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A 41-year-old woman from Venezuela with no past history of interest came to the emergency department with a 4-day history of fever with general malaise, myalgia and central thoracic pain with pleuro-pericardial characteristics.
On arrival at the ED, he presented with fair general condition and haemodynamic instability with hypotension (BP 87/59 mmHg), tachycardia (100lpm), fever (38.3oC), poor distal perfusion, as well as hyperlactacidemia (4.2 mmol/l). The examination revealed muffled cardiac tones, the rest being normal.
The electrocardiogram showed low voltages. Laboratory tests showed elevated NT-proBNP (up to 18528 pg/ml) and troponin (plateau around 300 ng/l) with no other abnormalities. In view of these findings, an urgent echocardiogram was performed showing global hypokinesia and systolic dysfunction of both ventricles with minimal pericardial effusion. Blood cultures and nasopharyngeal exudate were taken for influenza (given that he consulted during the epidemic season) and he was admitted to the coronary unit with a diagnosis of cardiogenic shock due to probable fulminant myocarditis.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed given its high yield for the diagnosis of myocarditis and its lower invasiveness compared to endomyocardial biopsy, which showed signs of oedema and inflammatory changes in the left ventricle with a diffuse distribution compatible with the diagnosis of myocarditis.
Regarding the aetiological diagnosis, we must consider infections (viral infections being the most frequent), drugs, toxins, systemic autoimmune diseases (SAE) and metabolic diseases mainly. Since the patient was not taking any drugs or toxins, this possibility was ruled out. With regard to SAE, suspicion was low given the acute onset and the lack of extracardiac manifestations both previously and at the present time, also presenting a negative autoimmunity panel (ANA, ENA, antiDNA and RF). Screening for the most common endocrine-metabolic diseases was performed, which was also negative.
With regard to viral infections, the most frequently described were enterovirus, adenovirus, parvovirus B19 and some viruses of the herpesvirus family (HHV6, CMV and EBV). Given the patient's origin, screening for tropical infections such as T. cruzi was also performed and was negative. The PCR was positive for influenza A virus and the definitive diagnosis was fulminant myocarditis due to influenza A (H1N1).
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Anamnesis
A 42-year-old woman, with no personal or family history of interest, attended the dermatology emergency department for an insect bite on the right hand 5 days earlier. She reported that, while cleaning the storeroom at home, she noticed a bite on the back of her hand and then, when she shook it, she saw an insect fall to the ground which she described as a small brown spider with a darker area on the back. A few hours after the bite, she began to experience pain, oedema and erythema of the right hand and forearm with difficulty in flexing her fingers due to the intense pain, and 24 hours later she developed a pruritic centrifugal rash, general malaise and generalised arthralgias, without fever and without associated respiratory or digestive symptoms. Her primary care physician prescribed treatment with a dose of parenteral methylprednisolone, analgesics and oral antihistamines. After 3 days, the symptoms persisted and she was referred to our department.
Physical examination
On physical examination, she was afebrile, eupneic and haemodynamically stable. On the dorsum of the right hand there was an erythematous macule with poorly defined purplish borders and a whitish-yellowish centre, with faint erythema and minimal oedema in the perilesional area, with no increase in local temperature. There was some reduction in the mobility of the fingers due to the intense pain, with no associated loss of strength or sensation. There was no joint swelling or subcutaneous crepitus. He also had generalised macular rash with involvement of the face, trunk, extremities and palms of both hands, without petechiae or ecchymosis. There was no involvement of oral or genital mucosa and no palpable lymph nodes in accessible lymph node chains.
Complementary tests
Samples were taken for blood count, biochemistry, blood coagulation and serology, as well as an X-ray of the right hand, indicated by traumatology. The haemogram showed minimal leukocytosis with a predominance of neutrophils and slight lymphopenia, with no alterations in the eosinophil count. Haemoglobin, red blood cell count, haemostasis and coagulation were unaltered. CRP slightly increased. Biochemistry, hepatorenal profile and ions were normal. HIV, syphilis, Borrellia burgdoferi, Rickettsia and Leishmania serologies were negative. The right hand X-ray showed no space-occupying lesions or radiological evidence of osteomyelitis.
Diagnosis
Arachnid bite, probably by brown recluse spider with associated systemic symptoms.
Treatment
Treatment was prescribed with a descending dose of oral prednisone, analgesics and antihistamines on demand and periodic treatment of the lesion with disinfection and application of a topical corticosteroid and antibiotic preparation. It was decided to discharge the patient home with clinical and analytical control at 72 hours, indicating symptoms and warning signs for which to return to the emergency department.
Evolution
At subsequent visits, at 72 hours and 7 days, a progressive and sustained improvement in both local and systemic symptoms was observed, with no notable analytical alterations.
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History, current disease and physical examination
A 48-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity and ex-smoker. After fumigating for approximately 3 continuous hours with organophosphates without any protection, he suddenly presented with intense dyspnoea, diaphoresis and intense oppressive central thoracic pain radiating to both upper limbs; his family described that he went home after the onset of the symptoms with twitching in the upper limbs, trembling in both hands and inability to speak due to abundant salivation and bronchorrhoea. His family took him to the local hospital. On arrival he presented cardiorespiratory arrest in VF rhythm, resuscitation manoeuvres were started, and after 5 shocks the rhythm was reversed, but the patient was still haemodynamically unstable with significant respiratory insufficiency, so vasoactive support and orotracheal intubation were started.
After 45 minutes of resuscitation manoeuvres, ECG showed complete AV block with escape rhythm at 45 bpm and ST elevation in II-III-aVF, from V3 to V6 and V3R-V4R, and specular decrease in I-aVL-V1-V2. Fibrinolysis was decided as there was no Haemodynamics Unit at the centre and CORECAM (Castilla la Mancha Infarction Code) was activated. Despite NKT, the patient persisted with ST elevation and was referred for rescue PTCA.
Physical examination: relaxed sedentary patient, mechanically ventilated and requiring high doses of vasoactive drugs. BP 70/40, HR 30 bpm, RR 20, afebrile, SaO2 100% MV. Head and neck: miosis and abundant sialorrhoea. Cardiac auscultation: bradycardic, rhythmic and regular. Lung fields with inspiratory and expiratory wheezing, crackling rales in both bases and abundant mobilisation of secretions. Abdomen globular, soft, depressible, not assessable. Extremities with fasciculations and generalised myoclonus.
Complementary tests
CBC: leukocytes 22,300 with adequate differential count, Hb 14.3, haematocrit 43%, platelets 221,000, Act. PT 83%, fibrinogen 258, glucose 513 mg/dl, urea 43, creatinine 1.6, total protein: 6.7, GOT 832, GPT 578, LDH 1257, amylase 117. ʟʟ Ions: Na 134, K 2.8, Cl 101, Ca 7.7, P 12.8, Mg 1.3. ʟʟʟ Myocardial injury markers at 8 hours after onset CPK 2813, CK MB 264 and TnI 43.4. Peak enzyme at 24 hours CPK 6586, CK MB >304 and TnI >76. ʟʟʟ Blood gases: PH 7.01, PCO2 38, PO2 261, HCO3 12.6, lactic acid 92.
Electrocardiogram before entering the haemodynamics room: unchanged with respect to that described prior to fibrinolysis.
Chest X-ray: cardiothoracic index at the high limit of normality. Interstitial infiltrate in both lower fields.
Transthoracic echocardiogram (vasoactive support and mechanical ventilation): non-dilated LV, with inferoposterior akinesia and mid-apical septal, without signs of valvulopathy or mechanical complications, with LVEF of 42%.
Clinical course
The patient was admitted directly to the haemodynamics ward. Prior to coronary angiography, a transient intravenous pacemaker was implanted via the right femoral vein and balloon counterpulsation via the left femoral artery. Coronary angiography showed right dominance, LMCA without lesions, LAD with parietal irregularities without significant stenosis, hypodeveloped Cx without stenosis and DC with complicated plaque and associated thrombus in the proximal region, distal vessel permeable with distal flow Timi 2-3 (video 1). Angioplasty guide wire is passed to distal DC and direct stent implantation in proximal DC up to the ostium; after which she presents no-reflow phenomenon that remits after intracoronary vasodilators. In ECG after rescue PTCA sinus rhythm at 105 bpm, QS in II-III-aVF, transition from QRS V1 to V2 with high R in V2 and V3, persistent ST alterations (ST elevation in II-III-aVF and decrease in I-aVL-V1-V2), AV block grade I with PR 220 msec. In view of the fact that his acute coronary symptoms had resolved and that the patient had symptoms (dyspnoea, abundant salivation, bronchorrhoea, fasciculations, hand tremor), signs (miosis, sialorrhoea, bronchospasm, bronchorrhoea, bradycardia, AV block, myoclonias) and analytical findings (leukocytosis, hyperglycaemia, renal failure, hypokalaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hypomagnesaemia, metabolic acidosis) suggestive of organophosphate poisoning; Given the duration of cardiorespiratory arrest, it was decided to initiate hypothermia, atropinisation, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium sulphate, as well as haemodynamic and ventilatory support. Despite maintaining adequate haemodynamic and ventilatory support and achieving correction of metabolic acidosis, the patient progressed to progressive deterioration, renal failure requiring continuous haemodiafiltration, signs of hepatotoxicity and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the first 48 hours. ECG after 48 hours of evolution in sinus rhythm at 74 bpm, QS in II-III-aVF, high R in V2 and V3, slight ST elevation in II-III-aVF and slight decrease in I-aVLV1- V2), AV block grade I with PR 220 msec. Two weeks after being in the ICU, he presented even more neurological deterioration, becoming spastic, with hyper-reactivity of tendon reflexes, signs of dysautonomia and coldness of the extremities. After a torpid evolution and presenting, among other complications typical of prolonged admission to the ICU, respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock due to Pseudomona, the patient died after 48 days in the ICU.
Diagnosis
Cardiorespiratory arrest witnessed in ventricular fibrillation. Prolonged advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Severe organophosphate poisoning.
Acute coronary syndrome with ST-elevation of the inferior ST and RV. Fibrinolysis without reperfusion criteria + rescue PTCA in proximal DC.
Acute renal failure. Continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration.
Acute hepatitis of probable mixed toxic/ischaemic origin.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Septic shock due to Pseudomona aeruginosa.
Exitus.
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] | en |
We present the case of a 10-year-old female patient who came to the emergency department with fever of 48h, vomiting, headache and right orbital swelling with palpebral ptosis and proptosis. CT scan showed right pansinusitis and superolateral intraorbital abscess, so IV antibiotics were administered and Maxillofacial Surgery performed external orbital drainage. S. intermedius and Moraxella osloensis were isolated in the abscess culture. The evolution was not good and the patient continued to present orbital inflammation, fever and vomiting. A new CT scan showed persistent pansinusitis, a new superomedial orbital abscess and frontoparietotemporal subdural empyema. Endoscopic drainage of the paranasal sinuses and medial orbit was performed, and neurosurgery carried out open drainage of the empyema. Despite these interventions, 12 hours later, a medial orbital abscess was seen again on CT scan and the patient underwent another operation by Maxillofacial Surgery. A culture of the subdural empyema isolated Parvimonas micra, an anaerobic commensal of the oral cavity. The evolution was slow during 50 days of hospitalisation, during which he presented candidemia, leukopenia and hypocomplementemia. Numerous follow-up MRI scans were performed until complete resolution was observed. Subsequent examinations ruled out persistent immune disorders. Six months later, the patient presented mild eyelid ptosis as a sequela.
Our patient was immunocompetent and healthy, and from a very early stage presented with headache and vomiting. Cultures showed a polymicrobial infection, present in more than half of these patients, and with the usual combination of Gram + such as staphylococci and streptococci together with anaerobic bacteria.
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We present the case of a 25-year-old male from Equatorial Guinea who had been a student in Spain for 5 months. He had no drug allergies and was an occasional cocaine user and sporadic tobacco smoker. His past history included childhood episodes of malaria and typhoid fever, and sexual practices at risk for sexually transmitted infections. The patient had undergone regular check-ups in his country, having been tested for HBV, HCV, lues and HIV, being negative in his last check-up prior to travelling to Spain. He consulted the emergency department because he presented with a non-thermometric fever and progressive weight loss, and was diagnosed with mild anaemia and lymphocytosis, for which he was discharged with a diagnosis of influenza syndrome and referred to the Infectious Diseases Department. On examination at the outpatient clinic, fever, weight loss and anaemia persisted, so laboratory tests were requested, including serology for HIV, HBV, HCV and lues, thick gout and Plasmodium antigen, as well as an abdominal ultrasound and a coeliac disease study. He was reviewed in consultations after the results of the tests requested, with persistent fever and positive serology for HIV, and was therefore admitted for further study. On examination on admission, the patient was febrile (38.5oC), with a blood pressure of 125/100 mmHg, without cutaneous-mucosal lesions or adenopathies. Cardiopulmonary auscultation showed rhythmic heart sounds without audible murmurs and a preserved vesicular murmur. On abdominal palpation, there was discomfort in the right hypochondrium without defence and no visceromegaly was observed. The rest of the examination showed no other notable alterations.
In the imaging tests requested from consultations prior to admission, both the chest X-ray and the abdominal ultrasound showed no alterations. The haemogram showed normocytic and normochromatic anaemia with haemoglobin (Hb) of 10.3 g/dL, 4,460 leukocytes/μL (neutrophils: 62.2%, lymphocytes: 1.2%, eosinophils: 0.2%) and 312,000 platelets/μL. Biochemistry showed hypertransaminasemia (GOT: 139 U/L, GPT: 146 U/L), with CPK of 678 mg/dL, ferritin of 1,540 ng/mL and C-reactive protein of 47.34 mg/L. Renal function and ions were in the normal range, although there was proteinuria in the non-nephrotic range with hypoalbuminaemia. Coagulation times were prolonged compared to control (PT: 1.18-fold; aPTT: 1.25-fold). HIV plasma viral load was over 2,000,000 copies/ml and CD4 count showed 65 cells/μL. He was HBV surface antigen positive with 1,278 viral DNA copies/mL. The following tests were negative: HCV and syphilis serology, cryptococcal blood antigen, Plasmodium study (thick blood smear and antigen), blood cultures, CSF analysis and culture, sputum smear (two samples) and tuberculin test. Given the diagnosis of HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment with HBV coverage was started with raltegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir.
Given the persistence of fever and constitutional symptoms, blood cultures for mycobacteria were taken and fibrobronchoscopy, fundus visualisation and computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdomen were requested. The sputum smears of the fibrobronchoscopy specimens were negative, and no choroidal tubercles were seen in the ocular fundus.
The patient remained afebrile, with palpable laterocervical and submandibular lymphadenopathy and abdominal pain. Abdominal CT scan showed mild splenomegaly with multiple poorly defined non-cystic hypodense lesions scattered throughout the splenic parenchyma, compatible with microabscesses. In the thorax, multiple necrotic adenopathies of pathological size were seen, mainly at the right supraclavicular, hilar and mediastinal levels, in addition to a tree-shaped pattern in the lung parenchyma.
Differential diagnosis
We are dealing with a patient with a recent diagnosis of HIV infection who presented with fever and weight loss, together with splenomegaly with splenic microabscesses, as well as disseminated lymphadenopathy and a tree-like pattern in the pulmonary parenchyma. Given the clinical presentation of our patient and the findings on imaging tests, the following differential diagnoses should be considered:
Solid neoplasms. Despite the persistent fever, the possibility of a solid neoplasm could not be ruled out at the outset in this patient, given the constitutional symptoms he presented. However, after performing a CT scan of the chest and abdomen, this entity was ruled out. The presence of multiple pathological lymphadenopathies, together with the existence of B symptoms (fever and weight loss), made it necessary to consider the presence of lymphoma, which can give rise to splenic lesions that simulate microabscesses, although the necrotic lymphadenopathies observed in our patient are more typical of other entities. Among the lymphoproliferative disorders, the possibility of Castleman's disease should be considered, a rare entity characterised by systemic symptoms including fever, weakness, severe weight loss, generalised lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Pathological examination of lymph nodes reveals angiofollicular hyperplasia, atrophic germinal centres surrounded by concentric layers of small B cells, with a typical onion skin appearance, and intense interfollicular plasma cell hyperplasia. In HIV-infected patients it appears mainly in the presence of active human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) infection.
Kaposi's sarcoma, which may cause splenic lesions that can be mistaken for microabscesses on imaging tests, may also be considered as a neoplasm. The absence of typical skin lesions would militate against this entity.
Infections. In the presence of fever, lymphadenopathy and splenic microabscesses in a patient with HIV infection, a number of infectious agents should be considered as the cause of the clinical picture. For example, disseminated Pneumocystis jirovecii infection can cause splenic abscesses, but these occur in the context of severe Pneumocystis pneumonia or in patients on inhaled pentamidine prophylaxis, which protects only the lungs. Another entity to consider is disseminated Aspergillus spp. infection, which can cause splenic lesions in HIV-infected patients. In addition to a low CD4 count, as in our patient, other predisposing factors such as treatment with corticosteroids or the presence of severe neutropenia are common, and it would be expected to find greater pulmonary involvement than that seen in our case.
Hepatosplenic candidiasis presents with microabscesses in the liver and spleen and is associated with fever, but it is a typical entity in haematological patients when they recover from neutropenia, so it would be very unlikely in the case we present.
Another entity to be taken into account is bacillary angiomatosis due to Bartonella henselae, which can affect the spleen, but our patient did not have the typical skin lesions. Finally, within the infectious aetiology, the micro-organism most frequently associated with splenic microabscesses in patients with HIV infection is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Disseminated tuberculosis presents with fever and lymphadenopathy in multiple territories, often necrotic, and can cause hepatosplenomegaly and, sometimes, images suggestive of microabscesses at the hepatic and splenic level, making it the most likely entity in our patient.
Regardless of the cause of the clinical picture, given the persistence of fever, elevated ferritin and splenomegaly, the presence of haemophagocytic syndrome should be taken into account, which may be idiopathic or associated with tumours or infections. For diagnosis, five of the following eight criteria must be met: high fever (greater than 38.3 oC); elevated ferritin (greater than 500 ng/mL); splenomegaly; at least two cytopenias (Hb less than 9 g/dL, platelet count less than 100,000/ μL, less than 1. 000 neutrophils/μL); hypertriglyceridaemia (greater than 265 mg/dL) or hypofibrinogenemia (less than 1.5 g/dL); haemophagocytosis (in bone marrow, spleen or lymph nodes); low or absent natural killer (NK) cell activity; and elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha (soluble CD25) (greater than 2,400 U/mL).
Evolution
It was decided to start empirical tuberculostatic treatment with rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and isonised, and a fine needle aspiration puncture (FNA) of a left submandibular adenopathy was performed, with a negative smear test, so a surgical biopsy was performed at a later stage. The patient initially remained febrile and ferritin levels rose to a maximum of 7,146 ng/mL. Analysis of NK cell activity was normal, but soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha was elevated with a value of 3,135 U/mL. Bone marrow biopsy was not performed to confirm or rule out haemophagocytosis because the patient started to improve clinically and analytically. Finally, blood cultures for mycobacteria grew M. tuberculosis, sensitive to streptomycin, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, isoniazid and ethambutol. Pathological examination of the lymph node biopsy revealed necrotising granulomatous lymphadenitis, with negative Ziehl-Neelsen stain, PAS and Grocott stain, without findings suggestive of lymphoma or Castleman's disease. Polymerase chain reaction for HHV-8 was positive in blood.
Final diagnosis
Disseminated tuberculosis with splenic, pulmonary and lymph node involvement in a patient with HIV infection. HBV and HHV-8 co-infection.
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"the",
"chest",
"and",
"abdomen",
",",
"this",
"entity",
"was",
"ruled",
"out",
".",
"The",
"presence",
"of",
"multiple",
"pathological",
"lymphadenopathies",
",",
"together",
"with",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"B",
"symptoms",
"(",
"fever",
"and",
"weight",
"loss",
")",
",",
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"it",
"necessary",
"to",
"consider",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"lymphoma",
",",
"which",
"can",
"give",
"rise",
"to",
"splenic",
"lesions",
"that",
"simulate",
"microabscesses",
",",
"although",
"the",
"necrotic",
"lymphadenopathies",
"observed",
"in",
"our",
"patient",
"are",
"more",
"typical",
"of",
"other",
"entities",
".",
"Among",
"the",
"lymphoproliferative",
"disorders",
",",
"the",
"possibility",
"of",
"Castleman",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
"should",
"be",
"considered",
",",
"a",
"rare",
"entity",
"characterised",
"by",
"systemic",
"symptoms",
"including",
"fever",
",",
"weakness",
",",
"severe",
"weight",
"loss",
",",
"generalised",
"lymphadenopathy",
"and",
"hepatosplenomegaly",
".",
"Pathological",
"examination",
"of",
"lymph",
"nodes",
"reveals",
"angiofollicular",
"hyperplasia",
",",
"atrophic",
"germinal",
"centres",
"surrounded",
"by",
"concentric",
"layers",
"of",
"small",
"B",
"cells",
",",
"with",
"a",
"typical",
"onion",
"skin",
"appearance",
",",
"and",
"intense",
"interfollicular",
"plasma",
"cell",
"hyperplasia",
".",
"In",
"HIV-infected",
"patients",
"it",
"appears",
"mainly",
"in",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"active",
"human",
"herpesvirus",
"type",
"8",
"(",
"HHV-8",
")",
"infection",
".",
"Kaposi",
"'",
"s",
"sarcoma",
",",
"which",
"may",
"cause",
"splenic",
"lesions",
"that",
"can",
"be",
"mistaken",
"for",
"microabscesses",
"on",
"imaging",
"tests",
",",
"may",
"also",
"be",
"considered",
"as",
"a",
"neoplasm",
".",
"The",
"absence",
"of",
"typical",
"skin",
"lesions",
"would",
"militate",
"against",
"this",
"entity",
".",
"Infections",
".",
"In",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"fever",
",",
"lymphadenopathy",
"and",
"splenic",
"microabscesses",
"in",
"a",
"patient",
"with",
"HIV",
"infection",
",",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"infectious",
"agents",
"should",
"be",
"considered",
"as",
"the",
"cause",
"of",
"the",
"clinical",
"picture",
".",
"For",
"example",
",",
"disseminated",
"Pneumocystis",
"jirovecii",
"infection",
"can",
"cause",
"splenic",
"abscesses",
",",
"but",
"these",
"occur",
"in",
"the",
"context",
"of",
"severe",
"Pneumocystis",
"pneumonia",
"or",
"in",
"patients",
"on",
"inhaled",
"pentamidine",
"prophylaxis",
",",
"which",
"protects",
"only",
"the",
"lungs",
".",
"Another",
"entity",
"to",
"consider",
"is",
"disseminated",
"Aspergillus",
"spp",
".",
"infection",
",",
"which",
"can",
"cause",
"splenic",
"lesions",
"in",
"HIV-infected",
"patients",
".",
"In",
"addition",
"to",
"a",
"low",
"CD4",
"count",
",",
"as",
"in",
"our",
"patient",
",",
"other",
"predisposing",
"factors",
"such",
"as",
"treatment",
"with",
"corticosteroids",
"or",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"severe",
"neutropenia",
"are",
"common",
",",
"and",
"it",
"would",
"be",
"expected",
"to",
"find",
"greater",
"pulmonary",
"involvement",
"than",
"that",
"seen",
"in",
"our",
"case",
".",
"Hepatosplenic",
"candidiasis",
"presents",
"with",
"microabscesses",
"in",
"the",
"liver",
"and",
"spleen",
"and",
"is",
"associated",
"with",
"fever",
",",
"but",
"it",
"is",
"a",
"typical",
"entity",
"in",
"haematological",
"patients",
"when",
"they",
"recover",
"from",
"neutropenia",
",",
"so",
"it",
"would",
"be",
"very",
"unlikely",
"in",
"the",
"case",
"we",
"present",
".",
"Another",
"entity",
"to",
"be",
"taken",
"into",
"account",
"is",
"bacillary",
"angiomatosis",
"due",
"to",
"Bartonella",
"henselae",
",",
"which",
"can",
"affect",
"the",
"spleen",
",",
"but",
"our",
"patient",
"did",
"not",
"have",
"the",
"typical",
"skin",
"lesions",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"within",
"the",
"infectious",
"aetiology",
",",
"the",
"micro-organism",
"most",
"frequently",
"associated",
"with",
"splenic",
"microabscesses",
"in",
"patients",
"with",
"HIV",
"infection",
"is",
"Mycobacterium",
"tuberculosis",
".",
"Disseminated",
"tuberculosis",
"presents",
"with",
"fever",
"and",
"lymphadenopathy",
"in",
"multiple",
"territories",
",",
"often",
"necrotic",
",",
"and",
"can",
"cause",
"hepatosplenomegaly",
"and",
",",
"sometimes",
",",
"images",
"suggestive",
"of",
"microabscesses",
"at",
"the",
"hepatic",
"and",
"splenic",
"level",
",",
"making",
"it",
"the",
"most",
"likely",
"entity",
"in",
"our",
"patient",
".",
"Regardless",
"of",
"the",
"cause",
"of",
"the",
"clinical",
"picture",
",",
"given",
"the",
"persistence",
"of",
"fever",
",",
"elevated",
"ferritin",
"and",
"splenomegaly",
",",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"haemophagocytic",
"syndrome",
"should",
"be",
"taken",
"into",
"account",
",",
"which",
"may",
"be",
"idiopathic",
"or",
"associated",
"with",
"tumours",
"or",
"infections",
".",
"For",
"diagnosis",
",",
"five",
"of",
"the",
"following",
"eight",
"criteria",
"must",
"be",
"met",
":",
"high",
"fever",
"(",
"greater",
"than",
"38",
".",
"3",
"oC",
")",
";",
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"ferritin",
"(",
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"500",
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"/",
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")",
";",
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"(",
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"/",
"dL",
",",
"platelet",
"count",
"less",
"than",
"100",
",",
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"/",
"μL",
",",
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"than",
"1",
".",
"000",
"neutrophils",
"/",
"μL",
")",
";",
"hypertriglyceridaemia",
"(",
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"than",
"265",
"mg",
"/",
"dL",
")",
"or",
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"(",
"less",
"than",
"1",
".",
"5",
"g",
"/",
"dL",
")",
";",
"haemophagocytosis",
"(",
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"bone",
"marrow",
",",
"spleen",
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"lymph",
"nodes",
")",
";",
"low",
"or",
"absent",
"natural",
"killer",
"(",
"NK",
")",
"cell",
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";",
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"elevated",
"soluble",
"interleukin-2",
"receptor",
"alpha",
"(",
"soluble",
"CD25",
")",
"(",
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"than",
"2",
",",
"400",
"U",
"/",
"mL",
")",
".",
"Evolution",
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"was",
"decided",
"to",
"start",
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"tuberculostatic",
"treatment",
"with",
"rifampicin",
",",
"pyrazinamide",
",",
"ethambutol",
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"isonised",
",",
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"a",
"fine",
"needle",
"aspiration",
"puncture",
"(",
"FNA",
")",
"of",
"a",
"left",
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"adenopathy",
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"performed",
",",
"with",
"a",
"negative",
"smear",
"test",
",",
"so",
"a",
"surgical",
"biopsy",
"was",
"performed",
"at",
"a",
"later",
"stage",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"initially",
"remained",
"febrile",
"and",
"ferritin",
"levels",
"rose",
"to",
"a",
"maximum",
"of",
"7",
",",
"146",
"ng",
"/",
"mL",
".",
"Analysis",
"of",
"NK",
"cell",
"activity",
"was",
"normal",
",",
"but",
"soluble",
"interleukin-2",
"receptor",
"alpha",
"was",
"elevated",
"with",
"a",
"value",
"of",
"3",
",",
"135",
"U",
"/",
"mL",
".",
"Bone",
"marrow",
"biopsy",
"was",
"not",
"performed",
"to",
"confirm",
"or",
"rule",
"out",
"haemophagocytosis",
"because",
"the",
"patient",
"started",
"to",
"improve",
"clinically",
"and",
"analytically",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"blood",
"cultures",
"for",
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"M",
".",
"tuberculosis",
",",
"sensitive",
"to",
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",",
"rifampicin",
",",
"pyrazinamide",
",",
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"and",
"ethambutol",
".",
"Pathological",
"examination",
"of",
"the",
"lymph",
"node",
"biopsy",
"revealed",
"necrotising",
"granulomatous",
"lymphadenitis",
",",
"with",
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"Ziehl-Neelsen",
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",",
"PAS",
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"Grocott",
"stain",
",",
"without",
"findings",
"suggestive",
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"lymphoma",
"or",
"Castleman",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
".",
"Polymerase",
"chain",
"reaction",
"for",
"HHV-8",
"was",
"positive",
"in",
"blood",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Disseminated",
"tuberculosis",
"with",
"splenic",
",",
"pulmonary",
"and",
"lymph",
"node",
"involvement",
"in",
"a",
"patient",
"with",
"HIV",
"infection",
".",
"HBV",
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"HHV-8",
"co-infection",
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Anamnesis
A 47-year-old female patient with a history of arterial hypertension and Crohn's disease being treated with mesalazine, who was followed up in the urology department for a history of left chorioriform lithiasis, for which she underwent open pyelolithotomy in 2002 and at least six sessions of ESWL in another centre, who underwent percutaneous left nephrolithotomy in February 2012 due to the presence of lithiasis in the left lower caliceal group measuring 1.8 x 1.7 cm. An attempt at percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) was performed in the prone position, but failed because the urinary tract could not be approached after multiple attempts. A catheter was left as retroperitoneal drainage and a double J catheter was placed retrograde. The postoperative abdominal X-ray shows the correct placement of the double J catheter and also reveals the presence of a metal dense material superimposed on the left flank. Given that the patient remained asymptomatic, it was decided to maintain an expectant attitude to the presence of a foreign body.
The procedure was repeated in April 2012, successfully performing left LNL, achieving total extraction of the lithiasic fragments, and placing a new double J catheter, which was removed in the consultation room 21 days later. The patient visited the clinic for a check-up 3 months after the operation, reporting palpable induration at abdominal level. The follow-up computed tomography (CT) scan showed the presence of a metallic foreign body in the left paraumbilical subcutaneous cellular tissue.
Physical examination
Abdominal examination revealed a superficial linear induration in the left paraumbilical region.
Complementary tests
- Postoperative postoperative abdominal X-ray failed left PNL: left double J catheter in apparently adequate location. Drainage superimposed on the left renal silhouette. Metal density material superimposed on the left flank. Surgical technique to be assessed. Left renal lithiasis without significant changes.
- Abdominal CT scan: changes in relation to the left percutaneous nephrolithotomy, identifying a lithiasis in relation to the lower calcific group of approximately 5-6 mm. Small lithiasis in the middle caliceal group, millimetric. Metallic foreign body in relation to the fat of the subcutaneous cellular tissue in the left paraumbilical region.
Diagnosis
Metallic foreign body in the left paraumbilical subcutaneous tissue, in a woman with a history of left LNPL, with presence of metallic material superimposed on the left flank in the immediate postoperative period.
Treatment
In September 2012, under local anaesthesia, a left paraumbilical foreign body compatible with a sensor guide, about 4 cm long, in two segments, was removed with a mosquito.
Evolution
The patient was discharged the same day as the operation. Follow-up in consultation one month later, she is asymptomatic. She is awaiting a follow-up abdominal CT scan and urine culture to monitor her lithiasic pathology.
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A 70-year-old man with a history of pathological interest including AHT, type II DM with poor control, ischaemic-hypertensive heart disease with involvement of the anterior descending coronary artery which had been revascularised 7 years earlier with two drug-eluting stents, a traffic accident 10 months earlier with fracture of L1, severe aortic valve stenosis pending intervention at the time of admission. Neoplasia of the middle rectum operated on at another centre three months earlier, with colostomy. During admission he suffered severe sepsis, requiring admission to intensive care and placement of a central catheter. Since then, several admissions to the local regional hospital for decompensation of heart failure, with dyspnoea and fever attributed to respiratory and urinary infections that resolved satisfactorily with empirical treatment.
Current treatment: omeprazole, bisoprolol, simvastatin, glibenclamide, metformin/sitagliptin, ASA, zolpidem, candesartan/hydrochlorothiazide. He was transferred to our centre from his referral hospital, where he was admitted for acute pulmonary oedema, for surgical repair of severe aortic stenosis. Five days after admission he presented a fever peak of 38oC with no other symptoms and blood cultures were taken.
Laboratory tests showed acute deterioration of renal function, with creatinine 1.5 mg/dl, urea 105 mg/dl and estimated creatinine clearance of 47 ml/min, 21600 leukocytes with 95% neutrophils, procalcitonin 6.9 ng/ml, C-reactive protein 152 mg/L. The chest X-ray showed a normal cardiothoracic index, calcification of the aortic annulus and prominence of the aortic arch, without pulmonary interstitial involvement, condensation, effacement of costophrenic sinuses or other alterations. The microbiology laboratory reported the growth of Gram-positive cocci in blood cultures, identified as Staphylococcus aureus by MALDI-TOF. With this information, the patient was clinically assessed by the PROA team.
Differential diagnosis
We found a male patient with severe aortic stenosis, pending surgery, presenting fever and positive blood cultures for S. aureus with no other accompanying symptoms.
The differential diagnoses to consider in this patient with S. aureus bacteraemia are:
- Infective endocarditis. In favour of this diagnosis are the presence of S. aureus in 2 separate blood cultures, fever over 38oC, aortic valve involvement (predisposing cardiac anomaly). However, it has only 1 major and 2 minor criteria of the modified Duke criteria.
- Catheter infection. The patient has a cannulated peripheral line at the time of the febrile peak, with no erythema, oedema, palpable cord or induration, making this diagnosis very unlikely.
- Infectious or pyogenic spondylodiscitis.
Diagnosis to be considered when S. aureus is isolated in blood cultures. The patient is diabetic and has a neoplasm, both being predisposing factors. However, he does not present dorsal or lumbar pain and the clinical presentation is acute, which makes this diagnosis less likely.
Evolution
To clarify the differential diagnosis, echocardiography was performed due to the high clinical suspicion of endocarditis, informing us of the presence of a mobile, rounded, calcified image measuring 1.32 x 1.1 cm in the mitral valve. Transesophageal echocardiography was requested, which confirmed the existence of a mitral valve wart, with severe mitral valve insufficiency and a severely calcified aortic valve with reduced opening. TTE: mitral valve vegetation. The result of the echocardiography together with the blood cultures establishes the diagnosis of endocarditis, defined as meeting 2 major Duke criteria. Due to the absence of key symptoms and the clinical examination, other diagnoses are ruled out.
Given the risk of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, as it was a nosocomial infection and the patient's renal deterioration, with a glomerular filtration rate <50 ml/min, it was decided to start treatment with daptomycin at a dose of 10 mg/kg, ruling out the use of gentamicin in association with cloxacillin or vancomycin. The following day the antibiogram results confirmed the presence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, sensitive to vancomycin (MIC of 1 mcg/mL) and daptomycin (MIC 0.25 mcg/mL).
Control blood cultures were taken every 48-72 hours due to persistent fever, and the first two rounds were positive. In the second round, six days after treatment, a new resistance study was requested, associating cloxacillin to the treatment until the results of the antibiogram were available. We were informed of the appearance of resistance to daptomycin with an MIC of 2 mcg/mL. On reviewing the analytical analysis, the patient's renal function improved (creatinine 0.9 mg/dl), which is why we changed to vancomycin, with an MIC of 1 mcg/mL. During treatment, the patient again suffered acute pulmonary oedema, was admitted to the ICU and underwent urgent valve replacement. The surgeon described the presence of endocarditis of the posterior mitral leaflet and part of the anteroposterior commissure, with an abscess at the level of the posterior annulus and involvement of the atrioventricular groove. After cleaning and excision of devitalised and infected tissues, the AV groove was repaired with Teflon band and the mitral and aortic valves were replaced with bioprostheses.
The valve was sent for culture and methicillin-resistant S. aureus grew, but was again sensitive to daptomycin. Treatment was maintained with vancomycin and she was transferred to the ward for continuity of care. He had a new febrile peak, S. aureus sensitive to daptomycin and vancomycin was isolated again and vancomycin was maintained for six weeks after the last positive blood culture adjusted to trough levels in blood (15-20 mcg/ml) and gentamicin (240 mg/day) for two weeks and rifampicin (600 mg/12 hours) for six weeks were associated, resolving the persistent bacteraemia and with good evolution of the patient, without renal or hepatic deterioration.
Final diagnosisInfective endocarditis on native mitral valve caused by MRSA, complicated by perivalvular abscess, acute renal failure and development of resistance to daptomycin.
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Personal history
Male, 47 years old, moderate drinker with no medical history of interest, except for frequent trips (1-2 per year) to the Dominican Republic for the last twenty years.
Present illness
During the last trip to the Dominican Republic, he presented an episode of diarrhoea without pathological products that was treated empirically with metronidazole, with a good response. On his return, he consulted for a month-long episode of diarrhoea (10-15 stools/day), with steatorrhoeic stools, without pathological products and accompanied by a weight loss of about fourteen kilos.
Physical examination
The patient was not jaundiced. Cardiorespiratory auscultation showed no pathological findings. The abdominal examination was normal, with no palpation of masses or organomegaly, and no lymph nodes were palpable.
Complementary examinations
The haemogram and biochemical analysis, including ESR, CRP, LDH, iron metabolism, vitamin B12 and folic acid were normal. Quantification of fat in 24-hour stool was pathological, the result being 33 g (normal value <6 g). Stool microbiology (stool culture, parasites, mycobacteria, Clostridium difficile toxin and Giardia lamblia antigen) was negative. Entamoeba histolytica serology was positive at a titre of 1/32 by IFA (IgG). HIV serology was negative. Anti-gliadin and anti-endomysial antibodies were negative.
Barium intestinal transit showed discrete dilatation of the loops with dilution of the loops and multiple repletion defects with fragmentation and segmentation of the contrast medium suggestive of malabsorption.
Diagnostic test
Upper endoscopy with duodenal biopsy showed partial villous atrophy, cryptic hyperplasia, intraepithelial lymphocytosis (immunophenotype CD3+ and CD8+) and negative microbiology.
Clinical judgement
Tropical sprue.
Evolution
Empirical treatment with metronidazole was started on suspicion of G. lamblia infection without clinical improvement. Subsequently, after diagnosis, treatment was started with tetracycline hydrochloride 250 mg/6 hours and folic acid 10 mg/day with disappearance of symptoms in 48 hours and weight gain. After one year of follow-up there have been no recurrences.
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Anamnesis
65-year-old woman, allergic to colchicine derivatives and diclofenac. No cardiovascular risk factors or chronic medication. Her only history was severe kyphoscoliosis and she had undergone hysterectomy with double adnexectomy and removal of a neurofibroma.
Oncological history: in July 2017, she was diagnosed with stage IV left-sided clear cell renal cell carcinoma with lung and lymph node involvement. In August of the same year, she started treatment with sunitinib 50 mg/24 h (4/6 schedule) as first line for metastatic disease.
One month after starting treatment, he visited the emergency department for the last four days with frank haematuria. She did not report voiding syndrome or fever. She only associated isolated episodes of vomiting with food content, without abdominal pain or altered gastrointestinal transit.
Physical examination
Afebrile and haemodynamically stable. Karnofsky index 70 %. Mucocutaneous pallor. No haematomas or palpable adenopathies were observed. Cardiopulmonary and abdominal examination was normal.
Complementary tests
Laboratory tests on admission showed leukocytes 3,400/mcl, haemoglobin 10.9 g/dl, with normal mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin, platelets 31,000/mcl, urea 43.6 mg/dl, creatinine 0.89 mg/dl and C-reactive protein 77 mg/l.
The urine system on admission showed negative nitrites and in the sediment 25-50 red blood cells/field and 2-5 leukocytes.
Chest X-ray showed the known pulmonary nodules with no other relevant findings.
Diagnosis
"Stage IV renal carcinoma treated with sunitinib.
"Grade 4 thrombocytopenia secondary to antiangiogenic therapy.
"Haematuria secondary to thrombocytopenia.
Treatment
Given the frank haematuria, a bladder catheter was placed for continuous bladder lavage, tranexamic acid 0.5g/8 h was prescribed and a platelet concentrate was transfused, with slight clinical and laboratory improvement.
During admission, daily haemograms were performed, showing a progressive decrease in the platelet count, for which reason low-dose corticotherapy was added (methylprednisolone 20 mg/12 h), without achieving an increase in this analytical parameter.
Despite the prescribed treatment, the patient continued to have haematuria and a platelet count of 6,000/mcl, so a peripheral smear was requested; this figure was confirmed and schistocytes or other morphological alterations were ruled out.
In agreement with haematology, corticosteroids were increased to a dose of 1 mg/kg/day and intravenous immunoglobulin was prescribed (1 g/kg for 48 hours). After this treatment, platelet counts progressively increased until the patient was discharged with a platelet count of 41,000/mcl.
Throughout the hospital stay, six platelet concentrates had to be transfused. In addition, complications included bilateral epistaxis that required nasal packing by Otorhinolaryngology, and urinary tract infection secondary to bladder catheterisation. Urine culture isolated more than 100,000 CFU/ml of Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli sensitive to nitrofurantoin, so treatment with this antibiotic and bladder catheter replacement was performed.
Evolution
On discharge from hospital, it was decided to definitively withdraw Sunitinib and treatment was started with nivolumab 3 mg/kg/every 15 days, as a second line for metastatic disease. She is currently in partial response (PR) after 13 cycles of anti PD-1.
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Woman 46 years old.
Teacher.
Allergy to PNC.
Frequent trips to the USA. Holidays to Southern California 3 weeks and Israel.
Irritative cough 1 month persistent, exacerbated at night, without fever or rhinorrhoea, occasional night sweats.
Last week coughing pain without inspiratory stop.
Weight loss 3 kg.
Laboratory tests:
- HCTO: 37%.
- Leucocytes: 7,900
- Eosinophils; 22%.
- Lymphocytes: 7.5%.
- CRP 3.5
Condensation LSI anterior segment, upper segment LII
Foci of condensation predominantly subpleural and peribronchovascular, some of which have central ground-glass areas, distributed predominantly in LSI, upper segment of LII. Multiple other smaller, similar small foci of condensation are seen in the anterior segment of LSD, LM and upper and basal lateral segments of LID.
Multiple other small foci of condensation of similar characteristics and smaller size are observed in the anterior segment of the LSD, LM and superior and basal lateral segments of the LID.
Radiological sign: Inverse halo
Examination of the patient:
- PCR TBC (-)
- GRAM FREE OF BACTERIA
- FilmArray panel (-)
- TRANSBRONCHIAL BIOPSY: Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Clinical picture + Travel history
- LBA sample Mayo Clinic
- IgMCoccidioides by ELISA positive
- Diagnosis: Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis
- Treatment with fluconazole 450 mg/day (2 months 1 week).
- Control chest CT scan.
Minip better demonstrates ground glass areas.
Diagnosis:
PULMONARY COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
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A 35-year-old woman with a history of interest including active smoking of more than 20 cigarettes a day for the last 20 years, herpes zoster in 2009, thrush in 2015 and diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in 2006.
Current history
We present the case of a 35-year-old female patient whose history of interest includes active smoking of more than 20 cigarettes a day for the last 20 years, herpes-zoster in 2009, thrush in 2015 and diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in 2006. The patient started antiretroviral treatment that same year with zidovudine + lamivudine + saquinavir/ritonavir, although adherence was erratic and she stopped treatment completely in 2017.
She now presents with asthenia, a loss of eleven kilograms in the last few months and oral bleeding.
Physical examination
Physical examination revealed marked thinness, fair general condition, rhythmic tachycardia and haemorrhagic gingivostomatitis compatible with thrush.
Complementary tests
The results were negative for hepatotropic viruses (A, B and C) and syphilis, and positive for HIV, with a detectable viral load of over seven million copies and a CD4 lymphocyte count of 16 (2%).
In addition, an electrocardiogram is requested and shown below (electrocardiogram 1).
Evolution
Treatment of the thrush was started with fluconazole, which soon improved and the patient's pancytopenia (which progressively worsened) began to be studied, as well as screening for the main opportunistic infections and the various causes of the additional constitutional symptoms.
On the one hand, infections by microorganisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Leishmania, Toxoplasma and Cryptococcus are ruled out, and on the other hand, the main tumour and immunological causes are ruled out, leaving HIV infection itself, reactivation of Epstein-Barr Virus and Parvovirus B19 infection as the main causes of the whole picture.
In view of this and the progressive worsening of the patient's clinical and laboratory findings (even requiring red blood cell and platelet transfusions), it was decided to start antiretroviral treatment with darunavir/cobicistat + emtricitabine + alafenamide on 7/10, after consultation with the hospital HIV Unit.
A few days after starting antiretroviral therapy, the patient experienced improvement in asthenia and general malaise, as well as recovery of analytical parameters. However, with particular emphasis on the anamnesis and physical examination, she reports a predominance of dyspnoea (with inability to walk more than 100 metres on level ground asymptomatically) over the asthenia and "dizziness" that she had experienced at the beginning, and a third-tone gallop on cardiac auscultation. A new electrocardiogram was repeated (electrocardiogram 2) and blood tests were requested with troponin (normal) and NT-proBNP (2,522 pg/m).
Due to these findings, the patient consulted the Cardiology Department specialists, who recommended a transthoracic echocardiogram, which revealed a dilated and hypertrophic right ventricle, with moderate systolic dysfunction, paradoxical septal movement and increased eccentricity index of the right ventricle over the left, as well as mild pericardial effusion.
In view of these findings, it was decided to perform a right heart catheterisation that confirmed the diagnosis of moderate precapillary pulmonary hypertension and to consult the Pulmonary Hypertension Unit. With the presumptive diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension secondary to HIV, treatment was started with tadalafil at a dose of 20 mg/day.
With the start of this therapy and antiretroviral treatment, in less than 3 weeks the patient experienced substantial clinical improvement, initially allowing her to ambulate and carry out daily activities without dyspnoea. Furthermore, there was an improvement in NT-proBNP levels and in the echocardiographic study, which showed normalisation of right ventricular size, less paradoxical septal motion, and normalisation of the RV/LV eccentricity index. A control electrocardiogram is also attached (electrocardiogram 3).
Once the study of pulmonary hypertension has been completed, having ruled out other causes such as rapeseed oil intoxication, left heart disease, pneumopathy or thromboembolic disease, the diagnosis of HIV-associated pulmonary hypertension is confirmed.
Diagnosis
Pancytopenia secondary to infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Epstein-Barr Virus and Parvovirus B19.
HIV-associated pulmonary hypertension.
QT prolongation in the context of HIV infection, pulmonary hypertension and drug toxicity.
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Anamnesis
46-year-old woman, with no cardiovascular risk factors, under treatment with escitalopram for dysthymia. Eight years ago she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) due to tingling paraesthesias in both upper limbs with demyelinating lesions in the cervical spinal cord as a finding on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). During the 5 years following the diagnosis of the disease the patient suffered several sensory flares and in the following 2 years three motor flares with a progressive worsening of disability (increase of two points on the EDSS scale in 6 months). With a diagnosis of secondarily progressive relapsing-remitting MS and an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 4, treatment with intravenous natalizumab, 300 mg monthly, was started with good clinical response. After 27 sessions of treatment with the monoclonal antibody and with a disability of 3 on the EDSS scale, the patient began with a month of progressive symptoms of impaired speech with preserved comprehension of variable course throughout the day, with sudden worsening in the 24 hours prior to attending the neurology clinic, with total inability to utter words, without a decrease in the level of consciousness.
