For example, message 4 (Msg4) is an example message, more commonly referred as contention resolution message from eNB to UE.
When a UE attempts to access a LTE eNB using physical random access channel (PRACH), there are typically 4 messages exchanged between the eNB and the UE. Message 4 is the last message during the access procedure, which is sent from eNB to the UE. Since the eNB 110 is not expected to know the release of the UE 120 (e.g., Rel-8 or Rel-10) at message 4, in some designs, no PDSCH muting operation may be performed for message 4 even if the eNB broadcasts the support of PDSCH muting operation. Otherwise, message 4 may not be correctly received by the UE.
Therefore, according to certain aspects of the present disclosure, for message 4, PDSCH muting operation may not be performed for message 4. That is, PDSCH rate matching for message 4 may not exclude the REs signaled by the eNB for PDSCH muting operation. Note that eNB may choose to mute or not to mute these REs signaled for PDSCH muting operation, but PDSCH rate matching for message 4 may always include these REs.
This period of ambiguity may not exist for a UE in connected mode. For example, for UE in a connected mode, there is downlink data arrival, which triggers RACH procedure at UE. In such case, UE includes its MAC-ID in message 3 (Msg3). In this case, eNB uses MAC-ID information to identify release information of UE such that eNB can determine whether to perform rate-matching around those muting tones or not when sending PDSCH to this UE.
Note that when UE tries to decode unicast PDSCH, it typically relies on its release information (rel-10 UE vs. rel-8/9 UE) and the eNB release information to determine whether to assume PDSCH has rate-matching around muting tones or not. The eNB release information is indicated by whether muting is supported or not in System information sent by eNB.
During handover, a target eNB may convey such information to a source eNB and the source eNB, in turn, may convey such information to UE in a handover message.
A period of ambiguity may also occur when there is any re-configuration of CSI-RS ports and/or re-configuration of the PDSCH muting operation. In this case, there may exist certain ambiguity duration during which the eNB and the UEs in the cell may not be aligned, regarding the actual CSI-RS ports and/or PDSCH muting operation in use.
During this period of ambiguity, it is possible that the UE may perform blind detection according to different hypotheses. For example, it may be assumed that PDSCH rate matching is performed based on a prior configuration (before re-configuration). As an alternative, PDSCH rate matching may be based on the new configuration. In some cases, however, such blind detection may be less than optimal, due to the associated processing overhead.
In some cases, an eNB may choose to transmit to the UEs during the ambiguity period only in subframes without CSI-RS and PDSCH muting. However, such limitation may be severe, especially in heterogeneous networks, where some UEs may only monitor a limited set of subframes. In addition, since CSI-RS/muting configurations may be broadcast, a large number of UEs may be impacted simultaneously.
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1073183_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | OPINION OF THE COURT
Per Curiam.
Petitioner was admitted to practice by this court in 1951 and engaged in the practice of law until 1973. By order entered September 26, 1973, he was permitted to resign from practice. By petition dated October 18, 1991, petitioner seeks reinstatement to his profession as an attorney and counselor-at-law.
The resignation, submitted prior to the promulgation of 22 NYCRR 1022.25, did not set forth the nature of the misconduct or contain an admission of the allegations thereof. Accordingly, we referred the matter to the Character and Fitness Committee to elucidate the circumstances underlying the resignation. The Committee has recommended reinstatement and the petitioner moves to confirm that determination.
Because of the nature of the misconduct leading to petitioner's resignation, as established by the petition and the evidence before the Committee, we are unable to find that the petitioner possesses the requisite character and fitness to practice law. Therefore, the motion should be denied, the recommendation of the Character and Fitness Committee disaffirmed, and the application for reinstatement denied.
Denman, P. J., Callahan, Boomer, Green and Pine, JJ., concur.
Application for reinstatement as an attorney and counselor-at-law denied..
|
bim_early-english-books-1641-1700_the-commission-for-disco_1656_1 | English-PD | Public Domain | 2 c Fl. 4 - 4 _ 4 2 OY _ "$i 7 Gs = -'s » - :. 'T " Py | COMMIS SION FOR DISCOVERIES: EPA | d,. & * . * S. o ry , wb - F'X + L F b L = 6 fs #4 {#1 WARD COLEGRIEDARY \ (ET | | THE LIBRARY a \ Dyn FF, Lk AY F 3UAE 1, 1316 |. | Py Y ©. = 389 3% 13.3 HE 1 © , 4 % \, * _ PA *. - f dx an oy ' — ® _ - - T " ot. %% P.4 308 k 4 - — —. >, wn » % - 0% < w py Ti; *% wy > %. 4. 1 T % Fx * alt = ” '1 "2 F | TS 3 2s > >» _, ,_ et y i py : -. F ” - " 8. , _ ” - % - £ > 1. % ;,, F. X . - : \ +4 ® # $ bl. , i} « LIFER.Lord Proceftor of the an ea'th of Bnglend, Scotland, and Ir —_— ro ninions thereto belonging, To To Our Truſty and | Welbeloved Ralph Hell Peter Elliſton of Grays ' Jun, in our County of Middleſex, Jobs Grif- Pry Evan: Tay foks wy, William aridght , ad Na- ym els rr nh aro EE Whereas, We have is, and other th Lands; Tinements, Renes, Arrcars of |R Goody, Chaitcls, «yr Plate, and tO 2 very ated Sevice, are able, rcady, and willing, Manors, Lands, Ten R diſcover divers and fend Arrcirs of Rems; Deke. Dation Goods, and Eno x courſe thenby Eorc hey lle ugele Fa | were found ont and direced;for ang wah prod ade Dionne, they are 91 = c6mpetear Reward and Recompence , i x eve pains, pd, wad chirger hari, + And We being willing, chat fuch Perſons. y. receive all ————_— — — in a work and ſervice, {0 ad- _ vantagiousto the .and that they or ore, | whom-Ac'n Oaeetes ho Co ſuch yerſons as pee )may not be troubled with | mqtiaynic Sor by upon-Lills or a Pup $0 be faid Coun Raxchequer, Or d11cov © kuchil{ators, Lands, Tencinents,Rems,a0d ocher the premif cs OR en LOR OY Og or de bei eo PRIY: pope ſivaers' 05 Our T ny ratgerl K caſÞ rd vera na PNratevort of Mut (aid Cow t - IIa Dur Waodyy and 56 thas F: dicRol|,aitheP n _ o_ ” preſent (ora res wr = _ CC Noe difge terre er YPlcaſaie is, Thit there ble Regithe TIE» HOur fÞ Commitionzre It ahiv: Dur Snevieg 1 And : (ving0Ottuetbblovod Far 4 Gean-+ bavenominated, "t6/b& # flopt#fon oy thar bythe(oprefitys. mow >; and &d4 and \Eorftritct ond vppolmMim che ſaid Pe'd:wyagdo far " Hier co ſaid Commiſsioners tor-chis-Servi of nd ewife dp-ch:(e prefreits, cOmſiae, and ap- Out WAbiclovede Kiara 7. Ange 10 be, This the said "Ferdmann de Parkbarff is the sign of the building whorfully have a recently chosen church. Of Our... at ork Jovines from 14 © kh nj 1 e. Gut: by þ hf Bonn Pa brf and of "the / alt-n6t take any other *xl0 NS »i6 ws afaveſan Oo 0 | al. +Q ny | As informing oghaar:p-rign ore y $6 Yes dich" Ss,23":3TD; nelF'at CE ee ene nan a en ll a ae NN CS _ tuch final Beevfor writi or 8ny four or more of, ou, And We Wil, / and& Leno , Tk mect Monday, ue Ei ty pointed for'thar Executian of th in, and ro fit from. d week, for Ung (pace micloyer paths Our Fefne Ogennilio, of gel pe ry oe ſure tot And to the rh Sb Reeompence maybe given untoall ſuch perſoaggas have or ſhall heteafter:make any Diſcoyery of. Loy nrnrts Linds Tenemanc cos, any, Place, ceaied, —— Grd. Wedo GnFqechn le- clare Our further Will and Pleature and do hu wich the Advice and Conſent of Our Council, Grane, all and every perſon and -who before the oners of, andfor:Our T , have already cope upon any Information- or Irmations to be exhi fort you » Our ſaid Ce one herein before ad four or more of you, ſhall diſcover, or upoa agy aoy. Bill ar afor- mation, exhibiced or'to be exbibiged/i9 Our aid.Courrof Exchequer, bath or hare diſcovered, or ſhall bercafter diſcover any fuch Manors, Lands, Tenements; Mon, B om jour $, qe pho: premillerſo 2.157 \r gary En Fo nd Noe nl Jag aw gra tors, and Aſſigns, perſpas- Ro gs ont dio onde Free) you rieyes, have and to edeir own uſe ard behoof, on pr, rl mach n_ ſaid Commiſſioners of Qur Treaſury, for the time. | | ay rg _ on thereof; | 13" 0 vin ub Galle ales = the ſame to be, Thatif any perſons, bu ing Fompeundes,. 4 * I». |
github_open_source_100_8_20212 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* MIT License
*
* Copyright (c) 2018, Stephen Xia, Columbia Intelligent and Connected Systems Lab (ICSL), Columbia University
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
* copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
* SOFTWARE.
*/
package bashima.cs.unc.seus.activity;
import android.Manifest;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.os.Build;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;
import seus.bashima.cs.unc.seus.R;
import static bashima.cs.unc.seus.constant.Constant.REQUEST_SELECT_DEVICE;
public class Permission extends AppCompatActivity {
public Activity activity;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_permission);
final Context context = this;
activity = this;
if(Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M &&
checkSelfPermission(Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED)
{
requestPermissions(new String[]{Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE}, 0);
}
else {
Intent i = new Intent(Permission.this, LoadingScreenActivity.class);
this.startActivity(i);
finish();
}
final TextView text = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.textView5);
text.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE);
Button btnContinue = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bt_continue);
btnContinue.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
if(Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M &&
checkSelfPermission(Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED)
{
text.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
Toast.makeText(context, "Can't start the app without permission", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
else{
Intent i = new Intent(Permission.this, LoadingScreenActivity.class);
activity.startActivity(i);
finish();
}
}
});
}
@Override
public void onBackPressed() {
super.onBackPressed();
Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_MAIN);
intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_HOME);
intent.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK);
startActivity(intent);
}
}
|
sn84024707_1885-09-24_1_2_2 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | If AIN STREET -CLOTHING HOUSE, No. 11, Masonic Building. -FULL STOCK OF FALL AND WINTER CLOTHING FOR MEN AND BOYS. LARGE LINE OF OVERCOATS. Labor Sizes a specialty. I am now prepared to show a full line of CLOTHING, HATS, AND GENTS' FURNISHING GOODS, and as cheap as any House in the State. All Goods guaranteed as represented. SPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO ORDERS. Call early—no Shoddy Goods sold. LOU. F. ALBY, Opposite Valley Bank. SPECIAL.-Mr. J. W. Alby will be glad to see and wait on his old friends and customers. ADVERTISEMENTS. GRAND DISPLAY FALL AND WINTER CLOTHING! —AT THE -BALTIMORE CLOTHING HOUSE, Adjoining Dennis’ Restaurant. Where you will find all the Newest and most Stylish Patterns for Men, Youths, Boys and Children. As we have just opened, all our goods are the Newest. A full line of HATS AND CAPS AND GENTS’ FURNISHING GOODS, -BOOTS AND SHOES, &C. Give me a call and learn my prices. L. F. VOGEL, Prop., No. 119 South Augusta Street, Staunton, Va. AGEM AN IS NOW OPENING THE LARGEST AND MOST SELECT STOCK OF CLOTHING —AND— -GENTS' FURNISHINGS EVER SUGAR IN STANFORD. Especial attention is called to his line of BOYS' AND CHILDREN'S CLOTHING. J. HAGEMAN, August a Clothing Hall, Opposite Court House, Staunton, Va It will pay careful buyers to inspect our stock. sept24 J. HAGEMAN, OF— LOEB BROTHERS, Is now in the North purchasing an elegant stock of FALL AND WINTER GOODS OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. He will visit the centers of trade, purchasing directly from Importers and Manufacturers, and bringing to Staunton one of the most COMPLETE AND ELEGANT ASSORTMENTS OF GOODS Ever offered to this people. Remember that LOEB BROTHERS Are the Leaders In STYLE, GOODS and LOW PRICES. LOEB & CO, THE ONE PRICE CLOTHIERS, AND PROPRIETORS OF THE ECONOMY CLOTHING HOUSE, Have their Representative now in the Northern Markets purchasing the most ELEGANT LINE OF FALL AND WINTER CLOTHING EVER BROUGHT TO STANFORD. Possessing unusual facilities for securing the cream of the market, they are determined to continue to merit the reputation for GOOD GOODS AND LOW PRICES Which the House has so successfully established. Look out for their new advertisement. |
github_open_source_100_8_20213 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #ifndef STINGRAYKIT_COLLECTION_KEYVALUEENUMERABLEHELPERS_H
#define STINGRAYKIT_COLLECTION_KEYVALUEENUMERABLEHELPERS_H
// Copyright (c) 2011 - 2022, GS Group, https://github.com/GSGroup
// Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted,
// provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.
// IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS,
// WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
#include <stingraykit/collection/EnumerableWrapper.h>
#include <stingraykit/GetMember.h>
namespace stingray
{
template<typename EnumeratorType>
shared_ptr<IEnumerator<typename EnumeratorType::ItemType::KeyType> > KeysEnumerator(const shared_ptr<EnumeratorType>& enumerator)
{
typedef typename EnumeratorType::ItemType PairType;
return WrapEnumerator(enumerator, GetMember(&PairType::Key));
}
template<typename EnumerableType>
shared_ptr<IEnumerable<typename EnumerableType::ItemType::KeyType> > KeysEnumerable(const shared_ptr<EnumerableType>& enumerable)
{
typedef typename EnumerableType::ItemType PairType;
return WrapEnumerable(enumerable, GetMember(&PairType::Key));
}
template<typename EnumeratorType>
shared_ptr<IEnumerator<typename EnumeratorType::ItemType::ValueType> > ValuesEnumerator(const shared_ptr<EnumeratorType>& enumerator)
{
typedef typename EnumeratorType::ItemType PairType;
return WrapEnumerator(enumerator, GetMember(&PairType::Value));
}
template<typename EnumerableType>
shared_ptr<IEnumerable<typename EnumerableType::ItemType::ValueType> > ValuesEnumerable(const shared_ptr<EnumerableType>& enumerable)
{
typedef typename EnumerableType::ItemType PairType;
return WrapEnumerable(enumerable, GetMember(&PairType::Value));
}
}
#endif
|
github_open_source_100_8_20214 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //
// TTAPermissionView.swift
// Pods-TTAImagePickerController_Example
//
// Created by TobyoTenma on 09/07/2017.
//
import UIKit
class TTAPermissionView: UIView {
enum TTAPermissionViewType {
case photo, camera
}
fileprivate var type = TTAPermissionViewType.photo {
didSet {
configIconLabel()
}
}
fileprivate let iconLabel = UILabel()
fileprivate let tipLabel = UILabel()
fileprivate let goSettingButton = UIButton(type: UIButton.ButtonType.system)
override init(frame: CGRect) {
super.init(frame: frame)
setupUI()
}
convenience init(type: TTAPermissionViewType) {
self.init(frame: UIScreen.main.bounds)
self.type = type
configIconLabel()
}
required init?(coder aDecoder: NSCoder) {
fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented")
}
override func layoutSubviews() {
superview?.layoutSubviews()
layoutViews()
}
}
// MARK: - UI
extension TTAPermissionView {
func setupUI() {
func addViews() {
addSubview(iconLabel)
addSubview(tipLabel)
addSubview(goSettingButton)
}
func configViews() {
iconLabel.textAlignment = .center
iconLabel.font = UIFont.iconfont(size: UIFont.IconFontSize.photoMark)
iconLabel.textColor = UIColor.lightGray
configTipLabel()
tipLabel.numberOfLines = 0
tipLabel.textAlignment = .center
tipLabel.font = UIFont.systemFont(ofSize: 16)
goSettingButton.setTitle(Bundle.localizedString(for: "Go Setting"), for: .normal)
goSettingButton.titleLabel?.font = UIFont.systemFont(ofSize: 18)
goSettingButton.addTarget(self, action: #selector(didClickGoSetting), for: .touchUpInside)
autoresizingMask = [.flexibleWidth, .flexibleHeight];
iconLabel.autoresizingMask = [.flexibleWidth, .flexibleHeight]
tipLabel.autoresizingMask = [.flexibleWidth, .flexibleHeight]
goSettingButton.autoresizingMask = [.flexibleWidth, .flexibleHeight]
}
addViews()
configViews()
layoutViews()
}
func layoutViews() {
iconLabel.frame = CGRect(x: sideMargin(), y: iconTopMargin(), width: bounds.width - 2 * sideMargin(), height: iconHeight())
tipLabel.frame = CGRect(x: sideMargin(), y: iconLabel.frame.maxY + tipTopMargin(), width: bounds.width - 2 * sideMargin(), height: tipHeight())
goSettingButton.frame = CGRect(x: sideMargin(), y: tipLabel.frame.maxY + buttonTopMargin(), width: tipLabel.bounds.width, height: buttonHeight())
}
func configIconLabel() {
let iconText: String
switch type {
case .photo:
iconText = UIFont.IconFont.photoMark.rawValue
case .camera:
iconText = UIFont.IconFont.cameraMark.rawValue
}
iconLabel.text = iconText
}
func configTipLabel() {
let appName = Bundle.main.infoDictionary?["CFBundleName"] as? String
let displayName = Bundle.main.infoDictionary?["CFBundleDisplayName"] as? String
let accessTypeString = type == .photo ? Bundle.localizedString(for: "Photos") : Bundle.localizedString(for: "Camera")
let tipString = String(format: Bundle.localizedString(for: "Allow %@ to access your %@ in \"Settings -> Privacy -> %@\""), displayName ?? appName ?? "App", accessTypeString, accessTypeString)
tipLabel.text = tipString
}
}
// MARK: - Actions
extension TTAPermissionView {
@objc func didClickGoSetting() {
UIApplication.shared.openURL(URL(string: UIApplication.openSettingsURLString)!)