Physical examination
Normotensive, afebrile and with normal somatic examination. Neurological examination showed a normal level of consciousness, with slight bradyphrenia and severe dysnomia. She does not understand commands. Able to utter words and short sentences of no more than three words. Parathespastic gait of right predominance with circumduction of the right lower limb. Impossible variants and tandem. Romberg unstable. Strength in the distal lower limbs 3/5 and proximal 4/5 and in the upper limbs 4/5. Spasticity grade II of Ashworth in the lower limbs. Exalted muscle stretch reflexes with increased reflexogenic area predominantly in the right limbs. Bilateral extensor cutaneous-plantar reflexes with inexhaustible Achilles clonus and bilateral Hoffmann's reflexes. Eye movements in the form of saccades. Right homonymous hemianopsia (difficult to assess due to linguistic alteration). Fundus: bilateral papillary pallor. Rest normal.
Complementary tests
- Blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, biochemistry (including calcium and phosphorus), coagulation and proteinogram: normal.
- Serum albumin 40.20 mg/dl, serum IgG 1.46 mg/dl.
- Autoimmunity: antinuclear antibodies negative.
- Serology: negative for syphilis. Hepatitis B and C viruses negative. Human immunodeficiency virus negative.
- Serology for JC virus in blood positive.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): clear. Leukocytes 0/mm3, red blood cells 0/mm3. Glucose 67 mg/dl, protein 21 mg/dl, lactic acid 1.4 mmol/l, albumin 10.2 mg/dl. IgG 1.46 mg/dl. Culture: negative.
- Link index: 0.68 (CSF IgG x serum albumin/serum IgG x CSF albumin).
- Electrocardiogram and chest X-ray: normal.
- Electroencephalogram: focus of slow activity in the left temporal region.
- Encephalic MRI: lesions in the periventricular white matter, left internal capsule and subcortical white matter suggestive of demyelinating MS type disease, already known. Extensive signal intensity alterations were seen in the left parietooccipital subcortical white matter in T2 and FLAIR sequences, without significant mass effect and without enhancement after intravenous contrast. MRI with hyperintense lesion in the left parietooccipital white matter compatible with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and digitating lesions perpendicular to the ventricular major axis compatible with multiple sclerosis.
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in CSF for JC virus positive (234 copies/ml).
Diagnosis
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) due to JC virus, in a patient treated with natalizumab, with no history of immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory treatment.
- MS R-R stage 4 on the Kurtzke EDSS scale.
Treatment and evolution
From the onset of the clinical picture of speech impairment, treatment with natalizumab was discontinued. Three plasmapheresis followed by a dose of 625 mg of oral 6-methylprednisolone for 3 days with progressive tapering (prevention of immune reconstitution syndrome) was performed. This treatment was combined with 250 mg mefloquine daily for one week, followed by mefloquine once a week. She was also treated with 45 mg/day of mirtazapine. Two weeks later, the patient suffered sudden episodes of clonic movements of the left hemiface, predominantly mandibular, with blinking, sialorrhoea and profuse sweating for 2-3 minutes, followed by a "daze" for a quarter of an hour. After the third episode, treatment with levetiracetam up to a dose of 500 mg/12 h is started. The actual neurological examination showed worsening of strength in the right hemibody with increased difficulty in walking. Strength had worsened in the right extremities with distal plegia in the right upper limb and a grade 2/5 proximal. A second encephalic MRI was performed, where a progression of the lesions was observed, covering the parietal, occipital and temporal areas of the contralateral hemisphere. Extensive hyperintense lesion of the white matter in the temporo-parieto-occipital region in the left hemisphere and occipital in the right hemisphere compatible with progression of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Treatment was started with cidofovir at a dose of 5 mg/kg with the hydration protocol and probenecid on a weekly basis for three weeks and then biweekly thereafter. At the last examination, the patient's right lower limb paresis had improved, with adequate seizure control.
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] | en |
Anamnesis
Male, 36 years old, smoker of 6 cigarettes/day, with no medical or surgical history of interest. He has a family history of migraine without aura. He does not follow any treatment on a regular basis nor does he consume toxic substances.
The patient came to the Emergency Department with a bilateral frontal oppressive headache of approximately 6 hours' duration, not triggered by physical effort, together with paraesthesia affecting the trunk, face and extremities. It is not associated with fever, nausea, vomiting, photophobia or sonophobia. The pain worsens with cervical movements in any direction. From the onset of symptoms, he describes speech impairment consisting of difficulty finding words and writing. Approximately one hour after arrival at the Emergency Department, the headache and sensory symptoms partially improve. However, his language progressively worsens to the point of presenting impoverished language with monosyllables and short unfinished and repetitive sentences. His wife reports that in the last month she has had 3-4 episodes of headache of moderate intensity which, on at least one occasion, are accompanied by right hemicorporal numbness, without language, motor or visual disturbances.
Physical examination
Haemodynamically stable, afebrile. Significant restlessness. Normal cardiopulmonary auscultation. Conscious and oriented in the three spheres. No nuchal rigidity, Kerning and Brudzinski signs negative. Language: articulation and repetition preserved. Failures in naming. Difficulty in understanding some complex commands. Bradylyaly. Unfinished, repetitive sentences. Normoreactive isochoric pupils. Normal ocular motor nerves. Confrontational campimetry and other cranial nerves normal. No motor or sensory deficits, dysmetria or dysdiadochokinesia. Osteotendinous reflexes are normal and symmetrical. The cutaneous-plantar reflex is bilateral flexor and gait is unaltered.
Complementary tests
- Electrocardiogram: sinus rhythm. No repolarisation alterations.
- Chest X-ray: normal cardiothoracic index, no infiltrates. Free costophrenic sinuses.
- Blood count, coagulation and biochemistry within normal limits.
- Urinalysis: no pathology. No toxins detected.
- Cranial computed tomography (CT): parenchymal and ventricular structures without alterations. - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): clear liquid, opening pressure 22 cm H2O, 76 leukocytes with 96% mononuclear, glucose 57 mg/dl, protein 70 mg/dl. Sterile fluid. Cryptococcus, lupus, Borrelia, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2 negative.
- Immunology: antiphospholipid, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic, anti-DNA, organ-specific and non-organ-specific antibodies negative.
- Serum microbiological study: IgM for cytomegalovirus positive, IgG for varicella zoster virus and HSV positive. Serology for hepatitis B and C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, lupus, Borrelia, Brucella negative. Negative cytomegalovirus antigenemia.
- Biomarkers negative.
- Electroencephalogram (EEG): globally slow, fluctuating and with marked reactivity to stimuli suggestive of mild diffuse encephalopathy.
- Doppler ultrasound of supra-aortic trunks (performed 24 hours after the resolution of symptoms): permeable carotid axes without atheromatosis, permeable vertebral axes with left dominance. Transcranial: middle cerebral arteries (MCA) patent and symmetrical. Normal velocities and pulsatility indices. Apnoea test: reactivity above normal values in both MCA, greater in the left MCA.
- Magnetic resonance imaging: study within the normal range.
- Brain SPECT: cerebellum and subcortical structures partially hypoperfused. At the cortical level, there was significant bilateral generalised hypoperfusion, with a predominance of large perfusion defects in the left hemisphere, mainly in the frontoparietal region. Brain SPECT on admission: severe global hypoperfusion, predominantly on the left.
Treatment and evolution
The patient presented progression of the focal symptoms described in the hours following his arrival at the ED. A lumbar puncture was performed, detecting lymphocytic pleocytosis and hyperproteinorrachia, so treatment was started with acyclovir and the patient was admitted to the Neurology ward on suspicion of viral encephalitis. Twelve hours later, complete remission of symptoms was observed, and the patient partially remembered what had happened. In view of the negative PCR for HSV, antiviral treatment was suspended and analgesia was maintained with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. During admission, the patient had an episode of mild acute renal failure secondary to treatment with acyclovir, corrected with abundant hydration. During the following month, the patient had daily episodes of headaches of moderate intensity that subsided with regular analgesia, lasting several hours, and he remained asymptomatic between episodes. On one occasion, the headache was accompanied by altered speech and right hemicorporal hypoaesthesia, which resolved spontaneously. Since then, two months after the first episode, he remains asymptomatic. The SPECT scan was repeated two months after the first episode of neurological focality, with normalisation of cerebral perfusion. SPECT at 2 months: almost complete recovery of left hemicranial hypoperfusion.
Diagnosis
Headache syndrome and transient neurological deficits with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (HaNDL syndrome).
| [
"Anamnesis",
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",",
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"month",
",",
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Clinical data: A 47-year-old man attended the Emergency Department of our hospital presenting oedema and pain in the face, MSD and right hemithorax for the last two weeks, with progressive evolution. His personal history included mixed liver cirrhosis (HCV + alcohol) and HCC undergoing chemoembolisation treatment. Description of findings: Urgent chest CT scan with iv contrast was performed, showing a repletion defect at the level of the superior vena cava.
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Anamnesis
70-year-old woman, with a history of hypothyroidism on hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine and latent tuberculosis infection, for which she had received chemoprophylactic treatment in 2007. Urinary incontinence and habitual constipation.
The patient came to her referral hospital with a clinical picture of nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain that had been going on for hours. On the same day of her admission, the patient woke up asymptomatic, went for a walk as usual and, on returning home, told her relatives that she was very sleepy. Subsequently, she presented with abdominal pain in the epigastrium with nausea and vomiting, for which she went to the emergency department. She was admitted to the Digestive System Department with a diagnosis of epigastralgia to be studied. During her stay on the ward she showed a tendency towards somnolence and bradypsychia, with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14. On the third day of admission she presented a generalised seizure with post-critical left hemiparesis. An urgent cranial computed tomography (CT) scan was performed and, in view of the findings, she was referred to our centre by the Neurology Department to continue the aetiological study.
Physical examination
Afebrile. Blood pressure 135/78 mmHg. Heart rate 76 bpm. Oxygen saturation 99%. Cardiac auscultation: rhythmic heart tones, no murmurs. Pulmonary auscultation: preserved vesicular murmur, no extra sounds. Abdomen: soft and depressible, peristalsis present, no masses or megaliths, with pain on palpation at the epigastric level but no signs of peritoneal irritation.
Neurological examination: tendency to somnolence, with response to intense verbal stimuli. Significant bradypsychia. Moderate dysarthria, diminished verbal fluency, obeys two simple commands, then becomes intoxicated. Mild left facial-brachial haemiparesis: left upper limb 4+/5. Left extensor cutaneous-plantar reflex.
Complementary tests
- CBC: normal haemogram. Coagulation: D-dimer 3,482.97 ng/ml. Biochemistry: sodium 128 mmol/l, potassium 3.2 mmol/l, calcium 7.6 mg/dl, the rest normal, including liver profile.
- Chest X-ray: no significant pleuroparenchymal alterations.
- Thoracic CT angiography: bilateral subsegmental pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE).
- Urgent cranial CT scan (without/with contrast): effacement of the cortical sulci and the right sylvian fissure. Poor cortico-subcortical differentiation with presence of extensive hypodense area in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). Contrast uptake at the level of the right sulci. All of the above was suspected as a possible subacute ischaemic infarction with signs of haemorrhagic transformation.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain at 24 hours: cortical hyperintensity in T2 and FLAIR at the level of the right temporal lobe, associated with effacement of sulci and fissures and marked cortical thickening, very evident at the level of the right parahippocampal region, with total collapse of the temporal horn and partial collapse of the lateral ventricle. Diffusion restriction. After contrast administration, gyriform leptomeningeal and right insular enhancement is observed. Urgent MRI. T2 sequence showing hyperintensity in the right mesial temporal region, with involvement of the hippocampus, parahippocampal structures, lateral temporal gyri and right insula. Diffusion sequence with diffusion restriction.
- Brain MRI (at 20 days): leptomeningeal and intraparenchymal gyriform uptake is still present. Improvement of cortical oedema, with absence of clear diffusion restriction.
- Brain MRI (at 33 days): hyperintense lesion in T2 and FLAIR, located at the right fronto-temporo-parietal level, predominantly insular, with multiple cystic areas and necrohaemorrhagic transformation. After contrast administration, gyriform uptake persisted at the right insular level, with large intraparenchymal nodules with peripheral enhancement. Control MRI. Hyperintense lesion in T2 with multiple cystic areas and areas of bleeding. Peripheral enhancement after contrast administration.
- Urgent electroencephalogram (EEG): almost continuous epileptiform activity at the right temporal level in the form of
hypervolved sharp waves, sometimes discharging pseudoperiodically, sometimes completely chaotically. They often diffuse to the ipsilateral centroparietal region. Periods of few seconds of electrical silencing. Tracing compatible with status epilepticus.
- EEG (at 28 days): diffuse cerebral slowing with clear signs of damage at left temporal level.
- Urgent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): normal biochemistry, normal adenosine deaminase (ADA), negative herpes virus group genome amplification, negative culture of bacteria, mycobacteria (Lowenstein) and viruses.
- CSF (at 13 days): normal biochemistry, normal ADA, cytology negative for malignancy, antineuronal and anti-N-methyl-Daspartate receptor antibodies (anti-rNMDA) negative, protein 14.3.3 negative.
- Mantoux negative.
- Thyroid hormones: normal.
- Antithyroid antibodies: negative.
- Tumour markers: negative.
- Thoracic-abdominal-pelvic CT scan: no mass suggestive of neoplasia.
Diagnosis
- Refractory non-convulsive status epilepticus.
- Right temporal cortical signal alteration secondary to status epilepticus.
- Intracranial space-occupying lesion of uncertain origin.
Treatment and evolution
The patient was transferred to our centre with a diagnosis of ischaemic stroke in the territory of the LMCA according to the urgent cranial CT scan report. After the initial evaluation of the patient, we considered a wider range of diagnostic possibilities. An urgent EEG was performed, which was compatible with non-convulsive status and intravenous treatment with antiepileptic drugs was started. Given the refractoriness to the fourth line of treatment, he was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for barbiturate coma, which was maintained for a week until the status was electrically controlled. After withdrawal of sedative drugs and once on the ward, the patient maintained a low level of consciousness, evolved into a deep coma and died 3 months after the onset of the clinical condition. Due to institutional problems we were unable to perform a necropsy.
What were our main diagnostic hypotheses? Initially, the possibility of herpetic encephalitis was considered and treatment with acyclovir was started. Due to the negative microbiological study, it was subsequently withdrawn. The possibility of pneumococcal or tuberculous meningitis was also ruled out given the patient's history. A diagnosis of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis of the autoimmune type due to anti-NMDA antibodies was also considered, given that it is associated with a rapid deterioration in the level of consciousness and refractory epilepsy requiring admission to the ICU, as in our case, but this was ruled out after the negative bioimmunological study in CSF. In addition, we had against us the poor clinical evolution despite having received treatment with corticosteroids and the absence of systemic neoplasia (related in these cases more frequently to ovarian teratoma). Due to her history of hypothyroidism, thyroid hormones and antithyroid antibodies were requested in blood, which were negative, so Hashimoto's encephalopathy was excluded as the cause of the neurological deterioration. CSF 14.3.3 protein was also requested to rule out prion disease, which was negative.
Finally, after analysing the clinical and radiological evolution of the patient, our diagnostic impression to date, despite not having histological confirmation, is that her coma was the clinical expression of a non-convulsive status caused by underlying brain damage that initially manifested as a lesion with an inflammatory appearance at the right cortical level attributable to the status, with a tendency towards resolution after control of the same and, subsequently, progression of a space-occupying lesion with a tumour-like appearance at the right insular level, suggestive of malignancy. We think that the PTE could be related to a prothrombotic state, of paraneoplastic origin. | [
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"with",
"multiple",
"cystic",
"areas",
"and",
"areas",
"of",
"bleeding",
".",
"Peripheral",
"enhancement",
"after",
"contrast",
"administration",
".",
"-",
"Urgent",
"electroencephalogram",
"(",
"EEG",
")",
":",
"almost",
"continuous",
"epileptiform",
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"the",
"right",
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"level",
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"the",
"form",
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"hypervolved",
"sharp",
"waves",
",",
"sometimes",
"discharging",
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",",
"sometimes",
"completely",
"chaotically",
".",
"They",
"often",
"diffuse",
"to",
"the",
"ipsilateral",
"centroparietal",
"region",
".",
"Periods",
"of",
"few",
"seconds",
"of",
"electrical",
"silencing",
".",
"Tracing",
"compatible",
"with",
"status",
"epilepticus",
".",
"-",
"EEG",
"(",
"at",
"28",
"days",
")",
":",
"diffuse",
"cerebral",
"slowing",
"with",
"clear",
"signs",
"of",
"damage",
"at",
"left",
"temporal",
"level",
".",
"-",
"Urgent",
"cerebrospinal",
"fluid",
"(",
"CSF",
")",
":",
"normal",
"biochemistry",
",",
"normal",
"adenosine",
"deaminase",
"(",
"ADA",
")",
",",
"negative",
"herpes",
"virus",
"group",
"genome",
"amplification",
",",
"negative",
"culture",
"of",
"bacteria",
",",
"mycobacteria",
"(",
"Lowenstein",
")",
"and",
"viruses",
".",
"-",
"CSF",
"(",
"at",
"13",
"days",
")",
":",
"normal",
"biochemistry",
",",
"normal",
"ADA",
",",
"cytology",
"negative",
"for",
"malignancy",
",",
"antineuronal",
"and",
"anti-N-methyl-Daspartate",
"receptor",
"antibodies",
"(",
"anti-rNMDA",
")",
"negative",
",",
"protein",
"14",
".",
"3",
".",
"3",
"negative",
".",
"-",
"Mantoux",
"negative",
".",
"-",
"Thyroid",
"hormones",
":",
"normal",
".",
"-",
"Antithyroid",
"antibodies",
":",
"negative",
".",
"-",
"Tumour",
"markers",
":",
"negative",
".",
"-",
"Thoracic-abdominal-pelvic",
"CT",
"scan",
":",
"no",
"mass",
"suggestive",
"of",
"neoplasia",
".",
"Diagnosis",
"-",
"Refractory",
"non-convulsive",
"status",
"epilepticus",
".",
"-",
"Right",
"temporal",
"cortical",
"signal",
"alteration",
"secondary",
"to",
"status",
"epilepticus",
".",
"-",
"Intracranial",
"space-occupying",
"lesion",
"of",
"uncertain",
"origin",
".",
"Treatment",
"and",
"evolution",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"transferred",
"to",
"our",
"centre",
"with",
"a",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"ischaemic",
"stroke",
"in",
"the",
"territory",
"of",
"the",
"LMCA",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"urgent",
"cranial",
"CT",
"scan",
"report",
".",
"After",
"the",
"initial",
"evaluation",
"of",
"the",
"patient",
",",
"we",
"considered",
"a",
"wider",
"range",
"of",
"diagnostic",
"possibilities",
".",
"An",
"urgent",
"EEG",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"which",
"was",
"compatible",
"with",
"non-convulsive",
"status",
"and",
"intravenous",
"treatment",
"with",
"antiepileptic",
"drugs",
"was",
"started",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"refractoriness",
"to",
"the",
"fourth",
"line",
"of",
"treatment",
",",
"he",
"was",
"admitted",
"to",
"the",
"Intensive",
"Care",
"Unit",
"(",
"ICU",
")",
"for",
"barbiturate",
"coma",
",",
"which",
"was",
"maintained",
"for",
"a",
"week",
"until",
"the",
"status",
"was",
"electrically",
"controlled",
".",
"After",
"withdrawal",
"of",
"sedative",
"drugs",
"and",
"once",
"on",
"the",
"ward",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"maintained",
"a",
"low",
"level",
"of",
"consciousness",
",",
"evolved",
"into",
"a",
"deep",
"coma",
"and",
"died",
"3",
"months",
"after",
"the",
"onset",
"of",
"the",
"clinical",
"condition",
".",
"Due",
"to",
"institutional",
"problems",
"we",
"were",
"unable",
"to",
"perform",
"a",
"necropsy",
".",
"What",
"were",
"our",
"main",
"diagnostic",
"hypotheses",
"?",
"Initially",
",",
"the",
"possibility",
"of",
"herpetic",
"encephalitis",
"was",
"considered",
"and",
"treatment",
"with",
"acyclovir",
"was",
"started",
".",
"Due",
"to",
"the",
"negative",
"microbiological",
"study",
",",
"it",
"was",
"subsequently",
"withdrawn",
".",
"The",
"possibility",
"of",
"pneumococcal",
"or",
"tuberculous",
"meningitis",
"was",
"also",
"ruled",
"out",
"given",
"the",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"history",
".",
"A",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"paraneoplastic",
"limbic",
"encephalitis",
"of",
"the",
"autoimmune",
"type",
"due",
"to",
"anti-NMDA",
"antibodies",
"was",
"also",
"considered",
",",
"given",
"that",
"it",
"is",
"associated",
"with",
"a",
"rapid",
"deterioration",
"in",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"consciousness",
"and",
"refractory",
"epilepsy",
"requiring",
"admission",
"to",
"the",
"ICU",
",",
"as",
"in",
"our",
"case",
",",
"but",
"this",
"was",
"ruled",
"out",
"after",
"the",
"negative",
"bioimmunological",
"study",
"in",
"CSF",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"we",
"had",
"against",
"us",
"the",
"poor",
"clinical",
"evolution",
"despite",
"having",
"received",
"treatment",
"with",
"corticosteroids",
"and",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"systemic",
"neoplasia",
"(",
"related",
"in",
"these",
"cases",
"more",
"frequently",
"to",
"ovarian",
"teratoma",
")",
".",
"Due",
"to",
"her",
"history",
"of",
"hypothyroidism",
",",
"thyroid",
"hormones",
"and",
"antithyroid",
"antibodies",
"were",
"requested",
"in",
"blood",
",",
"which",
"were",
"negative",
",",
"so",
"Hashimoto",
"'",
"s",
"encephalopathy",
"was",
"excluded",
"as",
"the",
"cause",
"of",
"the",
"neurological",
"deterioration",
".",
"CSF",
"14",
".",
"3",
".",
"3",
"protein",
"was",
"also",
"requested",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"prion",
"disease",
",",
"which",
"was",
"negative",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"after",
"analysing",
"the",
"clinical",
"and",
"radiological",
"evolution",
"of",
"the",
"patient",
",",
"our",
"diagnostic",
"impression",
"to",
"date",
",",
"despite",
"not",
"having",
"histological",
"confirmation",
",",
"is",
"that",
"her",
"coma",
"was",
"the",
"clinical",
"expression",
"of",
"a",
"non-convulsive",
"status",
"caused",
"by",
"underlying",
"brain",
"damage",
"that",
"initially",
"manifested",
"as",
"a",
"lesion",
"with",
"an",
"inflammatory",
"appearance",
"at",
"the",
"right",
"cortical",
"level",
"attributable",
"to",
"the",
"status",
",",
"with",
"a",
"tendency",
"towards",
"resolution",
"after",
"control",
"of",
"the",
"same",
"and",
",",
"subsequently",
",",
"progression",
"of",
"a",
"space-occupying",
"lesion",
"with",
"a",
"tumour-like",
"appearance",
"at",
"the",
"right",
"insular",
"level",
",",
"suggestive",
"of",
"malignancy",
".",
"We",
"think",
"that",
"the",
"PTE",
"could",
"be",
"related",
"to",
"a",
"prothrombotic",
"state",
",",
"of",
"paraneoplastic",
"origin",
"."
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A 76-year-old man, hypertensive, dyslipidaemic, with low alcohol consumption, mild splenomegaly of non-filial origin, and a history of acute cholangitis with secondary bacteraemia due to Klebsiella oxytoca in 2013. He underwent surgery for adenocarcinoma of the prostate in 2013, without tumour recurrence.
Admitted for asthenia and febrile syndrome with no other accompanying infectious focality. He denied recent trips abroad, animals at home or contact with the countryside. Laboratory tests showed pancytopenia (Hb 8.8, platelets 64,000, leukocytes 1100, neutrophils 600), CRP 84.8 and coagulopathy, with no interesting findings on chest X-ray or urine sediment. An abdominopelvic CT scan was performed showing splenomegaly measuring 19 cm. Blood cultures were taken and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy (Meropenem) was started. It was decided to complete the study of lymphocyte populations, with no notable alterations, and a bone marrow aspirate puncture showed hyperplasia of red blood cells with no evidence of dysplasia, with a medulogram compatible with a reactive process. The detection of antibodies to HIV, hepatotropic viruses, CMV, EBV, Rickettsia, Leishmania was negative, but given the high clinical suspicion, the study was extended with PCR for Leishmania in peripheral blood, which was positive. With the result of probable visceral Leishmaniasis, treatment was started with liposomal amphotericin B at a dose of 3 mg/kg/day on days 1-5, 14 and 21, with good evolution and negative PCR for Leishmania on day +5. As an adverse effect of the treatment, renal function deteriorated with a peak creatinine level of 2.1.
After discharge from hospital, the patient was followed up in our consulting rooms, the patient was asymptomatic with normal renal function and a positive serology for Leishmania at 1/320.
On the other hand, a review of the bone marrow aspirate was performed by Microbiology, which, on applying Giemsa stain, observed Leishmania amastigotes and promastigotes.
This is an acute infection by Leishmania in a patient with no clear epidemiological history, a rare disease in our environment because it does not correspond to an endemic area.
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Anamnesis
We present the case of a 40-year-old female patient who came to the dermatology clinic for painful lesions on the first toe of the right foot, which had been inflamed on several occasions, for 2 months. Her personal history of interest included systemic lupus erythematosus and iron deficiency anaemia. He had previously received topical and oral treatment with several courses of antibiotics, including Cloxacillin and Levofloxacin, for less than two weeks, with practically no improvement.
She had not presented fever or dysthermic sensation since the onset of the symptoms, and denied any other symptoms of interest. The patient reported no similar previous episodes and related her symptoms to a trauma with an iron during her stay at a water park.
Physical examination
The patient was in good general condition, afebrile and haemodynamically stable.
Physical examination revealed small erythematous-violaceous papules on the upper and lower surface of the first toe of the right foot, one of which was larger and drained purulent material on puncture. There were no lesions on other toes or on the contralateral foot, and no nail involvement.
Complementary examinations
In the mycological study, the direct examination was negative and in the culture 5 colonies of Candida lusitaniae were isolated, with no clinical relevance.
Microbiological culture of the pus swab was negative.
A skin biopsy of the lesion was performed for histological and microbiological study.
Histopathology showed discrete hyperplasia in the epidermis accompanied by hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis, with occasional pustules in the horny layer. In the superficial dermis, a granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate was identified with multinucleated giant cells occasionally forming granulomas, with isolated foci of suppurative necrosis.
Microbiological culture of the biopsy in liquid medium (at 37oC) was negative after 45 days. Two colony-forming units (CFU) of a photochromogenic atypical mycobacterium were isolated from the solid medium culture (coletus) at room temperature. Subsequently, a chromogenic yellow colony was subjected to molecular genetic analysis using the GenoType Mycobacterium method, which includes 27 different mycobacterial species. The procedure is divided into three steps: isolation of DNA from the culture, amplification with biotin-labelled primers (not including thermostable DNA polymerase) and reverse hybridisation. The system is based on the amplification of a specific gene region with subsequent hybridisation of the amplification product to the different probes arranged on a nitrocellulose strip. A template ensures simple and quick interpretation of the banding scheme obtained. According to this scheme, in our case, the non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) Mycobacterium marinum was isolated.
Obtaining a sample suitable for culture makes it easier to isolate the germ, as the purulent material contains the highest concentration of the germ. On the other hand, the temperature of the culture is also fundamental, as Mycobacterium marinum has an optimal growth temperature between 30 and 33oC.
The patient abandoned treatment 18 days after starting treatment due to diarrhoea secondary to antibiotics, so a probiotic was added and the regimen was changed to a capsule of Doxycycline 100 mg every 24 hours for a minimum of 4 months once the diagnosis was confirmed.
Conventional drug susceptibility testing is not recommended for most non-tuberculous mycobacteria, except in certain species or in the event of treatment failure. Such tests are not recommended in this species, which is normally sensitive to clarithromycin, rifampicin, ethambutol, tetracyclines, sulphonamides and co-trimoxazole. Some isolates are resistant to ciprofloxacin, and monotherapy with fluoroquinolones may facilitate the development of resistance, so it is not advisable to use these drugs in monotherapy in initial treatment.
Evolution
After a month and a half with probiotics and Doxycycline 100 mg every 24 hours with good tolerance, the lesions had markedly returned, presenting at that time flat violaceous lesions of residual appearance, with no evidence of pustules, but some myelic crusting. Treatment of this type of infection should be maintained for a minimum of four months.
Diagnosis
Mycobacterium marinum infection or pool granuloma.
Treatment
Before the culture result is available and given the high diagnostic suspicion, treatment is started with one tablet of Doxycycline 100 mg every 12 hours.
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] | en |
Anamnesis
We present the case of a 40-year-old man who consulted the urology outpatient department for pain in the left renal fossa. A smoker, with no other history of interest, the patient reported colicky pain without fever, of several weeks' evolution. It was not accompanied by frank haematuria or urinary symptoms.
Physical examination
Physical examination was unremarkable, with only bimanual palpation pain in the left renal fossa. No abdominal masses were observed.
Complementary tests
- Blood tests: renal function and haemogram were normal.
- Urine and urine sediment: urine pH was 6 and the urine sediment showed leukocyturia and microhaematuria without bacteriuria.
- Ultrasound of the urinary system: left renal pyelocaliceal ectasia and possible lithiasic image in the ipsilateral renal pelvis.
- Intravenous urography: pyelocaliceal dilatation with alteration of the morphology of the calyces and lithiasis in the lower pole of the left kidney. Ipsilateral ureter dilated up to the distal third, where there is sharp passage of contrast to the bladder, in relation to a stenotic process.
Diagnosis
Given the diagnostic suspicion of an upper urinary tract tumour in the face of a chronic inflammatory process, a computed tomography with contrast urinary excretion time (URO-CT) was performed, where left ureterohydronephrosis was observed in relation to a concentric parietal thickening along the left ureter, especially at the level of the renal pelvis and distal ureter, associated with tumouring at the left ureterovesical junction extending towards the bladder, with trabeculation of the periureteral fat and retroperitoneal adenopathies larger than 10 mm.
Given all the data from the imaging tests, the patient underwent exploration of the bladder under anaesthesia and no intravesical lesions were demonstrated, except for a protruding mass at the level of the left ureteral orifice, which was resected to obtain an anatomopathological sample. The result of the biopsy was a diagnosis of a chronic inflammatory process.
Given the persistence of diagnostic doubts, retrograde pyelography and ureteroscopy were performed with biopsies of suspicious areas, and a selective urine sample was obtained from the left urinary tract for cytology and culture.
Pathology showed the presence of an inflammatory reaction with formation of epithelioid granulomas without findings of a neoformative process. Urinary cytology showed inflammatory cells and urine culture was positive for urinary tract infection, finding Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, confirming the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory process in relation to tuberculous pyeloureteral disease.
Treatment
Once the definitive diagnosis was obtained, treatment was started with antituberculosis drugs (complete regimen with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for 6 months). In addition, a ureteral JJ catheter was placed, which was removed after completion of anti-infective medical treatment.
Evolution
At present, the patient is asymptomatic, without a JJ ureteral catheter and control imaging tests 9 months after the end of tuberculostatic treatment show significant resolution of the left obstructive uropathy.
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{
"text": "patient",
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},
{
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] | en |
A 40-year-old man, with no past medical history of interest, healthy and a regular sports enthusiast, who came to the outpatient dermatology clinic for a couple of months with erythematous, scaly and very pruritic lesions on both groins, extending to the inner thighs and pubis. These lesions initially began as follicular papules with centrifugal growth and later evolved to form large plaques with raised edges and more intense colouring. They were initially treated with corticoids and seemed to improve, but after a few weeks they worsened and for this reason a sample of scales was taken from the patient for bacteriological and mycological culture, with the possibility of a bacterial or fungal cause in mind. The sample under study was sown on the usual media for bacteria, on Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol and on Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol and actidione.
After ten days of incubation, colonies of a filamentous fungus with the appearance of a dermatophyte grew. On microscopic examination, septate hyphae, chlamydoconidia, abundant racquet-shaped macroconidia in clusters, and no microconidia were observed.
The clinical picture presented by the patient, both from the description of the lesions and their evolution, appears to be dermatophytosis. The scales from the scraping of the lesions were cultured on media suitable for the growth of dermatophytes such as Sabouraud agar, Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol +/- actidione, PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar), DTM (Dermatophyte Test Medium), etc., resulting in the growth of a filamentous fungus which was subsequently identified by microscopic examination with lactophenol blue or KOH.
The aetiological agent causing this dermatosis is the dermatophyte Epidermophyton floccosum, the main cause of tinea cruris, the dermatosis suffered by the patient in this case.
The ideal antifungal for dermatophytosis is terbinafine, a fungicide drug that binds strongly to keratin and fatty tissue and remains in high concentrations once treatment has ceased, so in this case, where there is an inflammatory component, 250 mg/day for 2-4 weeks would be appropriate.
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69-year-old man. History of biological AVR 9 months earlier. Native of CABA, with no relevant epidemiological history. Evaluated for intermittent fever and chills of 2 months' evolution. Samples were taken for HC which were repeatedly negative; TEE: anechoic image compatible with drained abscess in mitroaortic fibrosa territory; PET-CT: hypercaptation at perivalvular level. He underwent empirical antibiotic treatment with Daptomycin 10 mg/kg/day + Ceftriaxone 2 g/day for 6 weeks with a diagnosis of probable early Ao IVPVD with negative HC. As the patient progressed favourably, it was decided not to perform surgery during the hospitalisation.
Two months after completion of ATB treatment, she returned with fever and chills. HC again negative and TEE with progression of the perivalvular lesion, it was decided to perform surgery. Perivalvular specimen was sent for culture, AP and PCR in which C. burnetti was detected by 16S DNA sequencing. Serology by IFA for Coxiella IgG 1/256. Treatment with Doxycycline 200 mg/day + Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day was started. During his evolution and without ever being able to go outside, he suffers multiple complications associated with health care, which lead to his death 5 months after surgery.
Coxiella burnetti is a rare cause of IE. It should be suspected especially in patients with negative HC and specific epidemiological factors such as contact with cattle, sheep and goats.
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] | en |
A 9-year-old girl diagnosed with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis due to cat epithelium since 3 years ago. She started in 03/2017 with orofacial itching and laryngeal cough without other symptoms immediately after ingestion of olives and olive oil, which she repeated on several occasions. In May he presented with mild rhinoconjunctivitis. No history of food allergy.
The Prick-Test was positive for Olea, Salsola, Cynodon, Artemisia, Alternaria and cat's claw. Also to LTP and polcalcin.
Olive prick by prick was positive.
ImmunoCAP was positive to nOle e1; nSal k1; rAlt a1 and rPru p3 (LTP) and negative to rPhl p1; 5b; 7 (Polcalcin) and 12 (Profilin). No other olive recombinants are available in our area.
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] | en |
Anamnesis
A 53-year-old man, with no drug allergies and no personal history of interest. He consulted for a rapidly growing plaque on the right forearm of 2 weeks' evolution. He works as a seasonal worker harvesting olives. He reported no previous trauma to the area, nor had he ever shaved his forearms.
Physical examination
Physical examination revealed a large (11 cm x 6 cm) keloid-like scaly plaque on the middle third of the right forearm with well-defined borders and a warty surface.
Complementary examinations
The exudate from the plaque was cultured and investigated for fungi, with negative results. A punch biopsy and culture of the deep aspirate were also performed. The pathology study showed a granulomatous response in the pilosebaceous follicle and dermal abscesses. Gomori methenamine-arginine staining of the specimen showed oval arthrospores within the hair shaft, with an endothrix capillary invasion pattern.
A deep aspiration sample identified the fungus Tricophyton rubrum.
Complementary analytical tests to assess the immunological status (HIV serology, T-helper/T-suppressor ratio, T-lymphocytes/T-suppressor ratio) were performed.
T-helpers/T-suppressors and chest X-ray) were normal.
Diagnosis
Majocchi granuloma.
Treatment and evolution
The patient is treated with itraconazole 400 mg every 12 hours, with excellent response at 8 weeks.
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75-year-old Caucasian male, non-smoker, retired IT contracting manager, with a history of ischaemic heart disease and surgical revascularisation in 2011, chronic renal failure, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. On 25 March, he was admitted to a regional hospital with one week of dyspnoea. On admission, he presented respiratory failure and acute renal injury (superimposed on the chronic one) and, within a few hours, he required mechanical ventilation and was administered IV antibiotics for a consolidation in the lower left area. Due to the lack of ICU beds, two days later he was transferred to our hospital (specialised care centre). He recovered well from the respiratory problem and ventilation and oxygen were withdrawn for the next 48 hours, although he was maintained on 36 hours of continuous venovenous haemofiltration (CVHV). In addition, with high D-dimer values on admission, he was maintained on i.v. unfractionated heparin; a CTA showed multiple segmental and sub-segmental lacunar images, with extensive ground-glass opacities and areas of consolidation/atelectasis. Subsequently, he was switched to a new oral anticoagulant. Over the next 7 days, despite routine physiotherapy, the patient failed to fully recover, with weakness in the lower extremities. Neurological examination of the lower extremities revealed hypertonia and decreased strength bilaterally, although more marked on the left. There was no loss of pulse or other sensory findings in the lower extremities; Babinski's sign was negative, coordination and gait were difficult to assess as the patient needed support to stand. A cranial CT scan showed no acute intracranial abnormalities. Persistent bilateral lower extremity weakness and stiffness prompted a brain MRI, which revealed microangiopathy and infarcts in the parietal and occipital lobes as well as in the midbrain and basal ganglia. The patient was transferred to a neurorehabilitation centre on 27 April for convalescence and treatment.
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An otherwise healthy 11-year-old boy presented with status epilepticus requiring anticonvulsants; cerebrospinal fluid showed evidence of encephalitis (921 erythrocytes, 16 leukocytes, 8% neutrophils [normal 0-6%], with protein 97 [normal: 40-170 mg/dL] and glucose 92 [normal: 20-100 mg/dL]). He presented with two days of generalised weakness with no respiratory symptoms and no fever; ED temperature was 39.3oC. A cranial CT scan was unremarkable. An electroencephalogram revealed intermittent frontal delta activity. A nasopharyngeal swab was positive for COVID-19 and rhinovirus/enterovirus, but the latter were not found on cerebrospinal fluid PCR. The patient recovered completely without treatment after six days.
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Scope of the case
We present a case of herpes zoster with involvement of the two branches of the facial nerve that evolves in a torpid manner. It is diagnosed and treated by Primary Care, Neurology, Otorhinolaryngology, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation. Images of the case are attached, with the patient's consent.
Reason for consultation
Deviation of the mouth, left hypoacusis and sensation of corkiness of the left hemiface.
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests)
Anamnesis: 71-year-old man who attended a primary care clinic for vesicular-crusted lesions on the left hemiface (from the chin to the external auditory canal) of five days' evolution, associated with deviation of the corner of the mouth to the right, a sensation of corkiness of the left hemiface, left hypoacusis, alteration of taste sensitivity and difficulty in closing the left eye of 48 hours' evolution. He started treatment with Valacyclovir 1 gram every 8 hours as prescribed in the emergency department. No fever or other systemic symptoms. On consultation, clinical diagnosis of left peripheral facial paralysis due to herpes zoster virus.
Personal history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis and ischaemic heart disease with non-revascularised angina. No known adverse drug reactions. She had never had herpetic lesions before.
His usual treatment was simvastatin 40mg, nevibolol 5mg, acetylsalicylic acid 100mg, metformin 850mg, tamsulosin 400mcg, allopurinol 100mg, omeprazole 20mg and calcipotriol 50mcg/betamethasone 500mcg skin foam.
In consultation, he was prescribed Deflazacort 30mg every 24 hours with a descending pattern, eye patches, artificial tears.
After the consultation, the patient decided to go to the neurology department of a private hospital after 3 days with no significant improvement in the paralysis and the onset of postherpetic neuralgia. After successive consultations at a private hospital, a brain MRI scan without contrast and a neurophysiological study of the facial nerve, clinical judgement concordant with that previously established: Ransay-Hunt syndrome.
Examination: good general condition, conscious, oriented and cooperative. Well hydrated and perfused. Normal colour. Eupneic at rest. No signs of meningismus. Cortical functions preserved. Coherent language. No aphasia. Pupils isochoric and normoreactive. Preserved extrinsic ocular mobility. No campimetric alterations by confrontation. Deviation of the corner of the mouth, mild dysarthria, difficulty in closing the left eyelids, epiphora, diminished sensitivity in the left hemiface. Erythematous, crusted plaques extending from the midline of the labial region and chin to the left external auditory canal.
Complementary tests
** Brain MRI without contrast: signs of cerebral ageing with cortico-subcortical atrophy and images compatible with small vessel ischaemic leukoencephalopathy, possibly secondary to atherosclerosis.
** Neurophysiological study of the facial nerve: study compatible with advanced neuropathy of the left facial nerve with loss of axonal volume and signs of degeneration.
** Laboratory tests: no relevant findings.
Family and community approach
71-year-old man, independent for all ABVD. With good family support. With private health resources. Retired and in full family contraction phase, mature family.
Action plan
In successive consultations, the patient's postherpetic neuralgia partially improved, allowing the analgesic treatment prescribed (paracetamol, metamizole, lidocaine patches, chloracepatodipotassium, tegretol 200 mg every 8 hours and amitriptyline 25 mg every 24 hours) to be reduced. This is not the case with peripheral facial paralysis. The patient provides reports of the therapy carried out in a private hospital: physiotherapy and rehabilitation, acupuncture and facial nerve stimulation. Finally, the possibility of surgical treatment is proposed, which he rejects.
Clinical judgement (list of problems, differential diagnosis)
Ramsay-Hunt syndrome, idiopathic or Bell's palsy, paralysis after otic surgery, acute otitis, chronic otitis (cholesteatoma, osteitis), acoustic neurinoma (more rare, with progressive paralysis), involvement of the geniculate ganglion in the context of infection.
Evolution
The patient started with a clinical diagnosis of facial herpes zoster vs. dermatological lesions. Over the days, the process had a torpid evolution, associating hypoacusis and paralysis, requiring assessment by different specialities. Severe refractory Ramsay-Hunt syndrome was confirmed.
The patient currently suffers from different post-herpetic sequelae such as peripheral facial paralysis, reduced taste sensitivity and hypoacusis in the left ear, which have improved slightly after multiple treatments.
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] | en |
A 46-year-old man with diabetes mellitus since the age of 26, treated with metformin 850mg/vildagliptin 50mg every 12 hours and glicazide 60mg every 12 hours, monitored by his primary care doctor. Four days ago he was admitted to the observation area for diabetic ketoacidosis decompensated by sinusitis, discharged with insulin glargine 18UI and moxifloxacin.
Today he came to the emergency department for decompensated diabetic ketoacidosis due to pansinusitis predominantly ethmoidal with visual impairment. Examination showed Glasgow 15, preserved strength and sensitivity, with paralysis of the left oculo-motor muscles.
Blood tests: leukocytosis (20,500) with left deviation (88% neutrophils) and elevated acute phase reactants. Venous blood gas analysis: pH: 6.99, PCO2: 24, HCO3: 6.1. A cranial CT scan showed occupation of the frontal sinuses and ethmoid cells by soft tissue density material, and thickening of the mucosa of the sphenoid sinus and left maxilla. Treatment was started with insulin perfusion, serotherapy and antibiotherapy, and after stabilisation the patient was admitted to the Otorhinolaryngology Department.
We were consulted on the ward for assessment of insulin treatment due to hypoglycaemia and ionic readjustment (moderate hypokalaemia). We reduced basal insulin, increased potassium levels in serum and requested a blood test for diabetes mellitus.
On examination on the ward by Otorhinolaryngology, he presented with infiltration of the hard palate by blackish material and endoscopic nasosinusal surgery was performed with sampling.
He was assessed by Neurology, which requested a cranial MRI scan showing: findings suggestive of rhinosinusitis with associated encephalitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis, with a fungal aetiology to be assessed.
In view of these findings, treatment was started with amphotericin B and caspofungin and surgery was performed (frontobasal craniotomy, cranialisation of the frontal sinus and cerebritis excision).
In AP, non-septate hyphae with branching between 45-90 degrees were observed, compatible with mucor spp.
The patient was on parenteral nutrition plus insulin adjustment. On the eleventh day of admission the patient's blood tests showed a natraemia of 156, with decreased urinary osmolarity, presenting diuresis in 24 hours of 5600cc, leading to the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus with a central component (infiltration) and nephrogenic (amphotericin B). Desmopressin 1mcg was prescribed conditional to diuresis greater than 1400cc every 8 hours, decreasing diuresis to 3700cc.
A few days later, the patient suffered adult respiratory distress with bilateral pulmonary infiltration, with desaturation and cardiorespiratory arrest that ended in exitus.
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A 45-year-old man, of Nigerian origin, was admitted for weakness and lumbar pain radiating to the lower back in the form of cramps and bladder involvement due to RAO which required catheterisation. He had associated pruritic lesions of 2 months' evolution on the chest. No other associated symptoms. He had been diagnosed with HIV 20 days earlier at a nearby centre without starting ART or prophylaxis for opportunistic infections. He denied risky relationships, parenteral drug addiction and previous transfusions. Clinical examination revealed hyperpigmented papulonodular lesions with a cicatricial appearance on the chest and neurological deficit in MID (BM 0/5 in right tibialis anterior, 0/5 right plantar flexion, L5-S4 hypoaesthesia), symmetrical areflexia in MMII and inability to stand upright. An MRI revealed an intramedullary ring-reinforced lesion located at T12 level and brain CT did not show LOES. HIV was confirmed, and CD4 and CV cell counts were performed (CD4 41 and CV 54,653). Serology was extended to rule out opportunistic diseases of the nervous system including CMV, HTLV, HSV, Lúes, Taenia Solium and Strongyloides, with negative results except for IgG for toxoplasma. CSF tests confirmed a positive PCR for toxoplasma and a CV of 3025 copies/ml of Epstein Barr virus. CSF cytology and flow cytometry were performed to rule out lymphoma, which was negative, concluding intramedullary toxoplasmosis in an HIV-positive patient. The skin lesions on the trunk were biopsied and found to be perforating folliculitis.
Evolution
In view of the results, anti-toxoplasma treatment was started together with antiretroviral therapy. After one week of treatment and initiation of RHB, the patient had significant improvement with partial recovery of motor balance and withdrawal of catheterisation without incident.
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"text": "toxoplasma",
"label": "SPECIES",
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] | en |
Patient aged 58 years, with a history of chronic otitis media of the left ear of more than 30 years of evolution, poorly controlled. She consulted for left otorrhoea initially treated with topical antibiotics with poor evolution and grade III facial paralysis (HB scale). A CT scan of the nasal concha showed aggressive left mastoiditis with lysis of the cells in contact with the facial outlet, the wall of the adjacent jugular foramen and the posterior wall of the CAE, as well as occupation of the middle ear. ENG showed peripheral involvement of the facial nerve with increased involvement of the mandibular branch, active denervation and reinervative potentials. A culture was taken from the otorrhoea in which S. aureus sensitive to gentamicin was isolated. It was decided to perform a radical mastoidectomy to decompress the facial nerve. Results Cervical dissection with subtotal petrosectomy, closure of the left CAE and Eustachian tube, and intravenous treatment with clindamycin were performed.
The immediate postoperative period was uneventful and he was discharged. Grade III facial paralysis persisted after the operation. Two weeks later he was readmitted for a mastoid abscess as a consequence of surgical wound superinfection. A culture was taken and Peptoniphilus harei was isolated. He was treated with IV antibiotics without further complications. The patient continues to be followed up and rehabilitated for facial paralysis.
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{
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] | en |
Anamnesis
A girl aged three years and eight months, with a history of atopic dermatitis, correctly vaccinated according to the vaccination schedule, except for Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), who consulted for the appearance of a very pruritic, non-painful lesion on the left cheek five days later, together with an ipsilateral preauricular tumour. He started treatment with topical mupirocin and topical prednicarbate prescribed by the paediatrician in the area without improvement. She reported no accompanying systemic symptoms. She had presented two similar episodes in the last two years, both in December, with partial response to previous treatments.
Physical examination
On inspection there was an erythematous plaque 5 cm in diameter, with papules and nodules centred on follicles, overlying crusts and facial asymmetry with increased contour of the left hemiface at the expense of the preauricular region. He also had mobile and non-painful lymphadenopathies, two of them in the left laterocervical region and one in the submandibular region. There were no lesions in any other location.
Complementary examinations
A blood test was performed, which showed no significant alterations, and a cutaneous ultrasound was performed to identify the preauricular tumour, which revealed two satellite adenopathies measuring 6.5 mm laterocervical and a left submandibular adenopathy measuring 20 x 10 mm in diameter associated with an increase in subcutaneous cellular tissue at the level of the left cheek, compatible with oedema, and a discrete increase in the left parotid gland. The bacterial culture was negative but, given the recurrence of the symptoms and the findings of the physical examination, it was decided to perform a PCR for herpes virus, obtaining a positive result for herpes simplex virus type I (HSV I). No biopsy of the lesion was performed due to the family's refusal.
Diagnosis
Herpes simplex virus type 1 folliculitis.
Treatment
Acyclovir in oral suspension 80mg/ml adjusted to weight for seven days, associated with topical antibiotic treatment (fusidic acid twice a day for 7 days) and oral (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 100 mg/ml every 8 h in oral suspension for one week), together with ibuprofen 20 mg/ml every 8 h for three days.
Evolution
After one week of treatment, the skin lesions and reactive adenopathies resolved completely. Since then, the patient has been followed up in the paediatric dermatology department, with no new recurrences after six months.
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Reason for consultation: 74-year-old man, without AFC, who consulted for colicky abdominal pain, epigastric, of 24 hours' evolution, radiating to the left flank, with the appearance of fever and chills, without micturition syndrome. Pathological history: Ex-smoker, AHT, DM-II (poorly controlled and with secondary retinopathy) and LBP. Severe multifactorial vasculopathy with renal involvement (stage III, under treatment with erythropoietin). HIV/AIDS infection (sexually transmitted infection) of 18 years of evolution; multiple lines of treatment due to failures and poor tolerance; currently treated with EFV+ATV, with undetectable viral load and CD4 of 147 (21%); 'non-repopulating' profile. TB in adolescence. ACxFA treated with anticoagulation and beta-blocker. Multiple repeat TIAs. Carrier of bicameral pacemaker due to complete AVB. Chronic ischaemic heart disease of long evolution; double aorto-coronary bypass (1993); PTCA on 3 occasions with 6 stents; EF of 25% with dilated cardiomyopathy and infero-posterior akinesia; secondary heart failure NYHA-II/III functional class. EF.TA 152/55; FC 88x"; FR 20X"; Ta 38.4oC; basal O2 Sat 93%; GCS 15/15. AC: CRT, no murmurs/rhythmias; no signs of CHF, well perfused. AR: VCM, no added sounds. NRL: conscious and oriented, no acute focality. ABD: soft and depressible, with defence in the left hypochondrium, without ascites. Skin: general condition: fair, normal colour and normal hydration. Complementary tests. CBC: Hb 12.9, Ht. 37%. 136,000 platelets. 15,410 leukocytes (10% bands). PCR 195; pro-calcitonin 15.1. Biochemistry: glucose 388, Cr 1.7; ionogram, normal; total bilirubin 1.3 (direct 0.4), AST 25.8, ALT 12.6, GGT 81, FA 127, amylase 195, lipase 60, CK 17.4. INR 2.8, Quick 28%. Troponin-T 0.01. ECG: ACxFA with FVM of 90x", without signs of acute myocardial ischaemia. Urine study: 0 leucocytes/field, 0 haemocytes/field; amylasuria 618. Abdominal CT (sc): biliary tract normal; pancreas within normality; image suggestive of splenic infarction. Abdominal ultrasound: spleen with a geographical hypoechoic involvement of about 5 cm in the lower pole with absence of vascularisation, compatible with infarction; the rest of the examination was normal. Transesophageal echocardiogram: no images suggestive of endocarditis were observed in valves or in the pacemaker implantation electrode. Blood cultures (2, pre-antibiotic treatment): at 72 h, Klebsiella oxytoca was isolated in 2/2 bottles, with sensitivity < 0.25 to ciprofloxacin. Evolution: Under initial diagnostic guidance of possible acute pancreatitis (not related to antiretrovirals), after extraction of 2 blood cultures, antibiotic coverage with parenteral imipenem was initiated. A differential diagnosis with mesenteric ischaemia and biliary tract pathology was also considered. Subsequently, imaging tests showed splenic infarction and given the blood culture result (positive for Klebsiella oxytoca in a patient with HIV/AIDS), it was attributed to infectious aetiology (and not emboligenic due to atrial fibrillation). He was admitted to the ward, ruling out the biliary tract, colon and endocarditis as the infectious focus, completing antibiotic treatment for 15 days (initially with carbapenemics and later with quinolones). Diagnostic hypothesis. Splenic infarction of probable septic origin (unfiliated focus) in a patient who was immobile due to HIV/AIDS.
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The patient was a 47-year-old man who came to the emergency department with dyspnoea, cough, dysthermic sensation, expectoration and scanty haemoptotic sputum of 3 days' duration. No drug allergies. Hepatitis C. Smoker of 6-8 cigarettes a day until 8 years ago. Heroin and inhaled cocaine user, later methadone. Currently denies use for 5 years. Asthmatic for 20 years. Usual treatment: Tranxilium 50, Rilast, Spiriva, Terbasmin. Physical examination: Good general condition. Eupneic at rest without oxygen. Basal oxygen saturation: 94%. BP 110/70. Ta 36. Head and neck: No jugular engorgement. No goitre or adenopathy. No carotid bruits. AC: Rhythmic at 80 bpm with no murmurs. AP: scattered rhonchi and some crackles in the right lung base. Abdomen and extremities without alterations. Results: Complete blood count: Hb 16.8; Ht 49.3; MCV 97; leukocytes 14,100 (5% of keys; 84% segmented); platelets 139,000. Coagulation: PT 83%; INR 1.12. Biochemistry: Glu 88; urea 38,5; creat 0,63; AST 46; ALT 72; total Bi 0,32; sodium 142; potassium 4,36. Chest X-ray: nodules of different sizes around 1 cm scattered in both lung fields. ECG: Sinus rhythm at 80 bpm without repolarisation alterations. With initial suspicion of metastatic neoplasia and unable to rule out a disseminated bacterial infection, the patient was admitted to pulmonology, completing the study: thoracoabdominal CT scan: 3 cm mass in LSI and 2.1 cm nodule in LII suggestive of malignancy. Bilateral pulmonary metastases. Small homolateral hilar and mediastinal adenopathies. Control haemogram: Hb 13.8; Ht 40; MCV 95.8; leukocytes 8,800 (N 83.8%); platelets 159,000. Biochemistry: uric acid 3.7; FA 120; GGT 51; total proteins 6.1. Proteinogram normal. Serology: HBs Ag negative; Anti HBs negative; Anti HBc positive; hepatitis C markers positive; HIV serology negative. Autoimmunity: antinuclear antibodies, neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies and native DNA antibodies negative; ENAS negative. Tumour markers: CEA 6.49; PSA 0.21; alpha fetoprotein 2.6; non-specific enolase 21.2. Urine S/S: normal. Blood culture: negative. Echocardiogram: normal. Pneumococcal and Legionella antigens in urine: negative. Sputum culture: gram stain. Mixed flora. Auramine stain: negative. Mantoux test: negative. Bronchoaspirate: auramine stain negative. Sputum cytology: positive for malignancy. Cytological findings compatible with adenocarcinoma. Bronchoalveolar lavage cytology: negative for malignancy. Bronchoaspirate cytology: negative for malignancy. Bronchoscopy: normal. Cranial CT scan: normal. Bone scan: normal. Main diagnosis: lung adenocarcinoma T4 N2 M1b (stage IV).
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A 69-year-old man was admitted to the ICU for status epilepticus requiring endotracheal intubation, with 5 days of evolution and fever, cough and anosmia. Tracheal aspirate detected SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. The patient had a history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and a crisis that had occurred a year earlier, associated with hyperglycaemia and uncontrolled diabetes. On admission to the ICU, the patient was treated with i.v. levetiracetam. A brain CT scan showed no relevant findings; an electroencephalogram (EEG) showed repetitive rhythmic paroxysms at 1 Hz in the right frontal region, indicative of non-convulsive status epilepticus. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was unremarkable, with 1 leukocyte per cubic millimetre, 18 erythrocytes per cubic millimetre, and protein and glucose values of 0.66 g/L and 10.5 mml/L respectively (glycaemia 20 mmol/L). An RT-PCR assay of CSF was negative for SARS-CoV-2. All other tests for infectious agents and autoimmune diseases were negative in serum and CSF. A brain MRI revealed hyperintensity of the right orbital prefrontal cortex adjacent to the olfactory bulb, which appeared to extend into the right medial prefrontal cortex and right caudate nucleus. No gadolinium enhancement was observed. After a multidisciplinary analysis, treatment with i.v. immunoglobulins at a dose of 2 g/kg was administered. On day 2, EEG showed persistent lateralised periodic discharges at short intervals (0.7-1.2 s) in the right frontal lobe. The patient improved after one week, allowing removal of mechanical ventilation, but showed signs of frontal lobe syndrome such as verbal perseveration and imitative behaviour and was somnolent for several days after extubation. MRI on day 15 showed persistence of clear hyperintensity in the right caudate nucleus and a significant decrease in hyperintensity in the prefrontal cortex. The MRI performed on day 30 was normal. The conclusion was that the initial hyperintensities on MRI were due in part to pericritical diffusion abnormalities.
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Reason for consultation
The patient's mother came to the health centre with a closed container containing remains of faeces, among which there was an elongated foreign body of about 21 cm, whitish, unsegmented, with a flat, slippery surface, which looked like a worm. The foreign body has been expelled by the patient during defecation, following an enema, and a sphere composed of smaller, whitish, elongated bodies, which his mother calls a "snake's nest" *sic.+, has been expelled beforehand.
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests)
Personal history: cerebral palsy since childhood. Living in a bed-chair, totally dependent, cared for by his 88-year-old mother. Approval of the Dependency Law.
Usual treatment: clorazepate 5mg/12h, clonazepam 2mg/12h, mirtazapine 15mg/24h, levodopa/carbidopa 25mg/8h.
Present illness: 59-year-old male, who consulted his MAP for pathological products in his stools. He is constipated and requires regular cleansing enemas.
Physical examination: afebrile. Clinically and haemodynamically stable. Good hydration and perfusion of skin and mucous membranes. Eupneic at rest. No jugular ingurgitation. Symmetrical pulses. No oedema in lower limbs. Abdomen soft, depressible, no masses or palpable megaliths. No pain on palpation. No signs of peritoneal irritation. Negative bilateral fist percussion.
CBC: haemoglobin 12.1 g/dL, haematocrit 37.6%, mean corpuscular volume 97.7 fL, leucocytes 3960/mm3 (PMN 2360/mm, lymphocytes 970/mm3), platelets 153000/mm3; biochemistry with glycaemia 82 mg/dL, normal renal function with creatinine 0.6 mg/dL, uric acid 4. 9 mg/dL, albumin 3.1 g/dL, total protein 5.5 g/dL, cholesterol in normal range, triglycerides in normal range, abdominal profile without findings of interest, including liver enzymes, bilirubin and pancreatic enzymes; proteinogram without data of interest; thyroid function normal.
Stool culture: the suspected parasite was sent to Microbiology, and finally filtered as "intestinal mucosal debris associated with plant debris".
Family and community approach
Mebendazole is administered to the patient and family members at 100 mg, single dose, to be repeated in 2 weeks, on a provisional basis and pending definitive diagnosis by Microbiology. Measures are taken to clean the environment and the home.
Clinical judgement (list of problems, differential diagnosis)
Parasitosis (trichuriasis, tapeworm) vs. mucosal and vegetable debris (false tapeworm).
Pancreatic or hepatic insufficiency: steatorrheic faeces with intact muscle fibres. Food intolerances: gluten, coeliac disease.
Non-parasitic digestive infections.
Action plan and evolution
He was given mebendazole 100 mg, single dose, as empirical treatment, thinking of trichuriasis, although morphologically it could be more similar to tapeworm. We waited for a microbiological diagnosis to add or not eradicatory treatment against the nematode vs. flatworm, and finally ruling out parasitosis, as we were dealing with a patient with reduced intestinal transit due to an underlying neurological disease, it was not necessary to administer it.
Evolution: the patient evolved without incident, with no abdominal pain or new stools reported.
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On 12 February 2020, days before this outbreak was identified, an 80-year-old woman with a three-year history of left ulcerative colitis and maintenance treatment with mesalamine came to our clinic with fever and haemorrhagic diarrhoea of 7 days' evolution. On admission, the patient reported four bloody stools per day and fever up to 38.5 °C. Laboratory tests indicated severe anaemia (haemoglobin 7 g/dL) and high C-reactive protein values (6 mg/dL). A sigmoidoscopy showed large, deep ulcers in the sigmoid colon and rectum. Stool cultures were negative, including tests for Clostridum difficile. The patient was diagnosed with recurrence of ulcerative colitis and was started on i.v. corticosteroids (methylprednisolone). (methylprednisolone 40 mg/day) was started. Over the next three days, the frequency of bowel movements decreased, fever subsided and C-reactive protein values returned to the normal range. On the fourth day he developed a fever of up to 39°C with a dry cough. Based on the evolving data on the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, including information on nosocomial infections, a case of COVID-19 was suspected. A chest X-ray showed bilateral pneumonia, confirmed by chest CT. Nasopharyngeal swabs confirmed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 and the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia was established. The patient was treated with non-invasive ventilation and a combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine. I.v. corticosteroids were rapidly replaced by oral prednisone and a progressive tapering of the dose was initiated. Despite an initial improvement, the patient's condition worsened and she died after 14 days of hospitalisation. At the time of death the prednisone dose was 25 mg per day.
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Anamnesis
21-year-old male with a history of congenital jejuno-ileum atresia and lentiginous melanocytic nevus on his back at the age of 16. Left hydrocele in childhood, which resolved without treatment. No drug allergies or other history of interest. No family history of cancer.
Oncological history: initially, the patient consulted the urology department for a slowly growing mass in the left testicle, which had evolved over 2 years.
Physical examination
Physical examination at the time revealed a mass in the anterosuperior pole of the left testicle. ECOG 0. Rest without alterations of interest.
Complementary tests
"A testicular ultrasound was requested, which showed two areas, a more peripheral one in the upper pole, which was the largest, with an average diameter of about 2 cm, together with another in the area closest to the centre of the testicle measuring about 8 mm in diameter.
"A complete blood test showed: haemoglobin 20.3 g/dl, haematocrit 59.9%, red blood cells 6,550,000. Alpha-fetoprotein 77.2 ng/ml, beta-HCG 100.4 mU/ml, LDH 392 IU/l.
"The patient was referred to haematology for polyglobulia and scheduled for radical orchiectomy, after cryopreservation of sperm.
"A thoracoabdomino-pelvic CT scan was performed and no lymph node involvement or metastases were detected (N0M0).
Diagnosis
Non-seminomatous germinal testicular carcinoma pT1N0M0, S0, stage IA, good prognosis subgroup.
Treatment
Radical orchiectomy via the inguinal route is performed; pathology is reported as mixed malignant teratoma with areas of embryonal carcinoma, yolk-sac, choriocarcinoma and intratubular germinal neoplasm pT1.
Evolution
Initially, as the prognosis was good, follow-up was proposed.
Postoperative blood tests showed haemoglobin 18 g/dl, with negative tumour markers, so the patient was S0.
At 14 months, a control CT scan showed at least two retroperitoneal lymphadenopathies measuring between 2 and 3 cm. Beta-HCG 16 mIU/ml and alpha-fetoprotein 8 ng/ml. Given the suspicion of recurrence, treatment with four cycles of BEP (bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin) was proposed. She received all four cycles of treatment, presenting very good tolerance (grade I nausea, grade II asthenia, grade II neutropenia and grade II thrombopenia).
Two weeks after receiving the last cycle, he was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) after an episode of coma and cardiorespiratory arrest. An urgent CT scan was performed, which showed an apparently single lesion in the posterior fossa, highly vascularised, suggestive of metastasis. Other possibilities could not be ruled out. In addition to tetraventicular hydrocephalus. A lumbar puncture was performed and CSF biochemistry showed elevated proteins 118 mg/dl and glycaemia 154 mg/dl, the rest of the parameters being within normal limits. A CSF sample was sent for cytology, with negative results. A differential diagnosis of metastasis versus second primary tumour was suggested. After discussion with Radiation Oncology and Neurosurgery, it was decided to wait for the results of the MRI to decide on the therapeutic approach. The MRI showed a heterogeneous lesion measuring approximately 28 x 32 x 37 mm in the AP, T and CC axes, respectively, located in the midline, inferior to the fourth ventricle, with an appearance similar to mixed germ lineage tumours (consider the possibility of metastasis of the testicular tumour, or of a second primary tumour of germ lineage origin in this situation). There were no other images suggestive of metastasis in the rest of the study.
In addition, there was truncal oedema, tetraventricular hydrocephalus and cervical syringomyelia, secondary to the mass effect lesion.
Laboratory tests and tumour markers on admission were normal. A first operation was performed, which was incomplete, according to the MRI, leaving tumoural remains, with haematic foci inside. It was decided to perform a second operation a week later, after which the hydrocephalus improved, but pseudonodular persistence was observed on the lower slope of the fourth ventricle, which intensely enhanced after the administration of intravenous contrast, measuring 6 x 11 x 10 mm in AP, TR and Cc diameters, respectively, suggestive of another tumour remnant.
On day + 10 of the first surgery, he was readmitted to the ICU in coma with a Glasgow scale score of 4. An urgent cranial CT scan identified hydrocephalus and signs of trans-stentorial herniation, due to tumour haemorrhage, so urgent surgery was performed by means of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (Mitronic variable pressure).
After a month in the ICU, the patient was taken to the ward stabilised with a GCS of 15/15. Complications during his stay in the ICU included colonisation by Acinetobacter baumanii and dysphagia secondary to complete paralysis of the right vocal cord, requiring placement of a nasogastric tube.
The definitive pathological anatomy was: mesenchymal tissue with prominent vascularisation compatible with cerebellar haemangioblastoma.
During the following months the patient improved progressively, he walked with a walker and the nasogastric tube was removed and he was able to feed himself.
The testicular tumour continues to be monitored, and the last CT scan showed a growing teratoma (25 months after the orchiectomy), which will be referred for surgery.
He was referred for genetic counselling for suspected Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, the results of which are pending.
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{
"text": "male",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 22,
"end": 26
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{
"text": "family",
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{
"text": "childhood",
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{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
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"end": 4607
},
{
"text": "Acinetobacter baumanii",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 4728,
"end": 4750
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{
"text": "patient",
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"start": 5034,
"end": 5041
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] | en |
A 19-year-old male, previously healthy, consulted 20 days after returning from a tourist trip to Paraguay, for skin lesions of yellow-greenish papules, circular in shape, 6-7 mm in diameter, with a blackish centre, well-defined and hyperpigmented edges, located on a slightly erythematous base in the subungual area of the first ortholeum and sole of the right foot. Yellow-greenish papule, circular in shape, 7 mm in diameter, with a blackish centre, well-defined, hyperpigmented borders, located on a slightly erythematous base on the sole of the right foot.
The plantar lesion caused discomfort when walking. Complete surgical removal of the lesion was performed. Removal of the parasite located in the ball of the first ball of the right foot. On compression it secreted a thick yellowish substance. Antimicrobial prophylaxis and two doses of ivermectin were administered one week apart. The patient's evolution was satisfactory.
Diagnosis
Tungiasis is a cutaneous ectoparasitosis caused by the penetration of the haematophagous flea Tunga penetrans into the epidermis of a host, producing characteristic pruritic lesions. This causative agent is characterised by being the smallest known flea species, measuring 1 mm in length and having the ability to jump up to 35 cm off the ground. Other names by which it is known are: "sand flea" in South America, "nigua" in Central America and "sand flea" in English-speaking American countries.
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] | en |
Anamnesis
In the anamnesis carried out on the eighth day, made difficult by language alteration, the patient manifested pain in the right iliac wing and ipsilateral limb, and decreased mobility in the lower limbs, with a tendency to somnolence. The previous day she had required bladder catheterisation for acute urinary retention.
The joint anamnesis with the relatives revealed apathy and the presence of impoverished language. She categorically denies having eaten, in the previous days or weeks, unprocessed dairy products and other suspicious foods. There are no relatives with a similar clinical picture.
Physical examination
Temperature 36.2oC, blood pressure 130 mm Hg systolic and 80 mm Hg systolic, heart rate 75 bpm, respiratory rate 14 breaths per minute, room air saturation 97%. The neurological examination on the eighth day revealed fluctuations in attention and inability to process successive orders. He also had mixed dysphasia with altered fluency, abundant paraphasia and naming difficulties. The motor examination revealed paresis of the left lower limb with muscle balance of two out of five and an increase in the ipsilateral reflexogenic area. In the examination performed four days later, a low level of consciousness was observed with a Glasgow Glasgow score of 13 out of 15, nuchal rigidity and the presence of meningeal signs.
Complementary tests
No significant alterations were observed in the tests on admission or during the first days on the ward. As part of the outpatient assessment of the patient, a complete spinal MRI scan was performed on the third day, which showed metastasis in several bodies, ruling out spinal cord involvement. Differential blood cultures taken during the fever peak were negative.
On the eighth day, coinciding with the onset of clinical deterioration, the patient was referred to the neurology department and a cranial CT scan was performed, showing dubious meningeal enhancement in the tentorium and basal cisterns. In view of the suspicion of meningeal carcinomatosis vs. metabolic encephalopathy, and to rule out convulsive status, an urgent electroencephalogram was performed, which showed slow waves indicative of moderate encephalopathy.
In view of the above findings and the persistence of neurological deterioration, an urgent brain MRI was performed on the tenth day, which ruled out meningeal carcinomatosis, the presence of other lesions and indirect signs of cranial hypertension, so a lumbar puncture was performed on suspicion of meningitis. Laboratory examination of cerebrospinal fluid showed clear fluid, with glucose 23 mg/dl, total protein 198.2 mg/dl ADA < 8 U/l. Initial visualisation of Gram-positive bacilli with the presence of ampicillin-sensitive Listeria monocytogenes several days later.
Diagnosis
"Acute community-acquired meningitis due to ampicillin-sensitive Listeria monocytogenes.
"Right lower limb paresis, mixed dysphasia and apraxia secondary to acute meningitis.
"Poor pain control related to metastatic bone involvement.
"Stage IV adenocarcinoma of sigma.
Treatment
Given the presence of self-limited and asymptomatic febrile syndrome on the fourth day of admission, and taking into account the observation of the patient on the ward, it was decided not to start antibiotic treatment at that time. However, given the presence of clinical deterioration on day eight and the suspicion of subacute meningitis, empirical antibiotic therapy was started with ceftriaxone 2 g every 12 hours, vancomycin 1 g every 8 hours and ampicillin 4 g every 4 hours associated with dexamethasone 4 mg every 12 hours. Subsequently, targeted treatment with the Gram stain result was performed using ampicillin associated with intravenous gentamicin for 7 days, with progressive reduction of corticosteroids until discontinuation. Later, gentamicin was replaced by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for 10 days, maintaining ampicillin, before switching to oral antibiotic treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole monotherapy. Finally, taking into account the toxicity profile, the patient was discharged on ampicillin monotherapy until at least 8 weeks of treatment. Progressive adjustment of the third step analgesia associated with adjuvants was also carried out during her admission to the ward.
Evolution
During admission, the patient was assessed jointly by the Medical Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Psycho-Oncology, Neurology, the Infectious Diseases Unit, Nutrition, Palliative Care, Digestive, General Surgery and Rehabilitation teams to address the meningitis in a multidisciplinary manner, pain secondary to bone metastases, cancer-associated malnutrition and decreased intake due to low level of consciousness, loss of functional capacity and low reactive mood as well as other complications occurring during admission.
Regarding meningitis, there was an improvement in the level of consciousness ad integrum after four days of targeted antibiotic treatment, with complete disappearance of meningeal signs and nuchal rigidity on the sixth day of antibiotic therapy. A new brain MRI was performed on the thirtieth day of admission, which ruled out the presence of brain abscesses indicating the need for prolonged treatment.
With regard to pain treatment, analgesic radiotherapy was performed on the lesion located in the right iliac wing, reducing the dose of morphine for pain control and thus improving the level of consciousness and the tendency to drowsiness, symptoms that conditioned the patient's quality of life.
As complications during admission, the patient presented a self-limited lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage, probably secondary to intestinal ischaemia of haemodynamic origin, which was managed conservatively after evaluation by the gastrointestinal and general surgery departments. She also developed haematological toxicity secondary to prolonged treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole with the presence of bicytopenia (G2 anaemia and G1 leukopenia) that forced a change of treatment to oral ampicillin until at least 8 weeks of treatment.
The patient was discharged after 40 days of hospitalisation, maintaining treatment with oral ampicillin. An appointment was made with the oncology department to evaluate the withdrawal of antibiotic therapy and to continue oncological treatment.
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Anamnesis
The patient is a 78-year-old married man with four children. He has a medical history of type II diabetes mellitus which he controls with diet. He underwent surgery for bilateral inguinal hernia in 2005. He is a non-smoker and non-drinker. He has no history of previous transfusions. He has no family history of interest. He does not take regular medication.
Following diffuse abdominal discomfort and constitutional syndrome with weight loss (12-14 kg in 3-4 months), with hyporexia and asthenia of three months' evolution, he came to the emergency department referred by his primary care physician.
An abdominal ultrasound scan showed space-occupying lesions in the liver parenchyma, with bilobar distribution, compatible with metastasis, and it was decided to admit him for further study. A thoracoabdominal computed tomography (CT) scan was performed, showing, in addition to the hepatic lesions, a stenosis in the splenic angle of the colon. The study was completed with colonoscopy, where a vegetative, stenotic, impassable lesion was visualised 40 cm from the anal margin, and a metallic prosthesis was placed in this location. The tumour lesion was biopsied, with histology of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, with normal microsatellite instability proteins, native RAS/BRAF.
Tumour markers were Ca 19.9 4,740 U/ml (normal value [VN] 0-37), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 9,375 ng/ml (VN 0-5).
The patient was evaluated by Medical Oncology and started systemic treatment with XELOX (capecitabine 1,000 mg/m2/12 h days 1-14, oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 d1, every 21 days). Tolerance to treatment is acceptable, with grade 1 asthenia during the first two days, grade 1 diarrhoea controlled with loperamide, and grade 1 neurotoxicity in the fingers.
After receiving a total of 4 cycles of treatment, pending a new CT scan for re-evaluation, the patient came to the emergency department because he reported an increase in abdominal perimeter and the appearance of oedema in the lower limbs, which had been evolving for 15 days.
Physical examination
During the physical examination, the increase in abdominal perimeter, changeable dullness compatible with the presence of ascites, and the presence of ascitic swelling are noteworthy. She also presented oedema with fovea in the ankles down to the roots of the lower limbs.
There was no evidence of jugular ingurgitation, cardiopulmonary auscultation was normal, no collateral circulation was observed in the abdomen and there were no cutaneous stigmata of chronic liver disease.
With the clinical orientation of ascites to be studied, the patient was admitted to Medical Oncology.
Complementary tests
Laboratory tests showed haemoglobin 13.3 g/dl, platelets 89. 000 x 109/l (VN 150-200), total bilirubin 2.3 mg/dl (VN 0.2-1.2), with esterified bilirubin 0.9 mg/dl (VN 0-0.5), aspartate transferase (AST) 63 U/l (VN 5-34), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 176 U/l (VN 40-150), with normal ALANINE TRANSFERASE (ALT) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT).
Diagnostic paracentesis was performed, with clear fluid output, with protein < 0.8 g/dl, albumin < 0.4 g/dl, with a calculated serum albumin-ascitic albumin gradient (GASA) of 2, and 134/mm3 leukocytes. The fluid was compatible with a transudate, with no evidence of infection, and with GASA > 1.1, orienting the differential diagnosis to processes involving portal hypertension (PHT). In the following days, various tests were performed, which brought the final diagnosis closer:
"Hepatitis B and C virus serologies, which were negative, ruling out viral liver disease. A complete iron profile and ceruloplasmin measurement were also requested, which were normal, ruling out haemochromatosis and Wilson's disease respectively.
Hepatic Doppler ultrasound: permeability and sharpening of the suprahepatic veins was observed, with a tendency to flattening of the flow wave, and permeability of the portal vein with hepatopetal flow, with flow velocity towards the lower limit of normality, with splenomegaly of 15 cm, all compatible with indirect signs of PHT.
"Thoracic-abdominal CT scan, which also showed no evidence of thrombosis of the suprahepatic veins, and also showed a significant decrease in the size of the liver lesions compared to the initial CT scan.
"Echocardiogram: an ejection fraction was found to be within normal range, with no evidence of heart failure, and the venous collectors were not dilated.
"Measurement of TSH (thyrotropin) and T4 (thyroxine) blood levels to rule out hypothyroidism, which were normal.
"Measurement of urine proteins, which were normal, so it was not a nephrotic syndrome either.
"Ascitic fluid cytology was negative for malignant cells.
"Ascitic fluid culture was also negative.
From an oncological point of view, the patient showed a decrease in liver lesions and a decrease in tumour markers: Ca 19.9 979 U/ml (previous 4,740) and CEA 3,019 ng/ml (previous 9,375).
Therefore, with ascites of recent onset, with data of PHT, negative results for the main causes of PHT, and no previous history of alcohol consumption, a toxic origin of the chemotherapy, specifically oxaliplatin, was suspected.
A liver biopsy of liver parenchyma unaffected by the tumour was performed, highlighting the presence of diffusely distributed sinusoidal dilatation. The Masson technique showed pericellular reticular fibrosis and the reticulin technique showed the presence of some trabeculae of collapsed hepatocytes, with disproportion of the nucleus-cytoplasm that contrasted with hypertrophic hepatocytes located in close proximity, all compatible with SOS and HNR.
Diagnosis
After excluding other causes of ascites, it was concluded that the patient had presented with edemoascitic decompensation secondary to oxaliplatin toxicity in the form of SOS and HNR, with the consequent development of PHT, splenomegaly and ascites.
Treatment
An evacuating paracentesis of 8 litres was performed, and in parallel to the diagnostic study, a diet with sodium and water restriction of 1 litre per day and diuretic treatment with oral furosemide 40 mg/24 h and oral spironolactone 100 mg/24 h were prescribed.
Evolution
The evolution during admission was favourable, with good evolution of the ascites with oral diuretics and saline and water restriction. The patient did not require further evacuation paracentesis and was discharged after 9 days of hospitalisation.
Given the complication developed by oxaliplatin, and despite the tumour response of the liver lesions, treatment with this drug was suspended, maintaining capecitabine.
He has not required further admissions, nor has he required other evacuating paracentesis. She has received a total of 8 cycles since the start of treatment, with acceptable tolerance, and is awaiting re-evaluation with CT scan.
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"of",
"the",
"colon",
".",
"The",
"study",
"was",
"completed",
"with",
"colonoscopy",
",",
"where",
"a",
"vegetative",
",",
"stenotic",
",",
"impassable",
"lesion",
"was",
"visualised",
"40",
"cm",
"from",
"the",
"anal",
"margin",
",",
"and",
"a",
"metallic",
"prosthesis",
"was",
"placed",
"in",
"this",
"location",
".",
"The",
"tumour",
"lesion",
"was",
"biopsied",
",",
"with",
"histology",
"of",
"well-differentiated",
"adenocarcinoma",
",",
"with",
"normal",
"microsatellite",
"instability",
"proteins",
",",
"native",
"RAS",
"/",
"BRAF",
".",
"Tumour",
"markers",
"were",
"Ca",
"19",
".",
"9",
"4",
",",
"740",
"U",
"/",
"ml",
"(",
"normal",
"value",
"[",
"VN",
"]",
"0-37",
")",
",",
"carcinoembryonic",
"antigen",
"(",
"CEA",
")",
"9",
",",
"375",
"ng",
"/",
"ml",
"(",
"VN",
"0-5",
")",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"evaluated",
"by",
"Medical",
"Oncology",
"and",
"started",
"systemic",
"treatment",
"with",
"XELOX",
"(",
"capecitabine",
"1",
",",
"000",
"mg",
"/",
"m2",
"/",
"12",
"h",
"days",
"1-14",
",",
"oxaliplatin",
"130",
"mg",
"/",
"m2",
"d1",
",",
"every",
"21",
"days",
")",
".",
"Tolerance",
"to",
"treatment",
"is",
"acceptable",
",",
"with",
"grade",
"1",
"asthenia",
"during",
"the",
"first",
"two",
"days",
",",
"grade",
"1",
"diarrhoea",
"controlled",
"with",
"loperamide",
",",
"and",
"grade",
"1",
"neurotoxicity",
"in",
"the",
"fingers",
".",
"After",
"receiving",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"4",
"cycles",
"of",
"treatment",
",",
"pending",
"a",
"new",
"CT",
"scan",
"for",
"re-evaluation",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"came",
"to",
"the",
"emergency",
"department",
"because",
"he",
"reported",
"an",
"increase",
"in",
"abdominal",
"perimeter",
"and",
"the",
"appearance",
"of",
"oedema",
"in",
"the",
"lower",
"limbs",
",",
"which",
"had",
"been",
"evolving",
"for",
"15",
"days",
".",
"Physical",
"examination",
"During",
"the",
"physical",
"examination",
",",
"the",
"increase",
"in",
"abdominal",
"perimeter",
",",
"changeable",
"dullness",
"compatible",
"with",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"ascites",
",",
"and",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"ascitic",
"swelling",
"are",
"noteworthy",
".",
"She",
"also",
"presented",
"oedema",
"with",
"fovea",
"in",
"the",
"ankles",
"down",
"to",
"the",
"roots",
"of",
"the",
"lower",
"limbs",
".",
"There",
"was",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"jugular",
"ingurgitation",
",",
"cardiopulmonary",
"auscultation",
"was",
"normal",
",",
"no",
"collateral",
"circulation",
"was",
"observed",
"in",
"the",
"abdomen",
"and",
"there",
"were",
"no",
"cutaneous",
"stigmata",
"of",
"chronic",
"liver",
"disease",
".",
"With",
"the",
"clinical",
"orientation",
"of",
"ascites",
"to",
"be",
"studied",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"admitted",
"to",
"Medical",
"Oncology",
".",
"Complementary",
"tests",
"Laboratory",
"tests",
"showed",
"haemoglobin",
"13",
".",
"3",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"platelets",
"89",
".",
"000",
"x",
"109",
"/",
"l",
"(",
"VN",
"150-200",
")",
",",
"total",
"bilirubin",
"2",
".",
"3",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
"(",
"VN",
"0",
".",
"2-1",
".",
"2",
")",
",",
"with",
"esterified",
"bilirubin",
"0",
".",
"9",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
"(",
"VN",
"0-0",
".",
"5",
")",
",",
"aspartate",
"transferase",
"(",
"AST",
")",
"63",
"U",
"/",
"l",
"(",
"VN",
"5-34",
")",
",",
"alkaline",
"phosphatase",
"(",
"ALP",
")",
"176",
"U",
"/",
"l",
"(",
"VN",
"40-150",
")",
",",
"with",
"normal",
"ALANINE",
"TRANSFERASE",
"(",
"ALT",
")",
"and",
"gamma",
"glutamyl",
"transferase",
"(",
"GGT",
")",
".",
"Diagnostic",
"paracentesis",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"with",
"clear",
"fluid",
"output",
",",
"with",
"protein",
"<",
"0",
".",
"8",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"albumin",
"<",
"0",
".",
"4",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"with",
"a",
"calculated",
"serum",
"albumin-ascitic",
"albumin",
"gradient",
"(",
"GASA",
")",
"of",
"2",
",",
"and",
"134",
"/",
"mm3",
"leukocytes",
".",
"The",
"fluid",
"was",
"compatible",
"with",
"a",
"transudate",
",",
"with",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"infection",
",",
"and",
"with",
"GASA",
">",
"1",
".",
"1",
",",
"orienting",
"the",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"to",
"processes",
"involving",
"portal",
"hypertension",
"(",
"PHT",
")",
".",
"In",
"the",
"following",
"days",
",",
"various",
"tests",
"were",
"performed",
",",
"which",
"brought",
"the",
"final",
"diagnosis",
"closer",
":",
"\"",
"Hepatitis",
"B",
"and",
"C",
"virus",
"serologies",
",",
"which",
"were",
"negative",
",",
"ruling",
"out",
"viral",
"liver",
"disease",
".",
"A",
"complete",
"iron",
"profile",
"and",
"ceruloplasmin",
"measurement",
"were",
"also",
"requested",
",",
"which",
"were",
"normal",
",",
"ruling",
"out",
"haemochromatosis",
"and",
"Wilson",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
"respectively",
".",
"Hepatic",
"Doppler",
"ultrasound",
":",
"permeability",
"and",
"sharpening",
"of",
"the",
"suprahepatic",
"veins",
"was",
"observed",
",",
"with",
"a",
"tendency",
"to",
"flattening",
"of",
"the",
"flow",
"wave",
",",
"and",
"permeability",
"of",
"the",
"portal",
"vein",
"with",
"hepatopetal",
"flow",
",",
"with",
"flow",
"velocity",
"towards",
"the",
"lower",
"limit",
"of",
"normality",
",",
"with",
"splenomegaly",
"of",
"15",
"cm",
",",
"all",
"compatible",
"with",
"indirect",
"signs",
"of",
"PHT",
".",
"\"",
"Thoracic-abdominal",
"CT",
"scan",
",",
"which",
"also",
"showed",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"thrombosis",
"of",
"the",
"suprahepatic",
"veins",
",",
"and",
"also",
"showed",
"a",
"significant",
"decrease",
"in",
"the",
"size",
"of",
"the",
"liver",
"lesions",
"compared",
"to",
"the",
"initial",
"CT",
"scan",
".",
"\"",
"Echocardiogram",
":",
"an",
"ejection",
"fraction",
"was",
"found",
"to",
"be",
"within",
"normal",
"range",
",",
"with",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"heart",
"failure",
",",
"and",
"the",
"venous",
"collectors",
"were",
"not",
"dilated",
".",
"\"",
"Measurement",
"of",
"TSH",
"(",
"thyrotropin",
")",
"and",
"T4",
"(",
"thyroxine",
")",
"blood",
"levels",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"hypothyroidism",
",",
"which",
"were",
"normal",
".",
"\"",
"Measurement",
"of",
"urine",
"proteins",
",",
"which",
"were",
"normal",
",",
"so",
"it",
"was",
"not",
"a",
"nephrotic",
"syndrome",
"either",
".",
"\"",
"Ascitic",
"fluid",
"cytology",
"was",
"negative",
"for",
"malignant",
"cells",
".",
"\"",
"Ascitic",
"fluid",
"culture",
"was",
"also",
"negative",
".",
"From",
"an",
"oncological",
"point",
"of",
"view",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"showed",
"a",
"decrease",
"in",
"liver",
"lesions",
"and",
"a",
"decrease",
"in",
"tumour",
"markers",
":",
"Ca",
"19",
".",
"9",
"979",
"U",
"/",
"ml",
"(",
"previous",
"4",
",",
"740",
")",
"and",
"CEA",
"3",
",",
"019",
"ng",
"/",
"ml",
"(",
"previous",
"9",
",",
"375",
")",
".",
"Therefore",
",",
"with",
"ascites",
"of",
"recent",
"onset",
",",
"with",
"data",
"of",
"PHT",
",",
"negative",
"results",
"for",
"the",
"main",
"causes",
"of",
"PHT",
",",
"and",
"no",
"previous",
"history",
"of",
"alcohol",
"consumption",
",",
"a",
"toxic",
"origin",
"of",
"the",
"chemotherapy",
",",
"specifically",
"oxaliplatin",
",",
"was",
"suspected",
".",
"A",
"liver",
"biopsy",
"of",
"liver",
"parenchyma",
"unaffected",
"by",
"the",
"tumour",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"highlighting",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"diffusely",
"distributed",
"sinusoidal",
"dilatation",
".",
"The",
"Masson",
"technique",
"showed",
"pericellular",
"reticular",
"fibrosis",
"and",
"the",
"reticulin",
"technique",
"showed",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"some",
"trabeculae",
"of",
"collapsed",
"hepatocytes",
",",
"with",
"disproportion",
"of",
"the",
"nucleus-cytoplasm",
"that",
"contrasted",
"with",
"hypertrophic",
"hepatocytes",
"located",
"in",
"close",
"proximity",
",",
"all",
"compatible",
"with",
"SOS",
"and",
"HNR",
".",
"Diagnosis",
"After",
"excluding",
"other",
"causes",
"of",
"ascites",
",",
"it",
"was",
"concluded",
"that",
"the",
"patient",
"had",
"presented",
"with",
"edemoascitic",
"decompensation",
"secondary",
"to",
"oxaliplatin",
"toxicity",
"in",
"the",
"form",
"of",
"SOS",
"and",
"HNR",
",",
"with",
"the",
"consequent",
"development",
"of",
"PHT",
",",
"splenomegaly",
"and",
"ascites",
".",
"Treatment",
"An",
"evacuating",
"paracentesis",
"of",
"8",
"litres",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"and",
"in",
"parallel",
"to",
"the",
"diagnostic",
"study",
",",
"a",
"diet",
"with",
"sodium",
"and",
"water",
"restriction",
"of",
"1",
"litre",
"per",
"day",
"and",
"diuretic",
"treatment",
"with",
"oral",
"furosemide",
"40",
"mg",
"/",
"24",
"h",
"and",
"oral",
"spironolactone",
"100",
"mg",
"/",
"24",
"h",
"were",
"prescribed",
".",
"Evolution",
"The",
"evolution",
"during",
"admission",
"was",
"favourable",
",",
"with",
"good",
"evolution",
"of",
"the",
"ascites",
"with",
"oral",
"diuretics",
"and",
"saline",
"and",
"water",
"restriction",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"did",
"not",
"require",
"further",
"evacuation",
"paracentesis",
"and",
"was",
"discharged",
"after",
"9",
"days",
"of",
"hospitalisation",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"complication",
"developed",
"by",
"oxaliplatin",
",",
"and",
"despite",
"the",
"tumour",
"response",
"of",
"the",
"liver",
"lesions",
",",
"treatment",
"with",
"this",
"drug",
"was",
"suspended",
",",
"maintaining",
"capecitabine",
".",
"He",
"has",
"not",
"required",
"further",
"admissions",
",",
"nor",
"has",
"he",
"required",
"other",
"evacuating",
"paracentesis",
".",
"She",
"has",
"received",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"8",
"cycles",
"since",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"treatment",
",",
"with",
"acceptable",
"tolerance",
",",
"and",
"is",
"awaiting",
"re-evaluation",
"with",
"CT",
"scan",
"."
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A 13-year-old male with a history of rhinoconjunctivitis due to pollens. He presented 4 episodes of rhinoconjunctivitis with respiratory difficulty and urticaria which subsided after bronchodilator and antihistamine. They occurred after a family meal with different foods, home-made pizza, sausage and another with cake with some mould. Positive intraepidermal pneumoallergen tests for alternaria, aspergillus, penicillium, mites (Dp, Df, Ld), grasses, olive, cypress, shade plantain, dog and cat. Prick-prick with sausage negative, with sausage skin positive.
They follow a diet free of mushroom foods without new episodes of anaphylaxis.
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Anamnesis
A 38-year-old male patient recently operated on for testicular neoplasia by means of left orchiectomy with findings compatible with intratubular germ cell neoplasia with extratubular extension. The extension study highlighted the existence of an image of balloon loosening and extensive retroperitoneal lymph node involvement; elevated tumour markers; α-fetoprotein, human gonadotropin (ß-HCG) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): all compatible with a stage III non-seminoma testicular tumour.
After being assessed by Medical Oncology, it was proposed to start treatment with first-line chemotherapy (QT) according to the BEP x 4 cycles scheme (bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin). The treatment was scheduled to begin after cryopreservation of the sperm.
The patient, 5 days after being assessed, the day before the scheduled start of treatment, went to the Emergency Department for sudden onset respiratory failure and fever.
Physical examination
Poor general condition with profuse sweating. Tachypnoea at rest with basal oxygen saturation of 88%. Temperature 38.5 oC.
Complementary tests
Urgent chest CT scan was requested to rule out pulmonary thromboembolism. The CT scan revealed multiple nodular images of up to 3 cm, widely distributed in the lung parenchyma of both lungs (known metastases). Interspersed with the nodular images are areas in ground-glass, with unspecific characteristics, to assess their origin (inflammatory, infectious, etc.). Analysis showed elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocytosis with neutrophilia. A new determination of tumour markers was performed; LDH 810 U/l (normal range 135-250), α-fetoprotein 42.73 ng/ml (normal range 0-10) and ß-HCG 140-471 mIU/ml (normal range 0-5). Prior to the initiation of empirical antibiotic therapy, peripheral blood cultures were taken.
Diagnosis
Respiratory failure secondary to oncological disease and respiratory infection.
Treatment
Empirical antibiotic therapy with piperacillin-tazobactam, corticotherapy and fluid therapy was started, as well as respiratory support with non-invasive mechanical ventilation.
Evolution
Given the severity of the patient, being a potentially curable oncological disease, it was decided to admit him to the ICU, where treatment was started with QT with etoposide and cisplatin; bleomycin was not prescribed so as not to interfere with ventilation.
After administration of the first cycle of QT, the evolution from the respiratory point of view was torpid with bronchial secretions that were cultured and two bacteria were isolated; Enterobacter aerogenes and Proteus mirabilis; both sensitive to carbapenems, adding complications such as pancytopenia secondary to treatment with QT. Targeted antibiotherapy was started with meropenem 2 g every 8 hours, support treatment with colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), transfusion of two red blood cell concentrates and orotracheal intubation.
The patient gradually, albeit slowly, began to improve in terms of breathing, allowing extubation after 10 days. A decrease in tumour marker levels was also observed. In view of the stable clinical situation, he was discharged from the ICU to the oncology ward, where the second cycle of QT was administered.
Finally, due to significant clinical improvement, without the need for respiratory support with oxygen therapy, he was discharged home to continue treatment on an outpatient basis.
Subsequently, he received 4 more cycles of QT according to the BEP scheme with a high partial response of the pulmonary nodules and retroperitoneal mass (re-evaluation CT), so he underwent surgical rescue of the residual retroperitoneal mass, with a complete partial response according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours (RECIST) criteria.
Currently, after three years of follow-up, the patient has no evidence of disease.
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{
"text": "male patient",
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"end": 36
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{
"text": "patient",
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"start": 29,
"end": 36
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{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 767,
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},
{
"text": "patient",
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"start": 2143,
"end": 2150
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{
"text": "Proteus mirabilis",
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"end": 2605
},
{
"text": "bacteria",
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"end": 2545
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{
"text": "Enterobacter aerogenes",
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"start": 2561,
"end": 2583
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{
"text": "patient",
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"start": 2919,
"end": 2926
},
{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 3806,
"end": 3813
}
] | en |
A 75 year old male patient with a personal history of hypertension, chronic renal failure on haemodialysis and a prosthesis for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Six years after implantation, he had episodes of digestive haemorrhage associated with prosthetic-duodenal fistula.
An 18F-FDG PET/CT scan was requested to rule out prosthetic infection, showing increased periprosthetic uptake in the portion of the abdominal aorta located between L2-L3. The tract measures about 4 cm and has a SUVmax of 6.7 in the anterior wall, which is thickened (normal aortic SUV: 2.6), probably related to an infectious/inflammatory process at that level.
Subsequent CT angiography showed an aneurysmal aorta of 4 cm in diameter with a penetrating subrenal ulcer 7.7 mm high and 5.5 mm deep, as well as aneurysmal engulfment of both iliac territories.