}
}
// MARK: - Const
extension TTAPermissionView {
func iconTopMargin() -> CGFloat {
return (bounds.height - 64 - iconHeight() - tipTopMargin() - tipHeight() - buttonTopMargin() - buttonHeight()) / 2
}
func iconHeight() -> CGFloat {
return 100
}
func tipTopMargin() -> CGFloat {
return 10
}
func tipHeight() -> CGFloat {
return (tipLabel.text as NSString?)?.boundingRect(with: CGSize(width: tipLabel.frame.width, height: CGFloat.greatestFiniteMagnitude), options: .usesLineFragmentOrigin, attributes: [NSAttributedString.Key.font: tipLabel.font!], context: nil).height ?? 50
}
func sideMargin() -> CGFloat {
return 16
}
func buttonTopMargin() -> CGFloat {
return tipTopMargin()
}
func buttonHeight() -> CGFloat {
return 44
}
}
// MARK: -
// MARK: - UIViewController Show Permission View
extension UIViewController {
func showPermissionView(with type: TTAPermissionView.TTAPermissionViewType) {
let permissionView = TTAPermissionView(type: type)
permissionView.frame = view.bounds.offsetBy(dx: 0, dy: ((self as? UINavigationController) != nil) ? 64 : 0)
view.addSubview(permissionView)
}
}
|
americanstaterep51freeiala_14 | English-PD | Public Domain | In Davis v. Clark, 26 Ind. 424, 89 Am. Dec. 471, the question was presented, wbe^ther real estate held by husband and wife as tenants by entireties could be smbjected to sale on execution against the husband. It was held that whatever was the rule in thiis regard at common law, the matter was controlled by OTir statutes, reference bedng made to the statute which went in force May 6, 1853 (Eev. Stats. 1881, sec. 5116), providing that "no lands of any married woman shall be liable for the 216 FoGLEMAN V. SiiiVELY. [Indiana, ••* debts of her husband; but such lands, and the profits there- from, shall be hex separate property, as fully as if she was un- married; provided, that such wife shall have no power to en- cumber or convey such lands, except by deed in wliich her huaband shall join,'* and the staitute in force since the same date (Rev. Stats. 1881, sec. 5128), providing that *^the separate deed of the husband shall convey no interest in the wife's lands." It was held that no act or conveyance of the husband, or sale on execution against him, could affect or divest the seisin or use of the wife: See, also. Chandler v. Cheney, 37 Ind. 391; Morrison v. Seybold, 92 Ind. 298. In Carver v. Smith, 90 Ind. 222, 46 Am. Rep. 210, whic^h was an action to enjoin the sale, on execution against the husband, of land conveyed to the husband and wife, it was held that the logislature of 1881, respecting the rights of married women, did not abolish estates by entireties. And in Dodge v. Kinzy, 101 Ind. 102, decided in 1884, it was held that there had not been any repeal of the common-law rule governing conveyances of real estate to husband and wife. In Patton y. Rankin, 68 Ind. 245, 34 Am. Rep. 254, it was de- cided that a crop raised by a husband on land held by him and his wife as tenants by entireties was not subject to levy and sale on an execution against the husband. The court referred to previous decisions, that tlie land was not subject to eaJe on ex- ecution against the husband, and that he could not, by his con- veyance or mortgage, deprive the wife of the joint enjo}Tnent during their joint lives, or the right of survivorship, and that the rents and profits of land belonging to a married woman cannot be sold on execution against her husbanid, without her consent. It was there said: "We now decide that a crop, raised on land held by husband and wife by entireties, is held by them in the same manner, and subject to the same law, as the land itself; and such crop is, therefore, not subject to levy and sale on an execution against the husband." The effect of this decision w, that the wife is entitled to *"* the enjo}-ment of the land while it is held by her and her hus- band as tenants by ontireties, and that the taking of the crop, without her consent for her husband's debt, would be an in- vasion of such right — an interference with her rights as a ten- ant of the entirety. The decision does not reach the case of a voluntary sale and conveyance of the land by the huelwnd and wife for money or otlicr personal property. By such a sale and convoyanrv, the husband and wife cease to have any estate in the land, and it ia not necessaij March, 1892.] Fogleman v. Shively. 217 to treat the proceeds of the sale 'as heing iheld by them in the same manner, and subject to the same law, in order to secure to either of them the enjoyment of the land. Neither is entitled longer to enjoy the land as such. Having lost their estate in the land, not involuntarily or by any proceeding in invitum, but by their voluntary conveyance, the personalty received there- for must be regarded, not as land, but as personal property. It has sometimes been asserted, and again denied, that, at common law, husband and wife may hold personal property as tenants by entireties. We will not take space to review the cases referred to by text-writers in their discusisions upon this sub- ject. At ■common law, the wife's personal property in poesession, w'hether owned by her at marriage or received during coverture, became the property of the husband absolutely. This was true of all her personalty in po^ession, whether held by her or by another not adversely to her. In Mahoney v. Bland, 14 Ind. 176, it was held that, at com- mon law, w'here real estate of the wife was sold by the husband and wife, the money or personal property received therefrom by the husband vested absolutely in him. This rule, it was held, was not changed by our statute of 1853 providing that the personal property of the wife held by her at the time of her marriage, or acquired during coverture by descent, devise, or gift should remain her own property to ^^^ the same extent and under the same rules as her real estate so remains: See, also, Lichtenberger v. Graham, 50 Ind. 288. In Farmers' etc. Bank v. Gregory, 49 Barb. 155, it was decided that where real estate held by husband and wife as tenants by entireties was voluntarily converted by them into money, un- doubtedly the money belonged to the husband exclusively by virtue of his marital rights. The husband, at common law, had the right to reduce the wife's choses in action to possession, at any time during coverture. When so reduced, he held the property so brought into posses- sion as his own absolutely. But, if this right to reduce to pos- session were not exercised during coverture, it ceased at the ter- mination of the marital union, and the dhoses in action survived to the wife in her own right. There are many cases in which the wife's right of sairvivor- ship has been recognized in choses in action payaible to husband and wife. At common law, the wife's interest in a chose in action pa3'-able to her and her husband was liable to be destroyed, and her right of survivorship was lia.ble to be defeated by the 218 Fugleman v. Shively. [Indiana, husband during coverture. A like power did not exist in rela- tion to her edtabe in land held by her and her (husband as ten- ajibs by entireties. Neither could sever the estate or defeat the otlier's right of ownersliip. In Coppin v. , 2 P. Wms. 496, a 'bond given to husband and wife during coverture, on the haiiband's death first, it was said, would survive to the wife, "as all otiher joint choses in ^action do, though it is true, in this case, the husband may disagree to the wife's right to it, aaid bring tlie action on the bond in his own name only, but till such disagreement the right to the bond ie in both the bus- band and the wife, «n.d shall survive." A note made payable to husband and wife survived to the wife, because it h'ad not been reduced to poesessicwi by the hois- band: McMillan v. Mason, 5 Cold. 263; 98 Am. Dec. 401. A promissory note, or other evidence of debt, made payable •** to husband and wife, and not oollected by him in his life- time, it was held, upon the death of the husband, wooild sur- vive to the wife, and she would take the proceeds, unless the interest of creditors was affected: Jchnson v. Lusk, 6 Cold. 113; 98 Am. Dec. 445. "In such case, the form of the security implies the design of the husband to benefit the wife; and the law will give effect to this intention, where the interest of creditors is not affected": Johnson v. Lusk, 6 Cold. 113; 98 Am. Dec. 445. See, also Wilder v. Aldrich, 2 R. I. 518. Perhaps husband and wife have sometimes been spoken of as tenanfts by entireties of such personal property with the inten- tion, by such designation, to reconcile the existence, during coverture, of the like interest of both (though so suibject to the husband's power) with the idea of marital unity. We are not so much concerned with a name as with the true interests and rirfhte of the parties. In Abflhire v. State, 53 Ind. 64, promissory notes made pay- able to husband and wife had been given in 1852 as considera- tion for tho wifn's separate real est.ate then sold by them. The wife died in 1856, leaving the husband and children surviving, txrvne of the notes remaining unpaid. It waa held that the mirvivinfr joint payee, the husbnnd, took the nx>t^ by survivor- ship. Tho fW'trin^ of survivoTrhip. in such a case, wws spoken of M bn'ntr kindred to that of efltates by entireties, Which it WM fw.id do not exiflt in r(*f<vence to personal property. It w»Hi wiid thnt the renl ofst^to. ■whr»n sold voluntflrily with her oonsent, became personalty; that tihe transmutation o(f her sep- March, 1892.] Fogleman v. Shively. 219 arate real estate into personalty divested her of her separate es- tate therein. The court did not advert to the question as to the effect of the execution of the n'otes prior to the enact- ment of the statute of 1853 relating to the personal property of married women, hut said that as the nob(» did not helong to lier at the time of her marriage, and were not received by devise, descent, or gift during coverture, she could not hold them as her sepairate ^^^ personal property, under the statute of 1853, wMcih it was held left in force the common-law rule in reference to personal property not acquired in one of the modes indicated in the statute. In Ireland v. Webber, 27 Ind. 256, decided in 1866, it was held that the ihnsband would not become the owner of the per- sonal proceeds of the sale of the wife's separate real estate with- out the possession of the husband, with intention on his part to claim the property as his own, and the wife's consent thereto, either express or implied. In 1881, a statute was enacted, the first section of which ie as follows (Rev. Stats. 1881, sec. 5117): "All the legal disabilities of married women to make contracts are hereby abolished, ex- cept as herein otherwise provided." The second section (Eev. Stats. 1881, sec. 5117 provides: "A married woman may take, acquire, and hold property, real or personal, by conveyance, gift, devise, or descent, or by purchase, with her separate means or money; and the same, together with all the rents, issues, income, and profits thereof, shall be and remain her own separate property, and under her own control, the same as if she were unmarried. And sihe may, in her own name, as if she were unmarried, at any time during coverture, sell, barter, exchange, and convey her personal property; and she may also, in like manner, make any contracts with reference to the same; but she shall not enter into any exeeu'tory contract to sell or convey or mortgage ber real estate, nor shall she con- vey or mortgage the ¥iarae, unless ber husband join in such con- tract, conveyance, or m^ortgage; provided, however, that she shall be bound by an estoppel in pais, like any other person." There is no provision of the statute altering the effect of the two sections above quoted, so far as they aire applicable to the facts of this case. Section 5117, aibove quoted, is not a limita- tion upon the general power to make contra.cts oonopming ber personal property, conferred by said section *^® 5115: See Eosa V. Prather, 103 Tnd. 191: Arnold v. Enjrleman, 103 Ind. 512. All oommon-law disability of a married woman to acquire and 220 FooLEMAN V. Shively. [Indiana, to dispoee of personal property, and to make contracts with reifer- ence to her personal property, so far as such disabdlity could hare alTected such a oase as this, is abolisfced. By section 254 of the Revised Statutes of 1881, -a married woman may sue alone, -when the action concerns her separate property, or when the action is betwen herself and hear husband. Certainly the legal existence of the wife, separate froan tJhat of her husband, is recognized in respect to her personal property. There is no re>ason, based upon the idea of marital unity, why she and her husband may not hold personal property in possession or choeee in action separately or together as if they were not married. Where possession of the personal property of Hhe husband and wife is taken by the liusband, he should be presumed to take for a purpose consistent witii the wife's interest, and shooild be regarded as holding the property for her as well as for him- self. By agreement with the wife, he may take it as (his own, and use it accordingly. We have assumed in this case thajt it is suflBciently shown that the note and bill represent the proceeds of the sale still re- garded by the husband and wife as the property <yi both. We think that the facts, that the owners of this personal property are husband and ^ife, and tbat it represents the still undivided proceeds of real estate owned by them as tenants by entireties, do not affect the right of the appellant. The interest of the wife, who is not a party to the proceedings in attachment, is not like the interest of a partner in a debt due to the firm. The note and bill were in tihe name of the husband and in the possession of the agent. The interest of the wife is definitely shown, being a moiety of the proceeds of the sale of the land. Our stotuite (Uev. Stats. 1881, sec. 931) provides t^at any person having property of the attachment defendant of any description in his po38es.sion or ^^ under his control, which the sheriff oannot at- tach by virtue of the order of attachment, or being indebted to the attochmenit defendant, or having the control or agency of any property, mone}'8, credits, or effects, may be summoned as garnishee. We are of the opinion ihei the int(5rest of the horsband might >»e subjerted to the payment of his separate indebtedness under the proree<lingB in attachment and pumishment. The judgment is revcrswl, and ihe cause is remandnd. with in.<»inirtinn» to Biu^tain tho appellant's demurrer to the fifth par- agraph of the answer of Uie appellee Walter J. Quick. March, 1892.] First Nat. Bank v. First Nat. Bank, 221 ENTIRETIES-EXECUTION.-A judgment lien against a husband does not extend to bis contingent interest in an estate beid by bimself and bis wife by tbe entireties: Bruce v. Nicbolson, 109 N. C. 202; 26 Am. St. Rep. 562, and note. A busband bas no interest either in tbe fee or in tbe usufruct of an estate by tbe entireties subject to execution in payment of bis sole debts: Corintb v. Emery, 63 Vt. 505; 25 Am. St. Eep. 780; but see Cole Mfg. Co. v. Collier, 95 Tenn. 115; 49 Am. St. Rep. 921. See, also, the extended note to Den v. Harden berah. 18 Am. Dec. 386. First National Bank of Crawfordsvillb v. First National Bank of Lafayette. t4 Indiana Appkam, 365.] BANKS AND BANKIJSG— FORGED CHECKS.— A bank tbat pays to anotber a forged order, indorsed in blank by the forger, received and indorsed by tbe first bank to the paying bank "for collection," may recover tbe money back, provided tbe bank paid is in no worse position than if payment of tbe order bad been refused by the correspondent bank. Delay by tbe latter bank in giving notice of tbe forgery is im- material, unless tbe bank paid is thus placed in a worse position than i' it had received notice earlier. BANKS AND BANKING— FORGED CHECKS.— In the absence of actual fault or negligence on tbe part of tbe drawer, bis constructive fault in not knowing tbe signature of tbe drawer, and detecting a for- gery, does not preclude bis recovery from one who bas received tbe money with knowledge of the forgery, or who took tbe check under cir- cumstances of suspicion, without proper precautions, or whose conduct bas been such as to mislead the drawer, or to induce him to pay the check, without the usual scrutiny or other precautions against mistake or fraud. BANKS AND BANKING— FORGED CHECKS.- To entitle the holders to retain money obtained through mistake, up m a f <rged check, he must be able to put the drawer alone in tbe wrong, and must be able truthfully to assert tbat be put tbe whole responsibility upon the drawer, and relied upon him to decide ; and tbat tbe mistake arising from bis negligence cannot be corrected without placing the holder in a worse position than if payment bad been refused. J. E. Humiyhries, G. W. Paul, W. W. Tliomton, W. E. Hum- phrey, and W. M. Beeves, for the appellant. J. R. Coffroth and T. A. Stuart, for the appellee. 366 NEW, J. This action was coimnenced in the Tippecanoe circuit court, and the venue was changed to the Garroll circuit court The appellant was the plaintiff below. The action is to re- cover money a.lleged to have been paid by the appellamt to the appellee on a forged instrument of writing. The complaint contains two paragraphs. The first is as fol- lows, tbe caption omitted: 366 «Tbe plaintiff complains of tbe defendnnt, amd mya tbat on the 4th of January, 1884, the defendant obtained from the 222 Fi&6T Nat. Bank v. Fibst Nat. Bank. [ludiana, plaintiff the sum of tTiree hundred and forty-nine dollars and ninety-two cents, -by means of the following forged, fictitious, and counterfeit writing, to wit: $ 25 92 Office of Township Trustee,) 324 00 Franklin School Township, V Montgomery County, September 1st, 1882.) $349 92 " 'This certifies that there is due from this township to A. S. Griswold, or order, three hundred and twenty-four dollars, payable out of the special sdhool fund, January 1st, 1884, with interest at 6 per cent annum, payable at First National Bank, Crawfordsville, Ind. CHAS. JOHNSTON, "Trustee Franklin School To\viiship.* "Which said fictitious and forged writing said defendant in- dorsed and ipresented to the plaintiff at its bankinghouse, in Crewfordsville, Indiana, and received payment thereof in said sum above named from the plaintiff. "The plaintiff further avers that said Charles Johnston waa, September 1, 1882, trustee of Franklin school township, in Montgomery county, Indiana, and was, on January 4, 1884, a customer of the plaintiff, and had his funds and moneys de- posited with the plaintiff, and had in the plaintiff's 'bank more than money enough to pay the aforesaid writing. Said defend- ant presented, and caused to be presented, bo the plaintiff, at its bankinghouse aforesaid, said writing, with the following in- dorsements on the back thereof, to wit: *A. S. Griswold. Pay to the order of B. "Wasson, C, for collection for aoct. of the In- diania National Bank, Lafayette, Ind. J. C. Brockenbrough, cash- ier'; and, upon the faith of said indorsement of the defendant, and a^rreement with said Johnston, that said Johnston instructed plaintiff to pay off any note or order or warrant given by him as trustee, and that whenever he was in the city he woaild pay to plaintiff "^ the money so advanced. The plaintiff, supposing the said writing and indorBomcnt to be genuine, paid and took up Baid writing, or note, for the accommodation of said Charles Johnston, as tnisfpc, and paid said sum of money, to wit, three liundrod and forty-nine dollans and nincty-4wo cents, to the Cit- izens' Nation/il Bajik, of Crawforrdv'srville, Indiana, who hold said writing or note for collection by virtue of said rndorscmput to HBid B. Wfuwon. who was at the time of said indorsofmont. to wit, prior to Jamwry 4. IRRl, nnd nmr i«. the rnshiTT mt said Citizens' National Bank: nnd snid Citizms' National Bank, as the oollecft- ing agent of tlie defendant, roc«i\ied said money so paid by the March, 1892.] First Nat. Bank v. First Nat. Bank. 223 plaintiff, and paid the same to the defendant, in whose possession it now is, said defendant claiming the same as its own money and property; thait the plaintiff did mot know said instrument was a forgery at the time it was paid, aaid, as soon as it learned the fact, it notified the defendant. "The plaintiff further alleges that, previous to the bringing of this action, to wit, on January 31, 1884, it, the plaintiff, de- manded said money, to wit, three hundred and forty-nine dollars and ninety-two cents, of said defendant, aJt the same time and place, presenting .the writing, or notes, as aforesaid set out, at its bankinghouse in Lafayette, Indiana, during banking hours, to- gether with an affidavit of said Charles Johnston, such trustee, that said writing or note was, and is, a forgery, and was never ex- ecuted by 'him; but the defendant refused to pay baick said sum, or any other amount, or any part thereof. At the time of mak- ing said demand, said plaintiff' tendered back to the defendant said forged writing or note, then and there making it acquaint- ed and informing it of the aforesaid facts. "At the time said note was presented to the plaintiff for pay- ment, it, the plaintiff, supposed said writing or note was a viaMd obligation duly signed and executed by the said Charles John- ston, and relying upon that supposition, and further relying upon the defendant's indorsement on said writing or note, then giving it currency and credit as a valid and suibsisting obliga- tion, it, the plaintiff, paid said sum of ^^^ money to the defend- ant, or to its collecting agent, as aforesaid stated. "Said writing or note is, in fact, counterfeit, false, forged, and spurious, and of no value whatever, and said Charles Johnston refuses to accept the same, or to extend to the plaintiff any money or credit by reason of said payment. "Wherefore, on account of the aforesaid reason and facts, the plaintiff says said defendant is indebted to the plaintiff in the sum of three hundred and forty-nine dollars and ninety-two cents for money had and (received by the defendant for the use and benefit of the plaintiff, which sum is due and unpaid," etc. The second paragraph is in form the common count for money ihad and received. The answer to the complaint is in two paragraphs, the first being a general denial. The second paragraph is as follows: "And for a further an- swer to the first paragraph of said corn.plaint, the defendant says: That on the day of June, 1883, the said A. S. Gris- wold, he being the same person who is mentioned in said com- plaint as the payee of said alleged certificate of indebtedness 224 First Nat. Bank v. Fikst Nat. Bank. [Indiana, was a person of good standing for integiity at the city oi. L«- fayebte, in tlie state of Indiana, and had been doing business thereat, and at ihe time aforesaid was introduced to the de- fendant as such by a gentleman of social and business standing and respect in said community, and in who«i the defendant had full confidence; that at and before said time this defendant was a national banking asgociation at said city of Lafayetbe, pursuant to the act of Congress for .the organization of national -banks, and was engaged in the discounting of notes, bills, and other evi- dences of indebtedness, and also in a general banking business. "That at the time aforesaid, and after the introduction afore- said, the eaid Griswold offered to tfhis defendant the certificate of indebtedness described in the complaint for discount, find asked the defendant to discount the Game for value; that this defendant, believing said certificate to 'be ^^^ genuine, and in all respects good and valid, and having theretofore purchased similar certificates, and having a-hvays found them to be valid, did purchase frc;n said Griswold said certificate described in the complaint and did pay him therefor the sum of three hun- dred and twenty-four dollars, and thereupon said Griswold did indorse said certificate to this defendant by writing his name across the back thereof, and did deliver the same to this defend- ant; that, at eaid time, said Charles Johnston, the apparent maker of said certificate, resided in the adjoining county of Montgomery, and his handwriting yms unknown to this de- fendant. "That at the maturity of said certificate, the defendant, still believing that said certificate was genuine and valid, sent the same for collection to its correspondent and agent, the Citizens* National Bank of Crawfordsville, located in said county of Mont- gomor}', and indorsed the same for collection; that on the day of the maturity of said certificate of indebtedness, to wit, on the fourth day of January, 1884, the said Citizens' National Bank, mippo=ing t.hc same to be genuine, presented said certificate at the bankinghouse of said plaintiff, being the same place at which it wufi mnde pnya'ble, and said plaintiff thereupon paid the same t/) mid Citizens' Bank, and it afterward paid the same to this de- fendant. "That afterward, on the thirty-first day of January, 1884, and not before, eaid plain'tiff notified thi? defendant that eaid certifi- cate w<w a forfTcry, and that never before had this defendant any knowledge, information, or suspicion that said certificate was not genuine or inrnlid for any eftu«»e." To thia paragraph of the answer a reply waa filed of two para- March, 1892.] First Nat. Bank v. First Nat. Bank. 225 graphs, .the first of which was a general denial. The second paragraph, in its leading averments, is not unlike the first para- graph of the complaint. We do not find it necessary to set it out. The cause was tried by the court, and, a;t the request of the ap- pellant, a special finding of facts was made, with statement ^^^ of conclusions of law, 'the latter being in favor of the appellee and excepted to hy the ap/pellant Judgment was Tendered in the appellee's favor for costs. The appellant assigns error upon the overruling of the de- murrer to the second paragraph of the answer and upon the conclusions of law. The rule, as generally stated in the decided oases, is, thait a bank, in accepting and paying a check or paper presented to it, is held to know the signature of the drawer, and is not at liberty afterward, in a controversy between it and an innocent ftiolder, to dispute the drawer's signature. And, therefore, if the signature of the drawer is, on a subsequent day, discovered to be a forgery, the bank cannot compel the holder to whom the pay- ment was made to restore the money, unless the holder be in some way implicated in fault. This rule is founded upon the supposed negligence of the bank in failing, by an examination of the signature, when the paper is presented, to detect the for- gery and refuse payment. The baoik is presumed to know the handwriting of the drawer, and, therefore, as between them, the bank must, because of its imputed negligence, bear the loss, if the holder was innocent of contribution to this mistake: Price v. Neal, 3 Burr. 1354; United States Bank v. Bank of Georgia, 10 Wheat. 333; Smith v. Mercer, 6 Taunt. 76; Bank of Gloucester V. Salem Bank, 17 Mass. 33; Bank of Commerce v. Union Bank, 3 N. Y. 230; Goddard v. Merchants' Bank, 4 N. Y. 147; Nation- al Park Bank v. Ninth Nat. Bank, 46 N. Y. 77; 7 Am. Eep. 310 National Bank of Commerce v. National etc. Assn., 55 N. Y. 211 14 Am. Rep. 232; White v. Continental etc. Bank, 64 N. Y. 316 21 Am. Eep. 612; Eedington v. Woods, 45 Cal. 406; 13 Am Eep. 190; Bemheimer v. Marshall, 2 Minn. 78; 72 Am. Dec. 79 Ellis V. Ohio etc. Co., 4 Ohio St. 628; 64 Am. Dec. 610; Johnston V. Commercial Bank, 27 W. Va. 343; 55 Am. Eep. 315; Eou- vant V. San Antonio Nat. Bank, 63 Tex. 610; Firs.t Nat. Bank v. Eicker, 71 111. 439; 22 Am. Eep. 104; Levy v. Bank of United States, 4 Dall. 234. While the rufe will generally be found thus stated, it is ^*** very manifest that the courts have shown a steadily increasing am. St. Rep., Vol. LI. — 16 226 First Nat. Bank v. First Nat. Bank. [Indiana, idisinclination to extend, by analogy, the doctrine kid down in Price T. Neal, 3 Burr. 1354, and the cases following it, to other cases resting upon facts substantially different. Indecid, the rule, as we have given it, and as it is generally found to be stated, has been vigorously assailed by standard aubliore, as a rule too favor- able to the holder, not the most fair, nor best calculated to effectuate justice between the drawee and the drawer: 2 Daniel on Negotiable Inatniments, 4th ed., sees. 1361, 1362; Chitty on Bills and Notes, 13th Am. ed., 431, 485; 2 Morse on Banks and Banking, 3d ed., ©ecs. 464-466. In the ca^e at bar, the foiled instrument, as appears by the answer, vt^as put in circulation in the first instance by Griswald, the forger, he indorsing it to the appellee. For the purpose of obtaining the money on it, the appellee, after indorsing it, caused it at maturity to be presented to the appellant, and received tihe money on it. The responsibility of the bank, raider the ru'le we have stated, is based upon presumption alone, and is decisive only when the party receiving the money has in no way contributed to or promoted the mistake or fraud. In the case of National Bank of North America v. Bangs, 106 Mass. 441, 8 Am. Eep. 349, it is said: 'T^n the absence of actual fault or negligence on the part of the drawee, his constructive faoiH, in not knowing the signature of the drawer and detecting the foi^ery, will not preclude his recovery from one who has received the money with knowledge of the forgery, or who took the check, under circumstances of suspicion, without proper pre- cautions, or whose conduct has been such as to mislead the drawee, or to induce him to pay the check without the usual Bcrutiny or other precautions against mistake or fraud. These exceptions are implied by the very tenne in whdah the general rule is ordinarily stated. The case of Ellis v. Ohio etc. Co., 4 Ohio St. 628, 64 Am. Dec. 610, is an express decision to that effect, and contains '*** an able and thorough discussion of the subject. We are aware of no case in which the principle tftiiat the drawee is bound to know the si^ature of the drawer of a bill or check, which he undertakes to pay, has been held to be decisive in favor of a payee of a forged bill or check to which he has him.self given credit by his indorsement": See also, Mc- Kleroy v. Southern Bank of Kentucky, 14 La, Ann. 458; 74 Am. Dec. 438; Canal Bank v. liank of Albany, 1 Hill, 287; Eouvant ▼. San Antonio Nat. Bank, 63 Tex. 610. The appollee'i indorsement upon the inatrumenit, whatevefr March, 1892.] First Nat. Bank v. First Nat. Bank. 227 may have been the purpose of tha/t indorsement, would bend to divert the appellamt from inquiry and scrutiny, for it gave to the paper the appearance of a genuine transaction. The names of Griewoild and ithe appellant on the back of the paper woiuld apparently be inconsistent with amy suspicion of a forgery of Joihnston's name. The appellee was a bank doing business in an adjoining county. Its indorsement, following that of Oris- wold, would hardly fail to inspire confidence in the genuinemiess of the paper — ^as vouching for it. It is not sihown by the answer that to -allow a recovery by ilhe appellant will place the appellee in a worse position than if pay- ment had been refused. In Ellis v. Ohio etc. Co., 4 Ohio St. 628, 64 Am. Dec. 610, it is said: "To entitle the holder to retain money obtained by mistake, upon a forged instrument, he must occupy the vantage ground, by putting the drawee alone in the wrong; and he must be able truthfully to assert that he put the w'h'ole responsibility upon the drawee, and relied upon him to decide, and tihat the mistake arising from his negligence cannot now be corrected without placing the holder in a worse position thaai though payment had been refused." The view that the drawee should be allowed to recover the money, if the position of the holder has remained unohanged, is advocated by Daniel and Morse in the references we have already given: See, also. Merchants* Nati Bank v. National Bank of the Commonwealth, 139 Mass. 513. ^®^ But however this may be, we cannot say that the appel- lee's indonsemenit of the forged instrument did not, fii some de- gree, induce the payment of the money. We do not think the allegation in the answer, that the paper was indonsed by the appellee "for collection,*' can materially affect the question of ladhes. In the case of National Bank of North America v. Bangs, 106 Mass. 441, 8 Am. Eep. 349, the indorsement was for collection: See, also. Star etc. Ins, Co. v. New Hampshire Nat. Bank, 60 N. H. 443. It is averred in the answer that tfhe payment was made by the appellamt to the aippellee on the 4th of January, 1884, and that the latter was mot informed, nor did it have knowledge, of the forgery until the twenty-fourth day of said month. Notice and demand for restitution should be within a reasonable time. What is a reasonable time depends upon the circumstances of the case. Mere space of time is not important, unless it be made to clearly appear that the holder will be put to more liability, trouble, or 226 First Nat. Bank v. FiBsr Nat. Bane. [Indiana, expense by a restitution then, than if notice had been received earlier. In the present caee, the appellee had no indbrser behind it but the forger, and, so far as can be known from the answer, any remedy which the appellee may have had against him re- mains unimpaired. The forged instrument paid off by the appellant was not negotiaible according to the law merchant, although it purported to be payable at a bank: State v. Hawee, 112 Ind. 323. Such paper cannot be said to be taken, or to circulate, on the intrinsic credit of the instrumenft itself. This fact, as it seems to us, ia not without some weight upon the question of promptness in giving notice. It is alleged in the comiplaint that the appellee was notified by the aippellant of the forgery as soon as it learned the fact. We would not be justified in holding that the aver- ment in the answer respecting notice is a good defense to the complaint: See 2 Daniel on Negotiable Instruments, 4th ed., sec. 1372; 2 Morse on Banks and Banking, 3d ed., sec. 488; Oanal »•* Bank v. Bank of Albany, 1 Hill, 287; Rouvant v. San An- tonio Nat. Bank, 63 Tex. 610; Ellis v. Ohio etc. Co., 4 Ohio St 628; 64 Am. Dec. 610; Union Nat. Bamk of Chicago v. Balden- wick, 45 111. 375. The demurrer to the second paragraph of the answer should have been sustained. Having reached this conclusion, the special finding does not require attention. The judgment is reversed, with costa. BANK8-»RIGHT TO RECOVER MONEY PAID ON FORGED OR ALTERED CHECK.— If a payee named in a check indorses it to a bank other than the one on which it was drawn, and receives the amonnt thereof, he is liable in an action of assnmpsit for the moneys so received if the check has been forged, or, thongh genuine when issned, it has been altered by changing the name of the payee and by raising the amount: Birminjrham Nat. Bank v. Bradley, 103 Ala. 109; 49 Am. St. Rep. 17, and note. If a bank to which drafts are confided for col- lection transmits them to another bank at the place where the^ are payable, and receives from the latter drafts, the amount of which it pays over to its customer, and such drafts, being immediately for- warde i for collection, are dishonored, the moneys so paid may be re- covered from the cnstomer receiving them: Waterloo Milling Co, v. Kuenster, 158 III. 259; 49 Am. St. Rep. 156, and note. See, also, the ixtended note to People's Bank t. Franklin Bank, 17 Am. St. Rep. 893. June, 1892.] Cochran v. Ward. 229 CooHRAN V. Ward. [5 Indiana Afpeau, 89.] CONTRACTS.— THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS does not render an agreement absolutely void, but simply withholds, the power of en- forcement, and prevents the collection of damages for nonperformance. CONFLICT OF LAWS— CONTRACTS— LEX FORI— REMEDY. The law of the place where a contract is made, including that applicable to the remedy, so far as it affects the validity or obligation of the contract, is as much a part of it as if expressly referred to or incorporated in its terras; and, if the contract is voidable there, it is voidable everywhere. This does not conflict with the general rule that in matter of procedure the lex fori controls, as " procedure," in this connection, applies to the nature of the action, as whether it shall be covenant, assumpsit, debt, etc., to the rules of pleading and evidence, the order and manner of trial, the nature and effect of process, and perhaps, to all other matters of remedy only, which are not incorporated into the contract as affecting its na- ture and obligatory character, CONFLICT OF LAWS— STATUTE OF FRAUDS.— An agree- ment voidable by the statute of frauds in the state in which it was made cannot be enforced in another state, thougti, had it been made in the latter state, it would have been valid and enforceable therein. EVIDENCE— PROOF OF LAW OF ANOTHER STATE. — Un- der a statute authorizing it, the law of another state may be proved by reading it from the statute book of that state, which purports to have been printed by authority. LANDLORD AND TENANT— LEASE— STATUTE OF FRAUDS —PART PERFORMANCE.— The occupancy, by a lessee under a parol lease, of a part of the land demised, and payment of rent for such part, do not amount to such part performance as will arrest the operation of the statute of frauds, and give the lessee a right to the remainder of the land. EVIDENCE —FOREIGN STATUTE— PRESUMPTION.— After the existence of a foreign statute has been proved, it will be presumed to remain in force. W. A. ChiUop, C. B. Kessinger, J. T. Beasley, and A. B. Wil- ' liams, for the appellant. J. S. Bays and S. J. Gee, for the appellee. »• CRUMPACKEE, J. This action wafi commenced by Cochran against Ward, to recover damage for the breach of a parol lease for lands in the state of Illinois. The complaint al- leges, in sui'betance, that the defendant was the owner and in possession of a tract of four hundred acres of farm land situated in Lawrence county, in the state of Illinois, and, on the twen- tieth day of April, 1888, said defendant rented said land to the plaintiff for the term of one year, beginning on the first day of July, 1888, and agreed to surrender the possession thereof to the plaintiff on that day; that plaintiff was to yield and pay a specified share of the crop as rental, that plaintiff re- lied upon said agreement, and failed to procure other land to cultivate until it was too late in the season 230 Cochran t;. Ward. [Indiana, to obtain any, and stood ready and willing to perform said lease, but the defendant wrongfully refused to surrender the possession of said premises as he had agreed, and refused to permit plaintiff to cultivate said land, but rented a great portion of it to another, wbereby plaintiff was thrown out of employ- ment, and lost the benefit of said lease, to his damage, etc. An answer of five paragraphs was filed to the complaint, tho first of which was a general denial. The fifth alleged that the agreement sued upon was in parol, and that it was made in the state oi Illinois, where the defendant lived and tilie real esba/te was situate, and that, under the Illinois statute of frauds, tihe agreement was not enforceable. A copy of sections 1 and 2 of the statute was pleaded with this paragraiph. They are as fol- lows: "Section 1. Be it enacted by the people of the state of ®* Illi- nois, represented in the general assembly, that no action shall be brought whereby to charge any executor or administrator, upon any special promise, bo answer any debt or damages out of his own estate, or whereby to charge the defendant upon any s])ecial promise to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another person, or to charge any person upon any agroement made upon consideration of marriage, or upon any agreement that is not to be performed within tlie space of one year from the making thereof, unless the promise or agreement upon which such action shall be brought, or some memorandum or note thereof, shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or some other person thereunto by him law- fully authorized." "Sec. 2. No action shall be brought to charge any peraon u{>on any contract for the sale of lands, tenements, or hereditaments, or any interest in or concerning them, for a lon^'cr term than one year, unless such contract, or some memo- randum or note thereof, shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or some other person thereunto by him la.wfully authorized in writing signed by sruch party. |
9360113_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Petition for writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of Utah denied..
|
github_open_source_100_8_20215 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | namespace GarudaUtil
{
partial class QueryView
{
/// <summary>
/// Required designer variable.
/// </summary>
private System.ComponentModel.IContainer components = null;
/// <summary>
/// Clean up any resources being used.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="disposing">true if managed resources should be disposed; otherwise, false.</param>
protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposing)
{
if (components != null)
{
components.Dispose();
}
if(null != _connection)
{
_connection.Dispose();
}
}
base.Dispose(disposing);
}
#region Component Designer generated code
/// <summary>
/// Required method for Designer support - do not modify
/// the contents of this method with the code editor.
/// </summary>
private void InitializeComponent()
{
this.components = new System.ComponentModel.Container();
this.splitContainer2 = new System.Windows.Forms.SplitContainer();
this._rtbQuery = new System.Windows.Forms.RichTextBox();
this.toolStrip2 = new System.Windows.Forms.ToolStrip();
this._tspExecute = new System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripButton();
this._tsbExecutionPlan = new System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripButton();
this._tabControl1 = new System.Windows.Forms.TabControl();
this._tabResults = new System.Windows.Forms.TabPage();
this._dataGridView1 = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView();
this._cmsResultsGridMenu = new System.Windows.Forms.ContextMenuStrip(this.components);
this._copyToolStripMenuItem = new System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem();
this._copyWithColumnHeadersToolStripMenuItem = new System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem();
this.toolStripSeparator1 = new System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator();
this._SaveResultsAsMenuItem = new System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem();
this._tabMessages = new System.Windows.Forms.TabPage();
this._txtMessages = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this._statusStrip = new System.Windows.Forms.StatusStrip();
this.toolStripStatusLabel1 = new System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripStatusLabel();
this._tsslElapsed = new System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripStatusLabel();
this._tsslRowCount = new System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripStatusLabel();
((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this.splitContainer2)).BeginInit();
this.splitContainer2.Panel1.SuspendLayout();
this.splitContainer2.Panel2.SuspendLayout();
this.splitContainer2.SuspendLayout();
this.toolStrip2.SuspendLayout();
this._tabControl1.SuspendLayout();
this._tabResults.SuspendLayout();
((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this._dataGridView1)).BeginInit();
this._cmsResultsGridMenu.SuspendLayout();
this._tabMessages.SuspendLayout();
this._statusStrip.SuspendLayout();
this.SuspendLayout();
//
// splitContainer2
//
this.splitContainer2.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Fill;
this.splitContainer2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(0, 0);
this.splitContainer2.Name = "splitContainer2";
this.splitContainer2.Orientation = System.Windows.Forms.Orientation.Horizontal;
//
// splitContainer2.Panel1
//
this.splitContainer2.Panel1.Controls.Add(this._rtbQuery);
this.splitContainer2.Panel1.Controls.Add(this.toolStrip2);
//
// splitContainer2.Panel2
//
this.splitContainer2.Panel2.Controls.Add(this._tabControl1);
this.splitContainer2.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(511, 381);
this.splitContainer2.SplitterDistance = 189;
this.splitContainer2.TabIndex = 3;
//
// _rtbQuery
//
this._rtbQuery.AcceptsTab = true;
this._rtbQuery.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Fill;
this._rtbQuery.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 9.75F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, ((byte)(0)));
this._rtbQuery.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(0, 25);
this._rtbQuery.Name = "_rtbQuery";
this._rtbQuery.ShowSelectionMargin = true;
this._rtbQuery.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(511, 164);
this._rtbQuery.TabIndex = 0;
this._rtbQuery.Text = "";
//
// toolStrip2
//
this.toolStrip2.Items.AddRange(new System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItem[] {
this._tspExecute,
this._tsbExecutionPlan});
this.toolStrip2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(0, 0);
this.toolStrip2.Name = "toolStrip2";
this.toolStrip2.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(511, 25);
this.toolStrip2.TabIndex = 2;
this.toolStrip2.Text = "toolStrip2";
//
// _tspExecute
//
this._tspExecute.Image = global::GarudaUtil.Properties.Resources.Fire_Element_Filled_50;
this._tspExecute.ImageTransparentColor = System.Drawing.Color.Magenta;
this._tspExecute.Name = "_tspExecute";
this._tspExecute.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(67, 22);
this._tspExecute.Text = "Execute";
this._tspExecute.ToolTipText = "Execute (F5)";
this._tspExecute.Click += new System.EventHandler(this._tspExecute_Click);
//
// _tsbExecutionPlan
//
this._tsbExecutionPlan.DisplayStyle = System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItemDisplayStyle.Image;
this._tsbExecutionPlan.Image = global::GarudaUtil.Properties.Resources.Training_Filled_50;
this._tsbExecutionPlan.ImageTransparentColor = System.Drawing.Color.Magenta;
this._tsbExecutionPlan.Name = "_tsbExecutionPlan";
this._tsbExecutionPlan.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(23, 22);
this._tsbExecutionPlan.Text = "Execution Plan";
this._tsbExecutionPlan.Click += new System.EventHandler(this._tsbExecutionPlan_Click);
//
// _tabControl1
//
this._tabControl1.Controls.Add(this._tabResults);
this._tabControl1.Controls.Add(this._tabMessages);
this._tabControl1.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Fill;
this._tabControl1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(0, 0);
this._tabControl1.Name = "_tabControl1";
this._tabControl1.SelectedIndex = 0;
this._tabControl1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(511, 188);
this._tabControl1.TabIndex = 2;
//
// _tabResults
//
this._tabResults.Controls.Add(this._dataGridView1);
this._tabResults.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(4, 22);
this._tabResults.Name = "_tabResults";
this._tabResults.Padding = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3);
this._tabResults.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(503, 162);
this._tabResults.TabIndex = 0;
this._tabResults.Text = "Results";
this._tabResults.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
//
// _dataGridView1
//
this._dataGridView1.AllowUserToAddRows = false;
this._dataGridView1.AllowUserToDeleteRows = false;
this._dataGridView1.AllowUserToOrderColumns = true;
this._dataGridView1.AutoSizeRowsMode = System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewAutoSizeRowsMode.DisplayedCellsExceptHeaders;
this._dataGridView1.BackgroundColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Window;
this._dataGridView1.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.None;
this._dataGridView1.ClipboardCopyMode = System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewClipboardCopyMode.EnableAlwaysIncludeHeaderText;
this._dataGridView1.ColumnHeadersBorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewHeaderBorderStyle.Single;
this._dataGridView1.ColumnHeadersHeightSizeMode = System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnHeadersHeightSizeMode.AutoSize;
this._dataGridView1.ContextMenuStrip = this._cmsResultsGridMenu;
this._dataGridView1.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Fill;
this._dataGridView1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(3, 3);
this._dataGridView1.Name = "_dataGridView1";
this._dataGridView1.ReadOnly = true;
this._dataGridView1.RowHeadersBorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewHeaderBorderStyle.Single;
this._dataGridView1.RowHeadersWidthSizeMode = System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewRowHeadersWidthSizeMode.DisableResizing;
this._dataGridView1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(497, 156);
this._dataGridView1.TabIndex = 1;
//
// _cmsResultsGridMenu
//
this._cmsResultsGridMenu.Items.AddRange(new System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItem[] {
this._copyToolStripMenuItem,
this._copyWithColumnHeadersToolStripMenuItem,
this.toolStripSeparator1,
this._SaveResultsAsMenuItem});
this._cmsResultsGridMenu.Name = "_cmsResultsGridMenu";
this._cmsResultsGridMenu.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(249, 98);
//
// _copyToolStripMenuItem
//
this._copyToolStripMenuItem.Name = "_copyToolStripMenuItem";
this._copyToolStripMenuItem.ShortcutKeys = ((System.Windows.Forms.Keys)((System.Windows.Forms.Keys.Control | System.Windows.Forms.Keys.C)));
this._copyToolStripMenuItem.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(248, 22);
this._copyToolStripMenuItem.Text = "Copy";
this._copyToolStripMenuItem.Click += new System.EventHandler(this._copyToolStripMenuItem_Click);
//
// _copyWithColumnHeadersToolStripMenuItem
//
this._copyWithColumnHeadersToolStripMenuItem.Name = "_copyWithColumnHeadersToolStripMenuItem";
this._copyWithColumnHeadersToolStripMenuItem.ShortcutKeys = ((System.Windows.Forms.Keys)(((System.Windows.Forms.Keys.Control | System.Windows.Forms.Keys.Shift)
| System.Windows.Forms.Keys.C)));
this._copyWithColumnHeadersToolStripMenuItem.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(248, 22);
this._copyWithColumnHeadersToolStripMenuItem.Text = "Copy with Headers";
this._copyWithColumnHeadersToolStripMenuItem.Click += new System.EventHandler(this._copyWithColumnHeadersToolStripMenuItem_Click);
//
// toolStripSeparator1
//
this.toolStripSeparator1.Name = "toolStripSeparator1";
this.toolStripSeparator1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(245, 6);
//
// _SaveResultsAsMenuItem
//
this._SaveResultsAsMenuItem.Name = "_SaveResultsAsMenuItem";
this._SaveResultsAsMenuItem.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(248, 22);
this._SaveResultsAsMenuItem.Text = "Save Results As...";
this._SaveResultsAsMenuItem.Click += new System.EventHandler(this._SaveResultsAsMenuItem_Click);
//
// _tabMessages
//
this._tabMessages.Controls.Add(this._txtMessages);
this._tabMessages.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(4, 22);
this._tabMessages.Name = "_tabMessages";
this._tabMessages.Padding = new System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3);
this._tabMessages.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(503, 162);
this._tabMessages.TabIndex = 1;
this._tabMessages.Text = "Messages";
this._tabMessages.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
//
// _txtMessages
//
this._txtMessages.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.Window;
this._txtMessages.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Fill;
this._txtMessages.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Courier New", 8.25F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, ((byte)(0)));
this._txtMessages.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(3, 3);
this._txtMessages.Multiline = true;
this._txtMessages.Name = "_txtMessages";
this._txtMessages.ReadOnly = true;
this._txtMessages.ScrollBars = System.Windows.Forms.ScrollBars.Both;
this._txtMessages.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(497, 156);
this._txtMessages.TabIndex = 0;
//
// _statusStrip
//
this._statusStrip.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.GradientInactiveCaption;
this._statusStrip.Items.AddRange(new System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItem[] {
this.toolStripStatusLabel1,
this._tsslElapsed,
this._tsslRowCount});
this._statusStrip.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(0, 381);
this._statusStrip.Name = "_statusStrip";
this._statusStrip.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(511, 24);
this._statusStrip.SizingGrip = false;
this._statusStrip.TabIndex = 4;
this._statusStrip.Text = "statusStrip1";
//
// toolStripStatusLabel1
//
this.toolStripStatusLabel1.AutoSize = false;
this.toolStripStatusLabel1.Name = "toolStripStatusLabel1";
this.toolStripStatusLabel1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(200, 19);
//
// _tsslElapsed
//
this._tsslElapsed.AutoSize = false;
this._tsslElapsed.Name = "_tsslElapsed";
this._tsslElapsed.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(250, 19);
this._tsslElapsed.Text = "00:00";
//
// _tsslRowCount
//
this._tsslRowCount.AutoSize = false;
this._tsslRowCount.BorderSides = System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripStatusLabelBorderSides.Left;
this._tsslRowCount.Name = "_tsslRowCount";
this._tsslRowCount.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(122, 19);
this._tsslRowCount.Text = "0 rows";
this._tsslRowCount.TextAlign = System.Drawing.ContentAlignment.MiddleRight;
//
// QueryView
//
this.AutoScaleDimensions = new System.Drawing.SizeF(6F, 13F);
this.AutoScaleMode = System.Windows.Forms.AutoScaleMode.Font;
this.Controls.Add(this.splitContainer2);
this.Controls.Add(this._statusStrip);
this.Name = "QueryView";
this.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(511, 405);
this.splitContainer2.Panel1.ResumeLayout(false);
this.splitContainer2.Panel1.PerformLayout();
this.splitContainer2.Panel2.ResumeLayout(false);
((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this.splitContainer2)).EndInit();
this.splitContainer2.ResumeLayout(false);
this.toolStrip2.ResumeLayout(false);
this.toolStrip2.PerformLayout();
this._tabControl1.ResumeLayout(false);
this._tabResults.ResumeLayout(false);
((System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize)(this._dataGridView1)).EndInit();
this._cmsResultsGridMenu.ResumeLayout(false);
this._tabMessages.ResumeLayout(false);
this._tabMessages.PerformLayout();
this._statusStrip.ResumeLayout(false);
this._statusStrip.PerformLayout();
this.ResumeLayout(false);
this.PerformLayout();
}
#endregion
private System.Windows.Forms.SplitContainer splitContainer2;
private System.Windows.Forms.RichTextBox _rtbQuery;
private System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView _dataGridView1;
private System.Windows.Forms.ToolStrip toolStrip2;
private System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripButton _tspExecute;
private System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripButton _tsbExecutionPlan;
private System.Windows.Forms.TabControl _tabControl1;
private System.Windows.Forms.TabPage _tabResults;
private System.Windows.Forms.TabPage _tabMessages;
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox _txtMessages;
private System.Windows.Forms.StatusStrip _statusStrip;
private System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripStatusLabel _tsslElapsed;
private System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripStatusLabel _tsslRowCount;
private System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripStatusLabel toolStripStatusLabel1;
private System.Windows.Forms.ContextMenuStrip _cmsResultsGridMenu;
private System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem _copyToolStripMenuItem;
private System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem _copyWithColumnHeadersToolStripMenuItem;
private System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripSeparator toolStripSeparator1;
private System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem _SaveResultsAsMenuItem;
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_8_20216 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT License.
// <auto-generated/>
#nullable disable
using System.Text.Json;
using Azure.Core;
namespace Azure.ResourceManager.Network.Models
{
public partial class IPv6CircuitConnectionConfig : IUtf8JsonSerializable
{
void IUtf8JsonSerializable.Write(Utf8JsonWriter writer)
{
writer.WriteStartObject();
if (Optional.IsDefined(AddressPrefix))
{
writer.WritePropertyName("addressPrefix");
writer.WriteStringValue(AddressPrefix);
}
writer.WriteEndObject();
}
internal static IPv6CircuitConnectionConfig DeserializeIPv6CircuitConnectionConfig(JsonElement element)
{
Optional<string> addressPrefix = default;
Optional<CircuitConnectionStatus> circuitConnectionStatus = default;
foreach (var property in element.EnumerateObject())
{
if (property.NameEquals("addressPrefix"))
{
addressPrefix = property.Value.GetString();
continue;
}
if (property.NameEquals("circuitConnectionStatus"))
{
if (property.Value.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Null)
{
property.ThrowNonNullablePropertyIsNull();
continue;
}
circuitConnectionStatus = new CircuitConnectionStatus(property.Value.GetString());
continue;
}
}
return new IPv6CircuitConnectionConfig(addressPrefix.Value, Optional.ToNullable(circuitConnectionStatus));
}
}
}
|
US-57308509-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Pixels having fringe field amplifying regions for multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal displays
ABSTRACT
A multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal display that does not require physical features on the substrate (such as protrusions and ITO slits) is disclosed. Each pixel of the MVA LCD is subdivided into color components, which are further divided into color dots. Each pixel also contains fringe field amplifying regions that separate the color dots of a pixel. The voltage polarity of the color dots and fringe field amplifying regions are arranged so that fringe fields in each color dot causes multiple liquid crystal domains in each color dot. Specifically, the color dots and fringe field amplifying regions of the display are arranged so that neighboring polarized elements have opposite polarities.
RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a Continuation-In-Part of and claims the benefit of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 12/018,675 (Publication Serial Number US 2008/0291348 A1), entitled “Pixels Having Polarity Extension Regions for Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment Liquid Crystal Displays” by Hiap L. Ong, filed Jan. 23, 2008, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. U.S. Utility patent Ser. No. 12/018,675 is a Continuation-In-Part of and claims the benefit of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/751,454 (Publication serial number US 2008/0002072 A1), entitled “Pixels Using Associated Dot Polarity for Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment Liquid Crystal Displays” by Hiap L. Ong, filed May 21, 2007.
The present application is also a Continuation-In-Part of and claims the benefit of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/751,454 (Publication serial number US 2008/0002072 A1), entitled “Pixels Using Associated Dot Polarity for Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment Liquid Crystal Displays” by Hiap L. Ong, filed May 21, 2007, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/751,454 claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/799,815, entitled “Multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal display with row inversion drive scheme”, by Hiap L. Ong, filed on May 22, 2006; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/799,815, entitled “Multi-domain Vertical Alignment liquid crystal display with row inversion drive scheme”, by Hiap L. Ong, filed May 22, 2006; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/799,843, entitled “Method To Conversion of Row Inversion To Have Effective Pixel Inversion Drive Scheme”, by Hiap L. Ong, filed May 22, 2006.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to liquid crystal displays (LCDs). More specifically, the present invention relates large-pixel multi-domain vertical alignment LCDs, which can be manufactured with smooth substrates.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which were first used for simple monochrome displays, such as calculators and digital watches, have become the dominant display technology. LCDs are used routinely in place of cathode ray tubes (CRTs) for both computer displays and television displays. Various drawbacks of LCDs have been overcome to improve the quality of LCDs. For example, active matrix displays, which have largely replaced passive matrix displays, reduce ghosting and improve resolution, color gradation, viewing angle, contrast ratios, and response time as compared to passive matrix displays.
However, the primary drawbacks of conventional twisted nematic LCDs are the very narrow viewing angle and low contrast ratio. Even the viewing angle of active matrixes is much smaller than the viewing angle for CRT. Specifically, while a viewer directly in front of an LCD receives a high quality image, other viewers to the side of the LCD would not receive a high quality image. Multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal displays (MVA LCDs) were developed to improve the viewing angle and contrast ratio of LCDs. FIGS. 1( a)-1(c) illustrate the basic functionality of a pixel of a vertical alignment LCD 100. For clarity, the LCD of FIG. 1 uses only a single domain. Furthermore, for clarity, the LCDs of FIGS. 1( a)-1(c) (and FIG. 2) described in terms of gray scale operation.
LCD 100 has a first polarizer 105, a first substrate 110, a first electrode 120, a first alignment layer 125, liquid crystals 130, a second alignment layer 140, a second electrode 145, a second substrate 150, and a second polarizer 155. Generally, first substrate 110 and second substrate 150 are made of a transparent glass. First electrode 120 and second electrode 145 are made of a transparent conductive material such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide). First alignment layer 125 and second alignment layer 140, which are typically made of a polyimide (PI) layer, align liquid crystals 130 vertically in a resting state. In operation, a light source (not shown) sends light from beneath first polarizer 105, which is attached to first substrate 110. First polarizer 105 is generally polarized in a first direction and second polarizer 155, which is attached to second substrate 150, is polarized perpendicularly to first polarizer 105. Thus, light from the light source would not pass through both first polarizer 105 and second polarizer 155 unless the light polarization is rotated by 90 degrees between first polarizer 105 and second polarizer 155. For clarity, very few liquid crystals are shown. In actual displays, liquid crystals are rod like molecules, which are approximately 5 angstroms in diameter and 20-25 angstroms in length. Thus, there are over 12 million liquid crystal molecules in a pixel that is 120 μm width by 300 μm length by 3 μm height.