It was decided to perform a vascular bypass by means of a left axillo-bifemoral bypass. In the immediate postoperative period he presented episodes of haematemesis and syncope. Emergency surgery was performed with removal of the prosthesis and section of the aortoduodenal fistula.
Pathological anatomy showed a tubular segment of prosthetic material measuring 9 × 3 cm, with coagulated haematic material inside and fibrinoid debris adhering to it, where ampicillin-sensitive Enterococcus avium was isolated.
Therefore, 18F-FDG PET/CT has proven to be a sensitive and useful technique in the diagnostic orientation of infectious processes in vascular prostheses.
| [
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"start": 14,
"end": 26
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{
"text": "personal",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 34,
"end": 42
}
] | en |
A 70-year-old woman, whose personal history included a breast cancer operation 14 years earlier, came to the emergency department of another hospital because of severe pain in the lower lip accompanied by swelling and oedema in the lip, chin and submandibular area that had awakened her suddenly at night. She was initially treated with iv corticosteroids and analgesia, and referred home. Four days later, the patient came to the emergency department of our hospital describing that the lesion had become "blackish and yellowish". The lesion was not painful and there was no fever or other accompanying symptoms. On questioning, the patient reported having recently seen spiders in her home. This was in the context of an epidemic of bites by the Loxosceles reclusa spider in the same geographical area. In the previous 15 days, 7 cases of upper and lower limb bites had been diagnosed in the emergency department.
Examination revealed a single lesion of about 2 cm, necrotic in appearance and well demarcated, occupying the lateral third of the skin, vermilion and commissure of the left lower hemilabium, surrounded by a white and purplish halo. Intraorally, a pale mucosal lesion with signs of necrosis and fibrinous exudate was observed in continuity and did not dislodge on scraping. Laboratory tests were ordered, a biopsy was taken and treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid by mouth was started. The infectious diseases department was consulted on suspicion of a spider bite. The differential diagnosis was made with necrotic cutaneous-mucosal lesions, such as cellulitis, vasculitis, diabetic ulcers, vascular insufficiency, drug reactions, thermal or chemical burns, infectious or traumatic, all of which were ruled out. After 7 days, the necrotic tissue was debrided under local anaesthesia. The suggestive clinical and epidemiological context, together with the laboratory and pathological anatomy results and the differential diagnosis, led to the probable diagnosis. At 2 months, given the low aesthetic and functional impact of the scar defect, lip reconstruction was not necessary.
| [
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] | en |
A 34-year-old man diagnosed two months earlier with HIV infection who at the time of diagnosis had a CD4+ lymphocyte count of 3 cells/μL and a plasma viral load (PVL) of 31,000 copies/ml. He started antiretroviral therapy (ART) with efavirenz 600 mg/24 h o.v., emtricitabine 200 mg/24 h o.v. and tenofovir 200 mg/24 h o.v., One and a half months after starting ART, he was admitted for fever (38-39°C), predominantly in the evening, with chills, sweating, asthenia, severe wasting and general malaise of three weeks' duration. Physical examination revealed extreme thinness (BMI: 17.6), several reddish-pinkish, slightly raised skin-mucous lesions on the palate, left shoulder and dorsal region of the foot suggestive of Kaposi's sarcoma, which the patient refused to biopsy. His temperature was 38.7o C and he was mildly tachypneic at rest, with an oxygen saturation of 96% while breathing room air. A 6-centimetre splenomegaly was palpable, painless and of a soft consistency, small lymphadenopathies, round and painless, in both inguinal regions, as well as in the left supraclavicular and right submandibular regions. Laboratory tests showed pancytopenia (Hb 9.1 mg/dL, leukocytes 2,100 cells/μl and platelets 106,000 cells/ul), hypoproteinaemia (6.1 mg/dL), LDH: 384 U/L, alkaline phosphatase: 856 U/L and C-reactive protein: 73 mg/L. CD4+ lymphocyte count was 156 CD4+ cells/μL and CVP 456 copies/ml. Blood cultures were negative. Mantoux test was negative. Chest X-ray showed a bilateral reticulonodular infiltrate with right apical predominance. Thoracic-abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed multiple mediastinal, hilar, supraclavicular and infradiaphragmatic adenopathies and a large spleen with abundant focal lesions, those larger than three centimetres in diameter, of liquid or slightly higher density.
Differential diagnosis
As this was a profoundly immunosuppressed patient with generalised lymphadenopathy and cystic splenic lesions, who had recently started ART, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) was suspected and a broad differential diagnosis was considered, including opportunistic infections and neoplasms as the most likely aetiologies.
Evolution
Treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids (prednisone at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day) was started for 10 days and ART was maintained, resulting in partial remission of fever. Corticosteroids were administered due to the clinical situation despite being contraindicated because of lesions suggestive of Kaposi's sarcoma. Following the CT findings, a laparotomy with splenectomy and intraoperative liver and splenic biopsies were performed. Macroscopically, the spleen measured 22x16x6 centimetres, weighed 1,026 g, had a violaceous polylobulated surface and on serial sections showed nodular lesions of cystic appearance with areas of whitish colouring and a lumpy appearance, measuring 2 to 4 centimetres. In a spleen sample sent from the operating theatre and in another sputum sample collected five days earlier, acid-fast bacilli were visualised by Ziehl-Nielsen staining. In the sputum sample, mycobacterial culture in Lowenstein's medium was positive and nucleic acid amplification (PCR) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was negative. Pathological examination of spleen and liver specimens showed extensive areas of necrosis with calcifications and diffuse granulomatous inflammation. Pneumocystis jirovecii was also visualised by Grocott's methenamine silver stain and acid-fast bacilli by Ziehl-Nielsen stain. In view of the suspicion of a disseminated infection by a non-tuberculous mycobacterium, it was decided to treat as Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), being the most frequent and the one with the highest morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients, and rifabutin, 300 mg/24 h v.o., was administered, azithromycin, 500 mg/24 h o.v., (clarithromycin was not administered because it interacts with efavirenz) and ethambutol, 1200 mg/24 h o.v. Days later MAC was identified by MAC nucleic acid hybridisation in sputum and spleen samples. Simultaneously, treatment of hepatosplenic P. jirovecii infection was started with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, 800/160 mg/12 h i.v. for 21 days, followed by prophylactic treatment with 160/800 mg 3 times a week i.v. The patient progressed favourably with disappearance of fever and improvement of general condition.
Final diagnosis
Extrapulmonary pneumocystosis (hepatosplenic). Disseminated infection by Mycobacterium avium complex. Immune reconstitution syndrome (IRRS).
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We present a clinical case that we consider of special interest in clinical practice, due to the characteristics of the patient, the associated poor prognostic factors and the torpid evolution despite achieving good control in the treatment of HIV infection. The patient is a 28-year-old male, diagnosed in September 2012 with HIV infection following acute pharyngotonsillitis and skin lesions predominantly on the face. His immunological status at that time was 334 CD4/mm3 (24%) and viral load (VL) of 115,000 copies/mL. Simultaneously, he was diagnosed with secondary syphilis, receiving treatment with penicillin, but without any treatment for HIV infection and sporadically having unprotected sex (man who has sex with men).
In January 2015, he progressively began to experience dyspnoea on moderate exertion, cough and expectoration with occasional haematic debris and weight loss, and attended an internal medicine outpatient clinic in May 2015, where it was decided to admit him to hospital for further investigation. During admission, she recognised the appearance of skin lesions in 2013, which had not completely disappeared. Physical examination revealed multiple raised, purplish lesions scattered over the trunk, upper and lower limbs, neck, right palatal and retropharyngeal region and inguinal region, forming an indurated conglomerate that was painful on palpation. In addition, he had other millimetric lesions on the torso, left intercostal region and back, which initially simulated folliculitis, but which on close examination suggested metameric Herpes Zoster. In the anal-perianal region, there were nonspecific superficial ulcerated lesions, predominantly in the intergluteal region. Mucosal examination revealed oropharyngeal candidiasis. With a diagnosis of untreated stage C HIV infection, skin lesions compatible with Kaposi's sarcoma, clinical signs of visceral (pulmonary) involvement and oropharyngeal candidiasis, additional diagnostic tests were requested. The CD4 count was 268 CD4/mm3, CV of 809,978 copies/ml, HLA B 5701 negative and genotypic resistance test without mutations for reverse transcriptase inhibitors or protease inhibitors. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was started with tenofovir/emtricitabine, raltegravir and ritonavir-boosted darunavir. In addition, fluconazole, cotrimoxazole and empirical antibiotic treatment for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with cefotaxime and clarithromycin were added. Chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) and histopathological study of skin, lung and lymph node samples confirmed the diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma. All cultures were negative. Empirical antibiotic treatment for CAP was suspended, maintaining only cotrimoxazole as secondary prophylaxis against P. jirovecii infection. During the first days of admission, the patient worsened, requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Simultaneously, the first line of oncological treatment with liposomal doxorubicin was started, with good tolerance and initial clinical response, and was maintained until completing a total of 6 cycles, with the maximum radiological response being stabilisation of the disease at pulmonary level. During chemotherapy treatment, he required hospital admission on two occasions due to anasarca. One month after completing treatment (October 2015), she presented worsening respiratory function and an increase in the number of violaceous lesions on the limbs. A follow-up chest CT scan confirmed the progression of the disease in the lungs, secondary to Kaposi's sarcoma, as well as in the skin. A second line of treatment with paclitaxel (100mg/m2 biweekly) was proposed, readjusting ART (darunavir/ritonavir was suspended and tenofovir/emtricitabine and raltegravir were maintained). After the first two cycles, he started with clinical improvement. He has currently received 6 cycles with good tolerance and progression.
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Anamnesis
A 54-year-old male, ex-smoker, hypertensive and dyslipidaemic, with no other relevant history, presented with an abrupt onset of binocular diplopia and a few days later began with intense lumbar pain radiating to the lower limbs (lower limbs) and a sensation of corkiness on the back of the thighs and soles. Subsequently, there was a loss of strength in the lower limbs that progressed over a month to the point of preventing ambulation. He was admitted to hospital and 48 hours later presented with paralysis of the right hemifacial muscles. The patient reported progressive enlargement of the right hemiscrotal muscles in recent weeks. No sphincter alteration. No constitutional syndrome or other symptoms.
Physical examination
Systemic examination: increase in size and consistency of the right testicle, with redness and pain on palpation.
Neurological examination: left ptosis. Pupils symmetrical and normoreactive. Paresis of the medial and inferior rectus of the left eye. Compatible with incomplete paresis of the left third cranial nerve. Peripheral right facial paresis. Paresis of the lower limbs, with balance 3-4/5 both proximally and distally, with greater weakness of the right lower limb. Hypotonia and areflexia of the lower limbs. Bilateral cutaneous-plantar flexor reflex. Tactoalgesic hypoaesthesia on the posterior aspect of the right thigh, leg and sole. Decreased positional and vibratory sensitivity in the MMII, the latter at L2 level. Rest normal.
Complementary tests
- CBC: CRP 1.58, LDH 690 IU/l, GGT 96 U/l. Chorionic gonadotropin beta-2 subunit, alpha-fetoprotein, CEA, PSA and urine test normal. Other findings were normal.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) study: red blood cells 1/mcl; leukocytes 10/mcl; protein 160 mg/dl; glucose 55 mg/dl; LDH 50 IU/l; ADA 4.8 IU/l. Cytology first puncture negative. Second puncture: leucocytes 52/mcl (7.2% of B lambda + lymphocytes).
- Immunological study (including antionconeuronal): negative.
- Microbiological study: HIV, syphilis, hepatotropic virus, Brucella negative.
- Mantoux positive (18 mm).
- EMG: mild axonal motor polyradiculoneuropathy in the upper limbs and moderate-severe in the lower limbs, with greater involvement and neurophysiological signs of evolution at L5-S1 levels, bilateral, predominantly on the left. Cranial nerve involvement.
- MRI of the brain and complete spine with gadolinium: thickening and enhancement of nerve roots, predominantly sacral; lesions in the D10, D11 and S2 vertebral bodies. Right facial nerve enhancement.
- Testicular ultrasound: enlargement and diffuse heterogeneous echogenicity of both testicles and epididymides, more marked on the right side.
- Testicular biopsy: lymphoid neoplastic proliferation composed of large cells with karyocytoplasmic atypia and frequent mitoses. IHQ: CD20 +, CD10 -, MUM1 +, BCL2 +, BCL6 +, CD30 -. Proliferative index (Ki-67) 98%. Molecular study: clonal rearrangement of the IgH gene.
- PET/CT: hypercapillary lesions in the root of the pulmonary artery, kidneys, adrenals, testes, D11 and S2 vertebrae and sacral roots of the cauda equina.
Diagnosis
A 54-year-old man presented with low back pain and progressive subacute paraparesis, sequential involvement of several cranial nerves and enlargement of the right hemiscrotal. The topographical distribution of the paresis and the prominence of the pain suggest subacute lumbosacral polyradiculoneuropathy as a syndromic diagnosis. The following options are considered as the aetiological diagnosis:
1) tumour infiltration by haematological neoplasm (e.g. lymphoma) or less likely, solid tumour;
2) granulomatous infiltration (tuberculosis or sarcoidosis);
3) vasculitis, primarily panarteritis nodosa; and
4) Guillain-Barré syndrome and variants (e.g. acute sensory-motor axonal neuropathy).
Spinal MRI showed striking thickening and enhancement of the sacral spinal roots suggestive of infiltrative pathology. Coronal section of the spinal MRI after gadolinium. Diffuse thickening and enhancement of the lumbosacral roots. Axial section of the spinal MRI after gadolinium. Diffuse thickening and enhancement of the lumbosacral roots. Testicular ultrasound showed diffuse infiltration of both testicles, predominantly the right one. Testicular biopsy confirmed primary testicular large cell B non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Despite the negative first cytology, a second lumbar puncture showed the presence of neoplastic B-lymphocytes in CSF. PET/CT showed renal, adrenal and bone extension and hyperenhancement of sacral roots and both testicles:
1) lumbosacral polyradiculoneuropathy and cranial multineuropathy due to lymphomatous invasion (neurolymphomatosis).
2) Stage IV A large cell non-Hodgkin's B lymphoma.
Treatment
Polychemotherapy with intravenous cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, prednisone and rituximab (CHOP-R) and intrathecal chemotherapy (cytosine arabinoside and corticosteroids) was started.
Evolution
He received 6 cycles of CHOP-R, with decreased testicular volume, negative CSF cytology and improved MMII strength. Subsequently, he received additional cycles, bone marrow autotransplantation and testicular radiotherapy. Currently, he remains clinically stable with no evidence of leptomeningeal disease.
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"text": "male",
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On 25 April 2020, a 52-year-old man presented to the emergency department of a nearby hospital with a fever of 40°C, cough and dyspnoea. His condition deteriorated rapidly, and he required endotracheal intubation. Tracheal aspirate detected SARS-CoV-2. In addition, bronchial aspirate samples showed growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter dijkshoorniae. Blood cultures showed growth of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Accordingly, a broad-spectrum antibiotic regimen with meropenem and linezolid was started, but the patient continued with daily fever up to 40°C, with no response to antipyretics or antibiotics. The patient's clinical condition worsened further, despite a pressure-controlled invasive ventilation setting, so he was transferred to our ICU on 13 May 2020, for possible application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
For evaluation of pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 and in preparation for possible ECMO, a CT scan was performed on 13 and 14 May. Chest CT showed bilateral ground-glass opacities, consolidations and cobblestone pattern typical of COVID-19. As a potential sign of subacute manifestation, airway changes, pleural changes, fibrosis and nodules were observed. Careful modifications of ventilation settings made ECMO unnecessary.
Differential cytology revealed a severe decrease in CD4+ cells (12 per μL, equivalent to 2%, CD4+/CD8+ ratio of 0.08). The lack of CD4+ cells together with the fact that the patient is a male with same-sex relationships, led to the suspicion of possible late-onset HIV carrier. RT-PCR for HIV-1 was positive, with a viral load of 360,000 copies HIV-1 RNA per mL. The presence of fine reticular changes on his chest CT, together with an increased LDH, also raised the possibility of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia as an additional diagnosis. Bronchoalveolar lavage was positive for P. jirovecii and the patient was treated with i.v. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (20 mg trimethoprim component per kg body weight per day, four times daily) along with 50 mg prednisone daily to avoid adverse immune reactions in pneumocystis pneumonia and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).
Following AIDS diagnosis, ART consisting of darunavir (600 mg twice daily), ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) and tenofovir/emtricitabine (450/400 mg once daily), orally, was rapidly initiated. A concurrent CMV infection (170,000 U/ml blood) was treated with ganciclovir at 5 mg/kg body weight. Antibacterial treatment with meronepem and linezolid was maintained for 7 days.
Superinfections with hepatitis B, C and syphilis were ruled out. On 15, 18 and 20 May, the patient tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 from bronchial aspirates. Cerebrospinal fluid tests showed 5,600 copies/mL HIV-1, but no evidence of JC virus, bacterial meningitis or encephalitis.
Over the next two weeks, his condition improved considerably. Noradrenaline administration could be terminated three days after the start of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole treatment. The antiviral therapy had no apparent side effects; in particular, creatinine clearance and liver activity remained stable during the following weeks. CMV copies dropped below 450 U/mL two weeks after starting ganciclovir treatment on 14 May. With ART, viral load decreased to 2,800 copies/mL (equivalent to a 2.11 decrease on a logarithmic scale) on 25 May 2020. HIV-1 genotyping showed no relevant drug resistance. After convalescence and with the ability to swallow adequately, ART was switched to a single-tablet regimen to maintain patient compliance and reduce the number of pills per day. The patient continues to improve. He no longer requires mechanical ventilation and was discharged from ICU with 2 L/min of oxygen therapy on 4 June.
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A 47-year-old male patient, ex-smoker and ex-consumer of inhaled toxic substances, who had been diagnosed with acute HIV infection in 2015 after unsafe sexual intercourse, with a viral load of 450,654 copies/ml and 566 CD4/μl at diagnosis. He was started on antiretroviral treatment and follow-up, abandoning both on his own initiative.
He consulted the emergency department for several weeks of frontal headache, difficulty in articulating language and gait instability. The relatives also commented that he was bradypsychic, with generalised slowness, frequent memory lapses, difficulty in relating to others and behavioural alterations. He had not presented thermometric fever at home and had no clear constitutional symptoms.
On examination the patient was conscious, disoriented in time and space and bradypsychic; well hydrated and perfused, and eupneic at rest. Vital signs were: BP: 100/80 mmHg, 90 bpm, 18 rpm, SatO2 96% and axillary temperature 38.5 oC. On inspection he had lesions on the right lateral edge of the tongue suggestive of oral hairy leukoplakia. Cardiorespiratory auscultation showed rhythmic cardiac tones without audible murmurs or friction rubs, with good bilateral vesicular murmur and no pathological noises. The abdomen was soft, depressible, non-painful, with no visceromegaly. There was nothing remarkable in the lower extremities. The neurological examination showed dysarthria, inattention, and slight lateralisation of the gait to the left with negative Romberg. The cranial nerves showed no alterations and strength and sensitivity were preserved. Osteotendinous reflexes were present and symmetrical and the plantar cutaneous reflex was bilateral flexor. There was no dysmetria and no meningeal signs.
Laboratory tests performed in the emergency department showed renal function and ions within normal limits and mild anaemia with a normocytic normochromic profile with haemoglobin of 11.8 g/dl, no lymphopenia and normal platelets. The coagulation study was normal. Chest X-ray and electrocardiogram showed no relevant alterations. The non-contrast CT scan of the skull performed in the emergency department showed multiple hypodense lesions in both frontal lobes, right parietal, right temporal, left fronto-parietal region and left basal ganglia, which caused a mass effect with a 6 mm midline shift.
Once on the ward, basic biochemistry and liver tests were requested and showed no alterations. Acute phase reactants were elevated with ESR of 60 mm/h and CRP of 40 mg/dl. Microbiological studies were requested and confirmed the known HIV infection with a viral load of 719,341 copies/ml and a very low CD4 count (1 cell/μl).
Differential diagnosis
In the evaluation of brain lesions in the HIV-infected patient, it is essential to know the degree of immunosuppression of the patient. These lesions are more frequent in severely immunosuppressed patients, with CD4 counts below 200 cells/μl. In our case, being a patient with HIV infection with very severe immunosuppression, the main entities to consider in the differential diagnosis were: Toxoplasma encephalitis, primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), HIV encephalopathy and cytomegalovirus encephalitis.
We must fundamentally differentiate between two types of lesions: lesions that do not enhance after contrast administration and those that enhance in a ring after contrast administration.
Diffuse CNS lesions or lesions that do not enhance after contrast administration include PML and HIV-associated encephalopathy. These two entities have well-characterised and well-defined imaging patterns, but in early stages, it is difficult to differentiate between them and they can sometimes coexist in the same patient with severe immunosuppression. These lesions usually do not present oedema or mass effect. PML is a demyelinating disease of the CNS, with a progressive course, caused by reactivation of the JC virus in situations of severe immunosuppression (CD4 below 150 cells/μl). Patients characteristically present with rapidly progressive focal neurological deficits including hemiparesis, ataxia, aphasia and cognitive impairment. CSF examination is normal or nonspecifically altered, and the diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. It is characterised by bilateral, asymmetric, multifocal areas of demyelination, preferentially located in periventricular areas and subcortical white matter. HIV encephalopathy is a diagnosis of exclusion. It typically presents with the classic triad of subacute dementia, depressive symptoms and gait disturbance. On neuroimaging, lesions are usually bilateral and mainly involve the deep and subcortical white matter and may also involve the basal ganglia. CNS cytomegalovirus infection may present as a progressive encephalopathy or, more commonly, as meningoencephalitis, and usually occurs in very severe immunosuppression (CD4 less than 50 cells/μl). It may present with delirium, confusion and neurological focality. Radiologically, it is similar to HIV encephalopathy, with patchy white matter involvement. A very characteristic subependymal enhancement may occur, although this is rare. In our case, the bilateral distribution of the lesions is in favour of one of these entities, but the location of the lesions, the radiological pattern and the clinical presentation are against. Focal brain lesions that enhance into a ring after contrast administration include CNS lymphoma and Toxoplasma encephalitis, and the possibility of tuberculomas or other aetiologies of brain abscesses should also be considered. These lesions are characterised by mass effect and associated oedema. CNS lymphoma is the second most common cause of focal brain disease in HIV-infected patients. It may present as confusion, altered level of consciousness, cognitive impairment, motor focality, aphasia and/or seizures. In addition, it is frequently associated with general symptoms such as fever, sweating and weight loss, which occur in about 80% of patients. Lesions are larger, deep, typically periventricular and usually single. They may be necrotic and haemorrhagic, with a thick, heterogeneous and irregular ring wall enhancement after contrast administration. Taking these characteristics into account, the clinical presentation of CNS lymphoma is in favour of the diagnosis, while the number of lesions, their location, their size, the radiological pattern and the absence of general symptoms, which make this diagnosis unlikely, are against it.
Another possibility to consider in the differential diagnosis is brain abscesses. Bacterial intracranial abscesses are rare in HIV-infected patients with severe immunosuppression. In patients with Listeria monocytogenes CNS infection, although meningitis is the most common form of presentation, brain abscesses with or without encephalitis or rhomboencephalitis have also been described. The immunosuppressed state and the number of lesions (it can present as multiple focal lesions) would favour the diagnosis, but the age (it usually appears in patients older than 60 years), the absence of fever, the location of the lesions (basal ganglia and brainstem involvement is common) are against it.
Nocardia is also prone to produce CNS infection in the form of abscesses, with the condition usually preceded by pulmonary infection. Abscesses may be loculated, single or multiple. Against this diagnosis would be the absence of fever and previous respiratory symptoms, as well as the radiological pattern of the lesions.
As for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the CNS, the usual form of presentation is tuberculous meningitis, with tuberculomas and tuberculous abscesses being rare. Tuberculous abscesses may arise from parenchymal tuberculomas or by dissemination of mycobacteria from meningeal foci. They may be single or multiple. Tuberculomas usually present as granulomatous lesions, usually multiple, located at the junction of the white and grey matter. They may be accompanied by hyperenhancement in the meninges and enhancement of the lesions with radiological contrast. The pattern of enhancement is variable: nodular, ring-shaped or irregular. Diagnosis is based on CSF analysis and culture. In favour of this entity is the immunosuppressed state of our patient, and against, the clinical features (usually presenting with the typical clinical triad of fever, headache and altered level of consciousness), the number, distribution and radiological pattern of the lesions.
Aspergillus brain abscesses usually present with concurrent pulmonary involvement. Clinically, patients present with very low CD4 counts and develop altered level of consciousness with or without seizures. Lesions are usually multifocal, with a predilection for the junction between the white and grey matter. The radiological pattern of the lesions and the absence of neutropenia or previous corticosteroid treatment, co-factors normally necessary for their occurrence, militate against this diagnosis.
Cryptococcus is the most common cause of meningitis in HIV-infected patients. Patients may also develop cryptococcomas, in the form of cystic lesions in the basal nuclei. In our case, the location and radiological pattern of the lesions would argue against this diagnosis.
Cerebral toxoplasmosis is the most prevalent neurological disease in patients in advanced stages of HIV infection (CD4 less than 100 cells/μl). It usually presents with fever, headache, confusion, altered level of consciousness, focal neurological deficit or seizures. On neuroimaging tests, lesions are usually multiple, located in the parietal or frontal lobes, basal ganglia and at the cortico-subcortical or periventricular level; and they enhance in a ring after contrast administration. They usually present oedema and moderate mass effect. In our case, given the severe immunosuppression of our patient, the location and radiological pattern of the lesions would be the first diagnosis to be considered, so it would be necessary to check the ring enhancement of the lesions with a new imaging test and to verify the existence of positive serology for Toxoplasma.
Evolution
On the ward, given the radiological findings and the high suspicion of cerebral toxoplasmosis, empirical oral treatment was started with sulfadiazine (1.5 g every 6 hours) and pyrimethamine (100 mg on the first day, followed by 75 mg per day thereafter), in addition to folinic acid (10 mg per day) and dexamethasone (4 mg every 8 hours).
Among the microbiological studies requested, the presence of positive IgG for Toxoplasma stood out. Other studies performed were negative (serology for syphilis and cytomegalovirus, as well as determination of cryptococcal antigen in serum). Blood cultures taken in the emergency department were also negative.
Cranial MRI with contrast showed multiple lesions of different sizes, supratentorial in location, involving the basal ganglia and the cortico-subcortical junction, with low signal intensity in T2, peripheral oedema, restricted diffusion in the centre and ring-shaped uptake after administration of intravenous contrast, findings suggestive of cerebral toxoplasmosis as a first possibility. These lesions and the surrounding oedema caused a mass effect with a 5 mm midline shift. In view of these findings, treatment with sulphadiazine and pyrimethamine was maintained and the dose of dexamethasone was progressively reduced until it was discontinued. Prior to discharge, antiretroviral treatment was started with abacavir, lamivudine and dolutegravir. The patient was reviewed in the outpatient infectious diseases department two weeks after discharge, showing clinical improvement and tolerating the medication well.
Final diagnosis
Cerebral toxoplasmosis in a patient with advanced HIV infection.
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"Focal",
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"Toxoplasma",
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"heterogeneous",
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"Taking",
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"Bacterial",
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"In",
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"CNS",
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"The",
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"basal",
"ganglia",
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"are",
"against",
"it",
".",
"Nocardia",
"is",
"also",
"prone",
"to",
"produce",
"CNS",
"infection",
"in",
"the",
"form",
"of",
"abscesses",
",",
"with",
"the",
"condition",
"usually",
"preceded",
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"pulmonary",
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".",
"Abscesses",
"may",
"be",
"loculated",
",",
"single",
"or",
"multiple",
".",
"Against",
"this",
"diagnosis",
"would",
"be",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"fever",
"and",
"previous",
"respiratory",
"symptoms",
",",
"as",
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"radiological",
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".",
"As",
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"Mycobacterium",
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"of",
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"CNS",
",",
"the",
"usual",
"form",
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"presentation",
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"tuberculous",
"meningitis",
",",
"with",
"tuberculomas",
"and",
"tuberculous",
"abscesses",
"being",
"rare",
".",
"Tuberculous",
"abscesses",
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"parenchymal",
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"dissemination",
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"mycobacteria",
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"meningeal",
"foci",
".",
"They",
"may",
"be",
"single",
"or",
"multiple",
".",
"Tuberculomas",
"usually",
"present",
"as",
"granulomatous",
"lesions",
",",
"usually",
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",",
"located",
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"cystic",
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Anamnesis
A 26-year-old woman, 11 weeks pregnant, consulted the dermatology emergency department because she had presented, for the last 4 days, painful punctate lesions of sudden onset on the tips of her fingers.
The patient reports that the lesions started on the fingers and later spread to the toes. She also associates joint discomfort. Days before the appearance of the lesions, she had a fever that subsided within 24 hours with paracetamol. After the development of the skin symptoms, she has not presented fever again. She did not present any other associated symptoms. The only personal history of interest was frigore urticaria. She had no history of photosensitivity.
Physical examination
Erythematous punctate papules, some with purpuric areas, not palpable, which do not disappear on finger pressure, well demarcated, not infiltrated, located on the distal tips of 20 fingers. Nails without alterations. Hands and feet normal colour and normal depth.
Complementary examinations
At first, the case appeared to be vasculitis, so peripheral blood tests were drawn, with no alterations except for an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (22 mm, reference values 7-15 mm). Immunity markers, ANA and cryoagglutinins, were negative, and HBV serology only indicated vaccination. A skin biopsy was performed with a 3-mm punch and the only findings were hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis and chronic perivascular inflammatory infiltrate in the superficial dermis.
Based on these results, the diagnosis of vasculitis was ruled out and, given the suspected diagnosis of glove and sock rash, serology for Ebstein Barr virus, parvovirus B19 and human enterovirus was performed. Parvovirus B19 serology was IgM positive on two occasions one week apart.
Diagnosis
Glove and sock exanthema due to parvovirus B19.
Treatment
Symptomatic: paracetamol 1 g every 8 hours. The gynaecology team prescribed treatment with ASA 100 mg every 24 hours.
Evolution
Initially the lesions were compatible with the development of vasculitis. The analytical markers, negative for autoimmunity and cryoagglutinins, led to a diagnosis of an infectious exanthema: papulopurpuric rash on glove and sock.
Given the suspicion of an infectious condition of these characteristics, serology was requested for EBV, enterovirus and parvovirus B19, with IgM positive for the latter on two occasions.
As this was a pregnant patient, we contacted the gynaecology department and began gynaecological follow-up for high-risk patients.
On successive gynaecological examinations, the patient had not developed anaemia or other clinical manifestations of acute Parvovirus infection. There were also no signs of foetal anaemia or its complications.
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The infectious diseases clinic of the University Hospital of Maracaibo, Zulia State, Venezuela, received a 10-year-old male schoolboy. Venezuela, a 10-year-old male schoolboy from Santa Cruz de Mara, a suburban area of the state. He is in a wheelchair due to cerebral palsy without mental retardation, who, according to his mother, 15 days after leaving hospital following surgery, presented severe intestinal cramps with abdominal distension, 'expelling' a larva with subsequent disappearance of the symptoms. This larva was observed in the toilet water when the patient defecated. The larva was taken to the Parasitology Laboratory of the School of Bioanalysis of the University of Zulia and, based on its morphological characteristics, it was identified as a larva of Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Syrphidae). Parasitological examination of faeces was ordered, where vacuolated forms of Blastocystis hominis were observed (no treatment was recommended).
One year later, the patient returned to the clinic with severe abdominal cramps accompanied by bladder incontinence and increased appetite for 5 days, accompanied by headaches and pasty or diarrhoeic bowel movements with mucus in unspecified numbers for two days and accompanied by 'expulsion' of larvae (again observed in the toilet water). The larva was again identified as Eristalis tenax, but on this occasion, in addition to the coproparasitological examination, a stool culture was requested, and Mebendazole 5cc bid for 3 days was prescribed. The stool examination showed no evolutionary forms of enteroparasites and the stool culture indicated Salmonella serological group E, for which antimicrobial treatment was administered.
It was decided to extend the epidemiological survey carried out at the beginning on the patient, and for this reason the home and the characteristics of its surroundings were investigated. From the beginning, the mother always expressed the difficulty that the child could have ingested the eggs or larvae of the fly, as strict control is maintained over the preparation of the child's food, precisely because of the motor difficulties he suffers from. In relation to water, she said that they usually drink it after it has been boiled. In the course of the survey, the child's mother reported the proximity of a sewage tank near the toilet and the presence of some 'little wasps' hanging around there. It was decided to open the manhole (the lid of which was broken) and a large number of adults, larvae and pupae of Eristalis tenax were collected from the site.
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Reason for consultation
Diplopia and headache after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests).
The patient is a 41-year-old woman smoker with a history of thalassaemia, tension headache, overactive bladder unresponsive to anticholinergics, emotional instability of the personality and very demanding in consultation, who after suffering a traumatic brain injury at work presents headache associated with diplopia. At her employer's health insurance company she underwent a cranial CT scan, in which they detected a paresis of the VI cranial nerve and reported that the symptoms were not related to the accident suffered, which is why she was referred to her family doctor. A neurological examination was performed with no alterations, and observation and analgesia were recommended. After several consultations and due to the persistence of the symptoms after a month of evolution, it was decided to refer her to Neurology.
On her first visit to the Neurology outpatient clinic, in addition to the headaches and diplopia, which persisted 2 months after the TBI, the patient reported a decrease in visual acuity. The neurological examination did not reveal any limitation of eye movements, nor any other alterations in cranial pairs, strength and sensitivity of the limbs. Gait and balance were not altered either. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was requested, as well as a referral to ophthalmology, and the patient was discharged if the complementary tests were normal.
Diagnostic judgement: diplopia under study (post-traumatic diplopia, without being able to rule out its functional origin), chronic headache (tension headache + medication abuse).
Complementary tests and evolution: a cranial MRI was carried out, which revealed lesions in the supratentorial white matter with periventricular and juxtacortical demyelinating characteristics that suggest, as a first possibility, multiple sclerosis (MS) with acute activity. Angioresonance imaging of the supra-aortic trunks was also performed with no findings of interest. Following the results of the imaging test, the patient was seen again to explain the findings and to propose a lumbar puncture. The patient persisted with headaches, associated with generalised asthenia, with no other new findings.
Laboratory tests were also requested, including a complete blood count, biochemistry with renal and hepatic profile, TSH, ACE, vitamin B12 and folic acid, which was below normal limits, proteinogram, autoimmunity (ANA, ANCA, anticardiolipin/beta 2 microglobulin antibodies, anti-galnglioside antibodies) with no alterations, serology (HIV, HCV, HBV, LUES) with no immunisation against HBV. Immunisation against measles, rubella, mumps, EBV, HSV, VZZ.
She was assessed by ophthalmology who performed optical coherence tomography (OCT) with optic nerve involvement in 2 temporal sectors of the right eye and 4 temporal sectors in the left eye. Decreased macular ganglion cells in the left eye.
After performing a lumbar puncture, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with oligoclonal bands was confirmed, which, together with the findings described in the MRI, reinforced the diagnosis of MS, and the patient was referred to the Demyelinating Diseases Unit of our hospital.
A genetic test was requested to rule out CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Artheriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy), which was negative, and a new cranial and spinal MRI was requested. The cranial MRI was unchanged with respect to the previous one. The spinal MRI showed small focal spinal lesions at C3 and C4, which could correspond to foci of demyelination. Amantadine was indicated and teriflunomide was planned to be started in March 2020 as a disease-modifying drug.
At the time of this last visit, the patient had no diplopia, but the recurrent headaches persisted. A referral was made to the urology department due to the patient's ongoing incontinence.
During the diagnosis process, the patient attended our Primary Care consultation to renew her sick leave. During these consultations, we took the opportunity to support the patient in her diagnosis and to try to resolve any doubts that may have arisen after attending consultations with other specialists.
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Anamnesis
Male, 42 years old, originally from Pakistan (he has been living in Spain for 15 years). He reported no drug allergies or toxic habits. Three months ago he had suffered a right orbital fracture with subsequent trigeminal neuralgia. He consulted for a pruritic skin rash on the trunk and extremities, high fever and general malaise of 15 days' evolution. The patient denied taking any drugs in the last two months, travelling abroad or risky sexual relations. The rest of the patient's cohabitants had no skin lesions or symptoms.
Physical examination
The patient was subfebrile (37.5c axillary), there was marked oedema of the face, hands and feet, as well as a morbilliform rash on the trunk and extremities, with palmoplantar and mucosal involvement. In addition, cervical, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes were palpable. The rest of the physical examination was unaltered.
Complementary examinations
Blood tests showed leukocytosis (22.24 x109/l) with 35% atypical lymphocytes, 15% eosinophilia (3.4 x109/l) and elevated liver enzymes (AST 77 u/l, ALT 179 u/l, GGT 414 u/l), alkaline phosphatase (221 u/l) and LDH (1427 u/l). Bilirubinaemia, prothrombin time and creatininaemia were in normal ranges. Given the elevated transaminases, an abdominal ultrasound was performed, which showed an alliasic gallbladder with thickened walls, perivesicular oedema and two lymphadenopathies at the level of the hepatic hilum. Chest X-ray showed no abnormalities.
Serology for syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV, parvovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, measles and Herpes virus 6 were negative.
Skin biopsy showed an epidermis with spongiosis changes. A perivascular lymphohistocytic inflammatory infiltrate and occasional eosinophils were observed in the dermis.
Diagnosis
Despite repeated denials of drug intake, the patient's medical history revealed that he had taken carbamazepine for trigeminal neuritis three weeks before the onset of the clinical picture. Based on the history of drug intake, clinical features and laboratory findings, we diagnosed DRESS syndrome secondary to carbamazepine.
Treatment
The patient had already discontinued carbamazepine two weeks earlier. Given the intense general compromise and hepatic alteration, we started prednisone 1 mg/kg/day orally, associated with potassium permanganate baths 3/10,000 and triamcinolone acetonide cream 0.1%.
Evolution
Evolution was favourable, with resolution of fever, rash and facial and acral oedema, and the patient was discharged one week later. Laboratory tests showed normalisation of transaminases over the following four weeks. The patient was on a tapering prednisone regimen for 3 months until it was discontinued. One year later, he remains asymptomatic.
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Reason for consultation
Dyspnoea, cough and fever.
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests).
Anamnesis: 84 year old man who came to our clinic reporting dyspnoea together with cough, increasing whitish expectoration and fever of 37.1oC of 48 hours of evolution.
The most relevant personal antecedents are COPD of long evolution in treatment with home oxygen, arterial hypertension with hypertensive heart disease and congestive heart failure, as well as benign prostatic hypertrophy. Currently anticoagulated with sintrom.
Examination: the patient was in good general condition, well hydrated and perfused, conscious, oriented in all three spheres and cooperative.
Cardiopulmonary auscultation with rhonchi and scattered wheezing in both lung fields together with a SaO2 of 90% and marked respiratory work with tugging and tachypnoea. Temperature at consultation was 38oC.
The lower limbs were not oedematous and there were no signs suggestive of deep vein thrombosis.
Complementary tests: an outpatient chest X-ray was performed in postero-anterior and lateral projections at the health centre, showing right pulmonary condensation together with left pleural effusion. Thus, and given the examination presented by the patient, it was decided to refer him to the emergency department of the reference hospital for further analytical tests.
A haemogram and blood biochemistry were requested together with serology for pneumococcus and legionella pneumophila. Serology for the aforementioned microorganisms was negative. The haemogram showed 15,000 leukocytes with the rest of the blood series normal. The biochemistry showed a CRP of 20.45, with normal renal function and the rest of the other devices.
Family and community approach
He lives with his wife and is independent for ADLs and IADLs. He has good family support, with a medium-low socio-economic level. He has regular follow-up of his chronic pathology at the health centre.
Clinical judgement (list of problems, differential diagnosis)
Clinical judgement 1: Community-acquired pneumonia.
Clinical judgement 2: Decompensated heart failure.
Action plan and evolution
Empirical antibiotic treatment is adjusted and the patient is referred to the reference hospital, where he is finally admitted after confirmation of COPD exacerbation secondary to community-acquired pneumonia, as well as decompensated heart failure.
Evolution: after a hospital stay of 11 days, the patient's symptoms evolved adequately, and he was discharged with adjustment of treatment and subsequent follow-up by the pulmonology department.
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Anamnesis
A 43-year-old male, with no medical history of interest and with a single surgical history of appendectomy in adolescence.
The patient reported that on the first day he started with low back pain in the context of overexertion at work. On the 11th day, the previous low back pain was associated with an afternoon low-grade fever, so he decided to see his primary care doctor; after the examination, there was a single finding of low back pain with mechanical characteristics and a fever of 37.5oC; a dorsal and lumbar spine X-ray was requested (which was reported as normal) and he started treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs.
On the 16th the patient attended the Emergency Department due to worsening febrile fever (he now had fever peaks of up to 39oC) and also began to experience pain in the left hemiscrotal region.
Physical examination
On examination, he had an axillary temperature of 38.6oC and swelling of the left epididymis and testicle.
Additional tests
- Blood tests: leukocytosis with neutrophilia and elevated C-reactive protein.
- Urine sediment: normal.
- Scrotal ultrasound: ultrasound findings compatible with left orchiepididymitis with some focal hypoechoic area requiring evolutionary controls until complete resolution.
- Blood and urine cultures were requested. Treatment and evolution
The patient was diagnosed with left orchiepididymitis and treatment was started with ciprofloxacin 500 mg/12 hours, requesting an outpatient consultation with the Urology Department. On day 20, due to the persistence of the clinical picture, with no symptomatic improvement, the patient returned to the Emergency Department, where the results of the cultures taken previously were consulted:
- Blood culture: positive for Brucella melitensis.
- Urine culture: negative.
With suspicion of brucellosis, the patient was admitted to the Internal Medicine Department, where he remained for 10 days:
- Intravenous antibiotic treatment was started with gentamicin 240 mg/day + doxycycline 200 mg/day oral + rifampicin 600 mg/day oral.
- The anamnesis was extended: the only possible source of contact was the ingestion of homemade curd in a restaurant in Navarra (last time a month ago).
- Blood cultures on two new occasions: positive for Brucella melitensis.
- Serology for Brucella: positive.
- Rose Bengal: positive.
- New testicular ultrasound: progression of the imaging findings in relation to left orchiepididymitis, compared to the previous study. No images suggestive of abscess are seen.
- Sacro-iliac MRI: radiological findings compatible with bilateral mild sacroiliitis.
- Transthoracic echocardiogram: normal.
Diagnosis
Brucellosis with genital (orchiepididymitis) and bone (bilateral mild sacroiliitis) involvement. As he required intravenous antibiotic treatment with gentamicin for the first 15 days (in addition to oral treatment with doxycycline and rifampicin for 2 months), he was referred to an intermediate care hospital to continue and complete the intravenous treatment.
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81-year-old male, long-time resident of Yiyang. He has a history of prostate cancer and coronary heart disease. He has been living with his eldest daughter since returning from Wuhan and has not been out since. On 21 February he suffered from convulsive dry cough and anorexia. At first, no treatment was given. On 25 February, her symptoms worsened with fever (38.0°C) and dyspnoea. Tests for influenza A and B were negative. A chest CT scan showed abnormalities, with ground-glass opacities. His symptoms did not improve even after treatment with piperacillin/tazobactam (4.5 g every 48 h), ambroxol, ribavirin (500 mg every 12 h) and oseltamivir (75 mg twice daily). On 27 February, the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test was positive from both nasopharyngeal swabs and sputum. His haemoglobin (83 g/L) and lymphocytes (0.65 * 10^9/L) were below normal values, while D-dimer (5.46 mg/mL), C-reactive protein (134mg/L), ESR (126 mm/h) and IL-6 (7.6 pg/mL) showed above normal values. His arterial blood gases showed a PO2 of 67 mmHg and a FiO2 of 33%. Consequently, he was diagnosed with severe COVID-19 and was admitted to the intensive care unit with oxygen, interferon, lopinavir/ritonavir and ribavirin as antiviral treatment, linezolid, meropenem and fluconazole as antibiotics, and albumin, gamma globulin, steroids (80 mg/day) and plasma replacement (200 mL*2) to improve his immune system. On 2 and 4 March, nucleic acid tests were repeated and both were negative. On 3 March, IgM and IgG antibody tests were positive. A repeat arterial blood gas on 5 March showed a PO2 of 114 mmHg and a FiO2 of 33%. Lung CT showed that the inflammatory lesions had been absorbed and ground-glass opacities had improved.
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A 58 year old patient of sub-Saharan origin came to the emergency department with sweating and fever with left lumbar pain, heaviness in the flank on that side and dysuria for about 15 days.
His personal history did not include any significant pathology: No DM. No hypertension. No known allergies. Former smoker for 8 years. No haematuria. No colic. No UTIs.
He reports that in the last two weeks he has had occasional fever, sweating, heaviness in the left flank with lumbar pain on the same side and voiding symptoms with an acceptable urinary stream, dysuria, not shortness of breath, no dribbling, no urgency with night-time voiding once and daytime voiding every 3-4 hours with a feeling of complete emptiness.
Physical examination revealed an abdominal mass effect in the left flank on deep palpation. Rectal examination showed a grade I-II prostate without suspicious lesions.
Complementary tests showed: normal haemogram with signs of eosinophilia. Normal biochemistry. Other normal, negative urine analysis. X-ray of the genito-urinary tract showed a mass effect in the left flank that blurred the psoas line on that side. Renal ultrasound: multiple cysts in the left kidney. Abdominopelvic CT scan: cystic lesions with daughter vesicles, compatible with renal hydatid disease.
Echinococcus/Hemag antibody serology was requested, which was POSITIVE at figures above 1/2.621.440.
The study was completed with MRI to obtain a more complete iconography and to assess relations with adjacent structures.
In view of the suspected diagnosis, surgery was decided on the affected renal unit, it being impossible to perform conservative surgery during the surgical procedure and the patient underwent a complete left nephroureterectomy due to suspicion of communication of the hydatid cyst with the duct due to the thickness of the duct. Prior to surgical treatment, the patient received a course of Albendazole and another after surgery.
After treatment, the patient's antibody titration figures fell and three years after the procedure the patient is asymptomatic and analytically free of disease.
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A 42-year-old female patient with a history of Sjögren's syndrome and autoimmune thyroiditis was referred to the Uveitis Unit from the Neuroophthalmology Section due to the finding of foci of chorioretinitis and symptoms of temporal scotoma and photopsias in the left eye of three days' duration. The patient had presented two previous episodes of acute temporal scotoma in the left eye in the last five years, which had been controlled in the Neuroophthalmology Section and had been labelled as Toxoplasma optic neuritis due to the finding of positive IgG serology and weak positive IgM serology at the debut of the disease. These two episodes had been treated with co-trimoxazole and prednisone and the temporal scotoma resolved ad integrum.
On examination at the Uveitis Unit, visual acuity (VA) was 1 in both eyes, no pupillary abnormalities were observed, the anterior segment was normal and intraocular pressure was 12 mmHg in both eyes. The fundus of the right eye was normal and the left eye showed a non-inflamed vitreous, the presence of two foci of chorioretinitis and a well-defined optic disc with normal colouring. A visual field examination showed a temporal and inferior arcuate scotoma. Fundus autofluorescence showed an area of hyperautofluorescence around the optic disc extending around the superior temporal arcade. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed significant thinning of the outer nuclear layer and disruption of the outer limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone in the area of hyperautofluorescence.
At that time we ruled out the diagnosis of toxoplasmic optic neuritis and, given the history, the findings of temporal scotoma without optic nerve involvement and the evidence of outer retinal alterations according to OCT and autofluorescence, we established the diagnosis of acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement syndrome (AIBSE), associated with chorioretinal manifestations. Treatment with prednisone 30 mg/day in decreasing doses was started and at the last follow-up, six months later, VA was 1 in both eyes, autofluorescence showed a smaller size of the hyperautofluorescence area and OCT showed a recovery of the outer retinal structure. The visual field had also improved, although there was still an increase in the blind spot and an inferior scotoma.