In FIG. 1( a), liquid crystals 130 are vertically aligned. In the vertical alignment, liquid crystals 130 would not rotate light polarization from the light source. Thus, light from the light source would not pass through LCD 100 and gives a completely optical black state and a very high contrast ratio for all color and all cell gap. Consequently MVA LCDs provide a big improvement on the contrast ratio over the conventional low contrast twisted nematic LCDs. However, as illustrated in FIG. 1( b), when an electric field is applied between first electrode 120 and second electrode 145, liquid crystals 130 reorientate to a tilted position. Liquid crystals in the tilted position rotate the polarization of the polarized light coming through first polarizer 105 by ninety degrees so that the light can then pass through second polarizer 155. The amount of tilting, which controls the amount of light passing through the LCD (i.e., brightness of the pixel), is proportional to the strength of the electric field. Generally, a single thin-film-transistor (TFT) is used for each pixel. However for color displays, a separate TFT is used for each color component (typically, Red, Green, and Blue)
However, the light passing through LCD 120 is not uniform to viewers at different viewing angles. As illustrated in FIG. 1( c), a viewer 172 that is left of center would see a bright pixel because the broad (light rotating) side of liquid crystals 130 face viewer 172. A viewer 174 that is centered on the pixel would see a gray pixel because the broad side of liquid crystals 130 is only partially facing viewer 174. A viewer 176 that is right of center would see a dark pixel because the broad side of liquid crystals 130 is barely facing viewer 176.
Multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal displays (MVA LCDs) were developed to improve the viewing angle problems of single-domain vertical alignment LCDs. FIG. 2 illustrates a pixel of a multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal display (MVA LCD) 200. MVA LCD 200 includes a first polarizer 205, a first substrate 210, a first electrode 220, a first alignment layer 225, liquid crystals 235, liquid crystals 237, protrusions 260 s, a second alignment layer 240, a second electrode 245, a second substrate 250, and a second polarizer 255. Liquid crystals 235 form the first domain of the pixel and liquid crystals 237 form the second domain of the pixel. When an electric field is applied between first electrode 220 and second electrode 245, protrusions 260 cause liquid crystals 235 to tilt in a different direction than liquid crystals 237. Thus, a viewer 272 that is left of center would see the left domain (liquid crystals 235) as black and the right domain (liquid crystals 237) as white. A viewer 274 that is centered would see both domains as gray. A viewer 276 that is right of center would see the left domain as white and the right domain as black. However, because the individual pixels are small, all three viewers would perceive the pixel as being gray. As explained above, the amount of tilting of the liquid crystals is controlled by the strength of the electric field between electrodes 220 and 245. The level of grayness perceived by the viewer directly related to the amount of tilting of the liquid crystals. MVA LCDs can also be extended to use four domains so that the LC orientation in a pixel is divided into 4 major domains to provide wide symmetrical viewing angles both vertically and horizontally.
Thus, multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal displays, provide wide symmetrical viewing angles, however, the cost of manufacturing MVA LCDs are very high due to the difficulty of adding protrusions to the top and bottom substrates and the difficulty of properly aligning the protrusions on the top and bottom substrates. Specifically, a protrusion on the bottom substrate must be located at the center of two protrusions on the top substrate; any misalignment between the top and bottom substrates will reduce the product yield. Other techniques of using physical features to the substrates, such as ITO slits, which have been used in place of or in combination with the protrusions, are also very expensive to manufacture. Furthermore, the protrusions and ITO slits inhibit light transmission and thus reduce the brightness of the MVA LCDs. Hence, there is a need for a method or system that can provide multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal displays, without the need for difficult to manufacture physical features such as protrusions and ITO-slits, and without the need to have ultra precise alignment of the top and bottom substrates.
SUMMARY
Accordingly, the present invention provides an Amplified Intrinsic Fringe Field MVA LCD (AIFF MVA LCD) that does not require protrusions or ITO slits. Thus manufacturing of AIFF MVA LCDs in accordance with the present invention is less expensive than conventional MVA LCDs. Specifically, embodiments of the present invention use novel pixel designs that provide amplified intrinsic fringe fields to create the multiple domains in the AIFF MVA LCD. For example, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, pixels are sub-divided into color components having multiple color dots (CDs). In addition the pixels contain fringe field amplifying regions that extend along a first side and a second side of a color dot. The fringe field amplifying regions are configured to have a first polarity when the color dot has a second polarity to amplify the fringe fields of the color dot.
In some embodiments of the present invention a pixel includes a first color component having a first first-component color dot and a second first-component color dot. The second first-component color dot is aligned with the first first-component color dot in a first dimension (e.g. vertically). The pixel also includes a first fringe field amplifying region having a first first-fringe-field-amplifying-region vertical amplifying portion that extends vertically along a first side of the first first-component color dot and a first first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontal amplifying portion that extends horizontally along a second side of the first first-component color dot.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the first first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontal amplifying portion extends along a first side of the second first-component color dot and the first first-fringe-field-amplifying-region vertical amplifying portion extends along a second side of the second first-component color dot.
Furthermore, in some embodiments of the present invention the first fringe field amplifying region may also include a second first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontal amplifying portion that extends along a third side of the first first-component color dot and a third first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontal amplifying portion that extends along a third side of the second first-component color dot
The present invention will be more fully understood in view of the following description and drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1( a)-1(c) are three illustrations of a pixel of a conventional single domain vertical alignment LCD.
FIG. 2 is an illustration of a pixel of a conventional multi-domain vertical alignment LCD.
FIGS. 3( a)-3(b) illustrate a multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 4( a)-4(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4( c) is an enlarged view of a fringe field amplifying region in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4( d) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4( e) illustrates the source lines and gate lines of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 4( f) and 4(g) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4( h) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4( i) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4( j) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 4( k), 4(l), and 4(m) illustrate portions of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4( n) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4( o) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4( p) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 4( q), 4(r), and 4(s) illustrate portions of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 5( a)-5(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5( c) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 6( a)-6(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6( c) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 7( a)-7(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7( c) is an enlarged view of a fringe field amplifying region in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7( d) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7( e) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 8( a)-8(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8( c) is an enlarged view of a fringe field amplifying region in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8( d) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 9( a)-9(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9( c) is an enlarged view of a fringe field amplifying region in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9( d) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 10( a)-10(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 10( c)-10(d) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10( e) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 11( a)-11(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11( c) is an enlarged view of a fringe field amplifying region in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11( d) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11( e) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11( f) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11( g) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 11( h)-11(i) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11( j) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
As explained above, conventional MVA LCDs are very expensive to manufacture due to the use of physical features, such as protrusions or ITO slits, for creating the multiple domains of each pixel. However, MVA LCDs in accordance with the principles of the present invention use fringe fields to create multiple-domains and do not require the use of physical features (such as protrusions or ITO slits) on the substrate. Furthermore, without the requirement of physical features the difficulty of aligning the physical features of the top and bottom substrate is also eliminated. Thus, MVA LCDs in accordance with the present invention are higher yield and less expensive to manufacture than conventional MVA LCDs.
FIGS. 3( a) and 3(b) illustrate the basic concept used in accordance with the present invention to create a multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal display (MVA LCD) 300 without resorting to physical features on the substrates. Specifically FIG. 3 shows pixels 310, 320, and 330 in between a first substrate 305 and a second substrate 355. A first polarizer 302 is attached to first substrate 305 and a second polarizer 357 is attached to second substrate 355. Pixel 310 includes a first electrode 311, liquid crystals 312, liquid crystals 313 and a second electrode 315. Pixel 320 includes a first electrode 321, liquid crystals 322, liquid crystals 323 and a second electrode 325. Similarly, pixel 330 includes a first electrode 331, liquid crystals 332, liquid crystals 333 and a second electrode 335. The electrodes are typically constructed using a transparent conductive material such as ITO. Furthermore, a first alignment layer 307 covers the electrodes on first substrate 305. Similarly a second alignment layer 352 covers the electrodes on second substrate 355. Both LC alignment layers 307 and 352 provide a vertical LC alignment. As explained in more detail below, electrodes 315, 325, and 335 are held at a common voltage V_Com. Therefore, to ease manufacturing, electrodes 315, 325, and 335 are created as a single structure (as shown in FIGS. 3( a) and 3(b)). MVA LCD 300 operates pixels 310, 320, and 330 using alternating polarities. For example, if the polarities of pixels 310 and 330 are positive then the polarity of pixel 320 would be negative. Conversely, if the polarities of pixel 310 and 330 are negative then the polarity of pixel 320 would be positive. Generally, the polarity of each pixel would switch between frames, but the pattern of alternating polarities is maintained in each frame. In FIG. 3( a), pixels 310, 320, and 330 are in the “OFF” state, i.e. with the electric field between the first and second electrodes turned off. In the “OFF” state some residual electric field may be present between the first and second electrode. However, the residual electric field is generally too small to tilt the liquid crystals.
In FIG. 3( b), pixels 310, 320, and 330 are in the “ON” state. 3(b) uses “+” and “−” to denote the voltage polarity of the electrodes. Thus, electrodes 311, and 331 have positive voltage polarity and electrodes 321 has negative voltage polarity. Substrate 355 and electrodes 315, 325, and 335 are kept at common voltage V_com. The voltage polarity is defined with respect to the V_com voltage, where a positive polarity is obtained for voltages higher than V_com, and a negative polarity is obtained for voltage smaller than V_com. Electric field 327 (illustrated using field lines) between electrodes 321 and 325 causes liquid crystals 322 and liquid crystals 323 to tilt. In general, without protrusions or other features the tilting direction of the liquid crystals is not fixed for liquid crystals with a vertical LC alignment layers at 307 and 352. However, the fringe field at the edges of the pixel can influence the tilting direction of the liquid crystals. For example, electric field 327 between electrode 321 and electrode 325 is vertical around the center of pixel 320 but is tilted to the left in the left part of the pixel, and tiled to the right in the right part of the pixel. Thus, the fringe field between electrode 321 and electrode 325 cause liquid crystals 323 to tilt to the right to form one domain and cause liquid crystals 322 to tilt to the left to from a second domain. Thus, pixel 320 is a multi-domain pixel with a wide symmetrical viewing angle
Similarly, the electric field (not shown) between electrode 311 and electrode 315 would have fringe fields that cause liquid crystals 313 to reorientate and tilt to the right in the right side in pixel 312 and cause liquid crystals 312 to tilt to the left in the left side in pixel 310. Similarly, the electric field (not shown) between electrode 331 and electrode 335 would have fringe fields that cause liquid crystals 333 to tilt to the right in the right side in pixel 330 and cause liquid crystals 332 to tilt to the left in the left side in pixel 330.
Alternating polarity of adjacent pixels amplifies the fringe field effect in each pixel. Therefore, by repeating the alternating polarity pattern between rows of pixels (or columns of pixels), a multi domain vertical alignment LCD is achieved without physical features. Furthermore, an alternating polarity checkerboard pattern can be used to create four domains in each pixel.
However, fringe field effects are relatively small and weak, in general. Consequently, as pixels become larger, the fringe fields at the edge of the pixels would not reach all the liquid crystals within a pixel. Thus, in large pixels the direction of tilting for the liquid crystals not near the edge of the pixels would exhibit random behavior and would not produce a multi-domain pixel. Generally, fringe field effects of pixels would not be effective to control liquid crystal tilt when the pixels become larger than 40-60 μm. Therefore, for large pixel LCDs a novel pixel division method is used to achieve multi-domain pixels. Specifically, for color LCDs, pixels are divided into color components. Each color component is controlled by a separate switching device, such as a thin-film transistor (TFT). Generally, the color components are red, green, and blue. In accordance with the present invention, the color components of a pixel are further divided into color dots.
The polarity of each pixel switches between each successive frame of video to prevent image quality degradation, which may result from twisting the liquid crystals in the same direction in every frame. However, the dot polarity pattern switching may cause other image quality issues such as flicker if all the switching elements are of the same polarity. To minimize flicker, the switching elements (e.g. are transistors) are arranged in a switching element driving scheme that include positive and negative polarities. Furthermore, to minimize cross talk the positive and negative polarities of the switching elements should be arranged in a uniform pattern, which provides a more uniform power distribution. Various switching element driving schemes are used by the embodiments of the present invention. The three main switching element driving schemes are switching element point inversion driving scheme, switching element row inversion driving scheme, and switching element column inversion driving scheme. In the switching element point inversion driving scheme, the switching elements form a checkerboard pattern of alternating polarities. In the switching element row inversion driving scheme, the switching elements on each row have the same polarity; however, each switching element in one row has the opposite polarity as compared to the polarity of switching elements in adjacent rows. In the switching element column inversion driving scheme, the switching elements on each column have the same polarity; however, a switching element in one column has the opposite polarity as compared to the polarity of switching elements in adjacent columns. While the switching element point inversion driving scheme provides the most uniform power distribution, the complexity and additional costs of switching element point inversion driving scheme over switching element row inversion driving scheme or switching element column inversion driving scheme may not be cost effective. Thus, most LCD displays for low cost or low voltage applications are manufactured using switching element row inversion driving scheme while switching element point inversion driving scheme is usually reserved for high performance applications.
Pixels in accordance with embodiments of the present invention include various key components arranged in novel arrangements to achieve high quality low cost display units. For example, pixel can include color components, color dots, fringe field amplifying regions (FFAR), switching elements, device component areas, and associated dots. The device component area encompasses the area occupied by the switching elements and/or storage capacitor as well as the area that was used to manufacture the switching elements and/or storage capacitors. For clarity, a different device component area is defined for each switching element.
Associated dots and fringe field amplifying regions are electrically polarized areas that are not part of the color components. In many embodiments of the present invention, associated dots covers the device component areas. For these embodiments, the associated dots are manufactured by depositing an insulating layer over the switching element and/or storage capacitors. Followed by depositing an electrically conductive layer to form the associated dot. The associated dots are electrically connected to specific switching element and or other polarized components (such as color dots). The storage capacitors are electrically connected to specific switching element and color dot electrodes to compensate and offset the capacitance change on the liquid crystal cells during the switching-on and switching-off processes of the liquid crystal cells. Consequently, the storage capacitors are used to reduce the cross-talk effects during the switching-on and switching-off processes of the liquid crystal cells. A patterning mask is used when it is necessary to form the patterned electrode for the associated dots. Generally, a black matrix layer is added to form a light shield for the associated dot. However, in some embodiments of the present invention, a color layer is added to the associated dot to improve the color performance or to achieve a desired color pattern or shading. In some embodiments of the present invention, the color layer is manufactured on top or underneath the switching element. Other embodiments may also place a color layer on top of the glass substrate of the display.
In other embodiments of the present invention, the associated dot is an area independent of the switching elements. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present invention have additional associated dots not directly related to the switching elements. Generally, the associated dot includes an active electrode layer such as ITO or other conductive layer, and is connected to a nearby color dot or powered in some other manner. For opaque associated dots, a black matrix layer can be added on the bottom of the conductive layer to form the opaque area. In some embodiments of the present invention, the black matrix can be fabricated on the ITO glass substrate side to simplify the fabrication process. The additional associated dots improve the effective use of display area to improve the aperture ratio and to form the multiple liquid crystal domains within the color dots. Some embodiments of the present invention use associate dots to improve color performance. For example, careful placement of associated dots can allow the color of nearby color dots to be modified from the usual color pattern.
Fringe field amplifying regions (FFARs) are more versatile than associated dots. Specifically, fringe field amplifying regions may have non-rectangular shapes, although generally, the overall shape of the fringe field amplifying regions can be divided into a set of rectangular shapes. Furthermore, fringe field amplifying regions extend along more than one side of a color dot. In addition, fringe field amplifying regions may be used in place of associated dots in some embodiments of the present invention. Specifically, in these embodiments the fringe field amplifying region covers the device component areas but also extend along more than one side of color dots adjacent to the device component areas.
In general, the color dots, device component areas, and associated dots are arranged in a grid pattern and are separated from adjacent neighbors by a horizontal dot spacing HDS and a vertical dot spacing VDS. When fringe field amplifying regions are used in place of associated dots, part of the fringe field amplifying regions would also fit in the grid pattern. In some embodiments of the present invention multiple vertical dot spacings and multiple horizontal dot spacings may be used. Each color dot, associated dot, and device component area has two adjacent neighbors (e.g. color dots, associated dots, or device component areas) in a first dimension (e.g. vertical) and two adjacent neighbors in a second dimension (e.g. horizontal). Furthermore, two adjacent neighbors can be aligned or shifted. Each color dot has a color dot height CDH and a color dot width CDW. Similarly, each associated dot has an associated dot height ADH and an associated dot width ADW. Furthermore, each device component area has device component area height DCAH and a device component area width DCAW. In some embodiments of the present invention, color dots, associated dots and device component areas are the same size. However in many embodiments of the present invention color dots, associated dots and device component areas could be of different size or shapes. For example in many embodiments of the present invention associated dots have a smaller height than color dots. In many applications, the height for the color dots is increased to improve the stability of the MVA structure and improve optical transmission to increase the display brightness.
FIGS. 4( a) and 4(b) show different dot polarity patterns of a pixel design 410 (labeled 410+ and 410− as described below) that is often used in displays having a switching element row inversion driving scheme. In actual operation a pixel will switch between a first dot polarity pattern and a second dot polarity pattern between each image frame. For clarity, the dot polarity pattern, in which the first color dot of the first color component has a positive polarity, is referred to as the positive dot polarity pattern. Conversely, the dot polarity pattern in which the first color dot of the first color component has a negative polarity is referred to as the negative dot polarity pattern. Specifically, in FIG. 4( a), pixel design 410 has a positive dot polarity pattern (and is thus labeled 410+) and in FIG. 4( b), pixel design 410 has a negative dot polarity pattern (and is thus labeled 410−). Furthermore, the polarity of each polarized component in the various pixel designs are indicated with “+” for positive polarity or “−” for negative polarity.
Pixel design 410 has three color components CC_1, CC_2 and CC_3 (not labeled in FIGS. 4( a)-4(b)). Each of the three color components includes two color dots. For clarity, the color dots are referenced as CD_X_Y, where X is a color component (from 1 to 3 in FIGS. 4( a)-4(b)) and Y is a dot number (from 1 to 2 in FIGS. 4( a)-4(b)). Pixel design 410 also includes a switching element (referenced as SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3) for each color component and a fringe field amplifying region (referenced as FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) for each color component. Switching elements SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3 are arranged in a row. Device component areas around each switching element are covered by the fringe field amplifying regions and are thus not specifically labeled in FIGS. 4( a) and 4(b). Fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3 are also arranged in a row and described in more detail in FIG. 4( c).
First color component CC_1 of pixel design 410 has two color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2. Color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 form a column and are separated by a vertical dot pacing VDS1. In other words, color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separated by vertical dot spacing VDS1. Furthermore, color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 are vertically offset by vertical dot offset VDO1 which is equal to vertical dot spacing VDS1 plus the color dot height CDH. Switching element SE_1 is located in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 so that color dot CD_1_1 is on a first side of the row of switching elements and color dot CD_1_2 is on a second side of the row of switching elements. Switching element SE_1 is coupled to the electrodes of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 to control the voltage polarity and voltage magnitude of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2.
Similarly, second color component CC_2 of pixel design 410 has two color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2. Color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 form a second column and are separated by a vertical dot spacing VDS1. Thus, color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separated by vertical dot spacing VDS1. Switching element SE_2 is located in between color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 so that color dot CD_2_1 is on the first side of the row of switching elements and color dot CD_2_2 is on a second side of the row of switching elements. Switching element SE_2 is coupled to the electrodes of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 to control the voltage polarity and voltage magnitude of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2. Second color component CC_2 is vertically aligned with first color component CC_1 and separated from color component CC_1 by a horizontal dot spacing HDS1, thus color components CC_2 and CC_1 are horizontally offset by a horizontal dot offset HDO1, which is equal to horizontal dot spacing HDS1 plus the color dot width CDW. Specifically with regards to the color dots, color dot CD_2_1 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_1_1 and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Similarly, color dot CD_2_2 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_2_1 and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Thus color dot CD_1_1 and color dot CD_2_1 form a first row of color dots and color dot CD_1_2 and color dot CD_2_2 form a second row of color dots.
Similarly, third color component CC_3 of pixel design 410 has two color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2. Color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 form a third column and are separated by a vertical dot spacing VDS1. Thus, color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separated by vertical dot spacing VDS1. Switching element SE_3 is located in between color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 so that color dot CD_3_1 is on the first side of the row of switching elements and color dot CD_3_2 is on a second side of the row of switching elements. Switching element SE_3 is coupled to the electrodes of color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 to control the voltage polarity and voltage magnitude of color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2. third color component CC_3 is vertically aligned with second color component CC_2 and separated from color component CC_2 by horizontal dot spacing HDS1, thus color components CC_3 and CC_2 are horizontally offset by a horizontal dot offset HDO1. Specifically with regards to the color dots, color dot CD_3_1 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_2_1 and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Similarly, color dot CD_3_2 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_2_2 and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Thus color dot CD_3_1 is on the first row of color dots and color dot CD_3_2 is on the second row of color dots.
For clarity, the color dots of pixel design 410 are illustrated with color dots having the same color dot height CDH. However, some embodiments of the present invention may have color dots with different color dot heights. For example in one embodiment of the present invention that is a variant of pixel design 410, color dots CD_1_1, CD_2_1 and CD_3_1 have a smaller color dot height than color dots CD_1_2, CD_2_2, and CD_3_2.
Pixel design 410 also includes fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3. FIG. 4( c) shows a more detailed view of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 of pixel design 410. For clarity fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1 is conceptually divided into a vertical amplifying portion VAP and a horizontal amplifying portion HAP. In FIG. 4( c) horizontal amplifying portion HAP is vertically centered on and extends to the left of vertical amplifying portion VAP. Use of horizontal amplifying portions and vertical amplifying portions allows clearer description of the placement of fringe field amplifying region FFAR1. In most embodiments of the present invention, the electrodes of the fringe field amplifying regions are formed by one contiguous conductor. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP has a horizontal amplifying portion width HAP_W and a horizontal amplifying portion height HAP_H. Similarly, vertical amplifying portion VAP has a vertical amplifying portion width VAP_W and a vertical amplifying portion height HAP_H. Fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_2 and FFAR_3 have the same shape as fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1. In embodiments of the present invention having different sized color dots, horizontal amplifying region HAP would be located in between the color dots rather than centered on vertical amplifying portion VAP.
As shown in FIG. 4( a), fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3 are placed in between the color dots of pixel design 410. Specifically, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 is placed so that the horizontal amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 lies in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 and is separated from color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifying region spacing VFFARS. The vertical amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 is placed to the right of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 and is separated from color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 by a horizontal fringe field amplifying region spacing HFFARS. Thus, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 extends along the bottom and the right side of color dot CD_1_1 and along the top and right side of color dot CD_1_2. Furthermore, this placement also causes the vertical amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 to be in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_2_1 and in between color dots CD_1_2 and CD_2_2.
Similarly, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 is placed so that the horizontal amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 lies in between color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 and is separated from color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifying region spacing VFFARS. The vertical amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 is placed to the right of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 and is separated from color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 by a horizontal fringe field amplifying region spacing HFFARS. Thus, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 extends along the bottom and the right side of color dot CD_2_1 and along the top and right side of color dot CD_2_2. This placement also causes the vertical amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 to be in between color dots CD_2_1 and CD_3_1 and in between color dots CD_2_2 and CD_3_2.
Fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 is placed so that the horizontal amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 lies in between color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 and is separated from color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifying region spacing VFFARS. The vertical amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 is placed to the right of color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 and is separated from color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 by a horizontal fringe field amplifying region spacing HFFARS. Thus, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 extends along the bottom and the right side of color dot CD_3_1 and along the top and right side of color dot CD_3_2.
The polarities of the color dots, fringe field amplifying regions, and switching elements are shown using “+” and “−” signs. Thus, in FIG. 4( a), which shows the positive dot polarity pattern of pixel design 410+, all the switching elements (i.e. switching elements SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3); all the color dots (i.e. color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_2_1, CD_2_2, CD_3_1, and 3_2) have positive polarity. However, all the fringe field amplifying regions (i.e. fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) have negative polarity.
FIG. 4( b) shows pixel design 410 with the negative dot polarity pattern. For the negative dot polarity pattern, all the switching elements (i.e. switching elements SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3) and all the color dots (i.e. color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_2_1, CD_2_2, CD_3_1, and 3_2) have negative polarity. However, all the fringe field amplifying regions (i.e. fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) have positive polarity.
As explained above fringe fields in each of the color dots are amplified if adjacent components have opposite polarities. Pixel design 410 makes use of the fringe field amplifying regions to enhance and stabilize the formation of multiple domain in the liquid crystal structure. In general, the polarities of the polarized components are assigned so that a color dot of a first polarity has neighboring polarized components of the second polarity. For example for the positive dot polarity pattern of pixel design 410 (FIG. 4( a)), color dot CD_2_2 has positive polarity. However the neighboring polarized components (fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_2 and FFAR_1) have negative polarity. Thus, the fringe field of color dot CD_2_2 is amplified. Furthermore, as explained below, the polarity reversing scheme is carried out at the display level as well so that the color dot of another pixel that is placed next to color dot CD_1_2 would have negative polarity (see FIG. 4( d)).
Because, all the switching elements in pixel design 410 have the same polarity and the fringe field amplifying regions require the opposite polarity, the fringe field amplifying regions are driven by an external polarity source, i.e. a polarity source from outside the specific pixel of pixel design 410. Various sources of opposite polarity can be used in accordance with differing embodiments of the present invention. For example specific fringe field amplifying region switching elements may be used (as shown in FIG. 4( d) in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention) or switching elements of nearby pixels having an opposite dot polarity could also used to drive the fringe field amplifying regions (as shown in FIG. 5( c) in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention).
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5431757_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Die australische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft ist die Tennisnationalmannschaft Australiens, die das Land im Davis Cup vertritt. Der Davis Cup ist der wichtigste Wettbewerb für Nationalmannschaften im Herren-Tennis, analog zum Fed Cup bei den Damen. Mit insgesamt 28 Siegen zählt sie nach der US-amerikanischen Mannschaft zu den erfolgreichsten Nationalmannschaften im Tennis.
Geschichte
Australien nimmt seit 1905 am Davis Cup teil. Zu Beginn stellten Australien und Neuseeland eine gemeinsame Mannschaft, bekannt als australasiatische Mannschaft. Bereits 1907 konnte das erste Finale gegen das Vereinigte Königreich erreicht werden, das 3:2 für Australien ausging. Der Erfolg konnte in den beiden Folgejahren und 1911 wiederholt werden, diesmal gegen die Vereinigten Staaten. Ab 1912 trat Australien als eigenständiges Land ohne Neuseeland im Davis Cup an. 1914 und 1919 konnten weitere Siege gefeiert werden.
Ab 1920 dominierten die Vereinigten Staaten, Frankreich und das Vereinigte Königreich jeweils nacheinander den Davis Cup. Australien gelang es in dieser Zeit sechs Mal das Finale zu erreichen, die alle verloren gingen. 1939 gewann die Mannschaft nach 20 Jahren wieder ein Finale, diesmal gegen die Vereinigten Staaten mit 3:2.
Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg begann für die australische Mannschaft eine längere Phase der Dominanz. Von 1950 bis 1967 gewann sie insgesamt 15 Mal den Davis Cup. Nach dem Sieg 1973 gegen die Vereinigten Staaten, konnte Australien noch fünf weitere Male gewinnen, u. a. gegen Schweden, Frankreich und zuletzt 2003 gegen die spanische Mannschaft.
Erfolgreichster Einzelspieler ist Lleyton Hewitt, der von 56 Partien 42 gewann. Im Doppel waren Todd Woodbridge und Mark Woodforde mit 14:2 Siegen erfolgreichstes Duo.
Die australische Mannschaft
Folgende Spieler kamen im Davis Cup 2018 zum Einsatz:
John Peers
Lleyton Hewitt
Nick Kyrgios
Matthew Ebden
Jordan Thompson
Alex de Minaur
Finalteilnahmen
Die Ergebnisse der Finalteilnahmen werden aus australischer Sicht angegeben.
Siehe auch
Australische Fed-Cup-Mannschaft
Weblinks
Australische Daviscupmannschaft
Daviscupmannschaft
Daviscup.
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sn85025948_1877-09-27_1_1_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | I rViiC—— -T l& rhäti Erzählung von Philipp M«fc 'idUi «583 7 5 'Jk' (SertfeHiKg.) Allein darin hatte er sich denn doch etwas getäuscht. Der Reetor war ein besonnener und alles an ihn herantretende immer sehr ruhig erfassender Vtanu, und das bewies er auch diesmal. Nur leuchtete sein klares brau nes Auge etwas lebhafter auf, als er den Brief gelesen hatte,, ihn dann wieder zusam menfaltete und so in seiner Hand behielt. „Ja," sagte er nun in seiner liebevollen und stillen Weise, „Sie haben Recht, der Herr ladet mich in der That ein, mit Ihnen um zehn Uhr heute Morgen die kleine Spazier fahrt zu wachen, und er bittet sogar sehr dringend um meine Begleitung, da er, wie er sagt, meines Rathes und meiner Hülfe in einer ernsten Angelegenheit bedmfe. Also im« thun 'i" Die letzte Fraae überhörend M»d nur die vorhergehenden Worte auffasiend, fuhr HZeter Gassen wieder heftig'in die Höhe und rief: „Wie 'i ,m AOsWâH Kieses HermtWber/ •iO Üj? fttHtt|«)i0(ii: H»ei Kelters per Jahr, in vsr»«steM«j. n s 4?* 35 A 5« Mosel, W«. Der Künstler von Cues, der erst vor kurzer Zeit dem Garten heraufgekommen war, wo er sich ein halbes Stück am Wachschatzimmer seiner Pflanzen und Blumen erfreut, dass im Arbeitszimmer vor dem Schreibtisch, als er eine etwas ungestünde Hand an die Thür seines vorderen Wohnzimmers pochen horte. Auf dem Sessel sitzen bleibend, rief er mit seiner hellen Stimme ein laut tonendes Herein und als er dann nach einer Weile einen hastigen Schritt hinter sich vernahm, drehte er sich um und schaute dem so einige Einretenden nicht ganz ohne Verwendung entgegen, da er sich die Hast desselben nicht so gleich erklären konnte. Aber fast erschrocken sprang er vom Stuhl auf, als er den ihm rasch nach einer Kursitzung erkannt und auf seine erhitzten Gesicht deutlich die Spuren einer Kursitzung gelesen hatte. Sie sind es, Gassen rief er ihm zu... „Und Sie haben es heute so eilig. Aber mein Gott, wie sehen Sie denn aus? Ihnen etwas Bedeutsames begegnet, oder haben Sie v. Selleicht schon so früh einige Schoppen getrunken, was doch sonst nicht in Ihrer Gewohnheit liegt. „Es was Schoppen!" eiferte der Wirth aus den Heiligen drei Königen. „Ich habe nicht daran gedacht, Herr Rector, und mir hat heute etwas ganz Anderes den Kopf roth und wüst gemacht. Na, Sie werden ihn auch noch kriegen, Sie nur, bis ich Hhstey erzählt habe, was mir begegnet ist und nicht auch Schnee begegnen soll." Und nun berichtete er dem immer mehr verwundert aufschauenden Geistlichen, was geschehen, und geben den Pries, den er bis dahin in sein Prüsttasche verwundert geben hatte. „Da," sagte er, „nun lesen Sie mir, ob ich Gründ habe, so hastjg'belohnen einzutreten und Ihre Ruhe zu stören." Der Geistliche nach schweifend den Brief in Enlpfang, erbrach thn, ffcfité sich damit an ein Fenster und beugte sein friedsertiges Gefficht über die Zeilen, die er langsam und bedächtig, wobei sein Besuch ohne Unterlassseine Miene beobachtete, ziemlich überzeugt, daft der verehrte Herr nun auch gleich Feuer und Flamme werden würde. Ihres Rathes und Ihrer Hülfe be-darf er? Das ist ja wieder ganz was Neues und davon hat er mir kein Wort geschrieben. Der Geistliche entfaltete den 23rief Dch... einmal und überflog ihn wiederum. „Ja," sagte er sanft, „so steht es hier.' Und, lieber Freund, wenn man Jemandem rathen und helfen kann, der in irgend einer Not sich befindet, so ist wohl jedes Besinnen, ob man es tun will oder nicht, überflüssig. Hier hört eben die Wahl auf und es beginnt die P flicht. Doch nun sagen Sie mir, und diesen Punkt möchte ich zuerst mit Ihnen besprechen wer ist, denn das hat er mir neulich nicht gesagt und ich habe nicht den Beruf in mir gefühlt, ihn darüber nach besonders zu fragen oder gar in ihn zu bringen, da ich wohl bemerkte, dass er trotz seines höchst liebenswürdigen Wesens eine gewisse Zurückhaltung darüber gegen mich beobachtete und, wie ein schien, nicht gern wissen lassen wollte, wer und was er eigentlich war und was ihn in unsere Stadt geführt. „Ja, ja, das ist es gerade," rief der lebhaft Wirth aus, „und darüber habe ich so meine eigenen Gedanken. Und nun ist Gott lob endlich der Zeitpunkt gekommen, wo ich diese meine Gedanken, die ich schon gestern hatte, an den rechten Mann bringen kann. Ja, Herr Reetor, gesagt nie es einmal sein und Sie sind der Erste, dem ich mich über diesen seltsamen Herrn und seine Verhältnisse eröffnen will. Und nun denken Sie einmal zuerst an das niedliche Schiffchen, das gestern bei uns drüben im Winterhafen lag und heute Morgen wieder spurlos verschwunden ist. Nach meiner Ansicht hängt das Schiffchen mit dem Herrn, der zuerst eine Nacht bei Ihnen zugebracht und dann mit seinem Freunde einige Tage bei mir gewohnt hat, sehr nahe zusammen. Ah, ja, jetzt machen Sie große Augen, aber ich habe mir gleich vom ersten Augenblick an gedacht, daß diese beiden Herren aus Holland gekommen und das Schiff von Coblenz her auf der Mosel hergebracht, daß sie also die Herren desselben und sämtliche Leute au Bord ihre Untergebenen und auch Holländer vom reinsten Wasser sind. Und das haben mir zu guterletzt noch mehr die kleinen weißen Tonpfeifen verrathen, aus denen die Matrosen rauchten, gerade wie die Schiffer es tun, die aus den Niederlanden kommen und bis Weil bei uns anlegen. Na ja, das habe ich mir gedacht, und nun will ich Ihnen noch etwas ganz Anderes sagen, was mir die Anwesenheit dieser Herren bei uns in Berncastel noch viel bedeutsamer erscheinen lässt und zum Teil erklärt. Und Sie werden mir bestimmen, wenn Sie nur einen Augenblick darüber nachdenken wollen." Was mag das sein?" fragte der Rector, dessen friedfertige Miene allmälig auch die Spuren innerer Spannung und menschlicher Neugierde anzunehmen begannen. Peter Gassen nickte triumphiert und fuhr dann in feinen Ausschlüssen mit erneuter Lebhaftigkeit fort: „Ja," sagte er, „ich bleibe bei meinem ersten Gedanken stehen, und wenn ich auch noch keine stichhaltigen Beweise für die Richtigkeit desselben an den Fingern herzählen kann, so kann ich doch nicht umhin, zu glauben, daß meine Lösung des allgemeinen Räthsels nicht allzuweit von der Wahrheit abweicht. Ich habe mir nemlich gedacht, daß diese Herren nicht ihre wenigen allein, etwa zu einer Lustpartie oder zu einem kaufmännischen Geschäft, sondern eines Anderen wegen hierhergekommen sind. Und dieser ist kein Anderer als der alte Holländer vom Nußhof, dessen Herrn Philipp, wie er sich nicht, und sein Freund, der Herr van der Staaten, als Holländer, wenn sie das wirklich sind, mit dem alten Holländer in irgend einem Verhältnis oder einer Beziehung stehen, das will mir nicht aus dem Kopf, denn war um hätte dieser Herr Philipp bei mir und nachher auch bei meiner Tochter so viel nach dem alten van der Myers geforscht und sich nach allen möglichen Kleinigkeiten erkundigt, die gerade diesen Mann und feine Familie betreffen, he Über des Reetors bisher noch immer verhältnismäßig ruhiges Gesicht ergoß sich jetzt em lebhafter Schimmer innerer Erregung. „Ja," sagte er nun, „darin können Sie vielleicht Recht haben, lieber Freund, denn I u n 7 é 5 i e V tttlri. i a!QB'mfftoif krf 2g&..St^SjÖ#l#3S9• «-:».« *»5 täâ-é?tämtâtätâtätät.Mäßig gm -SiZÄ v *1 ii-, Kai-* „a j|M^ t8ie#l«m2) mtzÄ?M.ou o- 1s ll?VI.^M,ti? ^uti «{Jfeë-.y.11.8? 'y!(a?t)#»d«)T?«& 'ji'AS ifi\.y linjntt imipf tn$* mtq *h ga£.Hdmicrrm Ter Geistliche wiegte bedenklich das Haupt und blickte sinnend aus dem Fenster über die Mosel und nach dem Nußhof hin. „Mag sein," sagte er endlich, „daß Sie auch darin Recht haben, aber ich kann beim besten Willen nichts Anderes und mehr über ihn mittheilen, als was ich dein freundlichen jungen Manne schon einmal gesagt." „Ich auch nicht!" rief Peter Gaffen rasch. „Aber darauf kommt es ja auch vor der Hand gar nicht an. Mir werden bald genug erfah ren, um was es sich handelt, und die Frage ist nur die, ob Sie geneigt sind, mich z Ueber festgesetzten Stunde nach Mühlheim zu begleiten. Der Reo? sah nach der Uhr und sagte dann lächelnd: „Was Sie für ein Mann sind, wenn es gilt, dergleichen Combinationen auszugrübeln, ich hätte das meiner Lebtage nicht gedacht und es wurde mir auch niemals einfallen, über die Leute, die mir im Leben aufstoßen, solche Begriffen anzustellen. Aber ob ich Sie begleiten will, lieber Freund werde ich es tun, das hafte ich sogar für meine Pflicht, da mein Nath und meine Hüffe in Anspruch genommen sind. Es ist jetzt fünfzehn Minuten über neun Uhr und um Zehn sollen wir abfahren. Gut, da habe ich noch Zeit genug, mich wenig zu pntzent. Also wohlan, haben Sie Ihren Wigweber bereit?" der ivf Peter Gassen, erreut, daß es nun wirklich an dob geheimnisvolle Werk ging. „Der wird gleich drüben an der Lartde stelle fein, denn ich habe ihn schon bestellt. Und es wird eine ganz hübsche Spazierfahrt bei dem schönen Wetter sein, Herr Rector, und wir werden auch gewiß ein appetitliches Frühstück erhalten, wie es in dem Briefe ver heißen ist, und so etwas ist doch auch nicht-zu verachten." Der Geistliche lachte leise auf und nickte mit dem Kopf. „Nim ja," sagte er „die Spazierfahrt lasse ich mir gefallen und das Frühstück hinterher am Ende auch. Doch nun verweilen Sie im Nebenzimmer ein Weilchen, ich will mich rasch fertig machen, und dann kann es mit Gott «ach Mülheim gehen."— Der Wirth zu den Heiligen drei Königen verließ das ottudier, Ummer des Geistlichen und begab sich das vordere Zimmer, unausge setzt am Fenster stehend, um nach seinem Wagen auszuschauen. Der Rector aber brauchte lange nicht so viel Zeit zu seiner Toilette, wie Jener, denn in feinem langen schwarzen Priesterrock war er immer ziemlich besuchsmäßig gekleidet, und so hand er nur einen reinen Heindkragen unter seine Cravatte, nahm ein Paar neuer Handschuhe, ein Frisches Taschen, tuch und griff dann nach Hut und Stock. „So," sagte et, nach einigen Minuten schon aus seinem Zimmer hervortretend, „ich bitt mein Freund, Ist Ihr Wagen „Ja wohl, so ebetk er gekommen, und da steht er an der bestimmten Stände. Es schlägt es halb Zehn." Der Geistliche schellte und fast aufgenblicklich trat sein Diener ein. „Ich fahre nach Mülheim," sagte er zu ihm, „und wenn ich um Mittagszeit nicht zurück bin, soll man mit dem Essen nicht aus mich warten. Gott behüte Euch und das Haus. Lebt wohl Als die beiden Männer vor das äußere Thor des Hospitals traten, wollte sich die Fähre aus der Mosel eben in Bewegung setzen. Sobald der Fährmann aber den geistlichen Herrn und seinen Begleiter zukommen sah, wartete er noch einen Augenblick, und so kamen die beiden Männer schneillgenug über den Strom. Als Fritz, der Kutscher, sie in der Fährkeit erblickte stieg er vom Bock und öffnete den Schlag. Sogleich stiegen sie ein und flugs liefen die Pferde davon, nachdem der Kutscher noch den Befehl erhalten. ten, die Straße nach Mulheim einzuklagen. Als der Wagen aber bald darauf den Nuf erreicht hatte, spähte sowohl der Geistliche wie sein Begleiter etwas neugieria und mit ge spannten Mienen durch das (Bitter, und da gewahrten sie die beiden jungen Damen, die im Garten auf- und abspazierten und eben dem Gitter ganz nahe gekommen waren. Beide Vorüberfahrende grüßten höflich und der Grußwärter freundlich erwidert, dünn aber blickten sie sich mit einiger Bedeutung an und Peter Gassen sagte: „Der Teufel auch ja, hübsch sind sie alle Beide, und wenn die Herren Holländer wirklich ihre Augen auf sie geworfen hätten und wir uns den Kupppelz verdienen sollten, so würde ich mich darüber gar nicht wundern. Meinen Sie nicht auch, Herr Rector Dieser zuckte die Achseln, lächelte matt und erwiderte: „Ich weiß nur, denn ich sehe es ja, dass die beiden Damen sehr schön, nicht blos hübsch sind, lieber Freund. Alles Andere aber geht mich nichts an und ich überlasse es Gott, ihnen das Beste zu geben, was er für sie ausbewahrt hat." „Nun ja, das überlasse ich ihm auch versetzte Peter Gassen, „und es könnte wahrhaftig kein Mensch etwas Besseres thun. Aber Sie sind ein geistlicher Herr und ich nur ein simpler Sterblicher, und der hat so seine eigenen Gedanken, wenn er so hübsche Gesichter sieht, wie diese sind. Na, fährt sich mein Landauer nicht gut. Wenn schon ein Spazier übermächtigt, wenn gutem Wetter und gerade in so herrlicher Gegend etwas sehr Angenehmes und Anmuthiges ist, so ist es eine Spazier fahrt noch viel mehr, wenn man das Glück haben so bequem zu sitzen, wie die beiden Manner jetzt saßen, und nicht... amentlich, wenn man ein so appetitliches Frühstück vor Augen hat, wie es ihnen heute verheißen war. So genossen sie denn das Erstere schon jetzt im vollsten Maße, das Andere stellte sich wenigstens der Eine von ihnen sehr behaglich vor, und Beider Augen flogen bald rechts, bald links über bie grünen Weinberge, den lieblichen Strom und die gegenüberliegenden zahlreichen Ortschaften hin, was Alles im goldenen Strahl der Morgensonne glitzerte und glühte, die ihre Hitze noch mäßigte, zumal ein frischer Wind von Osten her durch das Thal strich. Jeder Sänger sprachen Beide anfangs nicht viel, ein Jeder von ihnen mochte so manches zu bedenken haben, was er nicht laut werden lassen wollte und was ihm nicht alle Tage zu beidenken geboten wird, und erst als sie den einreichen Ort Lieser zur Rechten jenseits des Stromes liegen sahen, unterbrach der Wirth der Heiligen drei Könige das Schweigen und sagte zu seinem Begleiter: „Es ist wahrhaftig gut, Herr Rector, dass man uns zu einem Frühstück eingeladen hat, denn beim Himmel, jetzt in der frischen Morgenlüft merke ich erst, daß ich in der Eile ganz vergessen habe, irgend einen Standhaften Bissen oder gar einen Schluck Wein zu mir zu nehmen, und ich fühle mit einem Mal einen Appetit, als ob ich zwei ganze Tage gefastet hätte, ja!" Der Rector wandte sich zu ihm und erwischt. "Nach sei zu müssen, dass der junge Mann auch mich wiederholt nach dem alten Herrn ausgefragt und als ich ihm auf einem Spaziergange dessen Gut und Haus zeigte, dasselbe mit euter ganz besonderen Aufmerksamkeit und persönlichem Interefe betrachtet hat." "Aha, sehen Sie wohl, ich dachte es ja, dass Sie mich begreifen und mir beistimmen würden. Was für ein Verhältnis nun zwischen diesen beiden Herren und dem alten Holländer stattfinde, ob sie gute Freunde sind oder nicht, das kann ich nicht wissen und das geht mich nichts an doch wenn mich nicht alles täuscht, werden wir darüber noch heute etwas Näheres erfahren, dass ich glaube gewiß, dass die Herren uns nur deßhalb tu sich eingeladen habe, um noch einmal das Gesprach auf den alten Hollander zu bringen. Was wir Ihnen äfeer denselben berichten könnten." "Derte mit feinem wohlwollenden Lager." ächeln: „Nun ja, ich glaube es wohl, daß Sie der geschickte, sind Sie doch immer mit einem guten Appetit gesegnet aber diesmal geht es mir beinahe wie Ihnen. Da, als die beiden Männer eben schweigend nebeneinander saßen und träumerisch oder nachdenklich vor sich hinblickten, drehte sich der Kutscher plötzlich aus seinem Sitze um, deutete mit P-itjch. Nun natürlich Beide Männer schauten ausmerksam in die Ferne vor sich hin und Peter Gassen's Luchs äugen hatten bald die bereits wartenden Herren erkannt. Die beiden jungen Freunde hatten ihre Zusage redlich gehalten und waren ihren Gästen schon bis hierher entgegengekommen. Sie standen auf der Landstraße im Schatten eines großen Apfelbaumes, traten jedoch, als der Wagen ihnen rasch näher kam, in das helle Sonnenlicht heraus und nun ein kannte auch der Rector den jungen Mann, der sich ihm iti jener Nacht auf dem Hundsrück stärkte. Die beiden Fahrenden, da sie sich jetzt der endlichen Lösung des geheimnisvollen Räthsels so nahe wussten, wurden plötzlich sehr Erst, und ihre Mienen nahmen den Ausdruck gespanntester Erwartung an. Als sie aber der lächelnden Gesichter der jungen Holländer anzustellen wurden und daraus für sie erst, erhebt sich auch ihre Mienen wieder, und sie sahen dem Zusammentreffen nun mit sichtlichem Wohlgefallen entgegen. Als der Wagen hielt traten die jungen Maimer an den schlag, begrüßten die Ankomenden freundlichst und boten ihnen zum Willkommen die Hand. „Guten Morgen, Herr Rector, guten Morgen, Herr Gassen!" redete sie Herr Philipp mit gewinnender Herzlichkeit an. „Ich heiße Sie Beide von ganzer Seele willkommen und danken Ihnen, dass Sie meiner Bitte so pünktlich gefolgt sind. Und hier, Herr Rector, stelle ich Ihnen meinen Ihnen noch unbekannten Freund Jan van der Straaten aus Rotterdam vor, und dies, mein lieber Jan, ist der vortreffliche Matt, der Rector von Eues, von dem ich Dir schon so manches Gute gesagt." Sobald die Fahrenden ausgestiegen waren, entgegnete der Rector einige Worte und schütet dem Fremden die Hand, die dieser ihm schon entgegenstreckte aber Peter Gassen hatte augenblicklich das Wort Rotterdam aufgefasst und sogleich entfuhr ihm der etwas verwunderte Ausruf: „Ah, aus Rotterdam? Also Sie sind wirklich Holländer, meine Herrn, was Sie mir Beide bisher verschwiegen haben?" „Ja, das sind wir," sagte nun der ältere Freund, „und Sie müssen uns schon verzeihen, dass wir Sie so lange über unsere Herkunft in Ungewehr. Ist gelassen haben. Allein daran waren die Verhältnisse schuld, die uns hierhergeführt von jetzt an jedoch hat das Incognito in jeder Beziehung ein Ende und Sie werden bald alles erfahren, was zu wissen. Ihnen von einigem Interesse sein kann. Doch davon später. Folgen Sie uns jetzt nur, damit wir Sie bald unter Dach und Fach führen können. Unser Haus liegt nicht gar weit entfernt von hier, unu wir haben nur noch wenige Schritte zu machen, bis wir dahin gelangt sind." Man war während dieses kurzen Gesprächs auf der Landstraße langsam fortgeschritten und der Wagen hinterher gefahren, und so war man eben dem im Flusse still vor Anker liegenden Schisse gegenüber angekommen, als Peter Gassen, der seine Augen und Ohren auf Alles richtete, zu seinem heutigen Wirth sagte: „Sie sprechen eben von Ihrem Hause, meine Herrn, in welches Sie uns so freund lich eingeladen haben, aber wo haben Sie sich denn so rasch ein solches Haus gebaut O," erwiderte der junge Holländer lä chelnd, „das war schon lange fertig und ist jetzt nur auf meinen Wunsch mir so schnell ge folgt, denn, wie Sie dort sehen, ist es beweg iichcr als andere Häuser und wechselt seinen Ankerplatz häufiger, als ihre Heiligen dreiKö nige es thun." „Ah," rief Peter Gassen, riß beide Augen weit auf und nickte dann dem Rector ver ständlich zu, „also das Schiff dort ist wirklich Ihr Wohnhaus? O, ich habe es gestern gleich vermuthet und es heute dem Herrn Reetor gesagt." „Das haben wir uns wohl gedacht und es eigentlich so gewollt, um Sie auf den heutigen Tag vorzubereiten," entgegnete Jan van der Straaten mit vergnügtem Gesicht, „aber nun lassen Sie uns in unser Boot steigen, das da unten hinter dem großen Weidenbaume liegt." „Ja, ja," rief Peter Gassen wieder, „aber wo lasse ich denn meinen Wagen?" „Lassen Sie ihn nach Mulheim fahren," entgegnete der ältere Freund, dessen Gesicht unverkennbar das Gepräge der Freude, wie wohl auch das einer tiefen und ernsten Em pfindung trug, und bestellen Sie ihn zu einer bestimmten Zeit wieder hierher, da die Mosel nixe heute, so lange Sie an Bord sind, ihren Ankerplatz nicht mehr wechselt." „Ach ja, das*will ich recht gern thun, aber wann „Nun, das ist ja sehr einfach," nahm Jan van der Straaten wieder das Wort. „Sind Sie Beide in Ihrer Zeit sehr beschränkt ltthtijf j4 vni'J/.ji u r:,y "Ä tttybii in ,'i i:'â n?fb ff! mdtf .- 'i rtfil «'jft'fnW n»/ Jf9# Hl,f f!i ttili ,(i 1.!« $fip m'fitttf iss ,ji. K'JO sttttÄÄ .'ii'jdâ »«WWVWWWWWWMK» I I »Iii ii"uuii'.zu'k wttr.ifcn. „Da ist es, da!"