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A 47-year-old man with no personal history of interest arrived at the Emergency Department in medical transport, unaccompanied. He presented with acute confusional syndrome accompanied by a fever of 38oC, and it was not possible to establish a chronology of symptoms due to the patient's neurological condition. In the neurological examination, the patient's gaze was notable, with nystagmus to the right and inability to look to the left, as well as mid mydriatic, hyper-reactive pupils, without meningismus, and without signs of intracranial hypertension, with indifferent cutaneous-plantar reflex, and without other alterations of interest. In the rest of the physical examination, cardiorespiratory, abdominal and limb examination, there were no significant alterations at the time of the initial assessment. In view of the suspected central nervous system infection, empirical antibiotic treatment was started with ceftriaxone 2g every 24 hours and acyclovir 800 mg every 8 hours.
Urgent laboratory tests requested on the patient's arrival at the emergency department showed leukocytosis of 21,650 cells/μL with 80% neutrophilia, with normality of the other two series of the haemogram. Biochemistry showed a random glycaemia of 169 mg/dL, with normal renal function and normal ions, as well as CRP 2.5 mg/dL. Coagulation without alterations. Venous blood gases showed pH 7.31, pCO2 36 mmHg, pO2 67 mmHg, HCO3 18.1 mEq/L, and lactate 5.2 mmol/L. Blood, urine and gastric juice were negative for toxins. A cranial CT scan was performed, where no significant alterations were detected.
With these results, a lumbar puncture was performed, with clear cerebrospinal fluid, normal pressure, with the following data in the cytochemistry: protein 133 mg/dL, glucose 77 mg/dL, leukocytes 77 with 94% mononuclear, 3 red blood cells. While still in the ED, the patient's general condition worsened abruptly and he was transferred to the Critical Care Unit, where he suffered a partial tonic-clonic seizure in the left upper limb with secondary generalisation, which subsided after administration of 10 mg of intravenous diazepam. After the coma episode, in a coma with post-critical state, he presented 6 points on the Glasgow scale and it was decided to intubate him orotracheally, connect him to mechanical ventilation and admit him to the ICU, where he also required vasoactive drugs due to haemodynamic instability (systolic blood pressure 80 mmHg).
During his stay in the ICU, the patient regained haemodynamic stability with the use of noradrenaline, tolerating its progressive withdrawal until it was discontinued. Similarly, there was a progressive improvement in the level of consciousness, which allowed mechanical ventilation to be withdrawn and extubation, with progressive improvement in cognitive level until Glasgow 15 was reached. The antibiotic regimen initiated in the ED was maintained and treatment with phenytoin was started.
Differential diagnosis
In a patient with acute confusional syndrome, motor focality and fever, the first diagnosis to consider, due to its severity and prognostic implications, is the existence of a central nervous system infection, fundamentally of the encephalitis type. In our environment, in immunocompetent patients, viral encephalitis is the most frequent cause, being secondary to enterovirus, and the one with the highest morbidity and mortality rate is infection by herpes simplex virus type 1, although other viral agents such as Toscana virus, varicella-zoster virus, etc. cannot be ruled out. There are other notable causes of meningoencephalitis with clear fluid, such as bacterial (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Treponema pallidum, etc.) or fungal infections, or non-infectious causes such as paraneoplastic, secondary to drugs, venous thrombosis of subdural sinuses, or those associated with immune-mediated systemic diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, Behçet's disease, sarcoidosis, etc.) or vasculitis.
Evolution
Given the satisfactory evolution of the patient in the ICU, with no recurrence of seizure activity, he was transferred to the hospital ward of the Infectious Diseases Unit. The detailed neurological examination carried out at that time highlighted the existence of anisocoria, with mydriatic right pupil, scarcely reactive to light and moderately reactive to accommodation, with the rest of the cranial nerves normal; a certain 2/5 paresis of the extensor muscles of the right hand persisted, with the supinator of that side affected with preservation of the triceps and the right ulnar and median muscles being normal; osteotendinous reflexes alive; bilateral skin-plantar flexor reflex; somewhat diminished vibratory sensitivity in the ankles, moderate bilateral finger-nose dysmetry, as well as a moderately ataxic gait, with opening of the base of support, with tandem walking impossible without assistance; Romberg negative. The rest of the physical examination showed no alterations of interest.
During his stay on the ward, transthoracic echocardiography was requested, with no significant structural alterations or signs of infective endocarditis. Venous blood cultures taken on arrival at the emergency department were negative. A brain magnetic resonance imaging scan with leptomeningeal contrast uptake was also performed, without parenchymal alterations; the angio-resonance of the Willis polygon showed the existence of a 3-mm saccular aneurysm at the level of the left middle cerebral artery. The electroencephalographic study showed right temporal intermittent rhythmic theta focal activity. The microbiological study of cerebrospinal fluid requested in the emergency department was negative, both the usual culture and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, enterovirus and varicella-zoster virus.
In addition, serology was requested for syphilis with the following result: RPR 1/128, positive Ig G + Ig M syphilis, and positive FTAABS. In view of these findings, a new lumbar puncture was performed with persistence of hyperproteinorrachia and pleocytosis with predominance of mononuclear cells, negativity of new HSV PCR, and positive RPR detection in cerebrospinal fluid.
With the diagnosis of neurological disorders, given that the patient was allergic to penicillin and there was no option of desensitising therapy, treatment with ceftriaxone was maintained for 14 days, with marked clinical improvement in the patient, with pupillary normalisation, no residual paresis and no new seizures, which led to hospital discharge with close follow-up in the clinic to monitor the response to treatment.
Final diagnosis
Neurological: syphilitic meningitis versus meningovascular syphilis.
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"and",
"normal",
"ions",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"CRP",
"2",
".",
"5",
"mg",
"/",
"dL",
".",
"Coagulation",
"without",
"alterations",
".",
"Venous",
"blood",
"gases",
"showed",
"pH",
"7",
".",
"31",
",",
"pCO2",
"36",
"mmHg",
",",
"pO2",
"67",
"mmHg",
",",
"HCO3",
"18",
".",
"1",
"mEq",
"/",
"L",
",",
"and",
"lactate",
"5",
".",
"2",
"mmol",
"/",
"L",
".",
"Blood",
",",
"urine",
"and",
"gastric",
"juice",
"were",
"negative",
"for",
"toxins",
".",
"A",
"cranial",
"CT",
"scan",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"where",
"no",
"significant",
"alterations",
"were",
"detected",
".",
"With",
"these",
"results",
",",
"a",
"lumbar",
"puncture",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"with",
"clear",
"cerebrospinal",
"fluid",
",",
"normal",
"pressure",
",",
"with",
"the",
"following",
"data",
"in",
"the",
"cytochemistry",
":",
"protein",
"133",
"mg",
"/",
"dL",
",",
"glucose",
"77",
"mg",
"/",
"dL",
",",
"leukocytes",
"77",
"with",
"94",
"%",
"mononuclear",
",",
"3",
"red",
"blood",
"cells",
".",
"While",
"still",
"in",
"the",
"ED",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"general",
"condition",
"worsened",
"abruptly",
"and",
"he",
"was",
"transferred",
"to",
"the",
"Critical",
"Care",
"Unit",
",",
"where",
"he",
"suffered",
"a",
"partial",
"tonic-clonic",
"seizure",
"in",
"the",
"left",
"upper",
"limb",
"with",
"secondary",
"generalisation",
",",
"which",
"subsided",
"after",
"administration",
"of",
"10",
"mg",
"of",
"intravenous",
"diazepam",
".",
"After",
"the",
"coma",
"episode",
",",
"in",
"a",
"coma",
"with",
"post-critical",
"state",
",",
"he",
"presented",
"6",
"points",
"on",
"the",
"Glasgow",
"scale",
"and",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"intubate",
"him",
"orotracheally",
",",
"connect",
"him",
"to",
"mechanical",
"ventilation",
"and",
"admit",
"him",
"to",
"the",
"ICU",
",",
"where",
"he",
"also",
"required",
"vasoactive",
"drugs",
"due",
"to",
"haemodynamic",
"instability",
"(",
"systolic",
"blood",
"pressure",
"80",
"mmHg",
")",
".",
"During",
"his",
"stay",
"in",
"the",
"ICU",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"regained",
"haemodynamic",
"stability",
"with",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"noradrenaline",
",",
"tolerating",
"its",
"progressive",
"withdrawal",
"until",
"it",
"was",
"discontinued",
".",
"Similarly",
",",
"there",
"was",
"a",
"progressive",
"improvement",
"in",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"consciousness",
",",
"which",
"allowed",
"mechanical",
"ventilation",
"to",
"be",
"withdrawn",
"and",
"extubation",
",",
"with",
"progressive",
"improvement",
"in",
"cognitive",
"level",
"until",
"Glasgow",
"15",
"was",
"reached",
".",
"The",
"antibiotic",
"regimen",
"initiated",
"in",
"the",
"ED",
"was",
"maintained",
"and",
"treatment",
"with",
"phenytoin",
"was",
"started",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
"In",
"a",
"patient",
"with",
"acute",
"confusional",
"syndrome",
",",
"motor",
"focality",
"and",
"fever",
",",
"the",
"first",
"diagnosis",
"to",
"consider",
",",
"due",
"to",
"its",
"severity",
"and",
"prognostic",
"implications",
",",
"is",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"a",
"central",
"nervous",
"system",
"infection",
",",
"fundamentally",
"of",
"the",
"encephalitis",
"type",
".",
"In",
"our",
"environment",
",",
"in",
"immunocompetent",
"patients",
",",
"viral",
"encephalitis",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"frequent",
"cause",
",",
"being",
"secondary",
"to",
"enterovirus",
",",
"and",
"the",
"one",
"with",
"the",
"highest",
"morbidity",
"and",
"mortality",
"rate",
"is",
"infection",
"by",
"herpes",
"simplex",
"virus",
"type",
"1",
",",
"although",
"other",
"viral",
"agents",
"such",
"as",
"Toscana",
"virus",
",",
"varicella-zoster",
"virus",
",",
"etc",
".",
"cannot",
"be",
"ruled",
"out",
".",
"There",
"are",
"other",
"notable",
"causes",
"of",
"meningoencephalitis",
"with",
"clear",
"fluid",
",",
"such",
"as",
"bacterial",
"(",
"Mycobacterium",
"tuberculosis",
",",
"Treponema",
"pallidum",
",",
"etc",
".",
")",
"or",
"fungal",
"infections",
",",
"or",
"non-infectious",
"causes",
"such",
"as",
"paraneoplastic",
",",
"secondary",
"to",
"drugs",
",",
"venous",
"thrombosis",
"of",
"subdural",
"sinuses",
",",
"or",
"those",
"associated",
"with",
"immune-mediated",
"systemic",
"diseases",
"(",
"systemic",
"lupus",
"erythematosus",
",",
"Behçet",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
",",
"sarcoidosis",
",",
"etc",
".",
")",
"or",
"vasculitis",
".",
"Evolution",
"Given",
"the",
"satisfactory",
"evolution",
"of",
"the",
"patient",
"in",
"the",
"ICU",
",",
"with",
"no",
"recurrence",
"of",
"seizure",
"activity",
",",
"he",
"was",
"transferred",
"to",
"the",
"hospital",
"ward",
"of",
"the",
"Infectious",
"Diseases",
"Unit",
".",
"The",
"detailed",
"neurological",
"examination",
"carried",
"out",
"at",
"that",
"time",
"highlighted",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"anisocoria",
",",
"with",
"mydriatic",
"right",
"pupil",
",",
"scarcely",
"reactive",
"to",
"light",
"and",
"moderately",
"reactive",
"to",
"accommodation",
",",
"with",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"cranial",
"nerves",
"normal",
";",
"a",
"certain",
"2",
"/",
"5",
"paresis",
"of",
"the",
"extensor",
"muscles",
"of",
"the",
"right",
"hand",
"persisted",
",",
"with",
"the",
"supinator",
"of",
"that",
"side",
"affected",
"with",
"preservation",
"of",
"the",
"triceps",
"and",
"the",
"right",
"ulnar",
"and",
"median",
"muscles",
"being",
"normal",
";",
"osteotendinous",
"reflexes",
"alive",
";",
"bilateral",
"skin-plantar",
"flexor",
"reflex",
";",
"somewhat",
"diminished",
"vibratory",
"sensitivity",
"in",
"the",
"ankles",
",",
"moderate",
"bilateral",
"finger-nose",
"dysmetry",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"a",
"moderately",
"ataxic",
"gait",
",",
"with",
"opening",
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"the",
"base",
"of",
"support",
",",
"with",
"tandem",
"walking",
"impossible",
"without",
"assistance",
";",
"Romberg",
"negative",
".",
"The",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"physical",
"examination",
"showed",
"no",
"alterations",
"of",
"interest",
".",
"During",
"his",
"stay",
"on",
"the",
"ward",
",",
"transthoracic",
"echocardiography",
"was",
"requested",
",",
"with",
"no",
"significant",
"structural",
"alterations",
"or",
"signs",
"of",
"infective",
"endocarditis",
".",
"Venous",
"blood",
"cultures",
"taken",
"on",
"arrival",
"at",
"the",
"emergency",
"department",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"A",
"brain",
"magnetic",
"resonance",
"imaging",
"scan",
"with",
"leptomeningeal",
"contrast",
"uptake",
"was",
"also",
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",",
"without",
"parenchymal",
"alterations",
";",
"the",
"angio-resonance",
"of",
"the",
"Willis",
"polygon",
"showed",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"a",
"3-mm",
"saccular",
"aneurysm",
"at",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"the",
"left",
"middle",
"cerebral",
"artery",
".",
"The",
"electroencephalographic",
"study",
"showed",
"right",
"temporal",
"intermittent",
"rhythmic",
"theta",
"focal",
"activity",
".",
"The",
"microbiological",
"study",
"of",
"cerebrospinal",
"fluid",
"requested",
"in",
"the",
"emergency",
"department",
"was",
"negative",
",",
"both",
"the",
"usual",
"culture",
"and",
"the",
"polymerase",
"chain",
"reaction",
"(",
"PCR",
")",
"for",
"herpes",
"simplex",
"virus",
"(",
"HSV",
")",
"1",
"and",
"2",
",",
"enterovirus",
"and",
"varicella-zoster",
"virus",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"serology",
"was",
"requested",
"for",
"syphilis",
"with",
"the",
"following",
"result",
":",
"RPR",
"1",
"/",
"128",
",",
"positive",
"Ig",
"G",
"+",
"Ig",
"M",
"syphilis",
",",
"and",
"positive",
"FTAABS",
".",
"In",
"view",
"of",
"these",
"findings",
",",
"a",
"new",
"lumbar",
"puncture",
"was",
"performed",
"with",
"persistence",
"of",
"hyperproteinorrachia",
"and",
"pleocytosis",
"with",
"predominance",
"of",
"mononuclear",
"cells",
",",
"negativity",
"of",
"new",
"HSV",
"PCR",
",",
"and",
"positive",
"RPR",
"detection",
"in",
"cerebrospinal",
"fluid",
".",
"With",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"neurological",
"disorders",
",",
"given",
"that",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"allergic",
"to",
"penicillin",
"and",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"option",
"of",
"desensitising",
"therapy",
",",
"treatment",
"with",
"ceftriaxone",
"was",
"maintained",
"for",
"14",
"days",
",",
"with",
"marked",
"clinical",
"improvement",
"in",
"the",
"patient",
",",
"with",
"pupillary",
"normalisation",
",",
"no",
"residual",
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"no",
"new",
"seizures",
",",
"which",
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"discharge",
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"close",
"follow-up",
"in",
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"clinic",
"to",
"monitor",
"the",
"response",
"to",
"treatment",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Neurological",
":",
"syphilitic",
"meningitis",
"versus",
"meningovascular",
"syphilis",
"."
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Anamnesis
A 74-year-old woman, hypertensive, dyslipidaemic and with chronic heart failure, on treatment with amlodipine, enalapril and lovastatin; she came to the neurology department for a progressive clinical picture of two months' evolution, consisting of occasional episodes of disconnection from the environment with "jerking" movements in the left upper limb lasting seconds. Family members also reported memory lapses, delusions and visual and auditory hallucinations. There was no fever or other accompanying symptoms. In view of the rapid clinical evolution, hospital admission was scheduled. Physical examination The systemic examination was normal. Blood pressure and heart rate were good.
Neurological examination: the patient was conscious, spatially disoriented. Inattentive. She had fixation and short-term memory deficits. She could name and repeat well, but failed to understand simple commands. Calculation was preserved. Isolated spontaneous left arm myoclonus at rest. Cranial nerves, strength, sensation, coordination, standing and walking were normal.
Complementary tests
- Blood count and coagulation: normal. Biochemistry: sodium 123, osm 243, ammonium normal, TSH 7.42, T3 and T4 normal, all other parameters were normal. Antinuclear antibodies, RF, erythrocyte sedimentation rate normal. Mirror oligoclonal bands, electrophoresis, B12 and folic acid were normal. Serology for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C virus, syphilis and Borrelia negative.
- Electrocardiogram normal.
- Chest X-ray: vascular redistribution pattern compatible with chronic heart failure.
- Cerebrospinal fluid: 25 leucocytes (lymphocytes), normal glucorrachia and proteinorrachia. No microorganisms were observed in the gram. Neurotropos virus PCR negative. ADA negative. Cytology showed chronic inflammation.
- Electroencephalogram: pseudoperiodic polymorphic slow potential bursts accompanied by suppression of brain activity in the right hemisphere.
- Cranial computed tomography (CT): no pathological findings.
- Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (at baseline): normal. Cranial MRI (one month after admission): extensive hyperintense lesion in FLAIR and T2, affecting the right temporal and occipital lobe of cortical predominance with involvement of the hippocampus, which showed diffusion restriction. Cranial MRI, FLAIR sequence: extensive hyperintense lesion affecting the right temporal and occipital lobe, cortical predominance. Cranial MRI, diffusion sequence (DWI): signal restriction in the right parietal lobe.
- Body computed tomography (CT): thyroid nodule, with no other relevant findings.
- Thyroid ultrasound: thyroid nodule of benign appearance. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the thyroid: ruled out malignancy. She was assessed in the Endocrinology Department and started treatment with levothyroxine for subclinical hypothyroidism.
- Negative antithyroid antibodies. Negative antineuronal antibodies (during admission). Anti-LGI1 positive (received one year after admission).
Diagnosis
Limbic encephalitis due to anti-LGI1 antibodies.
Treatment and evolution
On the day of admission, the patient presented a picture of disconnection from the environment with ocular clonus, oral automatisms, cephalic and trunk version to the left, guttural noises and fluctuating paresis of the left upper limb, lasting about two minutes, compatible with a partial seizure, for which treatment with phenytoin was started. These epileptic seizures recurred, affecting the level of consciousness, and he was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit with a diagnosis of status epilepticus.
After 24 hours, there was a partial improvement in the level of consciousness and she was admitted to the neurology ward. With a suspected diagnosis of probable subacute-chronic encephalitis, treatment was started with methylprednisolone 1 g/24 h i.v., which was maintained for five days and a subsequent tapering course of steroids. Acyclovir i.v. was added (80 mg/8 h). (80 mg/8 h) and phenytoin 100 mg/8 h was maintained. The second cranial MRI confirmed temporal lobe involvement suggestive of limbic encephalitis, which had not been seen in the MRI performed on admission, so screening was performed to rule out infectious, systemic or tumour disease, which was negative. The patient had a torpid evolution and remained in hospital for three months. She presented significant fluctuations in the level of consciousness, sensory motor deficit in the left hemibody and epileptic seizures that required adjustment of antiepileptic treatment on several occasions (levetiracetam, clonazepam, carbamazepine, phenytoin). Hyponatraemia was also corrected. At discharge, the patient was alert, oriented in time and space, with coherent and better structured speech than on admission, but recent memory lapses persisted, a left hemiparesis (4+/5), with left hemihypoaesthesia and left homonymous hemianopsia. MMSE at discharge 28.
The patient has been attending Neurology consultations regularly since then. Approximately one year after admission, the results of the onconeuronal antibodies sent to the Centre of Paraneoplastic Disorders of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) were received, detecting positivity for anti-LGI1 antibodies in our patient's serum. Since then, two years have passed, during which time the patient has been seen in neurology consultations, has experienced progressive improvement, and has not presented epileptic seizures again, although the memory lapses and left hemiparesis persist. No tumour lesion has been detected to date.
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A 76-year-old man with a history of type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and chronic renal failure. The patient came to the emergency department of our centre with general malaise, nausea, vomiting and episodes of profuse sweating without chest pain. Five days earlier he had been discharged from hospital after two stents had been placed for ischaemic heart disease. He was admitted with leukocytosis with left shift, acute renal failure, normochromic normocytic anaemia and a CRP of 112mg/L. The electrocardiogram showed complete right bundle branch block and second-degree atrioventricular block. During the first days of admission to the ICU he was afebrile, with rising leukocytosis without clear focus, and showing some episodes of temporospatial disorientation with psychomotor agitation. Treatment with piperacillin/tazobactam was started and a cranial CT scan was performed showing a small occipital subarachnoid haemorrhage. On the sixth day of admission, the patient presented fever over 38oC, with tachypnoea and increased respiratory work with severe metabolic acidosis, accompanied by a deterioration in the level of consciousness. A chest CT scan showed bilateral pleural effusion. Urine, bronchial aspirate and blood samples were collected for culture. The following day the microbiology laboratory reported that two blood cultures grew gram-positive cocci in clusters which were later identified as non-beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus lugdunensis. Following this result, antibiotic treatment was adjusted according to the antibiogram to cloxacillin and gentamicin. A transesophageal echocardiogram was performed, showing two vegetations on the atrial side of the mitral valve, one in the septal leaflet measuring 12 x 12 mm and the other in the posterior leaflet measuring 13 x 12 mm, indicating moderate mitral insufficiency. Surgery for valve replacement was considered, but the patient died before surgery could be performed. The patient was diagnosed with mitral endocarditis on native valve.
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{
"text": "gram-positive cocci in clusters",
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{
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] | en |
Male patient, white, 34 years old, with positive serology for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) since 2004, classified as AIDS in 2006 when he was diagnosed with pulmonary TB by smear microscopy. At the time, he was treated with the conventional treatment regimen (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) according to the National Tuberculosis Control Programme in Cuba, with adequate adherence. Subsequently, once treatment was completed, he was discharged, asymptomatic, with a favourable evolution and total cure. Since that year, he started antiretroviral therapy with stavudine/lamivudine/abacavir, which he maintained until 2012, when he switched to abacavir/lamivudine/lopinavir/ritonavir due to treatment failure.
In June 2014, he was admitted to the IPK Hospital, reporting fever of about two months' duration, intermittent, in the evening, accompanied by profuse sweating and significant weight loss. In addition, from the onset of fever, the patient had dysuria and was given several antibiotics (sulfaprim, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin) with no response to treatment. One week prior to admission, the patient reported passing ̈gas during urination ̈ and ̈orin from the rectum ̈.
During his admission, the described features of fever were noted, in addition to the presence of a recto-vesical fistula. Physical examination of the skin revealed an ulcerated lesion on the anterior left hemithorax, 3 mm in size, with drainage of purulent discharge about two months earlier.
The patient's wife had been hospitalised at the IPK since the same date for gynaecological manifestations. The wife died of disseminated mycobacteriosis as the main cause of death.
The patient underwent complementary studies on admission.
Imaging
Abdominal ultrasound: small periaortic and peripancreatic lymphadenopathies were observed, the largest measuring 18 x 13 mm. In addition, bladder with cellularity at the level of the bladder floor, irregular wall with thickening of 8.7 mm in an extension of 40 mm.
Computed axial tomography of the abdomen: bladder with irregular lower contour with a defect of fullness with a vegetating aspect.
X-ray of the pelvis: fracture line of the left lamina of L5.
Chest X-ray: no pleuropulmonary alterations.
Molecular testing
Molecular detection of M. tuberculosis in urine: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from three morning urines of the patient according to the methodology described by Sechi et al. Subsequently, PCR was performed using the M. tuberculosis IS 6110 insertion sequence.6
Bacteriological culture
Culture of acid-fast bacilli from skin lesions in Lowenstein-Jensen medium: identification of M. tuberculosis with coding.
With these elements, in July 2014, treatment for extrapulmonary TB (TBGU) was initiated. In addition, a change of antiretroviral treatment with truvada/efavirenz was performed.
In September 2014, the patient was re-evaluated and found to be afebrile, denying urinary symptoms, no urine expulsion from the rectum or discharge from the skin, with weight gain and a favourable clinical course. He continues with the first phase of anti-TB treatment.
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] | en |
Lactande of 9 months, with no PA of interest or previous admissions, was admitted after presenting with repeated persistent vomiting, with significant weakness, pallor and hypotonia. After admission, blood tests were performed, serum therapy and an absolute diet were administered, and the patient improved dramatically in the first few hours. The blood test showed metabolic acidosis with no signs of infection. Everything returned to normal in the first 12 hours, with no new symptoms. Three weeks later, she was admitted again for a similar condition, with the same evolution. In this second episode, the mother related the vomiting to food. On both occasions she had eaten panga uns 2-3 hours earlier.
Specific IgE was performed for the most common food allergens at this age, and was negative for fish and positive for other foods.
Months after the second admission, it was decided to perform a provocation test with panga, which was positive.
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HISTORY, CURRENT ILLNESS AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Male, 53 years old. No known drug allergies.
Family history
Mother died suddenly at the age of 72. Maternal uncle died in operating theatre during anaesthetic induction.
Cardiovascular risk factors
Smoker of about 30 pack-years
Non-drinker
No hypertension, DM or LD
No known cardiological history
Other: reactive depression
Treatments: omeprazole and deprax
Current illness
53-year-old patient who consults for syncope. First syncope 18 months ago, when she consulted this centre, but requested voluntary discharge before the aetiology could be studied. Repeated another 6 times, with prodromes - loss of consciousness - rapid recovery. One of them at rest.
Physical examination
COC.
Afebrile.
A: 100/60.
HR: 55 bpm.
BEG.
NHNC.
Normal PC.
Arterial pulse bisferiens.
Cardiac auscultation: RsCsRs with systolic murmur III/VI with preserved s2 in aortic focus irradiated to the rest of foci. Decrease in murmur until it disappeared with squatting.
Pulmonary auscultation: preserved vesicular murmur.
Soft, non-painful abdomen with no masses or megaliths.
Positive radial and pedial arterial pulses, bilateral and symmetrical.
COMPLEMENTARY TESTS
Blood count, biochemistry and coagulation: no alterations. Chest X-ray: cardiothoracic index normal, without condensation or signs of heart failure.
ECG: sinus rhythm with LV enlargement and signs of overload. Transthoracic echocardiogram: LA moderately dilated (33 cm2 and 4.5 cm). LV with severe hypertrophy of septal predominance (23 mm), not dilated, with preserved systolic function. Mitral SAM. LVOT obstruction with maximum gradient 111 mmHg, baseline. Severe eccentric MI. Telemetry during hospitalisation: no rhythm alterations.
EVOLUTION
Patient admitted to Cardiology for syncope under study. Auscultation revealed a murmur that decreased with manoeuvres that increased ventricular volume (increased afterload with squatting) and an ECG with criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy and a bisferiens arterial pulse, for which he was admitted with the suspicion of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This suspicion was confirmed by echocardiography, which revealed atrial dilatation and obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract. The patient was monitored with telemetry from admission, and no arrhythmic events were observed. In accordance with the new guidelines on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the risk of sudden death at 5 years was calculated, with a result of more than 6%, and therefore the implantation of a defibrillator was recommended. Consent was obtained both for ICD implantation and for blood extraction for genetic study, and a family study of the index case was begun.
DIAGNOSIS
Index case obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Secondary syncope.
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Anamnesis
A 55-year-old man attended the Internal Medicine outpatient clinic in May 2013 for general malaise and a feeling of chest tightness. His personal history of interest included type 2 diabetes mellitus being treated with oral antidiabetics, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, smoker of 80 packs/year. Independent in activities of daily living, working in a butcher's shop.
Physical examination
He was in good general condition with PS-ECOG 1, with an unremarkable physical examination.
Complementary tests
Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis with deviation to the left, with the rest of the values being unremarkable and tumour markers within normal limits. The chest X-ray showed upper mediastinal widening with increased density in the retrotracheal area, and a CT scan was performed showing a mass / lymphadenopathy with heterogeneous uptake at the level of the right paramediastinum in the upper lobe, 6cm in diameter, contacting the right posterolateral wall of the trachea and the lateral wall of the oesophagus, with probable infiltration of both.
Subcentimetric right upper right paratracheal and retrotracheal subcentimetric adenopathies.
Completing the study with PET-CT, malignant pulmonary neoformation was confirmed in the right upper lobe with mediastinal infiltration without other signs of extension.
The pathological anatomy was compatible with adenocarcinoma (EGFR -, ALK-).
Diagnosis
It was a T4N1MO, EIIIA, EGFRwt and ALK-rearranged adenocarcinoma of the lung.
Treatment
Between June and September 2013 he received treatment with chemotherapy (CDDP 75 mg/m2 iv d1 + oral Navelbine 60mg/m2 vo d1 and 8 every 21 days) and concomitant radiotherapy, with partial radiological response. In October 2014, he presented with disease progression due to an increase in the size of the lung mass in the right upper lobe (LSD), treated with chemotherapy with Carboplatin AUC5 iv d1 + Paclitaxel 175mg/m2 iv d1 every 21 days x 3 cycles, followed by re-irradiation of the primary tumour, which ended in January 2015 with disease stability. In May 2015, disease progression was observed at the local and medistinal lymph node level, with an increase in the size of the lesions and hypermetabolism on PET-CT. The patient reported intense asthenia and generalised osteoarticular pain that limited his daily activity. He started third-line treatment with Nivolumab 3mg/kg every 14 days. He showed rapid clinical improvement and radiological stability of the tumour lesions, with complete metabolic response on PET-CT after the 5th cycle of treatment.
Evolution
In April 2016, after 18 cycles of Nivolumab, the patient reported recurrence of asthenia, together with progressive dyspnoea of several days' evolution until it became moderate exertion and a dry, non-productive cough. Physical examination was unremarkable.
A CT scan was performed which showed persistence of the lung mass in the LSD, with signs of mediastinal invasion and encasement of the right main bronchus. It was associated with peripheral subpleural and minimally peribronchial condensations limited by cystole plus the presence of multiple bilateral nodular images in ground glass, with inverse halo sign in the context of organising pneumonia. Significant hilar and mediastinal adenopathic growth was seen. Given the context of the patient, these findings could correspond to atypical presentation of mediastinal lung and lymph node disease vs. changes secondary to pulmonary toxicity due to QT. Assess the infectious environment.
In addition, in view of the CT findings, it was decided to perform fibrobronchoscopy, with a right tree with complete occlusion of the apical segment of the upper lobe bronchus and almost complete occlusion of the other segment, due to intense mucosal oedema. The study was completed with bronchoalveolar lavage of the upper lobar bronchus, obtaining negative cytology results for malignant cells, negative PCR M. Tuberculosis and B.A.A.R and no growth in bacteriological culture and fungal culture.
After the results of the complementary tests, without finding an evident infectious process and with suspicion of anti-PD1 as the cause of the pulmonary pathology, it was decided to suspend Nivolumab and start Dexamethasone 12mg/day, in a descending pattern.
Clinically, therefore, it was a grade 2 pneumonitis, and the patient was symptomatic and did not require oxygen therapy.
The patient rapidly improved clinically, with a decrease in asthenia and disappearance of the respiratory symptoms, and remained asymptomatic.
A re-evaluation CT scan was performed one month later, showing minimal residual subpleural and peribronchial condensation in LSD with significant reduction with respect to the previous study, plus disappearance of the nodular lesions in ground-glass appearance with inverse halo sign. No significant changes were seen in the lung mass. Significant radiological improvement due to complete disappearance of bilateral pseudonodular images and subtotal disappearance of subpleural and peribronchial condensations in LSD.
Due to the fact that it was grade 2 pneumonitis with complete resolution after treatment and the good response of the tumour disease that was being obtained with Nivolumab, it was decided to reintroduce it again, thus scheduling the 19th cycle of treatment.
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"6cm",
"in",
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"the",
"oesophagus",
",",
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".",
"Subcentimetric",
"right",
"upper",
"right",
"paratracheal",
"and",
"retrotracheal",
"subcentimetric",
"adenopathies",
".",
"Completing",
"the",
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",",
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"was",
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"lobe",
"with",
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"infiltration",
"without",
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"signs",
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"extension",
".",
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"(",
"EGFR",
"-",
",",
"ALK",
"-",
")",
".",
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"EIIIA",
",",
"EGFRwt",
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"/",
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")",
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"concomitant",
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",",
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".",
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",",
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"to",
"an",
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"lung",
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"lobe",
"(",
"LSD",
")",
",",
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"with",
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"AUC5",
"iv",
"d1",
"+",
"Paclitaxel",
"175mg",
"/",
"m2",
"iv",
"d1",
"every",
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"days",
"x",
"3",
"cycles",
",",
"followed",
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"re-irradiation",
"of",
"the",
"primary",
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",",
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"2015",
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".",
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"2015",
",",
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"level",
",",
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"hypermetabolism",
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"PET-CT",
".",
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"generalised",
"osteoarticular",
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"activity",
".",
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"treatment",
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"3mg",
"/",
"kg",
"every",
"14",
"days",
".",
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"improvement",
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"radiological",
"stability",
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"non-productive",
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"mediastinal",
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".",
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"subpleural",
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A 73-year-old man with a history of hyperuricaemia and depression, who in April 2017, and without previous trauma, presented with coccygeal pain radiating to the lower limbs of progressive intensity, leading to several visits to the emergency department.
She visited the internal medicine department in September 2017 due to a 10kg weight loss, hyporexia and occasional profuse sweating associated with the described low back pain, with normal initial EF.
Analytically, renal function, ionogram, liver and thyroid profile, proteinogram, haemogram and coagulation were normal, with negative tumour markers except for slightly elevated Cyfra 21.1 and negative serology for HIV and hepatotropic viruses. Basic radiological studies (chest and spine) were normal.
The weight loss progressed, so the study was completed with MRI of the dorsal and lumbar spine, bone scintigraphy and abdominal thoracic CT scan, all of which were normal.
One month later, the patient's clinical condition worsened, reporting intense asthenia and difficulty standing upright, and a PET-CT scan was performed, showing inflammatory uptake in the rectal-anal mucosa. Over the course of 10 days he developed an associated high fever. On ET, BP 107/64 mmHg, HR 100 bpm and Ta38.3o, requiring admission. Laboratory tests showed elevated acute phase reactants (CRP 330.55 mg/L, ESR 61 mm/h, leukocytosis 23200/Ul), macrocytic anaemia, hypolipidaemia, CK 1090 U/L and impaired renal function. The control chest-abdomen CT scan showed oedematisation of the subcutaneous cellular tissue at perineal and scrotal level, peri-regional air dissection and inflammatory changes in the inguinal canal, extraperitoneal pelvis and gluteal region.
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] | en |
A 74-year-old man from Wuhan presented with fever (38 C), dry cough and fatigue. A CT scan of the lungs showed ground-glass changes. A pharyngeal swab was positive for COVID-19 nucleic acid. Treatment consisted of hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, thymosin and methylprednisolone. On day 12 after admission, a rash appeared. On physical examination, the patient showed diffuse, irregular and partially confluent wheals all over the body. The patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia and secondary urticaria of undetermined origin.
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] | en |
A 53-year-old man with no medical or psychiatric history presented to the emergency department following an apparent suicide attempt by ingesting an unknown amount of bleach from a bottle. On initial examination, he was conscious and oriented, although uncooperative due to epigastric pain. He refused to answer most of the primary care team's questions. Examination of the mouth revealed abrasion of the right lower lip, with no oropharyngeal lesions. The wife, who accompanied him, stated that she was puzzled by her husband's action. The wife reported that her husband had been "in good health, normal, happy and had never done anything like this before". She also stated that he had not complained of fever, cough or had any recent illness. She did not know why her husband might have ingested bleach. The patient was uncooperative during the psychiatric interview because of his apparent cultural stigma. He repeated that "I don't need any shrink; I am not crazy". The urine toxicology screen was negative. Our initial recommendation was psychiatric hospitalisation after medical clearance. While in the emergency room, he developed fever (temperature: 38.7 oC), tachycardia (pulse: 120 bpm) and increased transaminases and urea nitrogen. Chest X-ray revealed an opacity in the upper lobe of the right lung, indicative of possible COVID-19 pneumonia. The patient was transferred to the hospital ward for treatment. Treatment was started with 1000 mg ceftriaxone i.v. daily, 250 mg azithromycin orally daily and 200 mg hydroxychloroquine orally twice daily. For the next 5 days he remained uncooperative, refused meals and reported lack of appetite; he also refused i.v. medication on occasion. The nursing staff noted that the patient was "singing to himself" but could be given verbal cues. He denied planning or attempting suicide. Infection with coronavirus acute respiratory distress syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR from nasopharyngeal swab. There were no focal neurological deficits or apparent cognitive impairment. On day 6 of hospitalisation a Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test was performed. The patient scored 26 out of 30; he lost one point on the visuospatial test, one point for not naming the rhinoceros, one point on the 7 by 7 subtraction and one point on the delayed recall. A total of 3 doses of 5 mg of intramuscular olanzapine were administered intermittently, to manage the patient's nervousness, on days 3, 7 and 8. On day 6 of hospitalisation, he presented hypoxaemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19. He also presented chills and continued with hyperthermia. He began to improve on day 10 of hospitalisation, with less need for oxygen therapy, and was more cooperative during examinations. On the 12th day of hospitalisation, a non-contrast cranial CT scan was performed, with irrelevant results. No lumbar puncture was performed. On the 12th day of hospitalisation he was able to discuss his auditory hallucinations in detail. He reported that his initial symptom was an auditory hallucination in the form of a repeated command by a single unrecognisable voice, which started one day before his bleach ingestion. He was unsure of the sex of the voice, but noted that it sounded "demonic" and that he heard it externally. The voice initially told him to "jump off the bridge" and then "go to the kitchen and drink bleach". He reported feeling confused and terrified. He explained that, in the end, he ingested bleach not to commit suicide, but because "the voice was getting louder and louder and more insistent". He denied having suffered from auditory hallucinations in the past, as well as the repetition of the hallucinations during hospitalisation. He also denied having used drugs, alcohol or tobacco. He denied having had suicidal thoughts or attempts, currently or in the past. He was aware of future goals and situations and was affectively reactive. He denied past or current symptoms of mood or anxiety disturbances. Since the implementation of the confinement directives, he reported that he had been able to continue his work as an office worker; his wife, a school teacher, and his 21-year-old son, a web developer, also worked from home. Prior to hospitalisation, he had experienced some distress about COVID-19, but said he felt fortunate to be able to be at home and tried to "keep his mind and body busy". He denied having acute stressors in his personal relationships, work or financial situation. The patient's anamnesis and the absence of previous psychiatric illnesses was confirmed by information obtained from his wife and general practitioner. The psychiatric team authorised his discharge to a sub-acute rehabilitation centre. The diagnostic impression at discharge was psychotic disorder associated with another medical process.
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{
"text": "SARS-CoV-2",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 1906,
"end": 1916
},
{
"text": "wife",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 458,
"end": 462
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{
"text": "wife",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 542,
"end": 546
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{
"text": "wife",
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"end": 4128
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{
"text": "wife",
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{
"text": "son",
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"end": 4171
}
] | en |
Anamnesis
A 70-year-old man with a history of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the rectum, on treatment with FOLFOX-cetuximab for 3 months. No known diabetic or other history of interest. He had been admitted for treatment of obstructive atelectasis of metastatic origin and had been receiving oral corticosteroids since admission to control dyspnoea.
Physical examination
During his stay the patient developed a blackish papule with erythematous-violaceous halo on the left lower limb, with no other skin lesions. The lesion rapidly progressed to a necrotic plaque 4 cm in diameter, very painful, with irregular borders and a large homogeneous purpuric halo. No clear cutaneous entry site was found. It could only be related to a urine collection bag that the patient had carried on the limb, close to the initial skin lesion. There were no systemic symptoms either.
Complementary examinations
Several laboratory tests were carried out and showed no significant alterations. A deep biopsy of the ulcer revealed foci of ischaemic necrosis and numerous fungal emboli invading the vascular walls and underlying tissue. The fungus was a fungus with unseptoriated hyphae, later identified as Rhizopus oryzae.
Diagnosis
Having ruled out distant involvement, the diagnosis of primary cutaneous mucormycosis was established.
Treatment and course
Treatment was started with intravenous liposomal amphotericin B, with favourable evolution until hospital discharge, followed by oral Posaconazole until review in one month. Surgical debridement of the lesion with skin grafting was also necessary.
| [
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10-year-old girl diagnosed in another centre with nut allergy after mild peanut anaphylaxis. She follows a diet free of all nuts with no reactions.
March 2017: eating chicken curry, she developed immediate severe anaphylaxis, requiring urgent transfer to hospital. Allergological study after the reaction: positive skin tests (CT) for nuts, legumes and spices, all of which were removed from the diet.
January 2018: Allergological study at our centre to determine the food involved (skin tests, determination of specific IgE and SDS-PAGE.
Negative commercial spice battery, Prick by Prick peanut (13 mm), Curry powder (18.5 mm). Prick by prick with curry components less than histamine except fenugreek (23 mm). IgE Peanut > 100 kU/L, Curry 35.2 kU/L, Fenugreek 45 kU/L, Ara h 1> 100 KU/L, Ara h 2 >100 kU/L, Ara h 3 36 KU/L
SDS-PAGE: banding pattern according to that described in the different studies for peanut. Curry and fenugreek extracts (grain and ground) show similar bands: 22,28 and 50 kDa (coinciding with some of those observed in peanut).
Inhibition study with peanut and fenugreek extracts in solid phase: peanut completely inhibits IgE binding of curry and fenugreek extracts.
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This is a Spanish patient, a doctor by profession, who consulted for fever after returning from a trip to Ethiopia. Her personal history included smoking 10 cigarettes/day, and two episodes of acute pyelonephritis several years earlier. Prior to this trip, she had been to Nepal on two occasions (2 and 3 years earlier), both of which had been uneventful.
Forty days before the date of the first consultation, he had returned from a scheduled guided tour of Ethiopia with 13 other hikers of various nationalities. They visited mainly rural areas, hiking in the Simiens Mountains in the Gondar area in the north of the country. Risky activities during the trip included consumption of unbottled water and local dairy products, walking barefoot in the terrain, contact with animals (goats, cows and dogs) and bathing in local rivers and pools. The patient attended the International Vaccination consultation one month before the trip. She had undergone malaria chemoprophylaxis with atovaquone-proguanil and was already correctly vaccinated against HAV, HBV, tetanus, typhoid fever and yellow fever from previous trips.
A week after returning from this trip, she began with a dry cough, fever up to 39.5oC, chills and generalised arthromyalgia, which she treated with paracetamol, ibuprofen and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for 6 days, with temporary disappearance of the symptoms. Subsequently, she again presented with high fever, headache and intense asthenia. In the last few days he also began to experience crampy abdominal pain and pasty stools with no pathological products. Between the two febrile periods he presented pruritic papules on both lower limbs that disappeared spontaneously in a few days.
Physical examination showed a good general condition, with BP 110/60mmHg, normal colour and eupnoea. There were no palpable lymph nodes or skin lesions. Cardiorespiratory auscultation was normal, and the abdomen showed mild generalised hypersensitivity to deep palpation, with no visceromegaly. The rest of the examination was strictly normal.
On the first visit, the following complementary examinations were requested:
- Haemogram: Leukocytes 7,810 (57% neutrophils, 23% lymphocytes, 16% eosinophils -1,250 Eos/mm3); Hb 13.8 mg/dL; Ht 41.9%; MCH 25.3; MCV 77; Platelets 200,000/mm3.
- Biochemistry: ALT 56 IU/L, AST 32 Ul/L, GGT 96 Ul/L, FA 116 IU/L, C-reactive protein (CRP) 14.1 mg/dL, Ig E 67 mg/dL.
- Coagulation and urine sediment: normal.
- Blood smear, rapid diagnostic test and PCR for malaria: negative.
- Study of parasites in urine and faeces with concentration techniques: negative.
- Blood cultures: negative.
- Chest and abdominal X-ray: no alterations.
- Abdominal ultrasound: no alterations.
Differential diagnosis
In summary, the patient was a 46-year-old woman, with no relevant previous illnesses, who consulted for a prolonged fever, dry cough, generalised arthromyalgia and abdominal pain one week after returning from a trip to Ethiopia where she had undertaken various risky activities (drinking unbottled water, bathing in local rivers, etc.). She had taken antimalarial prophylaxis and had been correctly vaccinated. In the general laboratory tests, the only notable findings were the presence of peripheral eosinophilia and a slight elevation of liver tests. The differential diagnosis in this patient should be based on fever after returning from a tropical region and eosinophilia.
Initial microbiological studies were negative, as were the imaging tests ordered. The clinical picture of this patient is rather unspecific, although it suggests an infectious aetiology. In this regard, her epidemiological history and eosinophilia suggest a parasitic infection.
Fever is one of the main reasons for consultation after travelling to a tropical area. The origin of fever varies considerably depending on the geographical area. In patients returning from sub-Saharan Africa, as in our case, the most frequent cause and the first entity to be ruled out due to its potential severity is malaria. In our case, the tests performed (blood smears, rapid diagnostic test and malaria PCR) were negative. Table 1 describes the diseases most frequently acquired after travelling to this region according to the mechanism of transmission. However, it should always be borne in mind that travellers may acquire other infections that are globally distributed, such as influenza, infectious mononucleosis, HIV infection, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, rickettsiosis or Q2 fever.
Eosinophilia is defined as the presence of more than 500 eosinophils/mm3 in peripheral blood3 . It may be due to pharmacological causes, hypersensitivity reactions, non-allergic immunological diseases, neoplasias, endocrine-metabolic diseases, parasitic and non-parasitic infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, chronic forms of tuberculosis or leprosy, some protozoa such as Isospora belli, and certain mycoses such as aspergillosis4 . In the case of our patient from a tropical region, helminth infection is the most frequent cause and, like imported fever, depends on the risky activities the patient undertakes during travel5. Walking barefoot in the field is a risk factor for the acquisition of strongylodiasis and uncinariasis; contact with fresh water for the acquisition of schistosomiasis; the bite of certain mosquito/fly species for filariasis; eating watercress for fascioliasis, etc.
In helminthiases, eosinophilia is specifically associated with tissue invasion and migration of parasites, with the degree of peripheral eosinophilia being proportional to the extent of tissue invasion. Table 2 describes the main imported parasitic infections that can cause eosinophilia.
Evolution
In addition to the complementary tests described above, serologies for Brucella, rickettsiae, Strongyloides, Schistosoma and Dengue were requested and were negative. On the first visit, and after receiving the initial analytical results showing eosinophilia, compatible clinical manifestations and the epidemiological history of bathing in fresh water in an area endemic for schistosomiasis, a diagnosis of Katayama fever (acute schistosomiasis) was made. The patient was treated with praziquantel 40 mg/kg for 3 days and simultaneously with prednisone 30 mg/day for 5 days.
The patient contacted fellow travellers. Three of them, English, had similar clinical symptoms (fever, eosinophilia, dry cough and abdominal pain), as did the Romanian guide who was admitted to a hospital in his country. A few days later, our patient was informed that Schistosoma mansoni eggs had been isolated from faeces in the three English patients. A Spanish travelling companion contacted us and, although he was asymptomatic, he was called in for evaluation, with a negative initial study (laboratory tests, serology, parasites in faeces and urine).
The patient evolved favourably with disappearance of fever, pulmonary and gastrointestinal symptoms, as well as analytically, with a decrease in CRP and normalisation of eosinophilia and liver enzymes in subsequent controls during her follow-up. At 4 weeks, a second dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg 3 days) was administered. Parasite controls in faeces and urine at successive visits were negative, and Schistosoma serology repeated on 2 further occasions was also negative. The Spanish travel companion presented a seroconversion of Schistosoma serology at 4 months, receiving treatment with praziquantel at that time.
The patient, like all her companions, had bathed in rivers in the area, which is the mechanism of transmission of schistosomiasis, as the larvae or cercariae move freely through the water and penetrate through healthy skin. The clinical picture was similar to that described in other hikers in whom the parasite egg was isolated in faeces. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with acute schistosomiasis or Katayama syndrome or fever.
Final diagnosis
Katayama fever (acute schistosomiasis).
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"-",
"Study",
"of",
"parasites",
"in",
"urine",
"and",
"faeces",
"with",
"concentration",
"techniques",
":",
"negative",
".",
"-",
"Blood",
"cultures",
":",
"negative",
".",
"-",
"Chest",
"and",
"abdominal",
"X-ray",
":",
"no",
"alterations",
".",
"-",
"Abdominal",
"ultrasound",
":",
"no",
"alterations",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
"In",
"summary",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"a",
"46-year-old",
"woman",
",",
"with",
"no",
"relevant",
"previous",
"illnesses",
",",
"who",
"consulted",
"for",
"a",
"prolonged",
"fever",
",",
"dry",
"cough",
",",
"generalised",
"arthromyalgia",
"and",
"abdominal",
"pain",
"one",
"week",
"after",
"returning",
"from",
"a",
"trip",
"to",
"Ethiopia",
"where",
"she",
"had",
"undertaken",
"various",
"risky",
"activities",
"(",
"drinking",
"unbottled",
"water",
",",
"bathing",
"in",
"local",
"rivers",
",",
"etc",
".",
")",
".",
"She",
"had",
"taken",
"antimalarial",
"prophylaxis",
"and",
"had",
"been",
"correctly",
"vaccinated",
".",
"In",
"the",
"general",
"laboratory",
"tests",
",",
"the",
"only",
"notable",
"findings",
"were",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"peripheral",
"eosinophilia",
"and",
"a",
"slight",
"elevation",
"of",
"liver",
"tests",
".",
"The",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"in",
"this",
"patient",
"should",
"be",
"based",
"on",
"fever",
"after",
"returning",
"from",
"a",
"tropical",
"region",
"and",
"eosinophilia",
".",
"Initial",
"microbiological",
"studies",
"were",
"negative",
",",
"as",
"were",
"the",
"imaging",
"tests",
"ordered",
".",
"The",
"clinical",
"picture",
"of",
"this",
"patient",
"is",
"rather",
"unspecific",
",",
"although",
"it",
"suggests",
"an",
"infectious",
"aetiology",
".",
"In",
"this",
"regard",
",",
"her",
"epidemiological",
"history",
"and",
"eosinophilia",
"suggest",
"a",
"parasitic",
"infection",
".",
"Fever",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"main",
"reasons",
"for",
"consultation",
"after",
"travelling",
"to",
"a",
"tropical",
"area",
".",
"The",
"origin",
"of",
"fever",
"varies",
"considerably",
"depending",
"on",
"the",
"geographical",
"area",
".",
"In",
"patients",
"returning",
"from",
"sub-Saharan",
"Africa",
",",
"as",
"in",
"our",
"case",
",",
"the",
"most",
"frequent",
"cause",
"and",
"the",
"first",
"entity",
"to",
"be",
"ruled",
"out",
"due",
"to",
"its",
"potential",
"severity",
"is",
"malaria",
".",
"In",
"our",
"case",
",",
"the",
"tests",
"performed",
"(",
"blood",
"smears",
",",
"rapid",
"diagnostic",
"test",
"and",
"malaria",
"PCR",
")",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"Table",
"1",
"describes",
"the",
"diseases",
"most",
"frequently",
"acquired",
"after",
"travelling",
"to",
"this",
"region",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"mechanism",
"of",
"transmission",
".",
"However",
",",
"it",
"should",
"always",
"be",
"borne",
"in",
"mind",
"that",
"travellers",
"may",
"acquire",
"other",
"infections",
"that",
"are",
"globally",
"distributed",
",",
"such",
"as",
"influenza",
",",
"infectious",
"mononucleosis",
",",
"HIV",
"infection",
",",
"viral",
"hepatitis",
",",
"tuberculosis",
",",
"brucellosis",
",",
"rickettsiosis",
"or",
"Q2",
"fever",
".",
"Eosinophilia",
"is",
"defined",
"as",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"more",
"than",
"500",
"eosinophils",
"/",
"mm3",
"in",
"peripheral",
"blood3",
".",
"It",
"may",
"be",
"due",
"to",
"pharmacological",
"causes",
",",
"hypersensitivity",
"reactions",
",",
"non-allergic",
"immunological",
"diseases",
",",
"neoplasias",
",",
"endocrine-metabolic",
"diseases",
",",
"parasitic",
"and",
"non-parasitic",
"infections",
"such",
"as",
"human",
"immunodeficiency",
"virus",
"(",
"HIV",
")",
"infection",
",",
"chronic",
"forms",
"of",
"tuberculosis",
"or",
"leprosy",
",",
"some",
"protozoa",
"such",
"as",
"Isospora",
"belli",
",",
"and",
"certain",
"mycoses",
"such",
"as",
"aspergillosis4",
".",
"In",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"our",
"patient",
"from",
"a",
"tropical",
"region",
",",
"helminth",
"infection",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"frequent",
"cause",
"and",
",",
"like",
"imported",
"fever",
",",
"depends",
"on",
"the",
"risky",
"activities",
"the",
"patient",
"undertakes",
"during",
"travel5",
".",
"Walking",
"barefoot",
"in",
"the",
"field",
"is",
"a",
"risk",
"factor",
"for",
"the",
"acquisition",
"of",
"strongylodiasis",
"and",
"uncinariasis",
";",
"contact",
"with",
"fresh",
"water",
"for",
"the",
"acquisition",
"of",
"schistosomiasis",
";",
"the",
"bite",
"of",
"certain",
"mosquito",
"/",
"fly",
"species",
"for",
"filariasis",
";",
"eating",
"watercress",
"for",
"fascioliasis",
",",
"etc",
".",
"In",
"helminthiases",
",",
"eosinophilia",
"is",
"specifically",
"associated",
"with",
"tissue",
"invasion",
"and",
"migration",
"of",
"parasites",
",",
"with",
"the",
"degree",
"of",
"peripheral",
"eosinophilia",
"being",
"proportional",
"to",
"the",
"extent",
"of",
"tissue",
"invasion",
".",
"Table",
"2",
"describes",
"the",
"main",
"imported",
"parasitic",
"infections",
"that",
"can",
"cause",
"eosinophilia",
".",
"Evolution",
"In",
"addition",
"to",
"the",
"complementary",
"tests",
"described",
"above",
",",
"serologies",
"for",
"Brucella",
",",
"rickettsiae",
",",
"Strongyloides",
",",
"Schistosoma",
"and",
"Dengue",
"were",
"requested",
"and",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"On",
"the",
"first",
"visit",
",",
"and",
"after",
"receiving",
"the",
"initial",
"analytical",
"results",
"showing",
"eosinophilia",
",",
"compatible",
"clinical",
"manifestations",
"and",
"the",
"epidemiological",
"history",
"of",
"bathing",
"in",
"fresh",
"water",
"in",
"an",
"area",
"endemic",
"for",
"schistosomiasis",
",",
"a",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"Katayama",
"fever",
"(",
"acute",
"schistosomiasis",
")",
"was",
"made",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"treated",
"with",
"praziquantel",
"40",
"mg",
"/",
"kg",
"for",
"3",
"days",
"and",
"simultaneously",
"with",
"prednisone",
"30",
"mg",
"/",
"day",
"for",
"5",
"days",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"contacted",
"fellow",
"travellers",
".",
"Three",
"of",
"them",
",",
"English",
",",
"had",
"similar",
"clinical",
"symptoms",
"(",
"fever",
",",
"eosinophilia",
",",
"dry",
"cough",
"and",
"abdominal",
"pain",
")",
",",
"as",
"did",
"the",
"Romanian",
"guide",
"who",
"was",
"admitted",
"to",
"a",
"hospital",
"in",
"his",
"country",
".",
"A",
"few",
"days",
"later",
",",
"our",
"patient",
"was",
"informed",
"that",
"Schistosoma",
"mansoni",
"eggs",
"had",
"been",
"isolated",
"from",
"faeces",
"in",
"the",
"three",
"English",
"patients",
".",
"A",
"Spanish",
"travelling",
"companion",
"contacted",
"us",
"and",
",",
"although",
"he",
"was",
"asymptomatic",
",",
"he",
"was",
"called",
"in",
"for",
"evaluation",
",",
"with",
"a",
"negative",
"initial",
"study",
"(",
"laboratory",
"tests",
",",
"serology",
",",
"parasites",
"in",
"faeces",
"and",
"urine",
")",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"evolved",
"favourably",
"with",
"disappearance",
"of",
"fever",
",",
"pulmonary",
"and",
"gastrointestinal",
"symptoms",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"analytically",
",",
"with",
"a",
"decrease",
"in",
"CRP",
"and",
"normalisation",
"of",
"eosinophilia",
"and",
"liver",
"enzymes",
"in",
"subsequent",
"controls",
"during",
"her",
"follow-up",
".",
"At",
"4",
"weeks",
",",
"a",
"second",
"dose",
"of",
"praziquantel",
"(",
"40",
"mg",
"/",
"kg",
"3",
"days",
")",
"was",
"administered",
".",
"Parasite",
"controls",
"in",
"faeces",
"and",
"urine",
"at",
"successive",
"visits",
"were",
"negative",
",",
"and",
"Schistosoma",
"serology",
"repeated",
"on",
"2",
"further",
"occasions",
"was",
"also",
"negative",
".",
"The",
"Spanish",
"travel",
"companion",
"presented",
"a",
"seroconversion",
"of",
"Schistosoma",
"serology",
"at",
"4",
"months",
",",
"receiving",
"treatment",
"with",
"praziquantel",
"at",
"that",
"time",
".",
"The",
"patient",
",",
"like",
"all",
"her",
"companions",
",",
"had",
"bathed",
"in",
"rivers",
"in",
"the",
"area",
",",
"which",
"is",
"the",
"mechanism",
"of",
"transmission",
"of",
"schistosomiasis",
",",
"as",
"the",
"larvae",
"or",
"cercariae",
"move",
"freely",
"through",
"the",
"water",
"and",
"penetrate",
"through",
"healthy",
"skin",
".",
"The",
"clinical",
"picture",
"was",
"similar",
"to",
"that",
"described",
"in",
"other",
"hikers",
"in",
"whom",
"the",
"parasite",
"egg",
"was",
"isolated",
"in",
"faeces",
".",
"Therefore",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"diagnosed",
"with",
"acute",
"schistosomiasis",
"or",
"Katayama",
"syndrome",
"or",
"fever",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Katayama",
"fever",
"(",
"acute",
"schistosomiasis",
")",
"."
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A 5-year-old boy, with no relevant history, presented with fever, cough and abdominal pain of several days' evolution. His condition worsened to cardiogenic shock and he was transferred to our institution, where he tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies and had high IL-6 values. He developed pulmonary failure requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). After 5 days of ECMO, right arreactive mydriasis was noted. His heparin was urgently cancelled and the cannula removed; an urgent cranial CT scan revealed right middle cerebral artery infarction, cerebral oedema and diffuse contralateral subarachnoid haemorrhage. Following the CT scan, he also presented with left arreactive mydriasis. Reversal of his paralysis revealed absence of movement and brainstem reflexes. Brain death was confirmed 3 days later, after normalisation of his electrolytes.
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Anamnesis
A 57-year-old woman with no known drug allergies or toxic habits, who, as a non-oncological history of interest, presented obesity treated surgically with gastric bypass in June 2001 as well as a left breast cyst resection in 2009. She had no family history of cancer.
The origin of the patient's oncological history dates back to February 2014, presenting as the first symptom a self-palpable nodule on the right breast with ultrasound-BAG compatible with a heterogeneous image of 50x23 mm in the outer quadrant of the right breast and a pathological anatomy that was positive for breast neoplasia CDI histological grade III, RHE-, RP- , HER2 -, Ki67 of 75%. The PET-CT scan showed lymphadenopathies in the axillary, internal mammary and ipsilateral supraclavicular territories without images suggestive of systemic metastases. Our patient started neoadjuvant treatment with CBDP/docetaxel for six cycles between March and July 2014 and underwent modified right radical mastectomy in August 2014. The pathological anatomy of the surgical specimen was compatible with triple negative IDC with a total of eleven affected nodes out of the 25 examined. Assessed as pT1N3M0, after the operation, our patient continued with adjuvant treatment according to the FEC scheme (5-Fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide) for three cycles, radiotherapy on the surgical site with a total dose of 50 Gy and letrozole. In February 2015, a control thoraco-abdominal CT scan showed liver progression, with the appearance of three liver metastases, and a first line of treatment of metastatic disease with Capecitabine/Gemcitabine was started for a total of two cycles between February and March 2015.
In April 2015, our patient attended the emergency department with a 72-hour history of sudden dyspnoea, chest pain and dry cough not associated with fever or expectoration.
Physical examination
On arrival at the ED, the patient's general condition was preserved, she was haemodynamically stable, afebrile and her saturation level was 88% on room air. Physical examination showed no alterations in pulmonary auscultation or signs of heart failure.
Complementary tests
Analyses showed plateletopenia of 28 x10E9/L (normal range 147-386 x10E9/L) and an elevated D-dimer with no other alterations of interest. As part of the initial studies, an electrocardiogram was requested, which showed right bundle branch block not present in previous cases, with no other pathological findings. The chest X-ray showed no signs of heart failure or images suggestive of an infectious process. In addition, given that this was a patient with obesity and recent onset of chest pain, myocardial damage enzymes were requested for analysis, which were found to be in the normal range. Following the results of the initial tests, and under the suspicion of pulmonary thromboembolism, a pulmonary CT angiography was performed which showed an increase in the calibre of the pulmonary artery trunk (31 mm) as well as signs of right ventricular overload and small patchy opacities in ground glass of subpleural location not present in previous studies, ruling out the presence of repletion defects in pulmonary arteries or parenchymal condensations indicative of an infectious process.
Blood cultures were requested at admission, which were negative, as well as induced sputum and PCR for respiratory viruses, with no microbiological isolations in any of the samples. Analytically, the CA-15-3 antigen was 152.4 U/mL (normal range 0.0 - 35.0 U/mL).
Diagnosis
Given the images suggestive of right overload by Angio-CT and chest pain symptoms, the patient was evaluated by Cardiology. An echocardiogram was performed which showed signs of right overload, displacement of the ventricular septum and absence of collapse of the inferior vena cava on inspiration, ruling out segmental alterations in ventricular contractility indicative of ischaemic heart disease.
None of these findings were present in the echocardiogram prior to the start of cancer treatment.
All the images described above in relation to the CT angiography and echocardiogram, together with the patient's symptoms, were compatible with acute pulmonary hypertension.
Treatment
Since our patient was in rapidly progressive respiratory failure, and although the clinical picture was not very suggestive of an infectious process, empirical antibiotic therapy was started with piperaziline/tazobactam and azithromycin, as well as high-flow oxygen therapy. Despite this, the patient evolved in a torpid manner with progressively higher oxygen therapy requirements and hypotension refractory to serum therapy, finally requiring the initiation of vasoactive support and cardiac monitoring 48 hours after her arrival at the ED.
Evolution
The patient was a woman with triple-negative breast cancer who had recently started first-line treatment with gemcitabine/capecitabine and presented with acute dyspnoea secondary to acute pulmonary hypertension of unclear cause, with infectious and cardiological aetiology having been ruled out. At this point, the option of a pulmonary tumour thrombotic microangiopathy was considered as the cause of the acute pulmonary hypertension. To complete the diagnosis, a scintigraphy was requested which showed small patchy repletion defects and a presumptive diagnosis was made.
Our patient progressively developed right heart failure despite supportive measures. Intubation and admission to the Intensive Care Unit was performed, but the patient died 96 hours after arrival at the Emergency Department.
The necropsy report described, a posteriori, findings of massive thrombotic microangiopathy with pulmonary oedema and haemorrhage with the presence of tumour cells in the pulmonary capillary lumen in the form of emboli as well as signs of heart failure with cor pulmonale, cardiomegaly and dilatation of the right ventricle. Images attached to the report are shown below.
All microbiological cultures of lung, liver and splenic tissue were negative. The ascitic and pericardial fluid as well as the blood cultures that were initially taken showed no microbiological isolates. The diagnosis of pulmonary tumour thrombotic microangiopathy was therefore definitive as the fundamental cause of the acute pulmonary hypertension and death of our patient.
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"anatomy",
"of",
"the",
"surgical",
"specimen",
"was",
"compatible",
"with",
"triple",
"negative",
"IDC",
"with",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"eleven",
"affected",
"nodes",
"out",
"of",
"the",
"25",
"examined",
".",
"Assessed",
"as",
"pT1N3M0",
",",
"after",
"the",
"operation",
",",
"our",
"patient",
"continued",
"with",
"adjuvant",
"treatment",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"FEC",
"scheme",
"(",
"5-Fluorouracil",
",",
"epirubicin",
"and",
"cyclophosphamide",
")",
"for",
"three",
"cycles",
",",
"radiotherapy",
"on",
"the",
"surgical",
"site",
"with",
"a",
"total",
"dose",
"of",
"50",
"Gy",
"and",
"letrozole",
".",
"In",
"February",
"2015",
",",
"a",
"control",
"thoraco-abdominal",
"CT",
"scan",
"showed",
"liver",
"progression",
",",
"with",
"the",
"appearance",
"of",
"three",
"liver",
"metastases",
",",
"and",
"a",
"first",
"line",
"of",
"treatment",
"of",
"metastatic",
"disease",
"with",
"Capecitabine",
"/",
"Gemcitabine",
"was",
"started",
"for",
"a",
"total",
"of",
"two",
"cycles",
"between",
"February",
"and",
"March",
"2015",
".",
"In",
"April",
"2015",
",",
"our",
"patient",
"attended",
"the",
"emergency",
"department",
"with",
"a",
"72-hour",
"history",
"of",
"sudden",
"dyspnoea",
",",
"chest",
"pain",
"and",
"dry",
"cough",
"not",
"associated",
"with",
"fever",
"or",
"expectoration",
".",
"Physical",
"examination",
"On",
"arrival",
"at",
"the",
"ED",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"general",
"condition",
"was",
"preserved",
",",
"she",
"was",
"haemodynamically",
"stable",
",",
"afebrile",
"and",
"her",
"saturation",
"level",
"was",
"88",
"%",
"on",
"room",
"air",
".",
"Physical",
"examination",
"showed",
"no",
"alterations",
"in",
"pulmonary",
"auscultation",
"or",
"signs",
"of",
"heart",
"failure",
".",
"Complementary",
"tests",
"Analyses",
"showed",
"plateletopenia",
"of",
"28",
"x10E9",
"/",
"L",
"(",
"normal",
"range",
"147-386",
"x10E9",
"/",
"L",
")",
"and",
"an",
"elevated",
"D-dimer",
"with",
"no",
"other",
"alterations",
"of",
"interest",
".",
"As",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"initial",
"studies",
",",
"an",
"electrocardiogram",
"was",
"requested",
",",
"which",
"showed",
"right",
"bundle",
"branch",
"block",
"not",
"present",
"in",
"previous",
"cases",
",",
"with",
"no",
"other",
"pathological",
"findings",
".",
"The",
"chest",
"X-ray",
"showed",
"no",
"signs",
"of",
"heart",
"failure",
"or",
"images",
"suggestive",
"of",
"an",
"infectious",
"process",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"given",
"that",
"this",
"was",
"a",
"patient",
"with",
"obesity",
"and",
"recent",
"onset",
"of",
"chest",
"pain",
",",
"myocardial",
"damage",
"enzymes",
"were",
"requested",
"for",
"analysis",
",",
"which",
"were",
"found",
"to",
"be",
"in",
"the",
"normal",
"range",
".",
"Following",
"the",
"results",
"of",
"the",
"initial",
"tests",
",",
"and",
"under",
"the",
"suspicion",
"of",
"pulmonary",
"thromboembolism",
",",
"a",
"pulmonary",
"CT",
"angiography",
"was",
"performed",
"which",
"showed",
"an",
"increase",
"in",
"the",
"calibre",
"of",
"the",
"pulmonary",
"artery",
"trunk",
"(",
"31",
"mm",
")",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"signs",
"of",
"right",
"ventricular",
"overload",
"and",
"small",
"patchy",
"opacities",
"in",
"ground",
"glass",
"of",
"subpleural",
"location",
"not",
"present",
"in",
"previous",
"studies",
",",
"ruling",
"out",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"repletion",
"defects",
"in",
"pulmonary",
"arteries",
"or",
"parenchymal",
"condensations",
"indicative",
"of",
"an",
"infectious",
"process",
".",
"Blood",
"cultures",
"were",
"requested",
"at",
"admission",
",",
"which",
"were",
"negative",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"induced",
"sputum",
"and",
"PCR",
"for",
"respiratory",
"viruses",
",",
"with",
"no",
"microbiological",
"isolations",
"in",
"any",
"of",
"the",
"samples",
".",
"Analytically",
",",
"the",
"CA-15-3",
"antigen",
"was",
"152",
".",
"4",
"U",
"/",
"mL",
"(",
"normal",
"range",
"0",
".",
"0",
"-",
"35",
".",
"0",
"U",
"/",
"mL",
")",
".",
"Diagnosis",
"Given",
"the",
"images",
"suggestive",
"of",
"right",
"overload",
"by",
"Angio-CT",
"and",
"chest",
"pain",
"symptoms",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"evaluated",
"by",
"Cardiology",
".",
"An",
"echocardiogram",
"was",
"performed",
"which",
"showed",
"signs",
"of",
"right",
"overload",
",",
"displacement",
"of",
"the",
"ventricular",
"septum",
"and",
"absence",
"of",
"collapse",
"of",
"the",
"inferior",
"vena",
"cava",
"on",
"inspiration",
",",
"ruling",
"out",
"segmental",
"alterations",
"in",
"ventricular",
"contractility",
"indicative",
"of",
"ischaemic",
"heart",
"disease",
".",
"None",
"of",
"these",
"findings",
"were",
"present",
"in",
"the",
"echocardiogram",
"prior",
"to",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"cancer",
"treatment",
".",
"All",
"the",
"images",
"described",
"above",
"in",
"relation",
"to",
"the",
"CT",
"angiography",
"and",
"echocardiogram",
",",
"together",
"with",
"the",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"symptoms",
",",
"were",
"compatible",
"with",
"acute",
"pulmonary",
"hypertension",
".",
"Treatment",
"Since",
"our",
"patient",
"was",
"in",
"rapidly",
"progressive",
"respiratory",
"failure",
",",
"and",
"although",
"the",
"clinical",
"picture",
"was",
"not",
"very",
"suggestive",
"of",
"an",
"infectious",
"process",
",",
"empirical",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
"was",
"started",
"with",
"piperaziline",
"/",
"tazobactam",
"and",
"azithromycin",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"high-flow",
"oxygen",
"therapy",
".",
"Despite",
"this",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"evolved",
"in",
"a",
"torpid",
"manner",
"with",
"progressively",
"higher",
"oxygen",
"therapy",
"requirements",
"and",
"hypotension",
"refractory",
"to",
"serum",
"therapy",
",",
"finally",
"requiring",
"the",
"initiation",
"of",
"vasoactive",
"support",
"and",
"cardiac",
"monitoring",
"48",
"hours",
"after",
"her",
"arrival",
"at",
"the",
"ED",
".",
"Evolution",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"a",
"woman",
"with",
"triple-negative",
"breast",
"cancer",
"who",
"had",
"recently",
"started",
"first-line",
"treatment",
"with",
"gemcitabine",
"/",
"capecitabine",
"and",
"presented",
"with",
"acute",
"dyspnoea",
"secondary",
"to",
"acute",
"pulmonary",
"hypertension",
"of",
"unclear",
"cause",
",",
"with",
"infectious",
"and",
"cardiological",
"aetiology",
"having",
"been",
"ruled",
"out",
".",
"At",
"this",
"point",
",",
"the",
"option",
"of",
"a",
"pulmonary",
"tumour",
"thrombotic",
"microangiopathy",
"was",
"considered",
"as",
"the",
"cause",
"of",
"the",
"acute",
"pulmonary",
"hypertension",
".",
"To",
"complete",
"the",
"diagnosis",
",",
"a",
"scintigraphy",
"was",
"requested",
"which",
"showed",
"small",
"patchy",
"repletion",
"defects",
"and",
"a",
"presumptive",
"diagnosis",
"was",
"made",
".",
"Our",
"patient",
"progressively",
"developed",
"right",
"heart",
"failure",
"despite",
"supportive",
"measures",
".",
"Intubation",
"and",
"admission",
"to",
"the",
"Intensive",
"Care",
"Unit",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"but",
"the",
"patient",
"died",
"96",
"hours",
"after",
"arrival",
"at",
"the",
"Emergency",
"Department",
".",
"The",
"necropsy",
"report",
"described",
",",
"a",
"posteriori",
",",
"findings",
"of",
"massive",
"thrombotic",
"microangiopathy",
"with",
"pulmonary",
"oedema",
"and",
"haemorrhage",
"with",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"tumour",
"cells",
"in",
"the",
"pulmonary",
"capillary",
"lumen",
"in",
"the",
"form",
"of",
"emboli",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"signs",
"of",
"heart",
"failure",
"with",
"cor",
"pulmonale",
",",
"cardiomegaly",
"and",
"dilatation",
"of",
"the",
"right",
"ventricle",
".",
"Images",
"attached",
"to",
"the",
"report",
"are",
"shown",
"below",
".",
"All",
"microbiological",
"cultures",
"of",
"lung",
",",
"liver",
"and",
"splenic",
"tissue",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"The",
"ascitic",
"and",
"pericardial",
"fluid",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"the",
"blood",
"cultures",
"that",
"were",
"initially",
"taken",
"showed",
"no",
"microbiological",
"isolates",
".",
"The",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"pulmonary",
"tumour",
"thrombotic",
"microangiopathy",
"was",
"therefore",
"definitive",
"as",
"the",
"fundamental",
"cause",
"of",
"the",
"acute",
"pulmonary",
"hypertension",
"and",
"death",
"of",
"our",
"patient",
"."
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The index case was a six-year-old girl from Pozuzo, department of Pasco (central jungle), admitted to a hospital in the city of Lima in August 2006 for a febrile illness of one month's duration. She began with upper respiratory symptoms, followed by general malaise, hyporexia and irritability. He had received antibiotics for a urinary tract infection (pyelonephritis), without improvement, in a hospital in his homeland.
On examination he presented fever of 38.8 °C, tachycardia and tachypnoea. There was no evidence of oedema or inoculation chagomas. He presented with cervical and inguinal polyadenitis of 0.5 cm in diameter, and significant non-painful hepatosplenomegaly. Vital signs showed that tachycardia was not associated with fever. The haemogram showed 15,100 leukocytes with 3% abastinates, 38% segmented and 56% lymphocytes; haemoglobin was 11.8%, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) was 183 U/L, bilirubins were normal and urine examination showed the presence of urobilinogen and bile pigments. Agglutination tests for salmonellosis and Brucellosis were negative. Chest X-ray showed mild cardiomegaly, and the electrocardiogram showed tachycardia with T-wave inversion from V1 to V4.
Suspicion of malaria led to a thick blood smear and peripheral blood smear, which detected abundant trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi, which was confirmed by the Leishmaniasis and Chagas Laboratory of the National Institute of Health. Serological evaluation for anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies by ELISA and IFA was reactive. Subsequently, we performed blood culture and xenodiagnosis to isolate the parasite and characterise it molecularly.
The patient was diagnosed with acute Chagas disease with mild chagasic myocarditis, and treatment was started with benznidazole at a dose of 5mg/kg/d, achieving remission of fever on the tenth day of treatment, after which the clinical course was favourable.
The detection of this case prompted a clinical and epidemiological investigation in Pozuzo. We defined the patient as the index case and enrolled 13 people as possible collaterals who met two inclusion criteria: family members who shared the same house as the index case or people who lived next door to the index case, who were examined clinically (general examination and preferential examination of the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems) and serologically for anti-T. cruzi antibodies by ELISA and IFA.
We also investigated the characteristics of the index case's home, the presence of vectors and the keeping of domestic animals, data that were recorded in a clinical-epidemiological record. The search for triatomines was carried out using the man-hour method by manual search in the intra- and peridomicile during the day and night.
The house where the index case lives is located in a secondary forest about one kilometre from the village centre, and has water, drainage (groundwater well), telephone and electricity installations. The walls are made of noble plastered material and the roof is made of calamine, with different characteristics to the typical Chagasic house of rustic material; but they raise chickens, ducks, geese and two dogs, which were examined for T. cruzi by means of xenodiagnosis.
All respondents reported having encountered triatomines in their bedrooms, 62% (8/13) had a history of being bitten by "chirimachas", as they are popularly known, 15% (2/13) had no history of exposure to triatomines and 23% (3/13) did not know.
Xenodiagnosis of two dogs in the household was negative for Trypanosoma on examination of intestinal contents at 30 and 60 days after nymph feeding.
There was no evidence of adult triatomines, nymphs, eggs, moults or traces in any of the homes surveyed; however, during the night search, two adult specimens were captured in the index case home. In addition, ten houses belonging to the locality of La Esperanza, close to the case house in the locality of Pozuzo, were visited, where no evidence of house infestation was found either. Days after the investigation, the local health establishment sent nine adult triatomine specimens, which had been captured and reported by the community.
All the captured triatomines were identified as Panstrongylus geniculatus, according to the dichotomous keys where this species is included11,12. On microscopic examination of the digestive contents, two of the 11 specimens collected showed metacyclic trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma, one of them from the dwelling of the index case. These strains have been isolated for further genetic characterisation.
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The patient was a 12-year-old male born at term with forceps for stationary dilatation. Apgar and other postpartum examinations were normal. Rest was indicated during the last trimester of pregnancy due to threatened labour. During the postnatal period she presented delayed psychomotor development. At 3 years of age, she presented with absence seizures without subsequent epileptic seizures or need for treatment. Currently, she presents moderate mental retardation, learning difficulties, severe behavioural alterations in the autism spectrum, sphincter control deficit and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, treated first with methylphenidate without improvement and, subsequently and up to the present, with antioxidants and improvement of the disorder. He also has social anxiety and extreme phobias to noises and animals, hypersensitivity to sounds, textures and certain foods, as well as chewing difficulties and secondary vomiting, generalised hypotonia, lax joints, valgus feet that have required surgery, and a significant sleep disturbance treated with melatonin. He has no cardiological or dysautonomic alterations or characteristic facial features.
The patient has an older healthy brother, but has a second cousin on the maternal side, aged 33 years, diagnosed at the age of 13 years with FXS after genetic testing. At that time the entire maternal side of the family was genetically tested and it was reported orally, without a written report, that both the patient's mother and her sisters were healthy carriers. This condition was not sufficiently appreciated by the family in the face of successive healthy children of the case patient's sisters and healthy brother. The case patient's mother did not receive genetic counselling or prenatal diagnosis indications in either of her two pregnancies. Only at her request was genetic testing performed in the postnatal period in both cases.
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Anamnesis
Female patient starting at 52 years of age, with a history of obesity and, as obstetric history, three pregnancies, one of them spontaneous abortion. No family history of interest. As usual medication, she only takes oral contraceptives. She has no known allergic reactions to medication.
She began in August 2018 with dyspnoea on moderate exertion that progressively worsened until, in October 2018, she attended the emergency department, where a CT angiography was performed to rule out pulmonary thromboembolism, in which areas of lung parenchyma in ground glass were detected, as well as bone lesions suggestive of secondary deposit and a nodule in the left breast suggestive of malignancy.
The study was completed on an outpatient basis with a thoracoabdominal-pelvic CT scan performed in October 2018, in which pulmonary spiculated nodules suggestive of metastasis were also detected, as well as images compatible with carcinomatous lymphangitis. Mammography and ultrasound of the breast and axilla were then performed and three BIRADS5 lesions were detected, two of them in the right breast and one of them in the left breast, as well as bilateral axillary lymph nodes with an unspecific appearance.
On biopsy, all the lesions showed histology of infiltrating ductal carcinoma histological grade 2, with highly positive hormone receptors, HER-2 negative and Ki67 of 5%.
With the diagnosis of bilateral luminal infiltrating ductal carcinoma A stage IV due to bilateral bone and lung disease, it was decided to start first-line systemic treatment with weekly paclitaxel, which began on 20 November 2018.
On 21 November 2018, he returned to the emergency department for dyspnoea at rest that had worsened in the last few days, not associated with cough or expectoration, chest pain, fever or dysthermic sensation, or other symptoms in the anamnesis by apparatus and systems.
Physical examination
Physical examination revealed a baseline oxygen saturation of 89%, with haemodynamic stability. Pulmonary auscultation revealed bilateral hypoventilation and isolated wheezing, with no other significant findings.
Complementary tests
Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis with 12,100 leukocytes with a predominance of neutrophils, without elevation of acute phase reactants, as well as partial respiratory failure with partial oxygen pressure of 58 mm Hg, with no other associated alterations.
The patient was admitted for further investigation, and a CT scan of the chest showed new pericardial effusion, as well as an increase in pleural effusion of small amount with irregular morphology, which did not allow the presence of pleural implants to be ruled out. In addition, he had ground-glass opacities and bilateral lamellar opacities, and atelectasis of the middle lobe and lingula.
A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed, showing mild pericardial effusion that did not justify respiratory failure, with normal ejection fraction.
Given the persistence of symptoms, it was decided to continue the study with fibrobronchoscopy, in which hypervascularised whitish lesions were observed in the right upper bronchus and bronchus intermedius, which were biopsied, and a sample was also taken by bronchoalveolar lavage, which was sent for cytology. Samples were sent to Microbiology, with negative results for aerobic cultures, mycobacteria and fungi, as well as the determination of Aspergillus and cytomegalovirus.
The pathological anatomy confirmed bronchial infiltration by adenocarcinoma with positivity for oestrogen receptors and negative HER-2. Cytology also detected cells suggestive of malignancy.
Diagnosis
The bronchial mucosa biopsy confirms the diagnosis of endobronchial metastases of mammary origin, which justifies the patient's symptoms.
Treatment
It was decided to continue with the systemic treatment regimen, administering the second dose of the first cycle of paclitaxel, and symptomatic treatment was adjusted with oral morphine and corticotherapy, and home oxygen therapy was prescribed, and the patient was discharged.
Evolution
The patient presented an allergic reaction to paclitaxel, which, added to the progressive worsening from the respiratory point of view, having required two admissions for acute episodes of bronchospasm with respiratory failure, led to a change in treatment to adriamycin at 75 mg/m2 per month divided into 3 doses, which she started on 28 December 2018 and received until 8 February 2019.
He presented progressive improvement in dyspnoea, and oxygen therapy could be withdrawn, with radiological improvement in CT scan in February 2019, so it was decided to switch to letrozole associated with palbociclib, treatment that continues at the present time.
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{
"text": "Female patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 10,
"end": 24
},
{
"text": "family",
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"start": 163,
"end": 169
},
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"text": "patient",
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"start": 17,
"end": 24
},
{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 2408,
"end": 2415
},
{
"text": "cytomegalovirus",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 3413,
"end": 3428
},
{
"text": "fungi",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 3358,
"end": 3363
},
{
"text": "mycobacteria",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 3341,
"end": 3353
},
{
"text": "Aspergillus",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 3397,
"end": 3408
},
{
"text": "patient",
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"start": 3749,
"end": 3756
},
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"start": 4034,
"end": 4041
},
{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 4073,
"end": 4080
}
] | en |
A 48-year-old diabetic woman from Bagua, Amazonas Region, Peru. She consulted for a lesion more than 10 years old that started in the middle area of the thumb. She presented with erythema, pruritus, desquamation, black spots and occasional pain in the distal region of the thumb. Chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea sp: Erythematous-squamous lesion; muriform cells at 400x magnification; dark green radiating colonies at 10 days incubation on Sabouraud agar; septate hyphae and elliptical conidia at 400x magnification.
Direct examination with 10% potassium hydroxide revealed the presence of muriform cells suggestive of chromoblastomycosis. In culture, 14 mm dark green radiating colonies were observed after 10 days of incubation and Fonsecaea sp. was identified by microculture and microscopy.
Complementary haematological studies showed a haematocrit 43.2%, haemoglobin 13.8 g/dL, leucocytes 7620 cells/mm3 and 4% eosinophils (305 cells/mm3). Additionally, serologies for Chagas, HIV and HTLV were negative.
The patient was treated with itraconazole 100 mg every 12 h for two months. However, a control culture showed viability of the fungus in the lesion. The patient discontinued further treatment and subsequent controls, which is why the evolution of the disease could not be observed.
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"text": "woman",
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{
"text": "dark green radiating colonies",
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{
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{
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{
"text": "muriform cells",
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{
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{
"text": "dark green radiating colonies",
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] | en |
Anamnesis
Diagnosed in December 2012 with renal cell carcinoma after a chance finding on ultrasound examination. The case was presented to the Urological Tumour Committee, which, as it was a localised disease, without involvement at another level in the extension study, decided to perform a radical nephrectomy with curative intent. The pathological anatomy confirmed the diagnosis of clear cell renal carcinoma and staged as T3aN0M0.
The patient continued to be monitored in the oncology department by means of imaging tests and remained in complete response until March 2014 when, in a re-evaluation CT scan, progression was identified in the lungs with multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules with a maximum size of 11 mm.
The patient was classified as having a good prognosis according to Heng's classification, and first-line antiangiogenic treatment was started with pazopanib: 800 mg/day orally. As toxicity secondary to pazopanib, he presented with skin pallor and white hair, grade 3 asthenia, grade 2 dysgeusia and grade 2 diarrhoea that required a dose reduction to 600 mg/day with good tolerance.
She continued treatment with pazopanib, with a partial response during the first few months and subsequently stable disease with mediastinal adenopathy and a single visible lung lesion in the upper lobe, and it was decided to continue with pazopanib. After four years with stable disease maintained with pazopanib, in February 2018 she presented with new progression at the pulmonary level in CT scan with reappearance of the pulmonary lesions at diagnosis.
She started second-line treatment with immunotherapy with nivolumab, achieving stabilisation of her oncological disease until June 2018 (five months after starting nivolumab), when she was admitted to the oncology ward for severe thrombocytopenia (5,000 platelets) and external bleeding consisting of epistaxis and petechiae in the lower limbs. On suspicion of immune-mediated haematological toxicity, direct and indirect Coombs tests were requested, both of which were negative, as well as virus serology, detecting positivity for parvovirus B19. The possibility of grade 4 immune thrombocytopenic purpura secondary to nivolumab was assessed, and treatment was prescribed with corticotherapy with recovery of platelet counts.
Given the doubt that the haematological symptoms were secondary to antibiotics that the patient had received in the previous month for a respiratory infection or were triggered by a viral infection, it was decided to restart treatment with nivolumab.
One month later, the patient came to the emergency department with fever of 39°C, increased cough without expectoration, dyspnoea on moderate exertion for four days.
Physical examination
ECOG 1. Haemodynamically stable. Tachypnoea during conversation. During cardiopulmonary auscultation: rhythmic heart tones, bibasal crackles. Lower extremities: increased oedema with discrete fovea without signs of deep vein thrombosis.
Complementary tests
Haemogram and blood biochemistry including ionogram, renal function and liver function tests without alterations. Arterial blood gases: respiratory failure, respiratory alkalosis.
Chest X-ray: pulmonary infiltrates predominantly on the right.
Chest CT scan: extensive interstitial involvement predominantly in the right hemithorax with a predominantly reticular pattern secondary to immunotherapy. Areas of consolidation in the right upper lobe related to superinfection.
During admission, she reported persistent fatigue, generalised weakness, nausea and vomiting. A hormonal profile was requested, highlighting secondary hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency of new onset. It was decided to complete the study with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with gadolinium without finding pathological uptake, the pituitary gland was normal in size, morphology and situation.
Diagnosis
"Grade 3 immune-mediated pneumonitis secondary to treatment with nivolumab.
"Panhypopituitarism secondary to grade 2 hypophysitis due to nivolumab.
Treatment
Regarding the management of the pneumonitis, collaboration with the Infectious Diseases Unit was requested to rule out the aetiology of atypical superinfection. Treatment with nivolumab was suspended. Intravenous methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg/day was administered, empirical antibiotherapy was added and bronchoscopy was performed with negative microbiological results.
For the management of panhypopituitarism, work was carried out in conjunction with endocrinology and corticoid treatment and hormone supplementation was prescribed.
Evolution
The patient presented a torpid evolution with a long admission complicated by decompensation of heart failure and the appearance of rapid de novo atrial fibrillation that required treatment adjustment by Cardiology.
As complications secondary to high doses and prolonged use of corticotherapy, the patient developed iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome and manic-depressive symptoms that required monitoring by Psychosomatics.
After recovery from the clinical condition for which he required admission, and despite there being no progression of his oncological disease in imaging tests, given the impossibility of continuing with immunotherapy due to secondary toxicity (grade 4 immune thrombocytopenic purpura/grade 3 pneumonitis/grade 2 hypophysitis), third line cabozantinib was started in October 2018 and the disease has remained stable until the present time. The clinical manifestations that have limited her quality of life during this time have been persistent grade 3 asthenia and exacerbation of her usual dyspnoea, for which reason she has required follow-up by Cardiology, with a control echocardiogram detecting a left ventricular ejection fraction of around 20%.
Currently, the risk-benefit of maintaining treatment with cabozantinib must be assessed, even knowing that such treatment would worsen her dyspnoea and asthenia, and it has been decided to restart cabozantinib at a reduced dose (40 mg/day).
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Anamnesis and physical examination
A 74-year-old man from a rural area of Italy who was on holiday in Spain, with a history of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and revascularised acute coronary syndrome. He consulted the general emergency department for a 4-day history of myalgia predominantly in the lower extremities together with intermittent fever of up to 39°C with bacteraemic symptoms, asthenia and hyporexia. In addition, he presented a maculopapular rash with non-pruritic palmoplantar involvement. A detailed physical examination revealed a crusted left pretibial lesion with perilesional erythema. No other associated symptoms. She denied risky sexual contact. After treatment with paracetamol he remained symptomatic.
Complementary examinations
Laboratory tests showed abnormal liver function tests AST 88 U/L, ALT 74 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 99 U/L, GGT 95 U/L with bilirubin of 10 μmol/L and CRP 305 mg/L without leukocytosis, but with plateletopenia of 60x10 E9/L. Coagulation within normal limits. Blood cultures were negative on two occasions. Given the epidemiological context and the findings on physical examination, given the suspicion of rickettsiasis, serology for Rickettsia conorii was requested, with a first determination that was negative. Serologies for brucellosis, coxiella, HIV-1, HIV-2 and Treponema pallidum were negative. Subsequently seroconversion for Rickettsia conorii was confirmed with specific IgG 1/2560.
Diagnosis
Based on these findings a diagnosis of Mediterranean button fever (MBF) was made.
Treatment and course
Antibiotic treatment with doxycycline 100 mg/12 h was started and the patient was admitted for follow-up. After 48 h the fever disappeared and the intensity of the rash decreased.
The patient completed 21 days of treatment and his laboratory parameters returned to normal. He returned to Italy afebrile, with remission of the rash but persistence in the left lower extremity of the inoculation site.
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] | en |
Reason for consultation
Fever for 48 hours and cough with odynophagia.
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests)
Anamnesis: 18 year old male with fever up to 38.5°C with odynophagia and cough for 48 hours. No increased expectoration, dyspnoea or chest pain. No gastrointestinal alterations or urinary disturbances.
Examination: good general condition, conscious and oriented, normal colour and normohydrated. Eupneic at rest with oxygen saturation 98% on room air. Heart rate 77 beats per minute. Temperature 38.4°C. No rash or petechiae. In the dorsal area there was a 1.5 cm skin lesion, asymmetrical with irregular borders and variegated colouring with black areas and less pigmented areas. Hyperemic pharynx with bilateral inflammatory lymphadenopathy. Cardiopulmonary auscultation with preserved vesicular murmur without pathological sounds, rhythmic tones without audible murmurs. Abdomen without alterations. Lower limbs without alterations.
No complementary tests required.
Clinical judgement (list of problems, differential diagnosis)
Viral pharyngotonsillitis, upper tract infection. Cutaneous lesion with signs of malignancy. Patient with no pathology of interest or usual treatment. No known drug reactions.
Action plan and evolution
Macroscopic and dermatoscopic dermatoscopic images are taken with dermatoscope and referred urgently to the Dermatology Department.
Treatment with analgesics and antipyretics was prescribed for the infectious condition.
Progress: a few days later, a punch biopsy was performed at the request of Dermatology and a sample was sent for analysis. Finally, a diagnosis of melanoma in situ was made and the patient was referred for surgical removal.
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HISTORY, CURRENT DISEASE AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
56-year-old male, no allergies, ex-smoker and paranoid schizophrenia treated in the past with ECT and multiple antipsychotics. He was found unconscious by his brother; on arrival of the ambulance he presented blood pressure of 60/40 mmHg with O2 saturation of 65%, temperature 34.8 °C. On auscultation he had crackles and rhonchi in both lung fields. Orotracheal intubation was performed and catecholamine perfusion (noradrenaline and adrenaline) was started. On arrival at the emergency department, a cardiological assessment was requested for an electrocardiogram (ECG) suggestive of inferolateral infarction. The ECG showed a nodal rhythm with QRS of 120 ms and rSR morphology of V2-V6 with the last R tied to the ST. Echocardioscopy with preserved left ventricular (LV) function and no segmental alterations. Laboratory tests described in evidence. The chest X-ray was compatible with multilobar pneumonia. Cardiology maintained a wait-and-see attitude and the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit for treatment of the respiratory infectious process.
COMPLEMENTARY TESTS
Arrival ECG: nodal rhythm with QRS of 120 ms and rSR morphology of V2-V6 with the last R tied to the ST.
ECG after temperature correction: virtual disappearance of Osborn waves, returning to normal sinus rhythm.
ANALYSIS: haemoglobin 14.4 g/dl, haematocrit 41.6%, leukocytes 1700x10^3/μl, neutrophils 93.3%, platelets 133,000x10^3/μl. Coagulation: INR 1.61, IQ 52%, PT 17.1, APTT 42.9, D-dimer 708 ngr/ml.
BIOCHEMISTRY: glucose 163 mg/dl, urea 57 mg/dl, creatinine 0.39 mg/dl, GFR MDRD4; 60 ml/min/1.73m2, sodium 127 mm/l, potassium 4.4 mm/l, magnesium 2.2 mm/l. Creatine kinase 672 U/L. Lactate 2.37 mm/l. Procalcitonin 0.96 ng/ml. Troponin I < 0.01 ng/dl. CK-MB mass 139.93 ng/ml. Arterial blood gases: pH 7.29. pCO2 67 mmHg. pO2 42 mmHg. HCO3 32.2 mm/l. Base excess 3.36 mm/l.
THORAX RADIOGRAPHY: compatible with multilobar pneumonia (image 2).
ECOCARDIOSCOPY: non-dilated left ventricle with preserved function. No segmental alterations of contractility. No aortic valvulopathy. Minimal mitral insufficiency. Right chambers with normal morphology and function. No intracardiac effusion or masses.