... „Was ist denn da?" fragte scut Herr, fast erstaunt aus feiner Träumerei auffahrend. „Das Schiff, Herr! Die Moselhexe, die gestern bei uns im Winterhafen lag." „Moselhexe fragte fein Herr ganz erstaunt. „Moselhexe heißt sie und ja, beim Himmel da drüben, säst am jenseitigen User, auszuschreiben des Fahrwassers, liegt sie ruhig in einem ganz hübschen Hafen vor Anker." „Nötig, Hexe oder Nixe, ist denn das nicht einerlei brummte der Kutscher. „Nein, Fritz," sagte der Rector bekehrend, „das ist nicht einerlei und ein anderes Mal will ich Dir den Unterschied erklären.—Aber sehen Sie doch, Gassen, wer steht denn da vor uns gerade mitten auf dem Wege if 'i" „Nein," sagte Peter Gassen und der Rector schüttelte sanft bett Kopf. „Nun gut. Jetzt ist es halb elf Uhr. Von Elf bis Zwölf frühstücken wir, und von Zwölf bis Zwei sprechen wir, so können Sie um drei Uhr. Wenn Sie nicht länger bleiben wollen, wieder nach Hause fahren. Ist Ihnen das recht?" Peter Gassen sah den Rector fragend an, i dieser nicht beifällig und so erhielt der Kutscher den Befehl, gegen drei Uhr wieder zur Stelle zu sein, worauf der Wagen sogleich nach Mülheim weiter fuhr. Die vier Männer schritten einen kleinen Rasenabhang hinab, der von der Landstraße in der Moselle führte, und da sahen die Beritastrate Herren das kleine niedliche Boot liegen, welches sie schon am vorigen Tage neben der Moselle im Winterhafen ihrer Stunde gesehen. Zwei Matrosen, in ihrem sommerlichen Dienstanzug, saßen mit hochgehenden Riemen darin, und es war gerade so groß, daß außer ihnen noch die vier Herren auf zwei schmalen Bänken Platz finden konnten. Kaum waren Alle eingetreten, so senkten sich die Riemen ins Wasser und setzten das leichte Fahrzeug in pfeilschnelle Bewegung nach dem Schiffe hin, das am jenseitigen Ufer zwischen zwei großen Steindämmen ruhig vor seinen ausgeworfenen Anklagen lag, schon von Weitem sah nach dem vom Boote aus mehrere Matrosen aus der Steuerbordgütter des Schiffes stehen, die den Herannahenden zugekehrt war, und bemerkte, wie sie eben die kleine Fallreepstreppe niederließen, um die Herren bequem an Bord steigen zu lassen. Jan V van der Straaten war der Erste, der auf die kleine Treppe sprang und zunächst dem Geistlichen beim Aussteigen behülstigt war ihm folgte der zweite Gast und dann Herr Philipp, woraus die beiden Matrosen das Boot aus die Backbordseite ruderten und daselbst in gewohnter Weise befestigten, da mit es vom Strome nicht gegen das größere Schiff gedrängt wurde. Die beiden Männer aus Bernastel, die jetzt kein Wort zu sprechen, denn dazu war ihre Spannung und die Begierde, alles ihnen Gebotene, genau zu betrachten, zu groß, waren gleich beim ersten Blick aus ihre nächste Umgebung erstaunt, an Bord dieses hollandischen Lustschiffes Alles und Jedes in noch viel größerer Sauberkeit und Eleganz zu finden, als sie es sich vorgestellt. Sie wurden zunächst aus das obere, unmittelbar unter dem Sonnenzelt gelegene Hinterdeck geführt und hier verbeugten sich vor ihnen mehrere Diener, die in der Nähe einer kleinen, mit Dmnaft gedeckten Taiel standen, bie glänzend und fast prunkvoll mit dem schönsten japanesischen Porzellan und farbigen Römer gläsern besetzt war, eine Anordnung, die in mitten der in Gruppen ringsherum aufgestellten Blättern und Blattgewächse einen ebenso zierlichen wie behaglichen Anblick gewährte. Trotz der Breite dieser Tafel, vor deren Converts schon Sessel von feinem Rühr gesiecht standen, blieb doch. Noch genügender Raum, auf dem langen Deck bequem hm und her zu spazieren, und vor den Gewachsen waren höchst elegante Rohränke ausgestellt, aus denen man sich wahrend der Fahrt nie derlassen und, ohne selbst gesehen zu werden, die ganze Umgegend in größter Gemüt betrachten kannte. Außerordentlich. Nieder Bewohner des reizenden Schiffes ließen ihren Gästen hinreichend Zeit, sich jede Einzelheit mit Muße zu beschauen als sie aber aus diesem Deck damit zu Stande gekommen waren und ihrer Bewunderung genügenden Ausdruck gegeben, wandte sich Herr Philipp, der hier der eigentliche Gebieter zu sein schien, an die beiden wieder ganz stumm gewordenen Herre und sagte mit seiner denselben schon bekannten Freundlichkeit: „In einer Viertelstunde werden wir speisen, meine Herren, oder vielmehr ein kleines Gabelfrühstück einnehmen bis dahin aber wollen wir Ihnen, wenn es genehm ist, unser kleines Haus zeigen, das vielleicht einiges Interesse für Sie haben dürfte. Nach Tische erst werden wir Ihnen erklären, warum wir Sie baten, heute unsere Gaste zu sein, worin auch der Grund eingeschlossen sein wird, warum wir überhaupt hierhergekommen sind. Es ist dies eine etwas ernste Angelegenheit, wie Sie sich überzeugen werden, und auch Sie dürften vielleicht ein. Inige Mühe und Unbequemlichseit davon haben allein wir hegte zu Ihnen Beiden das Vertrauen, dass Sie uns, die wir ganz fremd sind, ist unserer Angelegenheit mit Ihrem Rath und Ihrer Hülse beistehen würden, und hoffentlich haben wir uns darin nicht getauscht. Für jetzt indessen wollen wir noch nicht von Geschäften sprechen und uns noch einem kurzen Genusse hingeben. Bitte also, folgen Sie mir und nehmen Sie. zuerst die innere Einrichtung unseres beweglichen Hauses in Augenschein, das Sie bis jetzt nur von außen kennen." Der Rector zeigte bei diesen Worten, gewöhnlich, ein ernstes und würdevolles, wie wohl ruhiges Gesicht, Peter Gassen aber sah ziemlich betreten aus, denn seilte früheren Gedanken nahmen ihn wieder ganz in Bechlag und obgleich er sich die größte Mühe gab, zu errathen, was man in diesem höchst seltsamen Falle von ihm verlangen könnte, so war er doch nicht im Stande, der geheimnis vollen Sache aus den Grund zu sehen. Natürlich jedoch folgte er wie fein Begleiter gern der Aufforderung ihres Wirthes, und so stieg man in der Nähe des Steuerruders auf einer kleinen Treppe in die untere Eajüte hinab, bereit Flügelthüren, die inwendig mit schön poliertem Holze und Goldverzierungen ausgelegt waren, schon offen standen. Als sie nun aber in ein geräumiges und ungemein prachtvoll ausgestattetes Gemach traten, in dem Alles und Jedes den feinsten Geschmack, einen Leicht erkennbaren Reichthum und eine auf der Stelle anheimelnde Bequemlichkeit verrieth, erheiterten sich die ernsten Gesichter der beiden Gäste wieder, und sie betrachteten sich jedes Einzelne mit sichtbarer Verwundung und Freude und so genau wie möglich. „Dies ist unser Wohnzimmer," erklärte ihr Wirth, „Und hier halten wir uns bei ungünstigem Wetter auf, oder wenn wir zu athen haben, denn arbeiten müssen wir Gelegenheit auch auf der Reife, da wir ja nicht blos unserem Vergnügen nachgehen." Die beiden Gäste blickten sich in dem reich geschmückten Raum behaglich und mit erneuem Staunen um, denn sie fanden Alles hier vorhanden und ihrer Meinung nach noch viel mehr, was ein reicher Mann in seinem Wohngemach am Lande gern um sich versammelt sieht. Ein wunderschönes Pianino fiel ihnen zuerst aus, dessen Aeußeres aus Ebenholz zu bestehen schien und mit Goldverzierungen und Perlmutter reich ausgelegt war. Die Möbel zum Sitzen waren mit kirschrothem Sammet überzogen an den Wänden zwischen den Fenstern, die auch jetzt durch kostbar gestickte Tüllvorhäge und Lambrequins geschlossen waren, hingen herrliche landschaftliche Ölge mälbe auf mehreren Tischen, alle mit rothen Sammetteppichen bedeckt. agen verschiedene Bücher und Albums, und in einem zierlichen Bücherschrank von japanesischer Arbeit stannte dergleichen noch viel mehr. In die nach vorn führenden Thürflügel waren zwei große hellstrahlende Spiegel eingelassen, und der Fußboden war mit kostbaren persischen Repräsentanten belegt. Als die Bernaftler Herren Alles in Augen schon genommen, öffnete Lucas, der feinem Herrn auf Schritt und Tritt folgte, die Spiegelthür, und nun trat man in ein einfachenes und doch höchst elegant sich darstellendes Gemach, in dem alle Möbel aus antik geschnitztem Eichenholz bestanden, die Sessel und Sophas mit braunen weichen Leberpolstern überzogen waren, und an ben Wänben Frucht und Jagbstücke hingen, die die Bestimmung desselben schon durch die dargestellten Gegenstände andeuteten. „Dies ist unser Speisezimmer," erklärte der Wirth, „aber wir benutzen es nur, wenn die Witterung uns den Aufenthalt auf dem Oberbeck nicht gestattet, denn oben ist es in der Regel viel luftiger und frischer und man genießt bei der Tafel zugleich den Anblick der Ufer und das Treiben der Menschen, an den man sich auf der Fahrt vorüber bei viel." Äls auch dieses einladende Zimmer genugend betrachtet, öffnete Lucas das dritte und letzt Gemach der Hinteren Eajüte und man trat in einen Raum ein, den man auf ber Stelle als bas Schlafca'binet ber beiden Freunde erkannte. In die Schiffswände waren zwei prachtvolle Betten und Toiletten tische eingelassen, auf denen die Utensilien aus japanesischem Porzellan bestanden und alles zum Ankleiden notwendige Material im Überfluß enthalten war hinter einem drehbaren Spiegel zeigten sich Kleiderschränke, und hinter verschiedenen, ebenfalls beweglichen Gemälden, die schöne weibliche Portraits aus der griechischen Mythologie barstellten, (ittbere zum täglichen) Gebrauch nothwendige Gegenstände. Die Vorhänge ber Betten mit Fenster bestauben aus gründem Seidendamast, und hier sast noch mehr als in bett beiben anberen Räumen erhielt man den Einbruch, baß bie Schiffseigentümer sehr reiche Leute sein müßten, was auf bie ein fachen Männer aus Berncastel eine sichtbare Wirkung übte, ba sie eine so kostbare Einrichtung noch nie vor Augen gehabt hatten. „Jetzt sinb wir an bas Enbe unserer Schiffswohnung gelangt," erläuterte Herr Philipp, „und nun betreten wir die Cahnen, unserer Diener unb ber das Schiff leitenden Matrosen. Folgen Sie mir gefälligst." Lucas öffnete die hinterste Thür und man trat nun in den freien Raum hinaus, der den Mast und das zum Segeln notwendige Material enthielt. Als man diesen durchschritten, wurde eine Thür zu einer kleinen Eabinet geöffnet, die ganz nach Schifferweise eingerichtet war und die etwas enge Wohnung der Diener der beiden Herren enthielt. Aus beiden Seiten erhoben sich je zwei Lagerstellen übereinander, und in die Schissswande da zwischen waren die nötigen Schränke für Kleider unb sonstige Bebürfnisse eingelassen. Alles a belaufen verrieth eint seltene Sauberkeit, und selbst hier waren aus dem Boden braune Teppiche von Eocosunssasern ausgebreitet, die jeden Schritt unhörbar machten. Aus dieser engen Behausung gelangte man in die nicht viel größere Küche und fand bettweißgekleideten Koch nebst einem Gehülfen. darin thätig, um ben Gästen bas leckere Mahl zurückkehrte. Höflich begrüßte ber Beherrscher biele, mit Düften aller Art erfüllten Raumes die Herren, über ihm einen freundblühenden Mütze abnahm und bienstergeben auf seinen Herrn schaute, ber ihm einen freundblühenden Gruß zunickte und im Vorübergehen leise zu ihm die Worte sprach: „In zehn Minuten, Heinz. Wir find gleich fertig!" Der Rector von Cues blickte sich in dieser ihm etwas gleichgültigeren Räumlichkeit nur überflächlich um, nicht so sein Begleiter aus den Heiligen brei Königen, ber fein Auge an dem ringsumher aufgestellten Geräth mit wahrer Fürstlichen labte. Denn Alles, was er sah, strahlte von Eleganz und Reinlichkeit, und bie blank geputzten (Sasseroten, Töpfe und sonstigen Geschirre lächelten ihn so behäbig an, daß sein rundes Vollmonds gejicht den ganzen Glanz zurückstrahlte, den es hier vor sich sah. „Kommen Sie weiter," mahnte Herr Philipp, „jetzt erreichen wir den letzten geschlossenen Riem, die (Sabine für unsere Matrosen, die, ivenn sie hier auch etwas engwohnen, doch gern einmal das Leben auf dem Salzwasser mit bei einem Binnenstrom vertauscht haben." Man trat dann ein und fand die innere Einrichtung fast ebenso wie in ber Einrichtung, nur baß ber Raum ein bei Weitem größerer war. Man zählte acht Betten, von denen vier oberhalb der unteren angebracht und die sämtlich mit roth und weißgewürdigten Linnen überzogen und mit roten wolten Decken belegt waren. Auch dies Gemach stand im Augenblick leer, denn die Mannschaft befand sich auf dem oberen Vorderdeck, mit den Anfertigen von Netzen beschäftigt, und nur der Steuermann, wie man nachher sah, hatte sich in das kleine Boot gesetzt, wo er, seine kurze holländische Pseudonym, sich die Zeit mit Angeln vertrieb. „Jetzt haben Sie Alles gesehen, was ich Ihnen zeigen kamt," nahm ber junge Wirthwerk. Ein das Wort. „Die unteren Schiffsräume zu besuchen, können wir uns ersparen, und so wollen wir uns auf unser Himmelzuktion zurückbegeben, um endlich an unser Frühstück zu gehen. Bitte, kommen Sie!" Kopfschüttelnd, noch auf Dies und Jenes einen hastigen Blick werfend, Alles anstauend, und doch sich aus das verheißene Mahl unendlich freuend, folgte Peter Gassen schweigend dem Rufe, aber auch der Rector war ganz stumm geworden. Mit seinen Gedanken über das Geschehene vollauf beschäftigt, trat er dem vomnächsten Schiffsherrn nach, ber mit stillem Behagen sehr wohl ben günstigen Eindruck bemerkte, den seine Gäste von der Einrichtung der fabelhaften Mosel nixe empfangen hatten. „So," sagte der Erstere, „jetzt gieb bas Glockenzeichen, Lucas, bas man anrichten kann, unb unterdessen, meine Herren, blicken Sie sich etwas nach Außen um und unter suchen Sie, ob wir nicht einen ganz hübschen Ankerplatz gewählt haben." Herr Philipp führte den Rector unb Jan van ber Straaten ben Wirth ber brei Könige zu Tisch, und sobald sie saßen, traten außer Lucas, der allein seinem Herrn aufwartete, noch drei andere Diener heran, so daß also jeder Speisende seinen eigenen hinter sich hatte. Waren die Gäste nun aber schon über das bisher Geschehene verwundert gewesen, so sollte der eine von ihnen durch das nun aufgetischte Mahl beinahe bezaubert werden, denn Peter Gassen ging hier ein ganz an beres Licht über bie Kochkuns und die Bedienung bei Tisch aus, obwohl er doch gewiss bei sich zu Hause an schmackhaftes Ersuchen und pünktlich die Bedienung gewohnt war. „Ach," sagte er wiederholt int Stillen zu sich, „die Leute hier in der Moselentre—o, sie heißt mit Vollem Recht so verstehen es noch besser als meine Köchin aus Düsseldorf, die ich so theuer bezahlen muß, wie nur ein vornehmer und reicher Herr seinen Koch bezahlt. Ach, was die luxuriöse Welt doch jetzt zu Wasser und zu Lande leistet! Man ist eben bei nahe zu all geworden, um mit ihren Leistungen und Erfordernissen gleichen Schritt zu halten. Aber bei meinen Heiligen drei Können, besser kann man an keiner fürstlichen Tafel speisen und ich wünschte, mein Trauen bekäme nur eine blasse Idee davon." Indessen wollen wir uns nicht länger, als nötig ist, bei diesem Frühstück aushalten und nur ermähnen, daß die Weine, obwohl kein Berncastler Doctor zum Vorschein kam, den vorgeführten Speisen entsprachen, denn der edlen Porter Auslese folgte der köstliche Schölzberg, und den Schluß machte der hochfeine Zeltinger Schloßberg, dessen Wohlgeschmack und Feuer dem guten Wirth auf Berncastel fast die Zunge gelöst hätte, wenn er nicht zu bemerken geglaubt, daß, je weiter das Mahl vorschritt, der ältere junge Holländer immer ernster, stiller und bedächtiger wurde, was der Rector unwillkürlich nach ahmte. Indem er mit befängtem Gefangstellung von allem Schönen nur Wenigesgenoss und seinem Begleiter davon von ganzem Herzen den Löwenantheil überließ. Ja, Peter Gassen suchte seine durch das lange Fasten am Morgen gesunkenen Kräfte genugend zu stärken, und er bewies auch heute, dass er nicht allein das ihm von Gott gegebene Gut zu würdigen verstehe, sondern dass er von der gütigen Natur auch mit Organen begabt. In der Gefangstellung des Gefangstellers, die vollauf im Stande waren, das so füllreich Gebotene zu bewältigen. Im Ganzen schmeckte es Allen vortrefflich ber größte Reiz aber schien bei ben Gästen in ber Neuheit der Sache und darin zu liegen, baß man so gemütlicher auf bem räthselhaften Schiffe fass unb mitten in ber freien Gottesnatur zu speisen und zu trinken Gelegenheit hatte, wie sie nur feiten einem Reifenben geboten wirb, namentlich, wenn man bie Lievenswürgungen beiden Wirte in Anschlag brachte, bie mit nachnahmlicher A. ümerksamkeit unb Herzlichkeit ihre Gäste zum Genuß von Speise und Trank anfeuerten, wobei jede Ruhmung weit ablag, als ob sie als reiche Holänder ben bescheidenen Deutschen hätten zu leisten kann. Bei Tische zeigte sich, wie auch sonst, Januar der Straaten als ber redseligste und unterhaltendste, während sein Freund nur Wieniges und meist mit der Rector sprach, und zwar über Dinge, die dem Geistlichen zunächst am Herzen tagen, feinen so schönen Beruf betrafen und sich auf die innere und äußere Gestaltung des Hospitals bezogen, dessen oberster Verwalter er ja war. Peter Gassen dagegen unterhielt sich lebhaft mit dem heiteren Jan, und ber Tafel gab. Man wechselte einige freundliche Worte und wandelte dann unter dem Sonnenzelt und zwischen betrügen, wie im Fluge die Tafel abräumten, die Tische auseinander zogen und wieder an ihre gewöhnlichen Plätze stellten. Als sie aber nach einigen Minuten damit zu Stande gekommen und sich wieder entfernt Hattert, gab der ältere Holländer seinem Freunde einen Wink und dieser verstand ihn sogleich. So ließ er durch Lucas holländischen Liqueur und hochfeine Cigarren bringen, aber nur der Rector und Jan zündeten sich eine davon an, da Peter Gassen kein Raucher war und Herr Philipp wohl die sonst so beliebte Cigarre ablehnte, weil er sich bereits ganz anderen und ernsteren Gedanken hingegeben hatte. In der Tat war der junge Mann, besonbers in ber letzten Viertelstunde, mit jeder Minute schweigesamer und bedächiger geworden, und man merkte ihm an, daß er jetzt Willens sei, an das ernste Geschäft zu geben. hen, zu dem er bie beiden Herren aus Bern castle zu sich eingeladen hatte. „Mit einem Wort," fuhr er nach einer kurzen Pause fort, während sein Zuhörer sich mäuschenstill verhielt und nur mit feinen blauen Augen erwartungsvoll auf der Miene des Sprechenden ruhte, „ich habe für jetzt nur eine kleine Bitte an Sie zu richten, die bald gesprochen und deren Erfüllung mir hoffentlich eben so bald von ihnen zugesagt werden wird, da ich Sie ja als einen jederzeit gefälligen Mamt keinen gelernt habe. Mein Freund und ich haben nämlich Gründe, die Sie nachher ausführlicher erfahren werden, uns in der Gegend von Berncastel noch eine Weile aufzuhalten und wir werden uns sogar noch heute am späteren Abend in unmittelbarer Nähe Ihrer Stadt vor Anker legen, da wir heute Morgen nur aus dem einzigen Grunde hierher gegangen sind, um Ihren Besuch zu erwarten, der dort unten dicht vor Berncastel eine bei Weitem größere Aufmerksamkeit erregt haben würde als hier, und eben diese uns störende Aufmerksamkeit und Neugierde. Herr lieben Mitbürger wötten wir wir womöglich vermeiden. Gestern früh lässt wir uns absichtlich in Ihrem Hasen vor Anker, um gerade Sie auf uns aufmerksam zu machen, in der Hoffnung, dass Sie mit Ihrem uns wohlbekannten Scharfblick die Bewohner der Dacht errathen und burch bereit Anwesenheit auf unsere heutige Einlabung vorbereitet würben. Das ist ja nun auch, wie wir vorher von Ihnen gehört, eingetroffen, unb unsere kleine wohlüberlegte List hat uns bekannten Erfolg gebracht. „So gehe ich benn also zu einer Sitte über, bie'ich gerade an Sie richte, weil Sie uns als der geeignetste Mann erscheinen, dieselbe zu erfüllen. Wir haben im Ganzen fünfzehn Personen an Bord und für diese bedürfen wir, i so lange wir hier kreuzen und unsere beben wngSvolle Aufgabe zu lösen versuchen, einer reichlichen Beköstigung an frischem Fleisch, Brob, Gemüse, Bter unb Wein, unb über Haupt alles Dessen, was zur Ernährung un- serer an ein kräftiges Essen gewöhnten Leute gehört. Da richte ich nun ganz offenherzig an Sie bie Frage: würben Sie wohl bie Güte haben, uns Ihren Rath zu ertheilen, wie begleichen Bebürfnisse hier in einem uns fremben Lande atn besten zu beschaffen seien 'i" Peter Gassen hatte von Wort zu Wort die Ohren schärfer gespitzt und, wir müssen es of feu bekennen, er hatte eigentlich etwas ganz Anderes und eine ihm über die Anwesenheit der Dacht einen klareren Ausschluß gebende Mittheilung erwartet. Jetzt aber, da er diese ihm sehr einfache und leicht zu beantwortende Frage vernahm, die ja nur etwas für ihn sehr Gewöhnliches und Alltägliches betraf, holte iâWMMWW« mm i'mw ?f W W Mckâ.. li1?i er erleichtert Athem, räusperte sich" und sagte mit seinem gutmüthigen Lächeln: „O mein Herr, wenn Sie weiter nichts von mir wollen, so ist das allerdings sehr leicht und bald abgemacht. Ihre Bitte berührt ja durchweg mein Fach als Wirth eines so gro ßen Hotels und ich bin ganz gewiß derjenige Mann in Berncastel, der Ihnen mit den ver langten Bedürfnissen am besten dienen kann. Wenn Sie aber, wie Sie sagen, dass in die Nähe van Berncastel kommen, so ist die Sache ja noch viel leichter auszuführen. Senden Sie mir nur jeden Abend durch Ihren Koch oder irgend einen anderen zuverlässigen Bösen eine Liste von Dem, was Sie ant nächsten Tage gebrauchen, und am Morgen fünf Tagen Sie bann Ihr Boot an bei Fährstelle senden und das von mir Beschaffte in wenigen Minuten an Bord haben. Nur möchte ich rathen, baß Ihr Boot jeben Abend zu einer bestimmten Zeit in mein Haus kommt, bamit er mich selbst bei dem Abend zu einer bestimmten Zeit in mein Haus kommt, bamit er mich selbst bei dem Neugierde ber lieben Berncastler nicht von Neuem aufgestachelt werden, was mir persönlich aufrechtet werden könnte, da meine Gaststube sonst von Fragern nicht leerwürbe, wie es schon gestern geschehen ist, wo sie noch nicht einmal wussten, baß ich mich jetzt in irgend einer Verbindung stehen. „Haha!" lachte Jan van der Straßen heraus. Der auf, „nichts leichter als das, sägige auch. Gut, Boten mit der Liste sollen Sie je den Avend um sechs Uhr haben und bas Boot soll Morgens Punkt Fünf an der bezeichneten Landestelle sein. Das ist also abgemacht. Aber was sagen Sie dazu, wenn ich Sie noch frage, ob ich auch schon morgen aus ein paar. Dutzend Flaschen von Ihrem besten Wein rechnen darf, die ich mit meinem Freunde in angenehmer Erinnerung an Ihr gastliches Haus und an Ihre freundliche Aufnahme zu leeren gedenk. Haha, Sie meinen den Doctor, nicht wahr. Nun, ich dachte mir wohl, daß Sie Etwas davon auch in die Moselixe einhissen möchten, und ich stehe nicht an, Ihnen zu erklären, daß so viel Dutzend Flaschen, wie Sie Beide vertilgen können, jeden Augenblick für Sie bereit liegen sollen, und zwar so herrlich verpackt, daß Sie damit bis nach Amerika. Der junge Holländer sann einen Augenblick nach, bann lachte er herzlich auf tfrtjBt sagte mit ber scherzhaftesten Mienen. "O ja! Würbe ich Sie sehr belästigen, ich Sie bäte, mit mir zur Besiegelung unseres neuesten Uebereinkommens noch eine Flasche vom ebelsten Moselsaft zu leeren, bann unser kurzes Geschäft ist." Der hier mit zu Ende unb wir werden wohl noch eine Stunde zu warten haben, bis die anderen Herren da unten mit dem ihrigen fertig sind. Peter Gassen spitzte die Lippen aus eine sehr charakteristische Weise und versetzte nach kurzem Besinnen: „Ob Sie mich damit sehr belästigen würde, fragen Sie 'i ten, das ist ein sehr überflüssige Frage, nehmen Sie mir das nicht übel. Wann wäre ich, Peter Gasseti, der Wirth der Heiligen drei Könige, je belästigt worden, wenn man mir eine Flasche ein recht. Rebensaftes zu trinken angeboten hätte! Zwar habe ich das Menschenmögliche vorher schon geleistet, aber sehen Sie, in meinem stattlichen Leib ist noch Raum genug für das Übermenschliche, unb so zögern Sie keinen Augenblick, mir den Genuss zu verfchäfen, auf ein gutes Gelingen Ihres mir leider noch unbekannten Vorhabens hier in diesem schwebenden Blumengarten mit Ihnen anzustoßen." Jan van ber Straaten nickte ihm beifällig zu, rief Lucas herbei und gab Hülle zu befreien, hastig einen Blick auf ihr Etikett zu werfen und sie dann in bas kalte Element einzuwühlen, „so, jetzt gebulen wir uns noch ein Weilchen, unb balb wirb ber richtige Moment gekommen sein, auch Ihren besten Scharzhofterger zu probieren." Balb barauf saßen bie beiben Männer vor ber geöffneten Flasche unb ber Wirth ber Heiligen brei Könige gab sein qualificiert Gutachten beim ab, bas biefer Wein zwar ein gesellschaftliches Moselauer unb noch weniger ein gelehrter heilkräftiger Doctor, immerhin aber ein vortrefflicher Tropfen sei, wie er nur in ber besten Gesellschaft und zum besten Zweck getrunken werben könne. |
US-201113082956-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Hydroxamate-based inhibitors of deacetylases b
ABSTRACT
The present teachings relate to compounds of Formula I:
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , Y, Z, and are as defined herein.
The present teachings also provide methods of preparing compounds of Formula I and methods of using compounds of Formula I in treating, inhibiting, or preventing pathologic conditions or disorders mediated wholly or in part by deacetylases.
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/039,674 filed Mar. 26, 2008, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
INTRODUCTION
Deacetylation, catalyzed by deacetylases, relates to transcriptional regulation of proteins involved in signal transduction. Accordingly, deacetylase inhibitors can be used for the therapy of pathological conditions or disorders wholly or in part mediated by one or more deacetylases. These conditions or disorders can include retinopathies, age-related macular degeneration, psoriasis, haemangioblastoma, haemangioma, arteriosclerosis, muscle wasting conditions such as muscular dystrophies, cachexia, Huntington's syndrome, inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid or rheumatic inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases such as cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, renal disease and dysfunction, stroke autoimmune disorders and neoplastic diseases. More specifically, deacetylase inhibitors can be useful for treating arthritis and arthritic conditions (e.g., osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and the like), other chronic inflammatory disorders (e.g., chronic asthma, arterial or post-transplantational atherosclerosis, endometriosis, and the like), solid tumors (e.g., cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, breast, stomach, cervix, bladder, kidney, prostate, esophagus, ovaries, endometrium, lung, brain, melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck, malignant pleural mesotherioma, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and the like), and liquid tumors (e.g., leukemias).
More specifically, histone deacetylases remove an acetyl group from an N-acetyl lysine on a histone. In normal cells, histone deacetylase (HDAC) and histone acetyltransferase together control the level of acetylation of histones and non-histone proteins to maintain a balance. Reversible acetylation of histones is a major regulator of gene expression that acts by altering accessibility of transcription factors to DNA.
HDAC inhibitors have been studied for their therapeutic effect to proliferative diseases, including tumors, hyperproliferative conditions, neoplasias, immune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and central and peripheral nervous system diseases. More specifically, HDAC inhibitors can be useful for their antitumor activities. For example, butyric acid and its derivatives, including sodium phenylbutyrate, have been reported to induce apoptosis in vitro in human colon carcinoma, leukemia, and retinoblastoma cell lines. However, butyric acid and its derivatives are not useful as pharmacological agents because they tend to be metabolized rapidly and have a very short half-life in vivo. Other HDAC inhibitors that have been studied for their anti-cancer activities include trichostatin A and trapoxin. Trichostatin A, an antifungal and antibiotic agent, is a reversible inhibitor of mammalian HDAC and trapoxin, a cyclic tetrapeptide, is an irreversible inhibitor of mammalian HDAC. Although trichostatin and trapoxin have been studied for their anti-cancer activities, the in vivo instability of these compounds makes them less suitable as anti-cancer drugs.
SUMMARY
The present teachings relate to compounds of Formula I:
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein R¹, R², R³, Y, Z, and
are as defined herein.
The present teachings also relate to methods of preparing compounds of Formula I, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, esters and prodrugs thereof, and methods of using compounds of Formula I, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, esters and prodrugs thereof, in treating pathologic conditions or disorders mediated wholly or in part by deacetylases, for example, including administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I to a patient, for example, a patient in need thereof. Examples of the pathologic conditions or disorders include undesired proliferative conditions, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, strokes, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, undesired immunological processes, and fungal infections.
The foregoing as well as other features and advantages of the present teachings will be more fully understood from the following description and claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Throughout the description, where compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes are described as having, including, or comprising specific process steps, it is contemplated that compositions of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that the processes of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited process steps.
In the application, where an element or component is said to be included in and/or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that the element or component can be any one of the recited elements or components and can be selected from a group consisting of two or more of the recited elements or components.
The use of the term “include,” “includes,” “including,” “have,” “has,” or “having” should be generally understood as open-ended and non-limiting unless specifically stated otherwise.
The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term “about” is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term “about” refers to a ±5% variation from the nominal value.
It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the present teachings remain operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions may be conducted simultaneously.
As used herein, a “compound” refers to the compound itself and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and esters, unless otherwise understood from the context of the description or expressly limited to one particular form of the compound, i.e., the compound itself, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or ester thereof.
As used herein, “halo” or “halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
As used herein, “oxo” refers to a double-bonded oxygen (i.e., ═O).
As used herein, “alkyl” refers to a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group. In some embodiments, an alkyl group can have from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., from 1 to 6 carbon atoms). Examples of alkyl groups include methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl), pentyl groups (e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl), and the like. In some embodiments, alkyl groups optionally can be substituted with up to four groups independently selected from -L′-R⁵ and -L′-R¹⁰, where L′, R⁵, and R¹⁰ are as described herein. A lower alkyl group typically has up to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), and butyl groups (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl).
As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. In some embodiments, an alkenyl group can have from 2 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., from 2 to 6 carbon atoms). Examples of alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, hexadienyl groups, and the like. The one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butene) or terminal (such as in 1-butene). In some embodiments, alkenyl groups optionally can be substituted with up to groups independently selected from -L′-R⁵ and -L′-R¹⁰, where L′, R⁵, and R¹⁰ are as described herein.
As used herein, “alkynyl” refers to a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. In some embodiments, an alkynyl group can have from 2 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., from 2 to 6 carbon atoms). Examples of alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, and the like. The one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butyne) or terminal (such as in 1-butyne). In some embodiments, alkynyl groups optionally can be substituted with up to four groups independently selected from -L′-R⁵ and -L′-R¹⁰, where L′, R⁵, and R¹⁰ are as described herein.
As used herein, “alkoxy” refers to an —O-alkyl group. Examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), t-butoxy groups, and the like.
As used herein, “alkylthio” refers to an —S-alkyl group. Examples of alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio (e.g., n-propylthio and isopropylthio), t-butylthio groups, and the like.
As used herein, “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group having one or more halogen substituents. In some embodiments, a haloalkyl group can have 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., from 1 to 6 carbon atoms). Examples of haloalkyl groups include CF₃, C₂F₅, CHF₂, CH₂F, CCl₃, CHCl₂, CH₂Cl, C₂Cl₅, and the like. Perhaloalkyl groups, i.e., alkyl groups wherein all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms (e.g., CF₃ and C₂F₅), are included within the definition of “haloalkyl.” For example, a C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyl group can have the formula —C_(i)H_(2i+1−j)X_(j), wherein X is F, Cl, Br, or I, i is an integer in the range of 1 to 10, and j is an integer in the range of 0 to 21, provided that j is less than or equal to 2i+1.
As used herein, “cycloalkyl” refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic group including cyclized alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups. A cycloalkyl group can be monocyclic (e.g., cyclohexyl) or polycyclic (e.g., containing fused, bridged, and/or spiro ring systems), wherein the carbon atoms are located inside or outside of the ring system. A cycloalkyl group, as a whole, can have from 3 to 14 ring atoms (e.g., from 3 to 8 carbon atoms for a monocyclic cycloalkyl group and from 7 to 14 carbon atoms for a polycyclic cycloalkyl group). Any suitable ring position of the cycloalkyl group can be covalently linked to the defined chemical structure. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcaryl, adamantyl, and spiro[4.5]decanyl groups, as well as their homologs, isomers, and the like. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl groups optionally can be substituted with up to four groups independently selected from -L′-R⁵ and -L′-R¹⁰, where L′, R⁵, and R¹⁰ are as described herein. For example, cycloalkyl groups can be substituted with one or more oxo groups.
As used herein, “heteroatom” refers to an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen and includes, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and selenium.
As used herein, “cycloheteroalkyl” refers to a non-aromatic cycloalkyl group that contains at least one (e.g., one, two, three, four, or five) ring heteroatom selected from O, N, and S, and optionally contains one or more (e.g., one, two, or three) double or triple bonds. A cycloheteroalkyl group, as a whole, can have from 3 to 14 ring atoms and contains from 1 to 5 ring heteroatoms (e.g., from 3-6 ring atoms for a monocyclic cycloheteroalkyl group and from 7 to 14 ring atoms for a polycyclic cycloheteroalkyl group). The cycloheteroalkyl group can be covalently attached to the defined chemical structure at any heteroatom(s) or carbon atom(s) that results in a stable structure. One or more N or S atoms in a cycloheteroalkyl ring may be oxidized (e.g., morpholine N-oxide, thiomorpholine S-oxide, thiomorpholine S,S-dioxide). In some embodiments, nitrogen atoms of cycloheteroalkyl groups can bear a substituent, for example, a -L′-R⁵ or -L′-R¹⁰ group, where L′, R⁵, and R¹⁰ are as described herein. Cycloheteroalkyl groups can also contain one or more oxo groups, such as phthalimidyl, piperidonyl, oxazolidinonyl, 2,4(1H,3H)-dioxo-pyrimidinyl, pyridin-2(1H)-onyl, and the like. Examples of cycloheteroalkyl groups include, among others, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyranyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and the like. In some embodiments, cycloheteroalkyl groups optionally can be substituted with up to four groups independently selected from -L′-R⁵ and -L′-R¹⁰, where L′, R⁵, and R¹⁰ are as described herein.
As used herein, “aryl” refers to an aromatic monocyclic hydrocarbon ring system or a polycyclic ring system where at least one of the rings in the ring system is an aromatic hydrocarbon ring and any other aromatic rings in the ring system include only hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, a monocyclic aryl group can have from 6 to 14 carbon atoms and a polycyclic aryl group can have from 8 to 14 carbon atoms. The aryl group can be covalently attached to the defined chemical structure at any carbon atom(s) that result in a stable structure. In some embodiments, an aryl group can have only aromatic carbocyclic rings, e.g., phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl groups, and the like. In other embodiments, an aryl group can be a polycyclic ring system in which at least one aromatic carbocyclic ring is fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to one or more cycloalkyl or cycloheteroalkyl rings. Examples of such aryl groups include, among others, benzo derivatives of cyclopentane (i.e., an indanyl group, which is a 5,6-bicyclic cycloalkyl/aromatic ring system), cyclohexane (i.e., a tetrahydronaphthyl group, which is a 6,6-bicyclic cycloalkyl/aromatic ring system), imidazoline (i.e., a benzimidazolinyl group, which is a 5,6-bicyclic cycloheteroalkyl/aromatic ring system), and pyran (i.e., a chromenyl group, which is a 6,6-bicyclic cycloheteroalkyl/aromatic ring system). Other examples of aryl groups include benzodioxanyl, benzodioxolyl, chromanyl, indolinyl groups, and the like. In some embodiments, each aryl group optionally can be substituted with up to four groups independently selected from -L′-R⁵ and -L′-R¹⁰, where L′, R⁵, and R¹⁰ are as described herein.
As used herein, “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic monocyclic ring system containing at least one ring heteroatom selected from O, N, and S or a polycyclic ring system where at least one of the rings in the ring system is aromatic and contains at least one ring heteroatom. A heteroaryl group, as a whole, can have from 5 to 14 ring atoms and contain 1-5 ring heteroatoms. In some embodiments, heteroaryl groups can include monocyclic heteroaryl rings fused to one or more aromatic carbocyclic rings, non-aromatic carbocyclic rings, or non-aromatic cycloheteroalkyl rings. The heteroaryl group can be covalently attached to the defined chemical structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure. Generally, heteroaryl rings do not contain O—O, S—S, or S—O bonds. However, one or more N or S atoms in a heteroaryl group can be oxidized (e.g., pyridine N-oxide, thiophene S-oxide, thiophene S,S-dioxide). Examples of heteroaryl groups include, for example, the 5-membered and 6-membered monocyclic and 5-6 bicyclic ring systems shown below:
where T is O, S, NH, N-L′-R⁵, or N-L′-R¹⁰, where L′, R⁵, and R¹⁰ are as defined herein. Examples of such heteroaryl rings include pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, quinolyl, 2-methylquinolyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalyl, quinazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, cinnolinyl, 1H-indazolyl, 2H-indazolyl, indolizinyl, isobenzofuyl, naphthyridinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, pyridopyrimidinyl, pyridopyrazinyl, pyridopyridazinyl, thienothiazolyl, thienoxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl groups, and the like. Further examples of heteroaryl groups include 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, benzothienopyridinyl, benzofuropyridinyl groups, and the like. In some embodiments, heteroaryl groups can be substituted with up to four groups independently selected from -L′-R⁵ or -L′-R¹⁰, where L′, R⁵, and R¹⁰ are as described herein.
The compounds of the present teachings can include a “divalent group” defined herein as a linking group capable of forming a covalent bond with two other moieties. For example, compounds described herein can include a divalent C₁₋₁₀ alkyl group, such as, for example, a methylene group.
As used herein, a “leaving group” (“LG”) refers to a charged or uncharged atom (or group of atoms) that can be displaced as a stable species as a result of for example, a substitution or elimination reaction. Examples of leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halide (e.g., Cl, Br, I), azide (N₃), thiocyanate (SCN), nitro (NO₂), cyanate (CN), tosylate (toluenesulfonate, OTs), mesylate (methanesulfonate, OMs), brosylate (p-bromobenzenesulfonate, OBs), nosylate (4-nitrobenzenesulfonate, ONs), water (H₂O), ammonia (NH₃), and triflate (trifluoromethanesulfonate, OTf).
At various places in the present specification, substituents of compounds are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that the description includes each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges. For example, the term “C₁₋₁₀ alkyl” is specifically intended to individually disclose C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆, C₇, C₈, C₉, C₁₀, C₁-C₁₀, C₁-C₉, C₁-C₈, C₁-C₇, C₁-C₆, C₁-C₅, C₁-C₄, C₁-C₃, C₁-C₂, C₂-C₁₀, C₂-C₉, C₂-C₈, C₂-C₇, C₂-C₆, C₂-C₅, C₂-C₄, C₂-C₃, C₃-C₁₀, C₃-C₉, C₃-C₈, C₃-C₇, C₃-C₆, C₃-C₅, C₃-C₄, C₄-C₁₀, C₄-C₉, C₄-C₈, C₄-C₇, C₄-C₆, C₄-C₅, C₅-C₁₀, C₅-C₉, C₅-C₈, C₅-C₇, C₅-C₆, C₆-C₁₀, C₆-C₉, C₆-C₈, C₆-C₇, C₇-C₁₀, C₇-C₉, C₇-C₈, C₈-C₁₀, C₈-C₉, and C₉-C₁₀ alkyl. By way of another example, the term “5-14 membered heteroaryl group” is specifically intended to individually disclose a heteroaryl group having 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 5-14, 5-13, 5-12, 5-11, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-14, 6-13, 6-12, 6-11, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-14, 7-13, 7-12, 7-11, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-14, 8-13, 8-12, 8-11, 8-10, 8-9, 9-14, 9-13, 9-12, 9-11, 9-10, 10-14, 10-13, 10-12, 10-11, 11-14, 11-13, 11-12, 12-14, 12-13, or 13-14 ring atoms; and the phrase “optionally substituted with 1-4 groups” is specifically intended to individually disclose a chemical group that can include 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, and 3-4 groups.
Compounds described herein can contain an asymmetric atom (also referred as a chiral center) and some of the compounds can contain one or more asymmetric atoms or centers, which can thus give rise to optical isomers (enantiomers) and diastereomers (geometric isomers). Compounds of the present teachings include such optical isomers and diastereomers in their respective enantiomerically pure forms (i.e., (+) and (−) stereoisomers), in racemic mixtures, and in other mixtures of the (+) and (−) stereoisomers, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and esters thereof. Optical isomers in pure form or in enantiomerically enriched mixture can be obtained by standard procedures known to those skilled in the art, which include, but are not limited to, chiral separation, diastereomeric salt formation, kinetic resolution, and asymmetric synthesis. The present teachings also encompass cis and trans-isomers of compounds containing alkenyl moieties (e.g., alkenes and imines). It is also understood that the present teachings encompass all possible regioisomers and mixtures thereof, which can be obtained in pure form or in substantially enriched mixture by standard separation procedures known to those skilled in the art, including, but are not limited to, column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, simulated moving-bed chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography.
The present invention includes all pharmaceutically acceptable isotopically-labeled compounds of formula (I) wherein one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
Examples of isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds of the invention comprises isotopes of hydrogen, such as ²H and ³H, carbon, such as ¹¹C, ¹³C and ¹⁴C, chlorine, such as ³⁶Cl, fluorine, such as ¹⁸F, iodine, such as ¹²³I and ¹²⁵I, nitrogen, such as ¹³N and ¹⁵N, oxygen, such as ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O, phosphorus, such as ³²P, and sulphur, such as ³⁵S.
Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e. ²H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
Isotopically-labeled compounds of formula (I) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples and Preparations Sections using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.
In some embodiments,
can be a single bond. In some embodiments,
can be a double bond. For example, the double bond can be a cis-double bond (i.e., a Z-double bond) or a trans-double bond (i.e., a E-double bond). In certain embodiments,
can be a trans-double bond. Accordingly, compound of the present teachings can have Formula Ia or Formula Ib:
where R¹, R², R³, Y, and Z are as defined herein.
In various embodiments, R¹ can be H, a C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl group, a C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl group, a C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, a 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, or a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group, where each of the C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl group, the C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl group, the C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl group, the C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and the 5-14 membered heteroaryl group optionally can be substituted with 1-4 -L′-R⁵ groups, and L′ and R⁵ as defined herein. For example, R¹ can be H, a C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl group, a C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl group, or a 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, wherein each of the C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl group, the C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl group, and the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group optionally can be substituted with 1-4 -L′-R⁵ groups, and L′ and R⁵ are as defined herein.
In some embodiments, R¹ can be a C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl group optionally substituted with 1-4 -L′-R⁵ groups, where L′ and R⁵ as defined herein. For example, R¹ can be a C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl group optionally substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from halogen, —CN, —NO₂, and a C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyl group. In certain embodiments, R¹ can be a C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl group optionally substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from halogen, —CN, —NO₂, and —CF₃. In particular embodiments, R¹ can be 2,2-dichloroethenyl.