CLINICAL EVOLUTION
The team of intensivists requested a new assessment of the patient due to doubts about the decision taken by cardiology. After re-evaluating the electrocardiograms, a new patient temperature was requested, which was undetectable at the time. The patient was gradually warmed with thermal blankets and warm saline. At 32 °C, partial correction of the waves is observed, which disappear completely at 36 °C. A diagnosis of Osborn waves due to hypothermia and acidosis was made. The patient finally died of respiratory failure.
DIAGNOSIS
Community-acquired multilobar pneumonia. Acute respiratory failure. Hypothermia and acidosis, with Osborn waves on electrocardiogram. Preserved left ventricular function, no structural heart disease. Death.
| [
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Reason for consultation
Distal paraesthesias in both lower limbs
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests)
A 55-year-old male patient came to his health centre with a fever of up to 38oC for 5 days, with no other associated symptoms. Examination revealed a hyperemic pharynx with no other findings of interest. He was diagnosed with acute pharyngitis and treated with azithromycin, acetylcysteine and paracetamol.
After 10 days of evolution of the febrile symptoms and once resolved, he consulted again for distal paraesthesia in both lower limbs and in the 3rd-4th finger of the right hand associated with weakness of the quadriceps and a dizzy sensation, while maintaining the ability to walk. She denies swallowing, phonatory and respiratory difficulties. No previous gastrointestinal symptoms. Examination revealed exhaustion and lack of strength when walking on tiptoe and heels and hypoactive osteotendinous reflexes. In view of the findings, his doctor decided to refer him to the hospital emergency department for evaluation of complementary tests and to rule out possible Guillain-Barré Syndrome. A cranial CT scan was performed in the emergency department with the result of a non-specific hyperdense lesion in the left frontal subcortical white matter measuring 9x7mm, without mass effect or associated perilesional oedema that did not show enhancement with the administration of intravenous contrast.
It was decided to admit the patient and during his stay in hospital, the following tests were performed:
General laboratory tests including: blood count; biochemistry with renal, hepatic and ion function; thyrotropin; serology for hepatitis A, B and C viruses, parvovirus B19, Campylobacter jejuni, Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex, HIV, rubella and varicella-zoster; ANA; anti-MOG antibodies and anti-ganglioside antibodies: all normal or negative.
Lumbar puncture: protein 87.9, leucocytes 2, neurotropic virus PCR negative. Fluid culture negative.
Cranial MRI for further study of the lesion detected in the CT scan: confirmed left frontal intraparenchymal space-occupying lesion, of heterogeneous intensity, with hyperintense centre and hypointense halo. Findings related to cavernoma.
Electroneurophysiological study: normal. No significant alterations were observed in the sensory-motor conduction or in the reflex response F of the explored nerves of the four extremities (median, ulnar, peroneal, posterior tibial, sural and superficial peroneal nerves).
Family and community approach
He works as a caretaker in two buildings. His wife does not work. He has a daughter with Down's Syndrome. He has the full and complete support of his family during his stay in hospital.
Clinical judgement (differential diagnosis)
Clinical judgement: Guillain-Barré syndrome. Left frontal cavernoma as an incidental finding.
Differential diagnoses that have been ruled out with complementary tests include: Myasthenia Gravis, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Acute viral poliomyelitis, Botulism, Borreliosis (Lyme disease) and acute hypokalemic paralysis.
Action plan and evolution
During his admission, intravenous immunoglobulins were administered with a good and rapid clinical response of the proximal crural weakness.
No treatment was required on discharge. He was reviewed in the Neurology Department two months later, and after a progressive improvement during his admission and in the following days, the patient was asymptomatic. He is scheduled to be seen in Neurology in a year's time.
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Reason for consultation
A 47-year-old male patient attended the Emergency Department of our Centre due to worsening mood with suicidal ideation of several weeks' evolution.
Socio-familial history
- He is the middle of three siblings. He studied until he was 14 years old. He finished primary school. He has been working as a cabinetmaker since the age of 18. First marriage in 1990. Divorced since 2005. No current partner. Son aged 18. Lives with his parents in Masquefa. Until the age of 33 he lived in Hospitalet de Llobregat.
- Family history of Depressive Disorder: father and sister.
- A paternal uncle committed suicide.
Medical and surgical history
- No known drug allergies.
- HIV+ diagnosed in 1987. No antiretroviral treatment initially. Began antiretroviral treatment in 2005 with a break of a few months "because it made him feel sick". Regular follow-up since then at Hospital de Bellvitge.
Medical-surgical history
- 2005 - GEA due to Salmonella: CV of 27175copies and CD4 of 50. He decided to start antiretroviral treatment.
- 2005: Cerebral toxoplasmosis with good evolution (sulphadiazine + pyrimethamine).
- 2007: CMV retinopathy with loss of vision in the right eye.
- No other medical history of interest.
- Surgical interventions: appendectomy, tonsillectomy in childhood.
Psychiatric history
- First consultation in 1987 - admission to Terrassa Hospital for detoxification due to heroin dependence. He started taking drugs during his military service. Several relapses from 1987 to 2008.
- He reports having undergone private psychiatric follow-up in Barcelona for episodes of anxiety crises in the context of socio-family problems and relapses in drug use. She recalls having received anxiolytic treatment with partial improvement of her symptoms.
- Two suicide attempts:
- 2005- "one curve I made straight" (no physical sequelae);
- 2007- cocaine overdose which he "considered lethal".
- 2007- went to the CSMA in Martorell referred by his GP with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. He started treatment with escitalopram 10 mg with partial improvement. Stops taking the medication on his own. Irregular follow-up.
- February 2008 - admitted to Hospital Sagrat Cor for major depressive episode with melancholic symptoms and discharged on treatment with escitalopram 15 mg. Irregular follow-up at CSMA in Martorell and a visit to the emergency department in 2010 for anxiety crisis and worsening of mood.
- Use of cocaine with a pattern of abuse from 2005 to 2008. She started using "as a form of self-destruction" after the separation. "He didn't care about anything".
- Alcohol consumption with pattern of abuse for 2 years with worsening in recent months.
Current illness
The patient stopped taking medication 4 months ago, and subsequently presented with a clinical picture of insidious onset characterised by sadness, loss of illusion, feelings of inability to carry out projects and of hopelessness, as reported in the context of socio-familial problems.
He suffered a progressive abandonment of his hygienic-dietary care and notable social isolation, even considering death as something desirable "he saw people die and thought that this was a way of resting". Urgent psychiatric admission on a voluntary basis for containment and treatment was carried out on 20 February 2012.
Psychopathological examination
Conscious, self and psychically oriented. Neglected physical appearance. Avoids eye contact. Approachable and cooperative. Hypomimic. Slurred speech with low tone of voice. Depressed mood with feelings of sadness, presenting circadian rhythm, improvement in the evening. Existential emptiness. Anergia, apathy, anhedonia, abulia, difficulty in concentration. Loss of enthusiasm and interest. Tendency to social isolation. Ideas of handicap and guilt.
Low tolerance to frustration. Impulsivity. Poorly structured suicidal ideation. No alteration in the course or content of delusional thinking. Denies sensory-perceptual alterations. Hyporexia with unquantified weight loss. Insomnia of conciliation. Early awakening. Awareness of illness and of needing help. Reality criteria preserved.
Diagnostic orientation
Recurrent major depressive disorder with melancholic symptoms according to DSM IV criteria.
Laboratory tests
- Leucocytes 3,200; haemocytes 3.8; platelets:134000
- Hb 117; Ht 34,8; MCV 91,3;
- Glucose 4,4; Creatinine 78, Na 143; K 4,3;
- AST 0,49; GGT 0,52; FA 0,7;
- Albumin 33; Ca 2,21;
- TSH 0.46; T4 11.3;
- Viral load: 15 copies, CD 4: 350;
- Normal neurological tests.
Clinical course
During his hospitalisation, treatment with Escitalopram and Lorazepam was gradually started. There was a progressive improvement in her mood, with good adaptation to the dynamics of the unit and to home leave. The patient was totally critical of the suicidal ideation, verbalising coherent, realistic and adaptive plans for the short and medium term, centred on family life and work. She accepts the convenience of continuing treatment on an outpatient basis. Given the good evolution, hospital discharge was decided 20 days after admission, in agreement with the patient and his family. Follow-up at CSMA with good evolution.
Treatment
- Escitalopram 20 mg 1-0-0
- Lorazepam 1 mg 1-0-1
- Norvir (ritonavir) 100 mg 1-0-1
- Prezista (darunavir) 600 mg 1-0-1
- Intelence (etravirine) 100 mg 2-0-2
- Isentress (raltegravir) 400 mg 1-0-1
- Hydroxyl 1-1-1
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We present the case of a 41-year-old male, with no known drug allergies. His personal history includes arterial hypertension and extrinsic asthma. He has been receiving regular treatment with enalapril/hydrochlorothiazide for 3 years.
The patient attended the emergency department of our centre in October 2014 due to pain in the right iliac fossa for the last 4 days. The pain was moderate in intensity and partially improved with the usual analgesia. It is not attenuated/exacerbated by food intake and/or postural movements and is not accompanied by other gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and/or constipation) or systemic symptoms (fever, weight loss, asthenia, etc.).
On physical examination he was in good general condition, haemodynamically stable, afebrile and eupnoeic, breathing room air. No signs of dehydration or cutaneous-mucosal lesions were observed. The neurological and cardiopulmonary examination was unremarkable.
At the abdominal level, a non-painful mass was palpated in the right flank with a hard consistency, adhering to deep planes. Complementary tests revealed a leukocytosis of 11930/μL with eosinophilia of 1500/μL and CRP of 37.41 mg/l, as the only notable values. Abdominal CT reported a thickening at the level of the ascending colon that produced stenosis of the lumen, of probable neoplastic origin, with no evidence of pelvic or retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. The study was completed with colonoscopy, visualising an intraluminal growth lesion at the level of the ascending colon, ulcerated and bleeding to the touch. Biopsies were taken showing non-specific inflammatory changes, with no histological signs of malignancy.
Differential diagnosis
This is a young patient with a recent abdominal mass. He has no relevant family history or predictors of colonic neoplastic disease. On the other hand, the current picture is subacute and there are no clinical data suggestive of malignancy such as weight loss or altered bowel habit. Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to establish the suspicion of colon neoplasia as the first diagnostic possibility. Another pathology to be considered could be inflammatory bowel disease. From the point of view of infectious diseases, we should not forget intestinal actinomycosis as a cause of abdominal mass. On the other hand, in the case of our patient, the presence of eosinophilia in peripheral blood, which, although it could be attributed to a history of extrinsic asthma, forces us to rule out parasitosis. Lastly, although less likely, the possibility of intestinal tuberculosis could also be considered.
Evolution
Given the suspicion of a neoformative process, surgery was decided. Right hemicolectomy was performed without incident. The anatomopathological diagnosis was a focal, granulomatous, necrotising, palisading, granulomatous inflammatory process with intense eosinophilia, compatible with invasive colonic anisakiasis. The patient was referred to the outpatient infectious diseases department. On a directed anamnesis, he reported eating undercooked fish almost daily. Anisakis IgE serology was requested and was positive (3.59 kUA/l) and treatment was started with albendazole 400 mg/12h for 21 days. On review after completion of treatment, the patient was asymptomatic and without eosinophilia.
Final diagnosis
Invasive colonic anikasiasis
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44-year-old male admitted for prolonged fever. (previous basic study: N)
Background
Native of Colombia, resident in Spain for 10 years. Returned from a trip to his country 5 months ago. She reported mosquito and tick bites in an unhealthy environment. Toxic habits: ex-smoker. Denies alcohol and drugs.
AP: Congenital monorrhoea. Right inguinal hernia. No usual treatment.
Current examination
The patient complains of fever >38o for the last 1 month, accompanied by generalised arthralgias and myalgias, with dry cough and odynophagia. No other symptoms.
Physical examination
BEG, C-O and cooperative, normohydrated, normal colour. Febrile (38.5o). Eupneic at rest.
Neck: no goitre or laterocervical adenopathies. Oropharynx congestive. Axillary microadenopathies.
AC: regular tones, no murmurs or rubbing. PA: preserved vesicular murmur, without pathological sounds.
Abdomen soft, depressible, not painful on palpation, no masses or organomegaly. MMII: 1-2 cm erythematous macular lesions on the anterior aspect of both thighs, no inguinal lymphadenopathies. Rectal examination: N.
Complementary examinations
BIOCHEMISTRY: urea: 28 mg/dl. creatinine: 0.75 mg/dl. bilirubin: 0.63 mg/dl. GOT:56 IU/l, GPT:78 IU/l. GGT:18 IU/l. FA:67 IU/l. CRP: 154 mg/l. Procalcitonin: 0.27ng/l, LDH: 882 IU/l, beta-2 microglobulin: 2.8 mg/l, ferritin: 580 ng/ml. Immunoglobulins: N. The rest of the blood tests were null.
Haemogram: leucocytes: 18570/mm. neutrophils: 86.1%, lymphocytes: 8.2%, eosinophils: 0.4%. Haemoglobin: 12.5 g/dl. Ht: 34.6%, platelets: 305000/μL.ESR: 60. HAEMOSTASIS: I. Quick: 62.8%. T. Prothrombin: 14.8". Fibrinogen: 403.7 mg/dl. APTT: 32". INR determination: 1.22. Urine: negative.
ECG: sinus rhythm at 84 bpm, PR 0.16 sec, QRS 0.08, QRS axis at 60o.
Chest X-ray: N
MICROBIOLOGY: blood cultures (x6): negative. Urine culture, stool culture and stool parasites: negative. Interferon gamma TB (IGRA): negative. SEROLOGY: HIV, HAV, HBV, HCV, HEV, herpes group, toxoplasma, rickettsia, borrelia, mycoplasma, chlamydia, trypanosoma, salmonella, brucella, leishmania, lues, parvovirus B19, plasmodium, leptospirosis, chikungunya, dengue and Zika virus: negative.
SELF-IMMUNITY: negative. RCT and RF: negative. Histocompatibility antigen HLA B-35.
ECO-Cardio: normal. No signs of endocarditis or pericardial effusion.
Abdominal and prostate ECHO: N
Thoracic-abdominal CT: lymphadenopathies < 1cm at axillary and retroperitoneal level. Rest: N
CT scan of the brain and frontal and maxillary sinuses: N
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Seven-year-old male patient from Calatayud (Zaragoza, Spain), who came to the clinic with the presence of a foreign body on the scalp. The family reported having spent the previous week in a rural house in contact with animals, specifically sheep and horses. On physical examination, a tick (haematophagous arthropod) of the species Dermacentor marginatus was identified in the occipital region, which was removed without incident. After 48 hours, a papular lesion measuring 1 x 1 cm appeared, with minimal secretion and meliceric crusts, which was initially treated with topical mupirocin. 5 days after removal of the tick, the patient consulted again due to worsening of the lesion and the appearance of several retroauricular, cervical and occipital lymphadenopathies, fever and asthenia. Examination revealed a deep, ulcer-like lesion on the occipital scalp, measuring 3 x 3 cm, with erythematous borders and a necrotic centre. Ulcer on the scalp of our patient. Oral azithromycin was prescribed at a dose of 8 mg/kg/day for 5 days and successive moist dressings with hydrogels and colloidal dressings were applied to the bedsore. The evolution was satisfactory, with complete healing after approximately 2-3 weeks.
Rickettsial serology was negative and both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture of the lesion showed the presence of R. slovaca, confirming the origin of the clinical picture described.
Spain is currently one of the countries with the highest number of reported cases. Other species, such as Rickettsia raoultii or Rickettsia rioja, could cause a similar clinical picture.
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Background
We report the clinical case of a 74-year-old white female patient with a history of arterial hypertension, chronic renal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease, for which she had undergone angioplasty and stenting of the anterior descending coronary artery in the year 2000. In addition, he suffered from severe mitral insufficiency, for which he had undergone mitral valve replacement with a mechanical valve in 2001. Subsequently, he developed heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 22% and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (FC) III/IV despite optimal medical management, with a baseline electrocardiogram showing a QRS complex > 120 msec, leading to a decision to place a St. Jude cardiac resynchroniser programmed in VVT in April 2004. During this procedure, 2 grams of cephalothin was administered prophylactically, with a good response.
Clinical picture
The patient consulted 4 years after resynchroniser implantation (2008) for 3 consecutive days of progressive dyspnoea, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea and fever. On admission, he presented with a blood pressure of 120/70 mm Hg, heart rate of 78 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 18 x", axillary temperature of 38.5oC, oxygen saturation of 78%, moderate dyspnoea, no jugular ingurgitation and generalised hypoventilation with bibasal rales. Chest X-ray showed bilateral pulmonary congestion and blood tests showed: leucocytes = 16,700 x mm3 with 96% neutrophilia; haemoglobinemia of 11.3 g/dl; platelets = 404,000 x mm3; creatinine = 1,000 x mm3; haemoglobinemia of 11.3 g/dl; platelets = 404,000 x mm3; creatinine = 1,000 x mm3; and blood tests showed: leucocytes = 16,700 x mm3 with 96% neutrophilia; haemoglobinemia of 11.3 g/dl; platelets = 404. 000 x mm3; creatininemia 2.2 mg/dl; blood sodium = 150 mmol/L; kalaemia = 4.2 mmol/L; INR = 3.4; CRP = 47 mg/dl. Due to the clinical picture, intravenous vasodilators and diuretics and water restriction were started, with good response. A transesophageal echocardiogram was performed on suspicion of infective endocarditis as the patient persisted with fever, finding a mobile mass attached to the resynchroniser electrode (Figure 1). Treatment was started with piperacillin and tazobactam 2.25 grams intravenous every 6 hours + vancomycin 1 gram intravenous initially and subsequent doses according to trough levels. Blood cultures were positive for multisensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic therapy was administered for 6 weeks with a very good response, so it was decided not to remove the resynchroniser lead or the mitral valve. The control echocardiogram at 6 weeks showed resolution of the mass adherent to the electrode.
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A 25-year-old woman was referred to our department to confirm the presence of Susac syndrome due to bilateral visual loss. The patient had a history of balance disturbances, ataxia, faecal and urinary incontinence, and left hearing loss for four years, and was receiving corticosteroids, nimodipine and anticoagulants. Neurological examination revealed spastic paraparesis, tendon hyperreflexia and genitourinary dysfunction. Blood tests including haemogram, general biochemistry, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, angiotensin converting enzyme and coagulation were unaltered. Serology for lues, human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex, hepatitis B and C, C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor, lupus anticoagulant, antinuclear, anticardiolipin, and antiphospholipid antibodies was negative. Chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, echocardiography and cranial computed axial tomography showed no abnormalities. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was clear with normal opening pressure, slightly increased protein, and normal remaining formula. CSF serology for borrelia, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and syphilis, in addition to the usual cultures were negative. Detection of oligoclonal bands in CSF was also negative. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed multiple focal areas of hyperintensity in the periventricular and pericallosal white matter and in the semioval centre regions. Standard audiometric tests revealed asymmetrical, left-dominant, low-frequency, sensorineural hearing loss. On ophthalmological examination, his visual acuity was 20/25 in both eyes. Goldmann campimetry (Haag-Streit, Bern, Switzerland) showed bitemporal inferior quadrantanopsia. Biomicroscopy of the anterior segment showed no remarkable findings. Funduscopic examination revealed peripheral retinal microangiopathy, showing amputation of vessels with clusters of microaneurysms in both eyes. There were no signs of inflammation or cells in the vitreous and no sheathing of the retinal vessels. Fluorescein angiography (FFA) showed signs of ischaemia in the areas corresponding to the arteriolar occlusions. The diagnosis of Susac syndrome was based on the association of encephalopathy with typical MRI findings, retinal microangiopathy and sensorineural hearing loss.
Due to the evident peripheral retinal ischaemia seen on FFA, retinal laser photocoagulation was performed prophylactically in the ischaemic areas, and the visual picture has remained stable ever since. After two years, there have been no significant changes in neurological or auditory status.
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] | en |
An otherwise healthy 16-year-old adolescent presented to our emergency department at a regional hospital with symptoms of hyperthermia and abdominal pain, fatigue and sore throat. It was relevant that he and several of his siblings shared a history of suspected exposure to a patient with coronavirus 2019 disease 3 weeks prior to presentation.
On examination, he had signs of acute pharyngitis, non-purulent conjunctivitis, diffuse abdominal pain on palpation and extensive maculopapular rash (on the palms of the hands, knees and ankles), without haemodynamic or respiratory involvement. He was admitted to the paediatric ward with suspected scarlet fever and then presented with headache and nuchal rigidity. A CT scan showed normal results, and a lumbar puncture was performed. Cerebrospinal fluid showed mild pleocytosis and normal glycorrhachia, and was negative for bacterial and viral pathogens. It should be noted that 2 nasopharyngeal swabs for
SARS-CoV-2 were negative, as well as an extensive panel of tests for infectious diseases.
On his third day of hospitalisation, he developed thermal shock, was transferred to the local paediatric ICU and required intubation and haemodynamic support with epinephrine and milrinone.
Laboratory results were relevant for a high troponin-I value (922 ng/L) and a disproportionately high pro-BNP value (> 35,000 pg/mL; analytical limit). An echocardiogram showed mildly reduced systolic left ventricular function with ejection fraction of 50% and mild mitral regurgitation. Coronary arteries were normal. As at this time the clinical picture was consistent with atypical nephropathy, the patient was treated with i.v. immunoglobulin and high-dose aspirin, and transferred to the paediatric ICU of our tertiary centre.
During his stay, he was intubated and subjected to mechanical ventilation, and required variable doses of inotropic and vasopressor support. Echocardiogram showed normal systolic left ventricular function, with moderate concentric mitral regurgitation and mild aortic regurgitation.
Laboratory tests showed a high C-reactive protein value (24 mg/dL), mild normocytic anaemia, borderline thrombocytopenia, mild coagulation disturbance (INR 2.23) with normal fibrinogen values and high D-dimer value (3573 ng/mL). Blood cultures and respiratory viral panels were negative in sputum and blood, with a positive nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 and serological confirmation of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, with positive IgG and IgA (tested in serum obtained before i.v. IG treatment). Rheumatological examination revealed very low values of complement factors C3 and C4 (26 and < 1.68 mg/dL, respectively), as well as negative antinuclear antibodies.
On the following day, the patient presented with clonus; an emergency brain MRI and MRA showed diffuse and small siderosis foci with low signal in the subcortical white matter of both hemispheres and the corpus callosum. In addition to haemodynamic involvement, the patient presented with acute respiratory distress syndrome and small bilateral pleural effusions. With the provisional diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 associated resistant atypical Kawasaki, he was treated with an additional dose of i.v. IG and a 5-day course of pulsed methylprednisolone. Given the signs of CNS microhaemorrhages, anticoagulant therapy was not initiated. During the following 3 days, the cardiovascular and pulmonary alterations resolved and the patient was successfully extubated. Neurologically, he regained full consciousness and general strength improved rapidly. As abdominal pain and vomiting persisted, an abdominal CT scan was performed and showed signs of mild pancreatitis and moderate ascites. Further analytical tests showed a gradual decrease in troponin I, pro-BNP and inflammation markers, as well as an increase in C3 and C4 to normal values. At a follow-up examination 2 weeks after discharge, the echocardiogram showed a mild coronary thickening of 3.5 mm, with a small coronary aneurysm in the right coronary artery. Mitral and aortic insufficiency had resolved, and cardiac activity was normal. Neurological examination was normal except for general muscle weakness.
| [
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{
"text": "coronavirus 2019",
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{
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{
"text": "adolescent",
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{
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{
"text": "patient",
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] | en |
Patient 42 years old, married, singleton (twins), with a 20-year history of repeated infections in the genital area. At the age of 22 she contracted HPV; for years she was treated with laser, without success. She suffered from Candida albicans infections at least once a month. At the age of 34 she developed genital herpes. Episodes of candidiasis worsened, alternating with herpes. Constant vaginal pain made it impossible for her to maintain regular sexual activity. At the age of 36 she underwent in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment, resulting in a twin pregnancy carried to term. At the age of 38, she underwent a new vaginal laser cauterisation, which evolved with repeated ulcerations, mainly in two locations, always very difficult to heal. Her vagina was permanently dry and she could not wear trousers due to constant pain. Faced with the dissatisfaction caused by conventional and unsuccessful treatments, with her intimate life at an unacceptable level, the patient was looking for an alternative.
Taking into account the knowledge acquired about wound treatment and the good evolution of chronic ulcers treated with lipoaspirate graft (which contains most of the VEFs and ADSCs (1)), we proposed an innovative solution for her case.
This proposal consisted of:
1. resection of the vaginal areas with recurrent wounds, and coverage with local rotation flaps.
2. Lipografting of the labia majora to increase their volume and thus close the vulvar orifice and retain the natural moisture.
3. Lamellar lipograft placed under the vaginal mucosa, in its entire posterior hemisphere, in order to increase the inflammatory response capacity, improve the healing capacity and give resistance to the tissues.
Once the proposal was accepted by the patient, the surgery was performed under general anaesthesia. Although the fat donor areas with the highest production of stem cells are those of the trunk of the body (3), in this case we chose to aspirate from the hips, using tumescent technique with physiological saline and adrenaline at 1 /500,000, following the usual practice of our group (4). We used 4 mm diameter cannulas for liposuction and 3 mm diameter cannulas for grafting. From the aspirate column (approximately 400 cc. Fig. 1), after waiting 40 minutes for sedimentation, we discarded the oil layer on the surface, resulting from the rupture of the adipocytes, and the residual liquid at the bottom, mostly the product of infiltration. We grafted 10 cc of fat in each labium majus, tunneled in layers, and 4 cc in the posterior submucosa of the vagina following the retroinjection technique, in a parallel and laminar fashion; we had previously performed resection of two vaginal ulcers and approximation of the superficial transverse muscle of the perineum, with a small posterior perineoplasty for closure. The patient was discharged from hospital the day after the operation. She removed two internal stitches of polyglycolic acid suture thread at three and four weeks.
As for recovery, she resumed her professional activities three days after surgery, her sporting activities after three weeks and, out of misgivings, did not resume sexual relations until two months after surgery. Due to restriction of the perineum, she presented a small fissure next to the posterior vaginal commissure after sexual intercourse, which healed quickly.
So far, after 9 months of follow-up, there has been no recurrence of herpes or any other type of infection; the vagina is permanently moist, something she was unaware of as she had always lived with local dryness. The vaginal introitus remains closed, the labia have a youthful and turgid appearance and the patient can wear any type of clothing. Her only complaints are related to the occasional appearance of fissures in the posterior commissure after sexual intercourse, and a small wound of 3 x 1 cm, painful, which occasionally appears at the point where an irreabsorbable stitch was placed in depth, but which does not coincide with the area where the ulcers caused by the laser therapy were previously located. These problems are caused by mechanical action and can be corrected; They are due to a small excess in the closure of the perineum and a reaction to the suture thread, and not due to a lack of resistance of the tissues, which was the main objective of the treatment and which was fully successful, as we know from MRI carried out 2 months after the surgery, that the liposuctioned material had already stabilised in its new bed (2), as well as the angiogenesis induced by the EVF, which was already fully active, allowing an improvement in the resistance of the mucosa and restoring it to normality. After this period, the critical moment for this type of surgery is considered to have passed.
| [
"Patient",
"42",
"years",
"old",
",",
"married",
",",
"singleton",
"(",
"twins",
")",
",",
"with",
"a",
"20-year",
"history",
"of",
"repeated",
"infections",
"in",
"the",
"genital",
"area",
".",
"At",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"22",
"she",
"contracted",
"HPV",
";",
"for",
"years",
"she",
"was",
"treated",
"with",
"laser",
",",
"without",
"success",
".",
"She",
"suffered",
"from",
"Candida",
"albicans",
"infections",
"at",
"least",
"once",
"a",
"month",
".",
"At",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"34",
"she",
"developed",
"genital",
"herpes",
".",
"Episodes",
"of",
"candidiasis",
"worsened",
",",
"alternating",
"with",
"herpes",
".",
"Constant",
"vaginal",
"pain",
"made",
"it",
"impossible",
"for",
"her",
"to",
"maintain",
"regular",
"sexual",
"activity",
".",
"At",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"36",
"she",
"underwent",
"in",
"vitro",
"fertilisation",
"(",
"IVF",
")",
"treatment",
",",
"resulting",
"in",
"a",
"twin",
"pregnancy",
"carried",
"to",
"term",
".",
"At",
"the",
"age",
"of",
"38",
",",
"she",
"underwent",
"a",
"new",
"vaginal",
"laser",
"cauterisation",
",",
"which",
"evolved",
"with",
"repeated",
"ulcerations",
",",
"mainly",
"in",
"two",
"locations",
",",
"always",
"very",
"difficult",
"to",
"heal",
".",
"Her",
"vagina",
"was",
"permanently",
"dry",
"and",
"she",
"could",
"not",
"wear",
"trousers",
"due",
"to",
"constant",
"pain",
".",
"Faced",
"with",
"the",
"dissatisfaction",
"caused",
"by",
"conventional",
"and",
"unsuccessful",
"treatments",
",",
"with",
"her",
"intimate",
"life",
"at",
"an",
"unacceptable",
"level",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"looking",
"for",
"an",
"alternative",
".",
"Taking",
"into",
"account",
"the",
"knowledge",
"acquired",
"about",
"wound",
"treatment",
"and",
"the",
"good",
"evolution",
"of",
"chronic",
"ulcers",
"treated",
"with",
"lipoaspirate",
"graft",
"(",
"which",
"contains",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"VEFs",
"and",
"ADSCs",
"(",
"1",
")",
")",
",",
"we",
"proposed",
"an",
"innovative",
"solution",
"for",
"her",
"case",
".",
"This",
"proposal",
"consisted",
"of",
":",
"1",
".",
"resection",
"of",
"the",
"vaginal",
"areas",
"with",
"recurrent",
"wounds",
",",
"and",
"coverage",
"with",
"local",
"rotation",
"flaps",
".",
"2",
".",
"Lipografting",
"of",
"the",
"labia",
"majora",
"to",
"increase",
"their",
"volume",
"and",
"thus",
"close",
"the",
"vulvar",
"orifice",
"and",
"retain",
"the",
"natural",
"moisture",
".",
"3",
".",
"Lamellar",
"lipograft",
"placed",
"under",
"the",
"vaginal",
"mucosa",
",",
"in",
"its",
"entire",
"posterior",
"hemisphere",
",",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"increase",
"the",
"inflammatory",
"response",
"capacity",
",",
"improve",
"the",
"healing",
"capacity",
"and",
"give",
"resistance",
"to",
"the",
"tissues",
".",
"Once",
"the",
"proposal",
"was",
"accepted",
"by",
"the",
"patient",
",",
"the",
"surgery",
"was",
"performed",
"under",
"general",
"anaesthesia",
".",
"Although",
"the",
"fat",
"donor",
"areas",
"with",
"the",
"highest",
"production",
"of",
"stem",
"cells",
"are",
"those",
"of",
"the",
"trunk",
"of",
"the",
"body",
"(",
"3",
")",
",",
"in",
"this",
"case",
"we",
"chose",
"to",
"aspirate",
"from",
"the",
"hips",
",",
"using",
"tumescent",
"technique",
"with",
"physiological",
"saline",
"and",
"adrenaline",
"at",
"1",
"/",
"500",
",",
"000",
",",
"following",
"the",
"usual",
"practice",
"of",
"our",
"group",
"(",
"4",
")",
".",
"We",
"used",
"4",
"mm",
"diameter",
"cannulas",
"for",
"liposuction",
"and",
"3",
"mm",
"diameter",
"cannulas",
"for",
"grafting",
".",
"From",
"the",
"aspirate",
"column",
"(",
"approximately",
"400",
"cc",
".",
"Fig",
".",
"1",
")",
",",
"after",
"waiting",
"40",
"minutes",
"for",
"sedimentation",
",",
"we",
"discarded",
"the",
"oil",
"layer",
"on",
"the",
"surface",
",",
"resulting",
"from",
"the",
"rupture",
"of",
"the",
"adipocytes",
",",
"and",
"the",
"residual",
"liquid",
"at",
"the",
"bottom",
",",
"mostly",
"the",
"product",
"of",
"infiltration",
".",
"We",
"grafted",
"10",
"cc",
"of",
"fat",
"in",
"each",
"labium",
"majus",
",",
"tunneled",
"in",
"layers",
",",
"and",
"4",
"cc",
"in",
"the",
"posterior",
"submucosa",
"of",
"the",
"vagina",
"following",
"the",
"retroinjection",
"technique",
",",
"in",
"a",
"parallel",
"and",
"laminar",
"fashion",
";",
"we",
"had",
"previously",
"performed",
"resection",
"of",
"two",
"vaginal",
"ulcers",
"and",
"approximation",
"of",
"the",
"superficial",
"transverse",
"muscle",
"of",
"the",
"perineum",
",",
"with",
"a",
"small",
"posterior",
"perineoplasty",
"for",
"closure",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"discharged",
"from",
"hospital",
"the",
"day",
"after",
"the",
"operation",
".",
"She",
"removed",
"two",
"internal",
"stitches",
"of",
"polyglycolic",
"acid",
"suture",
"thread",
"at",
"three",
"and",
"four",
"weeks",
".",
"As",
"for",
"recovery",
",",
"she",
"resumed",
"her",
"professional",
"activities",
"three",
"days",
"after",
"surgery",
",",
"her",
"sporting",
"activities",
"after",
"three",
"weeks",
"and",
",",
"out",
"of",
"misgivings",
",",
"did",
"not",
"resume",
"sexual",
"relations",
"until",
"two",
"months",
"after",
"surgery",
".",
"Due",
"to",
"restriction",
"of",
"the",
"perineum",
",",
"she",
"presented",
"a",
"small",
"fissure",
"next",
"to",
"the",
"posterior",
"vaginal",
"commissure",
"after",
"sexual",
"intercourse",
",",
"which",
"healed",
"quickly",
".",
"So",
"far",
",",
"after",
"9",
"months",
"of",
"follow-up",
",",
"there",
"has",
"been",
"no",
"recurrence",
"of",
"herpes",
"or",
"any",
"other",
"type",
"of",
"infection",
";",
"the",
"vagina",
"is",
"permanently",
"moist",
",",
"something",
"she",
"was",
"unaware",
"of",
"as",
"she",
"had",
"always",
"lived",
"with",
"local",
"dryness",
".",
"The",
"vaginal",
"introitus",
"remains",
"closed",
",",
"the",
"labia",
"have",
"a",
"youthful",
"and",
"turgid",
"appearance",
"and",
"the",
"patient",
"can",
"wear",
"any",
"type",
"of",
"clothing",
".",
"Her",
"only",
"complaints",
"are",
"related",
"to",
"the",
"occasional",
"appearance",
"of",
"fissures",
"in",
"the",
"posterior",
"commissure",
"after",
"sexual",
"intercourse",
",",
"and",
"a",
"small",
"wound",
"of",
"3",
"x",
"1",
"cm",
",",
"painful",
",",
"which",
"occasionally",
"appears",
"at",
"the",
"point",
"where",
"an",
"irreabsorbable",
"stitch",
"was",
"placed",
"in",
"depth",
",",
"but",
"which",
"does",
"not",
"coincide",
"with",
"the",
"area",
"where",
"the",
"ulcers",
"caused",
"by",
"the",
"laser",
"therapy",
"were",
"previously",
"located",
".",
"These",
"problems",
"are",
"caused",
"by",
"mechanical",
"action",
"and",
"can",
"be",
"corrected",
";",
"They",
"are",
"due",
"to",
"a",
"small",
"excess",
"in",
"the",
"closure",
"of",
"the",
"perineum",
"and",
"a",
"reaction",
"to",
"the",
"suture",
"thread",
",",
"and",
"not",
"due",
"to",
"a",
"lack",
"of",
"resistance",
"of",
"the",
"tissues",
",",
"which",
"was",
"the",
"main",
"objective",
"of",
"the",
"treatment",
"and",
"which",
"was",
"fully",
"successful",
",",
"as",
"we",
"know",
"from",
"MRI",
"carried",
"out",
"2",
"months",
"after",
"the",
"surgery",
",",
"that",
"the",
"liposuctioned",
"material",
"had",
"already",
"stabilised",
"in",
"its",
"new",
"bed",
"(",
"2",
")",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"the",
"angiogenesis",
"induced",
"by",
"the",
"EVF",
",",
"which",
"was",
"already",
"fully",
"active",
",",
"allowing",
"an",
"improvement",
"in",
"the",
"resistance",
"of",
"the",
"mucosa",
"and",
"restoring",
"it",
"to",
"normality",
".",
"After",
"this",
"period",
",",
"the",
"critical",
"moment",
"for",
"this",
"type",
"of",
"surgery",
"is",
"considered",
"to",
"have",
"passed",
"."
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A 36-year-old man came to the emergency department with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection and a history of dry cough, fever and dyspnoea of three weeks' evolution. He reported significant worsening of dyspnoea in the previous 4 hours, with left pleural chest pain. His medical history was relevant only for childhood asthma and for being a 10 pack-year smoker. He had no history of recent trauma or previous pneumothorax. The patient worked as a courier and had previously performed domestic cleaning tasks.
The patient was cared for in a resuscitation room and the staff wore full personal protective equipment. On admission, the patient was clearly hypoxaemic, with an SpO2 of 88%-90% on a reservoir mask at 15 L/min, respiratory rate of 50 r.p.m., using secondary respiratory muscles, and tachycardic with a regular pulse rate of 150 l.p.m. His trachea remained central, his trachea was still central, and his trachea was still central. His trachea remained central, with jugular venous pressure 3 cm above the costal angle and blood pressure 110/65 mmHg. On auscultation, there were no breath sounds throughout the left hemithorax, with reduced vocal vibrations and asymmetric chest expansion. An anteroposterior portable chest X-ray was performed, revealing a large left pneumothorax with mediastinal shift and radiological signs of tension. The compressed right lung showed signs of severe COVID-19, i.e. patchy generalised consolidative changes. Complete blood count revealed increased leukocytes (13.64×109/L) with neutrophilia (8.91×109/L), lymphocytes (3.81×109/L), haemoglobin (146 g/L) and thrombocytes (1051×109/L); biochemical markers showed increased C-reactive protein (28.7 mg/L) and alanine aminotransferase (107 IU/L). These results supported the possibility of bacterial infection superimposed on COVID-19. A 12-lead ECG revealed sinus tachycardia at 155 bpm.
A lung ultrasound after definitive treatment showed multiple confluent B lines with bilateral pleural thickening, consistent with the diagnosis of COVID-19. A new chest X-ray confirmed lung re-expansion with extensive bilateral consolidation. The patient underwent a chest CT scan the following day, which showed extensive areas of patchy consolidation, consistent with severe COVID-19 infection, with associated bullae. After discussion of the radiological findings, the patient underwent urgent decompression of his pneumothorax with a 14-gauge cannula inserted into the second intercostal space and the midclavicular line. After the initial decompression, a Seldinger chest drain with a 12F-gauge tube was inserted in the left axilla. Treatment led to immediate improvement in respiratory and cardiovascular activity, with clinical and radiological evidence of lung re-expansion. One hour later, the patient's oxygen requirement was reduced from 15 L/min with a reservoir mask to 4 L/min via nasal cannula, with normalisation of pulse and respiratory rate. The patient was admitted to a COVID-19 ward, with complete lung re-expansion and, two days later, successful removal of the chest drain. His initial COVID-19 smear was negative; however, after reviewing the evolution and imaging results, the infectious diseases team considered COVID-19 infection highly probable, and that the delay in the initial clinical picture resulted in a negative test. She was discharged two days later and is awaiting outpatient follow-up with the pulmonology team.
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An 84-year-old man with a personal history of allergy to procaine and streptomycin, who had undergone surgery for a left hip prosthesis and bilateral inguinal hernia. In August 2010 he was diagnosed with RP and treatment with prednisone 30 mg/day was indicated. The patient was independent for activities of daily living and had no cognitive impairment.
At the time of consulting the Nephrology Department (8 months after the diagnosis of RP), he was on therapy with prednisone 5 mg, omeprazole 20 mg/day, enalapril 5 mg every 12 hours, levothyroxine 25 mg/day, chlorthalidone 12.5 mg/day.
The patient was admitted to the Nephrology Department for an increase in volume in the lower limbs and in the abdominal-scrotal region of four days' duration. On interrogation, he only reported a slight decrease in the diuresis rhythm and nocturia at one time.
Physical examination revealed a blood pressure of 150/80 mmHg, heart rate of 80 bpm, globular abdomen with dullness in the mesogastrium and oedema with fovea in the lower limbs, the rest of the examination being unremarkable.
Blood tests on admission showed: creatinine: 0.8 mg/dl; cholesterol: 354 mg/dl; triglycerides: 104 mg/dl; albumin: 2.2 g/dl; total protein: 5 mg/dl. Blood count and coagulation were normal. Serology for hepatitis B, C and human immunodeficiency virus: negative. In the immunological study, antinuclear antibodies and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were negative, and complement was normal. IgG was 450 mg/dl (normal range: 751-1560) and IgM and IgA were normal. Blood electrophoresis showed a percentage decrease in albumin without monoclonal peaks.
Tumour markers (carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA], CA19-9, alpha-fetoprotein and prostate-specific antigen [PSA]) were within normal values. CA125 was 136 IU/ml (normal value: 0-35).
The 24-hour urine protein quantification was 9.51 g/24h. Creatinine clearance was 77 ml/min. Urine electrophoresis also ruled out the presence of monoclonal peaks and Bence-Jones proteinuria was negative.
Chest X-ray showed a right pleural effusion.
In the renal ultrasound, the kidneys were 11 cm in size and there was no lithiasis or dilatation.
An abdominal CT scan was performed, which revealed a thickening of the gastric folds. For this reason, a gastroscopy was requested, which confirmed the existence of a thickened pyloric fold, but without evidence of malignancy in the anatomopathological study.
In the presence of florid nephrotic syndrome, a percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy was performed with the following findings: "5 glomeruli per slice plane, all with the usual histological characteristics. Immunofluorescence was negative for the markers studied (IgG, IgA, IgM and C3). The interstitium, tubules and vascular component were free of lesions. The final diagnosis was minimal change nephropathy (MCN).
Based on the biopsy findings, the prednisone dose was increased to 1 mg/kg/day. One month later, the clinical and biochemical remission of the nephrotic syndrome was confirmed at the outpatient clinic and a tapering prednisone regimen was indicated.
Seven months later, when the patient was on maintenance therapy with prednisone 5 mg/day, a relapse of the nephrotic syndrome was observed, which made it necessary to increase the prednisone dose to 50 mg/day. After the nephrotic syndrome disappeared, prednisone was tapered to a dose of 2.5 mg/day.
One month after maintaining prednisone at a dose of 2.5 mg/dl, the patient consulted his general practitioner for oedema. Laboratory tests showed the appearance of proteinuria of 1.66 g/day, so it was decided to increase the prednisone dose to 10 mg/day, and the proteinuria disappeared. At the last Nephrology review, on maintenance with prednisone 10 mg/day, the patient is asymptomatic and without proteinuria.
| [
"An",
"84-year-old",
"man",
"with",
"a",
"personal",
"history",
"of",
"allergy",
"to",
"procaine",
"and",
"streptomycin",
",",
"who",
"had",
"undergone",
"surgery",
"for",
"a",
"left",
"hip",
"prosthesis",
"and",
"bilateral",
"inguinal",
"hernia",
".",
"In",
"August",
"2010",
"he",
"was",
"diagnosed",
"with",
"RP",
"and",
"treatment",
"with",
"prednisone",
"30",
"mg",
"/",
"day",
"was",
"indicated",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"independent",
"for",
"activities",
"of",
"daily",
"living",
"and",
"had",
"no",
"cognitive",
"impairment",
".",
"At",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"consulting",
"the",
"Nephrology",
"Department",
"(",
"8",
"months",
"after",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"RP",
")",
",",
"he",
"was",
"on",
"therapy",
"with",
"prednisone",
"5",
"mg",
",",
"omeprazole",
"20",
"mg",
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"day",
",",
"enalapril",
"5",
"mg",
"every",
"12",
"hours",
",",
"levothyroxine",
"25",
"mg",
"/",
"day",
",",
"chlorthalidone",
"12",
".",
"5",
"mg",
"/",
"day",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"admitted",
"to",
"the",
"Nephrology",
"Department",
"for",
"an",
"increase",
"in",
"volume",
"in",
"the",
"lower",
"limbs",
"and",
"in",
"the",
"abdominal-scrotal",
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"duration",
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"On",
"interrogation",
",",
"he",
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"nocturia",
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"blood",
"pressure",
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"80",
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",",
"heart",
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"globular",
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"dullness",
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"limbs",
",",
"the",
"rest",
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"the",
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"being",
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".",
"Blood",
"tests",
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"creatinine",
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"0",
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"8",
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"/",
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"cholesterol",
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"354",
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"triglycerides",
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"104",
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"2",
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"/",
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"were",
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"C",
"and",
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"immunodeficiency",
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"immunological",
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"antinuclear",
"antibodies",
"and",
"anti-neutrophil",
"cytoplasmic",
"antibodies",
"were",
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",",
"and",
"complement",
"was",
"normal",
".",
"IgG",
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"mg",
"/",
"dl",
"(",
"normal",
"range",
":",
"751-1560",
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"and",
"IgM",
"and",
"IgA",
"were",
"normal",
".",
"Blood",
"electrophoresis",
"showed",
"a",
"percentage",
"decrease",
"in",
"albumin",
"without",
"monoclonal",
"peaks",
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"Tumour",
"markers",
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"carcinoembryonic",
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"alpha-fetoprotein",
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"were",
"within",
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".",
"CA125",
"was",
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"/",
"ml",
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"normal",
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".",
"The",
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"quantification",
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"9",
".",
"51",
"g",
"/",
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"Creatinine",
"clearance",
"was",
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"ml",
"/",
"min",
".",
"Urine",
"electrophoresis",
"also",
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"out",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"monoclonal",
"peaks",
"and",
"Bence-Jones",
"proteinuria",
"was",
"negative",
".",
"Chest",
"X-ray",
"showed",
"a",
"right",
"pleural",
"effusion",
".",
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"the",
"renal",
"ultrasound",
",",
"the",
"kidneys",
"were",
"11",
"cm",
"in",
"size",
"and",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"lithiasis",
"or",
"dilatation",
".",
"An",
"abdominal",
"CT",
"scan",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"which",
"revealed",
"a",
"thickening",
"of",
"the",
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"a",
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"but",
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",",
"IgA",
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"were",
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"final",
"diagnosis",
"was",
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"/",
"kg",
"/",
"day",
".",
"One",
"month",
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"a",
"tapering",
"prednisone",
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".",
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"months",
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",",
"when",
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"prednisone",
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"/",
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",",
"a",
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"50",
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"/",
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",",
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"One",
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"/",
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"/",
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] | en |
We present the case of a 48-year-old male who began with symptoms of frontalisation and gait disorder, being referred to the Neurology Department, with progressive worsening requiring a wheelchair, and behavioural alteration consisting of disinhibition, irritability, loss of sphincter control, affective indifference and apathy.
General blood tests, serology, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and neutrophil anti-cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and a lumbar puncture were performed, with no abnormalities.
A cervical and cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was requested, showing diffuse atrophy at the spinal cord level without pathological significance and at the cranial level numerous hypointense lesions in T1 and hyperintense in T2, affecting both cortico-spinal tracts, cerebellar dentate nuclei and superior cerebellar peduncles, together with a rupture of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB).
Electromyography (EMG) was performed, showing signs of mixed polyneuropathy in the lower limbs, with low sensory amplitude and reduced motor speeds.
Given the symmetrical involvement of the white matter, a metabolic disorder was suspected and tests were requested, with no alterations in the quantification of amino acids or acylcarnitines, but elevation of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids (VLCFA) in the blood, specifically hexacosanoic acid (C26: 0), with a result of 2.18 micromol/litre (μmol/l), the upper limit of the reference laboratory being 0.17 μmol/l, and of tetracosanoic acid (C24:0), with levels of 47 μmol/l, the limit being 14 μmol/l.