In some embodiments, R¹ can be a C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl group or a 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, each of which optionally can be substituted with 1-4 -L′-R⁵ groups, where L′ and R⁵ are as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R¹ can be selected from a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group, each of which optionally can be substituted with 1-4 -L′-R⁵ groups, where L′ and R⁵ are as defined herein. In particular embodiments, R¹ can be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl. In certain embodiments, R¹ can be selected from a pyrrolidyl group, a piperidyl group, a tetrahydropyranyl group, and a tetrahydropyranyl group, each of which optionally can be substituted with 1-4 -L′-R⁵ groups, where L′ and R⁵ are as defined herein. In particular embodiments, R¹ can be tetrahydropyranyl.
In some embodiments, R¹ can be a C₆₋₁₄ an group or a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group, each of which optionally can be substituted with 1-4 -L′-R⁵ groups, where L′ and R⁵ are as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R¹ can be a phenyl group optionally substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from halogen, —CN, —NO₂, a C₁₋₁₀ alkyl group, a C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl group, and a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, where each of the C₁₋₁₀ alkyl group, the C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl group, and the C₆₋₁₄ aryl group optionally can be substituted with 1-4 -L′-R¹⁰ groups, and L′ and R¹⁰ are as defined herein. In particular embodiments, R¹ can be a phenyl group optionally substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from F, Cl, —NO₂, —OH, —OCH₃, and methyl.
In various embodiments, R¹ can be a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group optionally substituted with 1-4 -L′-R⁵ groups, where L′ and R⁵ are as defined herein. For example, the 5-14 membered heteroaryl group can be selected from:
wherein each of i-xiii optionally can be fused to a phenyl group or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl group, and optionally can be substituted with 1-4 -L′-R⁵ groups, where L′ and R⁵ are as defined herein.
In some embodiments, R¹ can be selected from i-xiii, each of which optionally can be substituted with 1-4 -L′-R⁵ groups, where R⁵ can be halogen, —NO₂, —S(O)_(m)R⁷, a C₁₋₁₀ alkyl group, a C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl group, a C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl group, a C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, a 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group, where each of the C₁₋₁₀ alkyl groups, the C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl group, the C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl group, the C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl group, the C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and the 5-14 membered heteroaryl group optionally can be substituted with 1-4 L′-R¹⁰ groups, and L′, R⁷, and R¹⁰ are as defined herein. In certain embodiments, R¹ can be selected from i-xiii, each of which optionally can be substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from halogen, —NO₂, —S(O)_(m)R⁷, —(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)-(C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl), —(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)-(C₆₋₁₄ aryl), —(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)-(3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl), —(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)-(5-14 heteroaryl), —(C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy)-(C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl), —(C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy)-(C₆₋₁₄ aryl), —(C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy)-(3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl), —(C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy)-(5-14 heteroaryl), a C₁₋₁₀ alkyl group, a C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl group, a C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl group, a C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl group, a C₆₋₁₄ aryl group, a 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl group, and a 5-14 membered heteroaryl group, where each of the C₁₋₁₀ alkyl groups, the C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl group, the C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl group, the C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy groups, the C₃₋₁₄ cycloalkyl groups, the C₆₋₁₄ aryl groups, the 3-14 membered cycloheteroalkyl groups, and the 5-14 membered heteroaryl groups optionally can be substituted with 1-4 -L′-R¹⁰ groups, and L′, R⁷, and R¹⁰ are as defined herein. In particular embodiments, R¹ can be a pyrazolyl group optionally substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from F, Cl, Br, —OH, —CF₃, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, 2-methyl-propyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, propynyl, cyanomethyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 3-cyanopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, tetrahydropyranylmethyl, phenyl, and trifluorophenyl. In particular embodiments, R¹ can be a thienyl group, a pyridyl group, an imidazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, or a tetrazolyl group, each of which optionally can be substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, t-butyl, (trimethylsilyl)methyl, benzyl, 2-benzoxyethyl, phenyl, and 4-aminophenyl.
In an embodiment, R¹ can be
In another embodiment, R¹ can be disubstituted with methyl.
In some embodiments, R¹ can be a bicyclic heteroaryl group optionally substituted with 1-4 -L′-R⁵ groups, where L′ and R⁵ are as defined herein. For example, the bicyclic heteroaryl group can be selected from an indolyl group, a pyrazolopyridyl group, a pyrrolopyridinyl group, an imidazopyridyl group, a benzoisoxazolyl group, an indazolyl group and an imidazothiazolyl group. In certain embodiments, R¹ can be an indolyl group, a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridyl group, a pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridyl group, or an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl group, each of which optionally can be substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from F, Cl, Br, —NO₂, —CF₃, methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, t-butyl, 1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl, phenyl, pyridyl, and pyrazinyl.
In various embodiments, R² and R³ can independently be H or halogen. In some embodiments, R² can be selected from H, F, Cl, and Br. In some embodiments, R³ can be selected from H, F, Cl, and Br.
In various embodiments, Y can be -L- or -L-NR⁴-L-, and L and R⁴ are as defined in herein. In some embodiments, Y can be -L-NR⁴-L-, where R⁴ can be selected from H, —C(O)OR⁶, and a C₁₋₁₀ alkyl group, and L and R⁶ are as defined herein. In particular embodiments, Y can be selected from —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —NHCH₂—, —N(CH₃)CH₂—, and —N(C(O)O-t-Bu)CH₂—. In a preferred embodiment, Y can be —CH₂—.
In various embodiments, Z can be a divalent C₁₋₁₀ alkyl group optionally substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from oxo, ═N—R⁶, and —OH, where R⁶ is as defined herein. For example, Z can be selected from —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂CH₂—, —C(O)CH₂—, —CH₂CH(OH)—, —CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)—, and —CH₂C(═NOH)—. In a further embodiment, Z can be —CH₂CH₂—.
In some embodiments, compounds of the present teachings can have Formula II′ or Formula II″:
including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, esters, and prodrugs thereof, wherein R¹, R², R³, L, Y, and Z are as defined herein.
Compounds of the present teachings can be selected from the compounds in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Cpd # Structure Name 1 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{1-[2-(2- methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 2 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{1-[3-(1H- indol-3-yl)-propyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-acrylamide 3 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{1-[2-(1H- indol-3-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-acrylamide 4 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{1-[2-(2- methyl-indol-1-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin- 2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 5 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[1-(2-indol-1- yl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}- acrylamide 6 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{1-[2-(5- methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)- ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)- acrylamide 7 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{1-[2-(2- phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 8 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-[4-(1-{2-[2-(5- methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-indol-3- yl]-ethyl}-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]- acrylamide 9 (E)-3-(4-{1-[2-(2-tert-Butyl-6-nitro- 1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2- yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 10 (E)-3-(4-{1-[2-(2-tert-Butyl-6- methanesulfonylamino-1H-indol-3- yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)- N-hydroxy-acrylamide 11 (E)-3-(4-{1-[2-(2-tert-Butyl-1- methanesulfonyl-6- methanesulfonylamino-1H-indol-3- yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)- N-hydroxy-acrylamide 12 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{1-[2-(2- methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-acetyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 13 (E)-3-[4-(1-Benzyl-pyrrolidin-2-yl)- phenyl]-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 14 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[1-(2-phenyl- 2H-pyrazol-3-ylmethyl)-pyrrolidin- 2-yl]-phenyl}-acrylamide 15 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-[4-(1- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylmethyl- pyrrolidin-2-yl)phenyl]-acrylamide 16 (E)-3-{4-[1-(3,5-Dimethyl-1-phenyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-ylmethyl)-pyrrolidin- 2-yl]-phenyl}-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 17 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[(S)-1-(3- pyrazol-1-yl-propyl)-pyrrolidin-2- yl]-phenyl}-acrylamide 18 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-[4-((S)-1- phenylacetyl-pyrrolidin-2-yl)- phenyl]-acrylamide 19 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-[4-(1-phenethyl- pyrrolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]-acrylamide 20 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{1-[2-(4- hydroxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2- yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 21 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(4-Fluoro- phenyl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 22 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(4-Chloro- phenyl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 23 (E)-3-(4-{1-[2-(3,4-Dichloro- phenyl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 24 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{1-[2-(4-nitro- phenyl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-acrylamide 25 (E)-3-(4-{1-[2-(2-Chloro-phenyl)- ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-N- hydroxy-acrylamide 26 (E)-3-(4-{1-[2-(2,4-Dichloro- phenyl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 27 (E)-3-(4-{1-[2-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)- ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-N- hydroxy-acrylamide 28 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[1-(2-hydroxy- 2-phenyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]- phenyl}-acrylamide 29 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[1-(2-hydroxy- 2-p-tolyl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]- phenyl}-acrylamide 30 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{1-[2-hydroxy- 2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 31 (E)-3-(4-{1-[2-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-2- hydroxy-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 32 (E)-3-(4-{1-[2-(3,4-Dichloro- phenyl)-2-hydroxy-ethyl]-pyrrolidin- 2-yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 33 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[1-(3-phenyl- propyl)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}- acrylamide 34 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[1-(2-pyridin- 2-yl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}- acrylamide 35 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[(S)-1-(2- thiophen-3-yl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2- yl]-phenyl}-acrylamide 36 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[1-(3-methyl- butyl)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}- acrylamide 37 (E)-3-{4-[1-(3,3-Dichloro-allyl)- pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 38 (E)-3-[4-((S)-1-Cyclopropylmethyl- pyrrolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 39 (E)-3-[4-((S)-1-Cyclobutylmethyl- pyrrolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 40 (E)-3-[4-(1-Cyclopentylmethyl- pyrrolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 41 (E)-3-{4-[(S)-1-(2-Cyclohexyl- ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}-N- hydroxy-acrylamide 42 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2- (tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 43 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[(S)-1-(2- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl-ethyl)- pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}-acrylamide 44 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(2- methyl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)- ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)- acrylamide 45 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(R)-1-[2-(2- methyl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)- ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)- acrylamide 46 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(2- trifluoromethyl-pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2- yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 47 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(2-Ethyl- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 48 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-[4-((S)-1-{2-[2-(1- hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl]-ethyl}- pyrrolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]-acrylamide 49 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(2- pyrazin-2-yl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin- 3-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-acrylamide 50 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(2- pyridin-3-yl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin- 3-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-acrylamide 51 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1H- pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 52 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(2-tert-Butyl-1H- pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 53 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[1-(2- imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl-ethyl)- pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}-acrylamide 54 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(2- methyl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)- ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)- acrylamide 55 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(3,5-Dimethyl-1- phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 56 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(3- methyl-5-phenyl-isoxazol-4-yl)- ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)- acrylamide 57 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(5- methyl-2-phenyl-oxazol-4-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 58 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-acrylamide 59 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1- methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 60 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2- (1,3,5-trimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)- ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)- acrylamide 61 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1-tert-Butyl-3,5- dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 62 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1- Cyclopropylmethyl-3,5-dimethyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2- yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 63 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[(S)-1-(2- pyrazol-1-yl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]- phenyl}-acrylamide 64 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(4- methyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 65 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(4-Bromo- pyrazol-1-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 66 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(3,5-Dimethyl- pyrazol-1-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 67 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{1-[2-(3,4,5- trimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 68 (E)-3-[4-((S)-1-{2-[3-(2,2-Dimethyl- propyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl- pyrazol-1-yl]-ethyl}-pyrrolidin-2-yl)- phenyl]-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 69 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(4-Bromo-3,5- dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 70 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(4-Bromo-3- methyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 71 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(3- methyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 72 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(5- methyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 73 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(3- trifluoromethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 74 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[1-(2-imidazol- 1-yl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}- acrylamide 75 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1- methyl-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl)- ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)- acrylamide 76 (E)-3-[4-((S)-1-{2-[1-(2-Benzyloxy- ethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]-ethyl}- pyrrolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]N-hydroxy- acrylamide 77 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1- trimethylsilanylmethyl-1H- [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin- 2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 78 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1-Benzyl-1H- [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin- 2-yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 79 (E)-3-[4-((S)-1-{2-[1-(4-Amino- phenyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]- ethyl}-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]-N- hydroxy-acrylamide 80 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(2H- tetrazol-5-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-acrylamide 81 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(2- methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 82 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1- methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 83 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-[4-(1-{2-[3- phenyl-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-ethyl}-pyrrolidin- 2-yl)-phenyl]-acrylamide 84 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-[(Z)- hydroxyimino]-2-(5-methyl-1- phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 85 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[(S)-1-(2- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl-ethyl)- piperidin-2-yl]-phenyl}-acrylamide 86 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[(S)-1-(2- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl-ethyl)- azepan-2-yl]-phenyl}-acrylamide 87 3-[4-((E)-2-Hydroxycarbamoyl- vinyl)-phenyl]-4-[2-(2-methyl-1H- indol-3-yl)-ethyl]-piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 88 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{4-methyl-1-[2- (2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]- piperazin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 89 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{1-[2-(2- methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]- piperazin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 90 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[4-methyl-1-(2- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl-ethyl)- piperazin-2-yl]-phenyl}-acrylamide 91 (E)-3-{3-Fluoro-4-[(S)-1-(2- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl-ethyl)- pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 92 (E)-3-{3-Chloro-4-[(S)-1-(2- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl-ethyl)- pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 93 (E)-3-{2-Fluoro-4-[(S)-1-(2- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl-ethyl)- pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 94 (E)-3-{3,5-Difluoro-4-[(S)-1-(2- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl-ethyl)- pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 95 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(3,5-Dimethyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2- yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 96 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1-Ethyl-3,5- dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 97 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1-Butyl-3,5- dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 98 (E)-3-{4-[(S)-1-(2-Benzenesulfonyl- ethyl)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}-N- hydroxy-acrylamide 99 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(3,5-Diethyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 100 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(3-tert-Butyl-5- methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy- acrylamide 101 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(2- isopropyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 102 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1- isopropyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)-acrylamide 103 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-[4-(1-{2-[2-(3,3,3- trifluoro-propyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-yl]- ethyl}-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]- acrylamide 104 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(2-tert-Butyl-2H- tetrazol-5-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 105 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(2-Cyclobutyl- 2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2- yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 106 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-[4-((S)-1-{2-[2-(4- nitro-phenyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-yl]- ethyl}-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]- acrylamide 107 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-[4-((S)-1-{2-[1-(4- nitro-phenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]- ethyl}-pyrrolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]- acrylamide 108 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(5-tert-Butyl-1H- [1,2,3]triazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin- 2-yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 109 (E)-3-[4-((S)-1-{2-[3,5-Dimethyl-1- (tetrahydro-pyrazn-4-ylmethyl)-1H- pyrazol-4-yl]-ethyl}-pyrrolidin-2-yl)- phenyl]-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 110 (E)-N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(R)-1-[2- (1,3,5-trimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)- ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)- acrylamide 111 N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(R)-1-[2-(1,3,5- trimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)- propionamide 112 N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1,3,5- trimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)- propionamide 113 N-Hydroxy-3-[4-((S)-1-{2-[2-(1- hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl]-ethyl}- pyrrolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]- propionamide 114 N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[(S)-1-(2- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl-ethyl)- pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}- propionamide 115 N-Hydroxy-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1- isopropyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethyl]- pyrrolidin-2-yl}-phenyl)- propionamide 116 (E)-3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(1,5-Dimethyl-3- oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 117 (E)-3-(4-{(R)-1-[2-(3,5-Dimethyl- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2- yl}-phenyl)-N-hydroxy-acrylamide 118 3-(4-{(R)-1-[2-(3,5-Dimethyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-N-hydroxy-propionamide 119 3-(4-{(S)-1-[2-(3,5-Dimethyl-1H- pyrazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-2-yl}- phenyl)-N-hydroxy-propionamide 120 N-Hydroxy-3-[4-((R)-1-{2-[2-(1- hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl]-ethyl}- pyrrolidin-2-yl)-phenyl]- propionamide 121 N-Hydroxy-3-{4-[(R)-1-(2- pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl-ethyl)- pyrrolidin-2-yl]-phenyl}- propionamide Also provided in accordance with the present teachings are prodrugs of the compounds disclosed herein. Ester forms of the compounds according to the present teachings include pharmaceutically acceptable esters known in the art that can be metabolized into the free acid form, such as a free carboxylic acid form, in a mammal body. Examples of such esters include alkyl esters (e.g., alkyls of 1 to 10 carbon atoms), cycloalkyl esters (e.g., cycloalkyls of 3-10 carbon atoms), aryl esters (e.g., aryls of 6-14 carbon atoms, including of 6-10 carbon atoms), and heterocyclic analogues thereof (e.g., heterocyclics of 3-14 ring atoms, 1-3 of which can be selected from O, N, and S) and the alcoholic residue can carry further substituents. In some embodiments, esters of the compounds disclosed herein can be C₁₋₁₀ alkyl esters, such as methyl esters, ethyl esters, propyl esters, isopropyl esters, butyl esters, isobutyl esters, t-butyl esters, pentyl esters, isopentyl esters, neopentyl esters, hexyl esters, cyclopropylmethyl esters, and benzyl esters, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl esters, such as cyclopropyl esters, cyclobutyl esters, cyclopentyl esters, and cyclohexyl esters, or aryl esters, such as phenyl esters and tolyl ester.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the present teachings, which can have an acidic moiety, can be formed using organic or inorganic bases. Both mono and polyanionic salts are contemplated, depending on the number of acidic hydrogens available for deprotonation. Suitable salts formed with bases include metal salts, such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, for example sodium, potassium, or magnesium salts; ammonia salts and organic amine salts, such as those formed with morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, a mono-, di-, or tri-lower alkylamine (e.g., ethyl-tert-butylamine, diethylamine, diisopropylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, or dimethylpropylamine), or a mono-, di-, or trihydroxy lower alkylamine (e.g., mono-, di- or triethanolamine). Non-limiting examples of inorganic bases include NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, KHCO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, LiOH, NaOH, KOH, NaH₂PO₄, Na₂HPO₄, and Na₃PO₄. Internal salts also can be formed. Similarly, when a compound disclosed herein contains a basic moiety, salts can be formed using organic and inorganic acids. For example, salts can be formed from any of the following acids: acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, dichloroacetic, ethenesulfonic, formic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hippuric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, malonic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, napthalenesulfonic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, phthalic, propionic, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, as well as other known pharmaceutically acceptable acids.
In another aspect, the present teachings provide pharmaceutical compositions including at least one compound described herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or diluents. Examples of such carriers are well known to those skilled in the art and can be prepared in accordance with acceptable pharmaceutical procedures, such as, for example, those described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th edition, Alfonoso R. Gennaro (ed.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md. (2000), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a substance that is acceptable for use in pharmaceutical applications from a toxicological perspective and does not adversely interact with the active ingredient. Accordingly, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are those that are compatible with the other ingredients in the formulation and are biologically acceptable. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the pharmaceutical compositions.
Compounds of the present teachings can be useful for inhibiting a deacetylase in a cell. Accordingly, another aspect of the present teachings includes a method of contacting a cell with one or more compounds of the present teachings (or a salt, hydrate, or ester thereof) or a composition that includes one or more compounds of the present teachings. In certain embodiments, the composition can further include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipients.
Compounds of the present teachings can be useful for the treatment, inhibition, prevention, or diagnosis of a pathological condition or disorder in a mammal, for example, a human. Accordingly, another aspect of the present teachings includes a method of providing to a mammal a compound of the present teachings (or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or ester) or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds of the present teachings in combination or association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Compounds of the present teachings can be administered alone or in combination with other therapeutically effective compounds or therapies for the treatment, inhibition, prevention, or diagnosis of the pathological condition or disorder. As used herein, “therapeutically effective” refers to a substance or an amount that elicits a desirable biological activity or effect.
In various embodiments, the present teachings can further include use of the compounds disclosed herein as active therapeutic substances for the treatment or inhibition of a pathological condition or disorder, for example, a condition mediated wholly or in part by one or more deacetylases, such as an undesired proliferative condition; a neurodegenerative disease, including Alzheimer's disease, Hungtington's disease, Rubenstein-Taybis syndrome, Parkinson's disease, muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, Rett's syndrome, and the like; a cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, thrombosis, and the like; an autoimmune disease, including Lupus, atherosclerosis, scleroderma, and the like; an inflammatory disorder, including arthritis and arthritic conditions (e.g., osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and the like), and other chronic inflammatory disorders (e.g., chronic asthma, arterial or post-transplantational atherosclerosis, endometriosis, and the like); an undesired immunological process; stroke; and an fungal infection. In some embodiments, the undesired proliferative condition includes a cancer (e.g., brain cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, adrenal gland cancer, bladder cancer, breast tumor, stomach cancer including gastric tumors, esophagus cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, rectum cancer, prostate cancer, pancreas cancer, lung cancer including small cell lung cancer, vagina cancer, thyroid cancer, sarcoma, glioblastomas, multiple myeloma, gastrointestinal cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer), a tumor, a fibrosis, and the like; a neoplasia, including mammary carcinoma, leukemia, and the like; and an epidermal hyperproliferation, including psoriasis, prostate hyperplasia, and the like. In certain embodiments, the present teachings can provide methods of treating these pathological conditions and disorders using the compounds described herein. As used herein, “treating” refers to partially or completely alleviating and/or ameliorating the condition or symptoms thereof. In particular embodiments, the methods can include identifying a mammal having a pathological condition or disorder mediated by deacetylases, and providing to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as described herein. In some embodiments, the method can include administering to a mammal a pharmaceutical composition that can include a compound disclosed herein in combination or association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In certain embodiments, compounds of formula (I) may be used in treating the following cancers. Cardiac: sarcoma (angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma), myxoma, rhabdomyoma, fibroma, lipoma and teratoma; Lung: bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, chondromatous hanlartoma, inesothelioma; Gastrointestinal: esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinorna, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, vipoma), small bowel (adenocarcinorna, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Karposis sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma), large bowel (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, villous adenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma); Genitourinary tract: kidney (adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor [nepbroblastoma], lymphoma, leukemia), bladder and urethra (squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate (adenocarcinoma, sarcoma), testis (seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratocareinoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma); Liver: hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, hemangioma; Bone: osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor chordoma, osteochronfroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma and giant cell tumors; Nervous system: skull (osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformians), meninges (meningioma, meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, germinoma [pinealoma], glioblastorna multiform, oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors), spinal cord neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, sarcoma); Gynecological: uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix (cervical carcinoma, pre-tumor cervical dysplasia), ovaries (ovarian carcinoma [serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassified carcinoma], granulosa-thecal cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), vulva (squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma), vagina (clear cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid sarcoma (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma], fallopian tubes (carcinoma); Hematologic: blood (myeloid leukemia [acute and chronic], acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [malignant lymphoma]; Skin: malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Karposi's sarcoma, moles dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, keloids, psoriasis; and Adrenal Glands: neuroblastoma.
Cardiac hypertrophy in response to an increased workload imposed on the heart is a fundamental adaptive mechanism. It is a specialized process reflecting a quantitative increase in cell size and mass (rather than cell number) as the result of any or a combination of neural, endocrine or mechanical stimuli. Hypertension, another factor involved in cardiac hypertrophy, is a frequent precursor of congestive heart failure. When heart failure occurs, the left ventricle usually is hypertrophied and dilated and indices of systolic function, such as ejection fraction, are reduced. Clearly, the cardiac hypertrophic response is a complex syndrome and the elucidation of the pathways leading to cardiac hypertrophy will be beneficial in the treatment of heart disease resulting from a various stimuli.
In an embodiment, there is provided a method of preventing pathologic cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure with the compounds of the present invention. The method includes administering to the patient a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Administration may comprise intravenous, oral, transdermal, sustained release, suppository, or sublingual administration. The patient at risk may exhibit one or more of long standing uncontrolled hypertension, uncorrected valvular disease, chronic angina and/or recent myocardial infarction.
In one embodiment of the present invention, methods for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy utilizing HDAC inhibitors are provided. For the purposes of the present application, treatment comprises reducing one or more of the symptoms of cardiac hypertrophy, such as reduced exercise capacity, reduced blood ejection volume, increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure, increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, reduced cardiac output, cardiac index, increased pulmonary artery pressures, increased left ventricular end systolic and diastolic dimensions, and increased left ventricular wall stress, wall tension and wall thickness-same for right ventricle. In addition, use of HDAC inhibitors may prevent cardiac hypertrophy and its associated symptoms from arising.
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