In addition, there was an inversion of the ratio of these VLCFA to C22:0 behenic acid (C26:0/C22:0 of 0.071 and C24:0/C22:0 of 1.54, with laboratory limits of 0.77±0.12 and 0.012±0.004 respectively), making it possible to establish the diagnosis of X-ALD.
To confirm the diagnosis, a genetic study of ABCD1 was performed, observing a deletion in haemozygosis in position c.1415_1416delAG, giving a premature codon p.GLn472ArgfsX83 and leading to a truncated protein with a loss of 26% of its amino acids, compatible with the established diagnosis.
The patient underwent dietary education and testosterone and cortisol blood levels were normal.
The severity of this entity is more intense in haemozygous males and less in heterozygous females. There is a deficit of perixisomal beta-oxidation of VLCFA, leading secondarily to the accumulation of VLCFA (especially C26:0 and C24:0)
in the central nervous system, spinal cord, adrenal cortex and testicular tissue. This deficiency is due to mutations in the ABCD1 gene (xq28) on the X chromosome, which cause dysfunction of the ALDp protein (lignoceryl-CoA synthetase), which is essential in the transport of VLCFA from the cytoplasm to the lumen of the peroxisome.
Phenotypic variability appears, depending on neurological involvement and age of onset:
- Cerebral: most rapidly progressive. It affects between 2.5 and 12 years of age, being rare in adolescents (<7%) or adults (<5%). Moderate cognitive deficit, sensorineural deafness, cerebellar ataxia, hemiplegia, subclinical primary adrenal insufficiency, seizures and dementia occur.
- Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN): second and fourth decade. There is spastic paraparesis with gait disturbance, sexual dysfunction and adrenal insufficiency in 2/3 of patients.
- Addison's disease: around 10% of patients have adrenal insufficiency, without brain involvement, although there is a risk of developing it4.
- Heterozygous females: 50% have slowly progressive neurological involvement. Adrenal insufficiency is rare.
Diagnosis is based on clinical findings, MRI, demonstration of accumulation of VLCFA in serum, specifically C26:0 and C24:0, and inversion of the ratio with C22:0.
The most sensitive imaging test is MRI, which shows bilateral and symmetrical involvement of the central white matter. T2 hyperintensity is observed, especially in the temporo-occipital region and corpus callosum. Depending on the location of the lesion, it is classified as follows:
1. Parieto-occipital lobe and splenium of the corpus callosum. 2. Frontal lobe and knee of the corpus callosum.
3. Frontopontine and corticospinal.
4. Cerebellar.
5. Combined frontal lobe and parietooccipital.
The only useful treatment in the prevention of neurological progression is allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from bone marrow, cord blood or peripheral blood. The main drawback lies in the morbidity and mortality of the procedure. Gene therapy, transferring the ABCD1 gene into fibroblasts and haematopoietic cells using a lentiviral vector derived from the HIV virus, has therefore been proposed, although further studies are needed to spread its application. HSCT is indicated in the presence of new lesions, enhancement of existing lesions on MRI, or new neurological symptoms.
| [
"We",
"present",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"a",
"48-year-old",
"male",
"who",
"began",
"with",
"symptoms",
"of",
"frontalisation",
"and",
"gait",
"disorder",
",",
"being",
"referred",
"to",
"the",
"Neurology",
"Department",
",",
"with",
"progressive",
"worsening",
"requiring",
"a",
"wheelchair",
",",
"and",
"behavioural",
"alteration",
"consisting",
"of",
"disinhibition",
",",
"irritability",
",",
"loss",
"of",
"sphincter",
"control",
",",
"affective",
"indifference",
"and",
"apathy",
".",
"General",
"blood",
"tests",
",",
"serology",
",",
"antinuclear",
"antibodies",
"(",
"ANA",
")",
"and",
"neutrophil",
"anti-cytoplasmic",
"antibodies",
"(",
"ANCA",
")",
"and",
"a",
"lumbar",
"puncture",
"were",
"performed",
",",
"with",
"no",
"abnormalities",
".",
"A",
"cervical",
"and",
"cranial",
"Magnetic",
"Resonance",
"Imaging",
"(",
"MRI",
")",
"was",
"requested",
",",
"showing",
"diffuse",
"atrophy",
"at",
"the",
"spinal",
"cord",
"level",
"without",
"pathological",
"significance",
"and",
"at",
"the",
"cranial",
"level",
"numerous",
"hypointense",
"lesions",
"in",
"T1",
"and",
"hyperintense",
"in",
"T2",
",",
"affecting",
"both",
"cortico-spinal",
"tracts",
",",
"cerebellar",
"dentate",
"nuclei",
"and",
"superior",
"cerebellar",
"peduncles",
",",
"together",
"with",
"a",
"rupture",
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"the",
"Blood-Brain",
"Barrier",
"(",
"BBB",
")",
".",
"Electromyography",
"(",
"EMG",
")",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"showing",
"signs",
"of",
"mixed",
"polyneuropathy",
"in",
"the",
"lower",
"limbs",
",",
"with",
"low",
"sensory",
"amplitude",
"and",
"reduced",
"motor",
"speeds",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"symmetrical",
"involvement",
"of",
"the",
"white",
"matter",
",",
"a",
"metabolic",
"disorder",
"was",
"suspected",
"and",
"tests",
"were",
"requested",
",",
"with",
"no",
"alterations",
"in",
"the",
"quantification",
"of",
"amino",
"acids",
"or",
"acylcarnitines",
",",
"but",
"elevation",
"of",
"Very",
"Long",
"Chain",
"Fatty",
"Acids",
"(",
"VLCFA",
")",
"in",
"the",
"blood",
",",
"specifically",
"hexacosanoic",
"acid",
"(",
"C26",
":",
"0",
")",
",",
"with",
"a",
"result",
"of",
"2",
".",
"18",
"micromol",
"/",
"litre",
"(",
"μmol",
"/",
"l",
")",
",",
"the",
"upper",
"limit",
"of",
"the",
"reference",
"laboratory",
"being",
"0",
".",
"17",
"μmol",
"/",
"l",
",",
"and",
"of",
"tetracosanoic",
"acid",
"(",
"C24",
":",
"0",
")",
",",
"with",
"levels",
"of",
"47",
"μmol",
"/",
"l",
",",
"the",
"limit",
"being",
"14",
"μmol",
"/",
"l",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"there",
"was",
"an",
"inversion",
"of",
"the",
"ratio",
"of",
"these",
"VLCFA",
"to",
"C22",
":",
"0",
"behenic",
"acid",
"(",
"C26",
":",
"0",
"/",
"C22",
":",
"0",
"of",
"0",
".",
"071",
"and",
"C24",
":",
"0",
"/",
"C22",
":",
"0",
"of",
"1",
".",
"54",
",",
"with",
"laboratory",
"limits",
"of",
"0",
".",
"77",
"±",
"0",
".",
"12",
"and",
"0",
".",
"012",
"±",
"0",
".",
"004",
"respectively",
")",
",",
"making",
"it",
"possible",
"to",
"establish",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"X-ALD",
".",
"To",
"confirm",
"the",
"diagnosis",
",",
"a",
"genetic",
"study",
"of",
"ABCD1",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"observing",
"a",
"deletion",
"in",
"haemozygosis",
"in",
"position",
"c",
".",
"1415_1416delAG",
",",
"giving",
"a",
"premature",
"codon",
"p",
".",
"GLn472ArgfsX83",
"and",
"leading",
"to",
"a",
"truncated",
"protein",
"with",
"a",
"loss",
"of",
"26",
"%",
"of",
"its",
"amino",
"acids",
",",
"compatible",
"with",
"the",
"established",
"diagnosis",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"underwent",
"dietary",
"education",
"and",
"testosterone",
"and",
"cortisol",
"blood",
"levels",
"were",
"normal",
".",
"The",
"severity",
"of",
"this",
"entity",
"is",
"more",
"intense",
"in",
"haemozygous",
"males",
"and",
"less",
"in",
"heterozygous",
"females",
".",
"There",
"is",
"a",
"deficit",
"of",
"perixisomal",
"beta-oxidation",
"of",
"VLCFA",
",",
"leading",
"secondarily",
"to",
"the",
"accumulation",
"of",
"VLCFA",
"(",
"especially",
"C26",
":",
"0",
"and",
"C24",
":",
"0",
")",
"in",
"the",
"central",
"nervous",
"system",
",",
"spinal",
"cord",
",",
"adrenal",
"cortex",
"and",
"testicular",
"tissue",
".",
"This",
"deficiency",
"is",
"due",
"to",
"mutations",
"in",
"the",
"ABCD1",
"gene",
"(",
"xq28",
")",
"on",
"the",
"X",
"chromosome",
",",
"which",
"cause",
"dysfunction",
"of",
"the",
"ALDp",
"protein",
"(",
"lignoceryl-CoA",
"synthetase",
")",
",",
"which",
"is",
"essential",
"in",
"the",
"transport",
"of",
"VLCFA",
"from",
"the",
"cytoplasm",
"to",
"the",
"lumen",
"of",
"the",
"peroxisome",
".",
"Phenotypic",
"variability",
"appears",
",",
"depending",
"on",
"neurological",
"involvement",
"and",
"age",
"of",
"onset",
":",
"-",
"Cerebral",
":",
"most",
"rapidly",
"progressive",
".",
"It",
"affects",
"between",
"2",
".",
"5",
"and",
"12",
"years",
"of",
"age",
",",
"being",
"rare",
"in",
"adolescents",
"(",
"<",
"7",
"%",
")",
"or",
"adults",
"(",
"<",
"5",
"%",
")",
".",
"Moderate",
"cognitive",
"deficit",
",",
"sensorineural",
"deafness",
",",
"cerebellar",
"ataxia",
",",
"hemiplegia",
",",
"subclinical",
"primary",
"adrenal",
"insufficiency",
",",
"seizures",
"and",
"dementia",
"occur",
".",
"-",
"Adrenomyeloneuropathy",
"(",
"AMN",
")",
":",
"second",
"and",
"fourth",
"decade",
".",
"There",
"is",
"spastic",
"paraparesis",
"with",
"gait",
"disturbance",
",",
"sexual",
"dysfunction",
"and",
"adrenal",
"insufficiency",
"in",
"2",
"/",
"3",
"of",
"patients",
".",
"-",
"Addison",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
":",
"around",
"10",
"%",
"of",
"patients",
"have",
"adrenal",
"insufficiency",
",",
"without",
"brain",
"involvement",
",",
"although",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"risk",
"of",
"developing",
"it4",
".",
"-",
"Heterozygous",
"females",
":",
"50",
"%",
"have",
"slowly",
"progressive",
"neurological",
"involvement",
".",
"Adrenal",
"insufficiency",
"is",
"rare",
".",
"Diagnosis",
"is",
"based",
"on",
"clinical",
"findings",
",",
"MRI",
",",
"demonstration",
"of",
"accumulation",
"of",
"VLCFA",
"in",
"serum",
",",
"specifically",
"C26",
":",
"0",
"and",
"C24",
":",
"0",
",",
"and",
"inversion",
"of",
"the",
"ratio",
"with",
"C22",
":",
"0",
".",
"The",
"most",
"sensitive",
"imaging",
"test",
"is",
"MRI",
",",
"which",
"shows",
"bilateral",
"and",
"symmetrical",
"involvement",
"of",
"the",
"central",
"white",
"matter",
".",
"T2",
"hyperintensity",
"is",
"observed",
",",
"especially",
"in",
"the",
"temporo-occipital",
"region",
"and",
"corpus",
"callosum",
".",
"Depending",
"on",
"the",
"location",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
",",
"it",
"is",
"classified",
"as",
"follows",
":",
"1",
".",
"Parieto-occipital",
"lobe",
"and",
"splenium",
"of",
"the",
"corpus",
"callosum",
".",
"2",
".",
"Frontal",
"lobe",
"and",
"knee",
"of",
"the",
"corpus",
"callosum",
".",
"3",
".",
"Frontopontine",
"and",
"corticospinal",
".",
"4",
".",
"Cerebellar",
".",
"5",
".",
"Combined",
"frontal",
"lobe",
"and",
"parietooccipital",
".",
"The",
"only",
"useful",
"treatment",
"in",
"the",
"prevention",
"of",
"neurological",
"progression",
"is",
"allogeneic",
"haematopoietic",
"stem",
"cell",
"transplantation",
"(",
"HSCT",
")",
"from",
"bone",
"marrow",
",",
"cord",
"blood",
"or",
"peripheral",
"blood",
".",
"The",
"main",
"drawback",
"lies",
"in",
"the",
"morbidity",
"and",
"mortality",
"of",
"the",
"procedure",
".",
"Gene",
"therapy",
",",
"transferring",
"the",
"ABCD1",
"gene",
"into",
"fibroblasts",
"and",
"haematopoietic",
"cells",
"using",
"a",
"lentiviral",
"vector",
"derived",
"from",
"the",
"HIV",
"virus",
",",
"has",
"therefore",
"been",
"proposed",
",",
"although",
"further",
"studies",
"are",
"needed",
"to",
"spread",
"its",
"application",
".",
"HSCT",
"is",
"indicated",
"in",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"new",
"lesions",
",",
"enhancement",
"of",
"existing",
"lesions",
"on",
"MRI",
",",
"or",
"new",
"neurological",
"symptoms",
"."
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This is a 58-year-old male patient, with no known allergies, with a personal history of arterial hypertension and chronic renal insufficiency known for a year and a herniated disc L5-S1.
He came to the Emergency Department with low-grade fever for five months of intermittent course, with no symptoms on examination except mild epigastralgia together with nausea and sporadic vomiting, denying intestinal transit alterations. No relevant epidemiological history except contact with a correctly vaccinated dog.
On physical examination, he was febrile (37.5oC) and haemodynamically stable (BP 125/68 mmHg, HR 65 beats per minute, oxygen saturation at room air 99%). There was slight discomfort on palpation at the epigastric level, the abdomen was soft and depressible with hydro-aerial sounds present with no signs of peritonism, no masses or megaliths were palpable. The rest of the examination by systems was completely unremarkable, including the absence of thyroid enlargement, skin lesions and/or peripheral adenopathies. As for complementary studies, the haemogram showed mild normocytic anaemia (haemoglobin 11 g/dl) and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (59 mm/h). Leukocyte count with differential formula, platelet count and normal coagulation times.
Biochemistry: creatinine 1.23 mg/dl with urea 53.3 mg/dl and C-reactive protein 7.13 mg/dl. The rest of the laboratory parameters were of no relevance (urine systemic, lipid profile, hepatic, bilio-pancreatic, iron, thyroid, immunoglobulins, proteinogram, rheumatoid factor, ACE, tumour markers, autoimmunity and determination of faecal occult blood). Serial blood cultures and smear microscopy were negative, and the wide range of serological tests requested were also negative (HIV, Rose Bengal, Toxoplasma, CMV, EBV, VZV, luetica, atypical mycobacteria, Bartonella henselae, Leishmania, Rickettsia...).
In the field of imaging tests, an ultrasound scan of the abdomen was initially performed, showing probable hepatic steatosis with simple cysts (18x15 mm) in segment II, III and IV of the hepatic parenchyma. Enlarged prostate with calcification in its thickness secondary to previous prostatitis. In the chest/abdomen CT scan, a noteworthy finding was the presence of supracardial mediastinal adenopathies (the largest at the pretracheal and retrocaval level with an axis of 8.5 mm, other smaller ones at the prevascular level and at the aortopulmonary window). Bilateral hilar adenopathies (the largest on the left) with an axis of 1 cm without parenchymal alteration. At the abdominal level, small cystic liver formations compatible with biliary cysts and small retrocrural, mesenteric and retroperitoneal adenopathies of non-significant size were observed. Echocardiography showed no evidence of vegetations. A diagnostic test was performed during his hospital stay.
Differential diagnosis
For the differential diagnosis it is important to take a thorough clinical history and physical examination, in addition to assessing those processes that may cause fever and polyadenopathic symptoms of generalised distribution, including infections, systemic diseases and neoplasms, among the most common causes. The main causal microorganisms that can cause generalised lymphadenopathy are:
1. Bacteria: Leptospira, Brucella, Ehrlichia, Listeria, Yersinia, Mycoplasma tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Treponema pallidum, Francisella turalensis, Bartonella, Tropheryma whipplei and Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
2. Viruses: Herpes viruses (EBV, CMV, VZV, VHH-6), HIV, HBV, HAV, Parvovirus B19, Measles, Dengue, West Nile Fever.
3. Fungi: Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Coccidiodides, Toxoplasma, Leishmania (kala-azar), Trypanosomes and Filarias.
The differential diagnosis of fever and polyadenopathy should include, in acute forms, a reaction to drugs (hydantoins, allopurinol, isoniazid, carbamazepine, among others), immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) and Kawasaki disease, and in subacute or chronic forms, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, lymphoproliferative syndromes, mixed cryoglobulinaemia, systemic mastocytosis, lymphoid metaplasia, Kikuchi, Castleman and Rosai-Dorfman disease, sarcoidosis, some periodic fever syndromes, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Still's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, serum sickness, hyperthyroidism, histiocytosis and amyloidosis among others less frequent.
In our case, given the prolonged chronology of the clinical manifestations and the absence of use of the aforementioned drugs, it seems unlikely that the clinical manifestations are due to a pharmacological reaction. We also exclude from the differential diagnosis a possible episode of immune reconstitution or Kawasaki disease as the clinical picture is not considered to be of recent onset, so we will focus on chronic forms and infectious causes.
In the case of chronic forms, the patient did not present typical symptoms of hyperthyroidism such as weight loss, tachycardia and the thyroid profile was strictly normal, so this option was rejected, as was the possibility of SLE, in favour of slight anaemia but with the rest of the series values within the normal range and autoimmunity was negative and the patient did not present typical diagnostic criteria such as serositis, arthralgia, photosensitivity. As described above, the patient did not present polyarticular symptoms or skin lesions, manifestations present in Still's disease together with fever, so we do not consider this syndrome as a diagnosis of certainty. Kikuchi's disease is a rare disease that tends to affect oriental women between the 2nd and 3rd decade of life, which is not the case here, as this is a 58-year-old male patient. Among the granulomatous diseases, mention should be made of sarcoidosis characterised by polyadenopathic symptoms among other manifestations such as respiratory and visual symptoms, constitutional syndrome, although many patients may be asymptomatic, in the imaging tests the presence of bilateral hilar adenopathies is characteristic, so this entity cannot be ruled out, although the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) values were normal, but these values do not rule out the absence of disease.
One of the causes that cannot be completely ruled out is the presence of a concomitant lymphoproliferative syndrome, although it is true that the patient has no B symptoms or previous constitutional symptoms, but this must be taken into account as one of the most plausible diagnoses. Among the infectious causes, first of all, mentioning pathologies caused by M. tuberculosis can simulate a wide range of pathologies; in our patient there was no epidemiological history or characteristic radiological pattern, and the tuberculin test and smear microscopy were negative. In the anamnesis, he denied risky relationships, consumption of parenteral toxic substances or previous transfusions, with negative serology tests for HIV, syphilis, HBV, HCV and HAV, ruling out these pathologies as being responsible for the clinical picture. Our patient had contact with a correctly vaccinated dog but denied having been bitten by a dog that could have caused skin lesions.
We ruled out microorganisms that usually occur in immunocompromised patients, other agents to be taken into account in this case being CMV, EBV and toxoplasma, whose serologies were negative. Finally, T. whipplei is a gram-positive bacterium that can cause a multisystemic disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations, including prolonged fever with no apparent focal point, abdominal pain and the presence of generalised lymphadenopathy, which is a rare disease and can go unnoticed if it is not considered in the differential diagnosis.
Evolution
In addition to the complementary tests described above, given the abdominal symptoms, an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed, showing moderate oedema together with multiple whitish rice-grain deposits in the second portion of the duodenum, and biopsies were taken.
During his admission to the ward he evolved favourably, presenting a fever peak of 38oC on only one occasion, with negative blood cultures as mentioned above. On discharge he was asymptomatic and afebrile, and was referred to the Infectious Diseases outpatient department for follow-up, pending histological results of the biopsy.
At this point, we can make an initial clinical judgement of prolonged intermittent fever with no focal point and generalised lymphadenopathy pending completion of the study, with lesions of the duodenal mucosa pending anatomopathological diagnosis.
Once the results of the pathological anatomy were obtained, which showed histiocytes with foamy cytoplasm in the lamina propria showing PAS-positive bacilli (mucosal fragments compatible with Whipple's disease) with positive PCR determination of the endoscopic sample for T. whipplei, the diagnosis being conclusive.
Following the results, scheduled admission was decided to start intravenous treatment with Ceftriaxone (2 g iv/day) for 2 weeks, followed by oral treatment with Trimetropin-Sulfamethoxazole (160/800 mg 2 tablets/12 hours) on an outpatient basis. The patient was reviewed at the last consultation 14 months after starting treatment, and the patient was found to be asymptomatic with remission of febrile syndrome. A control endoscopic study was performed with no evidence of alterations at the level of the second duodenal portion, with a new PCR test negative for T. whipplei and inflammatory parameters within normal limits. After the above, it was decided to end antibiotic treatment and the patient was discharged.
Final diagnosis
Whipple's disease
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"did",
"not",
"present",
"typical",
"symptoms",
"of",
"hyperthyroidism",
"such",
"as",
"weight",
"loss",
",",
"tachycardia",
"and",
"the",
"thyroid",
"profile",
"was",
"strictly",
"normal",
",",
"so",
"this",
"option",
"was",
"rejected",
",",
"as",
"was",
"the",
"possibility",
"of",
"SLE",
",",
"in",
"favour",
"of",
"slight",
"anaemia",
"but",
"with",
"the",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"series",
"values",
"within",
"the",
"normal",
"range",
"and",
"autoimmunity",
"was",
"negative",
"and",
"the",
"patient",
"did",
"not",
"present",
"typical",
"diagnostic",
"criteria",
"such",
"as",
"serositis",
",",
"arthralgia",
",",
"photosensitivity",
".",
"As",
"described",
"above",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"did",
"not",
"present",
"polyarticular",
"symptoms",
"or",
"skin",
"lesions",
",",
"manifestations",
"present",
"in",
"Still",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
"together",
"with",
"fever",
",",
"so",
"we",
"do",
"not",
"consider",
"this",
"syndrome",
"as",
"a",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"certainty",
".",
"Kikuchi",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
"is",
"a",
"rare",
"disease",
"that",
"tends",
"to",
"affect",
"oriental",
"women",
"between",
"the",
"2nd",
"and",
"3rd",
"decade",
"of",
"life",
",",
"which",
"is",
"not",
"the",
"case",
"here",
",",
"as",
"this",
"is",
"a",
"58-year-old",
"male",
"patient",
".",
"Among",
"the",
"granulomatous",
"diseases",
",",
"mention",
"should",
"be",
"made",
"of",
"sarcoidosis",
"characterised",
"by",
"polyadenopathic",
"symptoms",
"among",
"other",
"manifestations",
"such",
"as",
"respiratory",
"and",
"visual",
"symptoms",
",",
"constitutional",
"syndrome",
",",
"although",
"many",
"patients",
"may",
"be",
"asymptomatic",
",",
"in",
"the",
"imaging",
"tests",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"bilateral",
"hilar",
"adenopathies",
"is",
"characteristic",
",",
"so",
"this",
"entity",
"cannot",
"be",
"ruled",
"out",
",",
"although",
"the",
"angiotensin",
"converting",
"enzyme",
"(",
"ACE",
")",
"values",
"were",
"normal",
",",
"but",
"these",
"values",
"do",
"not",
"rule",
"out",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"disease",
".",
"One",
"of",
"the",
"causes",
"that",
"cannot",
"be",
"completely",
"ruled",
"out",
"is",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"a",
"concomitant",
"lymphoproliferative",
"syndrome",
",",
"although",
"it",
"is",
"true",
"that",
"the",
"patient",
"has",
"no",
"B",
"symptoms",
"or",
"previous",
"constitutional",
"symptoms",
",",
"but",
"this",
"must",
"be",
"taken",
"into",
"account",
"as",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"most",
"plausible",
"diagnoses",
".",
"Among",
"the",
"infectious",
"causes",
",",
"first",
"of",
"all",
",",
"mentioning",
"pathologies",
"caused",
"by",
"M",
".",
"tuberculosis",
"can",
"simulate",
"a",
"wide",
"range",
"of",
"pathologies",
";",
"in",
"our",
"patient",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"epidemiological",
"history",
"or",
"characteristic",
"radiological",
"pattern",
",",
"and",
"the",
"tuberculin",
"test",
"and",
"smear",
"microscopy",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"In",
"the",
"anamnesis",
",",
"he",
"denied",
"risky",
"relationships",
",",
"consumption",
"of",
"parenteral",
"toxic",
"substances",
"or",
"previous",
"transfusions",
",",
"with",
"negative",
"serology",
"tests",
"for",
"HIV",
",",
"syphilis",
",",
"HBV",
",",
"HCV",
"and",
"HAV",
",",
"ruling",
"out",
"these",
"pathologies",
"as",
"being",
"responsible",
"for",
"the",
"clinical",
"picture",
".",
"Our",
"patient",
"had",
"contact",
"with",
"a",
"correctly",
"vaccinated",
"dog",
"but",
"denied",
"having",
"been",
"bitten",
"by",
"a",
"dog",
"that",
"could",
"have",
"caused",
"skin",
"lesions",
".",
"We",
"ruled",
"out",
"microorganisms",
"that",
"usually",
"occur",
"in",
"immunocompromised",
"patients",
",",
"other",
"agents",
"to",
"be",
"taken",
"into",
"account",
"in",
"this",
"case",
"being",
"CMV",
",",
"EBV",
"and",
"toxoplasma",
",",
"whose",
"serologies",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"T",
".",
"whipplei",
"is",
"a",
"gram-positive",
"bacterium",
"that",
"can",
"cause",
"a",
"multisystemic",
"disease",
"with",
"a",
"wide",
"range",
"of",
"clinical",
"manifestations",
",",
"including",
"prolonged",
"fever",
"with",
"no",
"apparent",
"focal",
"point",
",",
"abdominal",
"pain",
"and",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"generalised",
"lymphadenopathy",
",",
"which",
"is",
"a",
"rare",
"disease",
"and",
"can",
"go",
"unnoticed",
"if",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"considered",
"in",
"the",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
".",
"Evolution",
"In",
"addition",
"to",
"the",
"complementary",
"tests",
"described",
"above",
",",
"given",
"the",
"abdominal",
"symptoms",
",",
"an",
"upper",
"gastrointestinal",
"endoscopy",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"showing",
"moderate",
"oedema",
"together",
"with",
"multiple",
"whitish",
"rice-grain",
"deposits",
"in",
"the",
"second",
"portion",
"of",
"the",
"duodenum",
",",
"and",
"biopsies",
"were",
"taken",
".",
"During",
"his",
"admission",
"to",
"the",
"ward",
"he",
"evolved",
"favourably",
",",
"presenting",
"a",
"fever",
"peak",
"of",
"38oC",
"on",
"only",
"one",
"occasion",
",",
"with",
"negative",
"blood",
"cultures",
"as",
"mentioned",
"above",
".",
"On",
"discharge",
"he",
"was",
"asymptomatic",
"and",
"afebrile",
",",
"and",
"was",
"referred",
"to",
"the",
"Infectious",
"Diseases",
"outpatient",
"department",
"for",
"follow-up",
",",
"pending",
"histological",
"results",
"of",
"the",
"biopsy",
".",
"At",
"this",
"point",
",",
"we",
"can",
"make",
"an",
"initial",
"clinical",
"judgement",
"of",
"prolonged",
"intermittent",
"fever",
"with",
"no",
"focal",
"point",
"and",
"generalised",
"lymphadenopathy",
"pending",
"completion",
"of",
"the",
"study",
",",
"with",
"lesions",
"of",
"the",
"duodenal",
"mucosa",
"pending",
"anatomopathological",
"diagnosis",
".",
"Once",
"the",
"results",
"of",
"the",
"pathological",
"anatomy",
"were",
"obtained",
",",
"which",
"showed",
"histiocytes",
"with",
"foamy",
"cytoplasm",
"in",
"the",
"lamina",
"propria",
"showing",
"PAS-positive",
"bacilli",
"(",
"mucosal",
"fragments",
"compatible",
"with",
"Whipple",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
")",
"with",
"positive",
"PCR",
"determination",
"of",
"the",
"endoscopic",
"sample",
"for",
"T",
".",
"whipplei",
",",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"being",
"conclusive",
".",
"Following",
"the",
"results",
",",
"scheduled",
"admission",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"start",
"intravenous",
"treatment",
"with",
"Ceftriaxone",
"(",
"2",
"g",
"iv",
"/",
"day",
")",
"for",
"2",
"weeks",
",",
"followed",
"by",
"oral",
"treatment",
"with",
"Trimetropin-Sulfamethoxazole",
"(",
"160",
"/",
"800",
"mg",
"2",
"tablets",
"/",
"12",
"hours",
")",
"on",
"an",
"outpatient",
"basis",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"reviewed",
"at",
"the",
"last",
"consultation",
"14",
"months",
"after",
"starting",
"treatment",
",",
"and",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"found",
"to",
"be",
"asymptomatic",
"with",
"remission",
"of",
"febrile",
"syndrome",
".",
"A",
"control",
"endoscopic",
"study",
"was",
"performed",
"with",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"alterations",
"at",
"the",
"level",
"of",
"the",
"second",
"duodenal",
"portion",
",",
"with",
"a",
"new",
"PCR",
"test",
"negative",
"for",
"T",
".",
"whipplei",
"and",
"inflammatory",
"parameters",
"within",
"normal",
"limits",
".",
"After",
"the",
"above",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"end",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
"and",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"discharged",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Whipple",
"'",
"s",
"disease"
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We present the clinical case of a 67-year-old man, with a history of moderate-severe enolism, arterial hypertension and ischaemic heart disease, who was transferred to the Emergency Department from another centre where he had come 4 hours after ingestion of an OP (Metasystox®: oxydemeton-methyl) in an attempt at autolysis. At the centre of origin, he underwent gastric lavage and was given a dose of activated charcoal.
On arrival at the ED, the patient was conscious and oriented, hypotensive and bradycardic, with clear muscarinic manifestations: profuse sweating, sialorrhoea, abundant tear secretion, and diffuse colicky pain with nausea and vomiting. At the nicotinic level, there were no motor deficits but there was some perceptible fasciculation in both thighs. During his stay in the Emergency Department, the patient presented generalised myoclonus, miosis and desaturation with peripheral cyanosis, probably secondary to the fasciculations of the peripheral muscles and the diaphragm.
In view of the symptoms, joint treatment with atropine and pralidoxime (1 g over 30 minutes) was started, achieving an improvement in the peripheral symptoms, with a decrease in the number of fasciculations and disappearance of the abdominal cramps. A second dose of 25 g of activated charcoal and a bolus of intravenous diazepam were administered to control the convulsions.
Given the refractory nature of the seizures, orotracheal intubation was performed to protect the airway and treatment was started with pralidoxime (12 g/day) and atropine (20 mg/day), both in continuous infusion. Under these conditions he was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), where he remained for 12 days. During the first 10 days post-intoxication, he continued with the treatment given in the emergency department, according to the doses specified in table I.
Until day 6 post-intoxication, the patient presented miosis and high peristalsis, and from this day onwards he manifested mydriasis and impaired tolerance to enteral nutrition as a consequence of the absence of peristalsis. This improves as the dose of atropine is reduced. However, reactive mydriasis persisted until discharge to the ward. Another symptomatology of the patient, characteristic of OP poisoning, is generalised myoclonus and thoracic muscle weakness. This weakness could also be a consequence of the sedation to which he is subjected due to his agitated state. By day 5 post-intoxication, isolated facial myoclonus is noticeable, still in the context of neurological symptoms.
Progressive recovery of limb strength begins on day 6 post-intoxication, and is complete by day 9. However, between these days, even under treatment with pralidoxime in continuous perfusion, the patient develops an IS with proximal and facial muscle weakness. This led to hypoventilation due to muscle fatigue.
As for the respiratory symptoms, which are critical in patients with OP poisoning, there is an episode of initial respiratory failure, which is subsequently corrected by keeping the patient on mechanical ventilation (MV) until 5 days after the poisoning. From this day onwards, gradual disconnections from MV are initiated, with the patient tending to hypoventilate due to muscle fatigue. Improvement in respiratory function, although hampered by nosocomial tracheobronchiolitis due to H. influenzae, became apparent around day 8 post-intoxication. Despite psychomotor agitation, he tolerates MV disconnections allowing extubation one day after initiation. However, a tendency to hypoventilation persists throughout his stay in the ICU.
As a biomarker of exposure to the toxicant, plasma cholinesterase levels were assessed. The first measurement, carried out at 16 hours post-ingestion, showed a level of 13 ukat/L (reference range: 89-215 ukat/L). Its evolution can be seen in figure 1.
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"(",
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")",
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"days",
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".",
"From",
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",",
"gradual",
"disconnections",
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"MV",
"are",
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",",
"with",
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",",
"although",
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"H",
".",
"influenzae",
",",
"became",
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"around",
"day",
"8",
"post-intoxication",
".",
"Despite",
"psychomotor",
"agitation",
",",
"he",
"tolerates",
"MV",
"disconnections",
"allowing",
"extubation",
"one",
"day",
"after",
"initiation",
".",
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",",
"a",
"tendency",
"to",
"hypoventilation",
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"ICU",
".",
"As",
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"of",
"exposure",
"to",
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",",
"plasma",
"cholinesterase",
"levels",
"were",
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".",
"The",
"first",
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",",
"carried",
"out",
"at",
"16",
"hours",
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",",
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"level",
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"13",
"ukat",
"/",
"L",
"(",
"reference",
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":",
"89-215",
"ukat",
"/",
"L",
")",
".",
"Its",
"evolution",
"can",
"be",
"seen",
"in",
"figure",
"1",
"."
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Anamnesis
25-year-old woman, with no drug allergies, ex-smoker for a year, with chronic iron deficiency anaemia of unknown cause diagnosed in 2008, on treatment with oral iron, migraine since the age of 17 and admission in 2010 for infectious mononucleosis.
She consulted the emergency department for fever of up to 40oC for a week and left lumbar pain in the last 48 hours, accompanied by vomiting and diarrhoea, with no other accompanying symptoms. The patient was admitted to Internal Medicine for study and follow-up of the fever.
Physical examination
General condition was fair. Normal colour and normal hydration. Temperature 38 oC, blood pressure 110/60, heart rate 99 bpm. Cardiac auscultation without murmurs. Pulmonary auscultation: preserved vesicular murmur, no crackles. Abdomen soft and depressible, without defence, with preserved peristalsis and positive left renal fist percussion. No neurological focality. No significant adenopathies. No skin lesions.
Complementary tests
- Laboratory tests showed absolute lymphopenia with activated lymphocytes (already known in the patient) in the blood test on admission and microhaematuria in urine.
- Chest X-ray: no pathological findings.
- Echocardiogram: endocarditis was ruled out.
- Computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen: oedematous appearance of the left kidney with the presence of inflammatory changes due to acute pyelonephritis complicated by ischaemia and the appearance of segmental renal infarcts.
- Abdominal ultrasound: infarction in the upper and lower pole of the left kidney.
- Blood and urine cultures: negative.
- Serology: IgM CMV positive, IgG EBV positive, IgM negative, HAV negative, HBV negative, HCV negative, HIV negative, CMV PCR in plasma negative.
Diagnosis
Renal infarction secondary to a clinical picture of complicated acute pyelonephritis. Pending ruling out primary immunodeficiency.
Treatment
Diet with plenty of fluids and antibiotherapy with piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin.
Evolution
With a diagnosis of neutropenic fever, treatment was started with piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin, intravenously, and a dose of c-GSF was administered with an immediate good clinical response. Following radiological studies and confirmation of the presence of renal infarction secondary to acute complicated pyelonephritis, the Urology Department was notified and indicated follow-up with outpatient CT scanning, given the patient's clinical improvement.
On discharge, the patient was in good general condition, afebrile, with good vital signs and stable clinical and laboratory tests, maintaining her known iron deficiency anaemia.
The patient was assessed 3 months after discharge in the outpatient urology department, with a control CT scan showing heterogeneous left renal perfusion with scarred areas in the upper and lower pole of the left kidney. Laboratory tests showed normal renal function. The patient has not reported any symptoms. Pending further appointment.
| [
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A 21-year-old woman consulted for a small lesion on the right upper eyelid (PSD), with progressive growth, in the last four hours.
She reported living in a rural house and had previously been cleaning several farm animals. He had no relevant personal or family history.
Ophthalmological examination showed a 2 mm reddish insect attached to the free edge of the PSD. Arthropod attached to the right upper eyelid, reddish in appearance. Visual acuity was unity in both eyes (AO) and the rest of the examination including fundus examination was normal.
Treatment consisted of the application of a swab impregnated with lighter fluid. The progressive release of the jaws allowed complete removal with forceps. Eyelid with no remains of the arthropod incarcerated, once removed after local application of petrol.
The specimen was sent to the Anatomical Pathology Service to verify its integrity and to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine for identification, being reported as RS or common dog tick. Arthropod extracted and identified as Riphycephalus sanguineus or common dog tick.
The patient underwent an examination to rule out the presence of other arthropods and a study of possible local or systemic complications. Serology for tick-borne zoonoses was performed for six months and was negative.
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An 85-year-old woman attended the emergency department with dyspnoea, sustained fever of 39oC and purulent expectoration of two days' duration. Her medical history included arterial hypertension, polymyalgia rheumatica, osteoarthritis of the hip and bilateral phakectomy. Physical examination revealed multiple ecchymosis on the trunk and lower extremities, tachypnoea at rest and basal oxygen saturation 89-90%. Pulmonary auscultation revealed rhonchi and generalised wheezing in both hemithorax.
Laboratory tests showed elevated acute phase reactants (CRP, procalcitonin and leukocytes), impaired renal function (Creatinine 1.55mg/ dL), prolonged TTPa (74 s) and partial respiratory failure (pO2 55 mmHg, pCO2 36 mmHg). Chest X-ray with no radiological findings of interest. In addition, taking into account the time of year, a test for respiratory viruses was carried out and the results were positive for influenza A.
Hospitalisation in the Internal Medicine Department was decided and oseltamivir was started, adjusted to her renal function. Twelve hours after admission, he presented frank haematuria with haemocyte repercussions, requiring transfusion support. Control laboratory tests showed worsening of aPTT (94 s). Platelet count, PT and prothrombin activity within normal parameters. The presence of a circulating inhibitor was suspected and confirmed by a mixture study. Initial TTPa 74 s, Initial mixing 32 s and Mixing after 1 hour incubation 42 s. Additional studies confirmed the presence of FVIII inhibitor, FVIII activity of less than 5% and Bethesda of 29. Treatment was started with recombinant Factor VII and methylprednisolone (0.5mg/kg IV every 24 hours), dose adjusted for active infectious process. Extension studies were completed, ruling out active neoplasia with a thoraco-abdominal-pelvic CT scan and negative tumour markers. The autoimmunity profile was also negative. Microbiological studies and serology for hepatotropic viruses and human immunodeficiency were negative. During the course of the patient's evolution, he presented urinary tract infection by E. coli with no resistance to antibiotics. Once the viral process was controlled and the oseltamivir regimen was completed, cyclophosphamide was added to the treatment for acquired haemophilia. Subsequently, Factor VIII levels recovered to 59% and TTPa normalised with disappearance of the inhibitor (image 1). In view of this situation, the patient was discharged with initial symptoms resolved and no evidence of new haemorrhagic complications. He continued weekly outpatient controls and completed 6 weeks of immunosuppressive treatment.
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A 51-year-old man reported fever, arthromyalgia, dyspnoea and atypical chest pain, but without cough or anosmia/ageusia. Troponin I values were 200 ng/mL, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide 900 pg/mL, C-reactive protein 270 mg/L and fibrinogen > 10 g/L. ECG showed non-specific T-wave changes. Echocardiogram yielded no relevant findings. Acute myocarditis was suspected. Two PCR tests for COVID-19 from nasopharyngeal swabs were performed at an interval of 48 hours, together with a chest CT scan, and in both cases the result was negative for COVID-19. Serological tests showed previous infections with parvovirus B19 and Epstein-Barr virus. Other tests were negative (HBV, HCV, HIV, CMV, Coxsackie, HSV1, HSV2, VZV, RSV and influenza virus). Cardiac MRI 8 days after symptom onset showed subepicardial oedema in the lateral/inferior left ventricular (LV) wall, with late gadolinium enhancement, consistent with acute myocarditis. A radiocinematography showed maintenance of LVEF and volumes, no alterations in wall motion but a 5 mm thrombus was seen at the LV tip. The atypical finding of a thrombus despite an unaltered LVEF and clear biological signs of inflammation were assessed as rare and therefore serological testing for COVID-19 was performed. The results were positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM. The patient was treated with tocilizumab.
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Personal history
Patient from Senegal who had been living in Spain for eight years. He travelled to Senegal several months before the consultation. No other history of interest.
Present illness
For the last four months the patient presented with an increase in the diameter of the left lower limb, with no other notable symptoms.
Physical examination
On examination, the patient presented lymphoedema in the left lower limb, grade II-III. There were no areas of lichenification, dermatitis or subcutaneous nodules.
Complementary examinations
The haemogram was normal, without eosinophilia. IgE levels were elevated (425.8 IU/mL). Chest and abdominal X-rays and Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs were normal except for the finding of reactive inguinal lymphadenopathy. An abdominopelvic CT scan showed bilateral inguinal adenopathies, mainly on the left, with dilated lymphatics at that level. Subcutaneous tubular structures compatible with lymphatics were visualised in the left flank.
Clinical judgement
Probable lymphatic filariasis.
Evolution
No haemoparasites were observed in the Knott tests performed (at 12, 22, 24 and 2 hours). Serology for lymphatic filariasis IgG (G1-G2-G3-G4) and PCR for filariasis and Loa loa were negative. A lymphography was also performed, where no obstructions, dilatations or lymphatic collateral circulation were observed. The patient did not attend subsequent follow-up examinations, so his current status is unknown.
Filariasis is caused by nematodes called filariae and transmitted by arthropod bites. Most typically, Wuchereria bancrofti causes perineal and genital lymphoedema, and Brugia malayi in the lower limbs. In Onchocerca volvulus infections, keratitis and chorioretinitis - with risk of blindness - are associated with asymptomatic subcutaneous nodules, while Loa loa involvement is characterised by migratory oedema and conjunctivitis.
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A 41 year old patient came to the emergency department for 4 days presenting pain and progressive swelling on the outside of the left thigh after exercising on an exercise bike. He was diagnosed with a haematoma in the vastus quadriceps externus and treated with compressive bandaging, application of local cold and oral NSAID medication. Forty-eight hours later, the patient returned to the emergency department reporting a progression of the swelling and pain in the thigh. He had no fever. He had a history of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of 8 years' duration. He also reports having suffered a pellet wound at the age of 16 in the affected area. Physical examination revealed swelling, redness and increased local temperature of the lateral aspect of the left thigh with a skin impasto over an area of approximately 20 x 10 cm and slight fluctuation in the distal part of this area. Mobility of the knee is severely limited by pain. The axillary temperature is 37,2o C. The haemogram shows a leucocytosis of 11.4 x 103/mm3, 89% neutrophils and 3% casts. Fibrinogen is 1139 mg/dL and ESR 69 mm/ 1 hour. Blood glucose is 329 mg/dL. Plain X-ray shows a pellet lodged in the distal third of the thigh, about 3 cm from the lateral cortex of the femur. An ultrasound scan of the soft tissues showed a heterogeneous hypoechoic area, with no vascular component, oval in appearance (10x5 cm), located inside the vastus externus of the quadriceps, with a more subcutaneous location in its most distal part. With the provisional diagnosis of intramuscular abscess of the vastus externus, it was decided to drain it surgically. Two limited incisions were made on the lateral aspect of the thigh through which the fascia lata was incised, evacuating abundant purulent content. Intramuscular communication was established between the two incisions, leaving two Penrose drains along the lesion after thorough washing. Gram staining of the evacuated material showed abundant Gram-positive cocci, so intravenous antibiotic treatment was started with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 2 grams every 8 hours. After 48 hours, Streptococcus intermedius was isolated in the culture of three different samples of the drained material, and the same antibiotic treatment was maintained.
The evolution was favourable, with a clear improvement in pain in the first 24 hours. At 48 hours the patient was up and on the 6th postoperative day he was able to walk unaided. The ESR, fibrinogen and CRP values progressively decreased until completely normalised in the 4th week. The same antibiotic treatment was maintained during the 4 weeks of his hospital admission, with an additional 15 days of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 875/125 mg orally. The patient required a short period of rehabilitation treatment that allowed him to regain full knee flexion at the end of the 6th week after surgery. At check-ups at 1 month, 3 months and 1 year the patient remained asymptomatic with full functional recovery.
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"text": "patient",
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"start": 2919,
"end": 2926
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A 51-year-old woman, with a history of unilateral adnexectomy for endometriosis, who after 24 hours of evolution presented with fever of up to 40oC and odynophagia, which partially subsided with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Subsequently, vomiting and several diarrhoeal stools appeared, with persistence of the febrile syndrome, so she went to the health centre. After medical assessment, antipyretic treatment and home observation were prescribed. Hours later, his general condition worsened, with hypotension, and he also reported headache and dorsalgia, so the Emergency Department was notified and he was transferred to hospital. Physical examination revealed a fair general state, tachypnoea at rest and tachycardia, and blood pressure could not be detected, nor was it possible to palpate the peripheral radial pulses. There was no nuchal rigidity or neurological focality. Laboratory tests and blood gas analysis revealed marked leukocytopenia (2,440/ml) and metabolic acidosis (pH 7.21; HCO3 14 mmol/l; EB -11.1 mmol/l). The patient was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), where, despite treatment with corticosteroids and intravenous antibiotic therapy, she worsened and died 2 hours later, after cardiopulmonary resuscitation manoeuvres. Due to the torpid evolution and the uncertain origin of the shock, death was not certified.
Autopsy findings
Significant findings on external examination included a generalised skin rash, more pronounced on the head and the anterior face of the upper third of the thorax, and petechiae on the tarsal conjunctivae of both lower eyelids.
In the internal examination, macroscopically it is observed:
- Moderate pulmonary congestion with significant pulmonary oedema of alveolar and interstitial characteristics with bronchial foam.
- Right pleural effusion. Mild pericardial effusion.
- Exudative fluid in retromammary subcutaneous tissue on both sides, purulent appearance.
- Liver with steatotic appearance with haemorrhagic stippling.
- Both adrenal glands with congestive-hemorrhagic marrow.
- The brain had a generalised congestive and oedematous appearance, with a casual finding of a cyst in the left parietal lobe.
Samples of the brain, lung, liver, liver, spleen, adrenal glands, heart, peripheral blood, vitreous humour, pericardial fluid, intestinal contents, bronchial smear, pleural effusion and swab impregnated with subcutaneous exudate from the right pectoral muscle were submitted for toxicological, microbiological and histopathological studies.
The results of the microbiological study carried out using antigenic techniques, culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detect the presence of N. meningitidis serogroup C in peripheral blood, serum and, in small quantities, at the encephalic level. Epidemiological characterisation of the strain and the study of antibiotic resistance by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were carried out.
Histopathological findings in the brain included congestion and oedema, as well as the existence of a transitional-psammomatous meningioma. Both adrenals showed severe haemorrhage; the liver showed signs suggestive of shock in the initial phase, and at the renal level there were alterations compatible with DIC. In addition, splenomegaly and some neutrophilic myocarditis were diagnosed.
The toxicology study showed only positive results for dipyrone or metamizole.
Based on the findings described above, the causes of death were established as: multi-organ failure due to fulminant meningococcal septicaemia (N. meningitidis serogroup C) and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
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{
"text": "woman",
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"end": 19
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{
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{
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{
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"start": 3559,
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] | en |
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