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846499272_58802-59285 | Before the 1929 crisis , links between the world economy and Latin American economies had been established through American and British investment in Latin American exports to the world . As a result , Latin Americans export industries felt the depression quickly . World prices for commodities such as wheat , coffee and copper plunged . Exports from all of Latin America to the U.S. fell in value from $1.2 billion in 1929 to $335 million in 1933 , rising to $660 million in 1940 . | Great Depression |
846499272_59286-59639 | But on the other hand , the depression led the area governments to develop new local industries and expand consumption and production . Following the example of the New Deal , governments in the area approved regulations and created or improved welfare institutions that helped millions of new industrial workers to achieve a better standard of living . | Great Depression |
846499272_59703-60439 | From roughly 1931 to 1937 , the Netherlands suffered a deep and exceptionally long depression . This depression was partly caused by the after - effects of the Stock Market Crash of 1929 in the U.S. , and partly by internal factors in the Netherlands . Government policy , especially the very late dropping of the Gold Standard , played a role in prolonging the depression . The Great Depression in the Netherlands led to some political instability and riots , and can be linked to the rise of the Dutch national - socialist party NSB . The depression in the Netherlands eased off somewhat at the end of 1936 , when the government finally dropped the Gold Standard , but real economic stability did not return until after World War II . | Great Depression |
846499272_60510-61378 | New Zealand was especially vulnerable to worldwide depression , as it relied almost entirely on agricultural exports to the United Kingdom for its economy . The drop in exports led to a lack of disposable income from the farmers , who were the mainstay of the local economy . Jobs disappeared and wages plummeted , leaving people desperate and charities unable to cope . Work relief schemes were the only government support available to the unemployed , the rate of which by the early 1930s was officially around 15 % , but unofficially nearly twice that level ( official figures excluded Māori and women ) . In 1932 , riots occurred among the unemployed in three of the country 's main cities ( Auckland , Dunedin , and Wellington ) . Many were arrested or injured through the tough official handling of these riots by police and volunteer `` special constables '' . | Great Depression |
846499272_61432-62033 | Already under the rule of a dictatorial junta , the Ditadura Nacional , Portugal suffered no turbulent political effects of the Depression , although António de Oliveira Salazar , already appointed Minister of Finance in 1928 greatly expanded his powers and in 1932 rose to Prime Minister of Portugal to found the Estado Novo , an authoritarian corporatist dictatorship . With the budget balanced in 1929 , the effects of the depression were relaxed through harsh measures towards budget balance and autarky , causing social discontent but stability and , eventually , an impressive economic growth . | Great Depression |
846499272_62046-62991 | In the years immediately preceding the depression , negative developments in the island and world economies perpetuated an unsustainable cycle of subsistence for many Puerto Rican workers . The 1920s brought a dramatic drop in Puerto Rico 's two primary exports , raw sugar and coffee , due to a devastating hurricane in 1928 and the plummeting demand from global markets in the latter half of the decade . 1930 unemployment on the island was roughly 36 % and by 1933 Puerto Rico 's per capita income dropped 30 % ( by comparison , unemployment in the United States in 1930 was approximately 8 % reaching a height of 25 % in 1933 ) . To provide relief and economic reform , the United States government and Puerto Rican politicians such as Carlos Chardon and Luis Munoz Marin created and administered first the Puerto Rico Emergency Relief Administration ( PRERA ) 1933 and then in 1935 , the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration ( PRRA ) . | Great Depression |
846499272_63053-63545 | As world trade slumped , demand for South African agricultural and mineral exports fell drastically . The Carnegie Commission on Poor Whites had concluded in 1931 that nearly one third of Afrikaners lived as paupers . The social discomfort caused by the depression was a contributing factor in the 1933 split between the `` gesuiwerde '' ( purified ) and `` smelter '' ( fusionist ) factions within the National Party and the National Party 's subsequent fusion with the South African Party . | Great Depression |
846499272_63559-63928 | The Soviet Union was the world 's sole communist state with very little international trade . Its economy was not tied to the rest of the world and was only slightly affected by the Great Depression . Its forced transformation from a rural to an industrial society succeeded in building up heavy industry , at the cost of millions of lives in rural Russia and Ukraine . | Great Depression |
846499272_63929-64246 | At the time of the Depression , the Soviet economy was growing steadily , fuelled by intensive investment in heavy industry . The apparent economic success of the Soviet Union at a time when the capitalist world was in crisis led many Western intellectuals to view the Soviet system favorably . Jennifer Burns wrote : | Great Depression |
846499272_64247-64678 | As the Great Depression ground on and unemployment soared , intellectuals began unfavorably comparing their faltering capitalist economy to Russian Communism ... More than ten years after the Revolution , Communism was finally reaching full flower , according to New York Times reporter Walter Duranty , a Stalin fan who vigorously debunked accounts of the Ukraine famine , a man - made disaster that would leave millions dead . '' | Great Depression |
846499272_64679-65176 | Despite all of this , The Great Depression caused mass immigration to the Soviet Union , mostly from Finland and Germany . Soviet Russia was at first happy to help these immigrants settle , because they believed they were victims of capitalism who had come to help the Soviet cause . However , when the Soviet Union entered the war in 1941 , most of these Germans and Finns were arrested and sent to Siberia , while their Russian - born children were placed in orphanages . Their fate is unknown . | Great Depression |
846499272_65224-65416 | Spain had a relatively isolated economy , with high protective tariffs and was not one of the main countries affected by the Depression . The banking system held up well , as did agriculture . | Great Depression |
846499272_65417-65732 | By far the most serious negative impact came after 1936 from the heavy destruction of infrastructure and manpower by the civil war , 1936 -- 39 . Many talented workers were forced into permanent exile . By staying neutral in the Second World War , and selling to both sides , the economy avoided further disasters . | Great Depression |
846499272_65773-66651 | By the 1930s , Sweden had what America 's Life magazine called in 1938 the `` world 's highest standard of living '' . Sweden was also the first country worldwide to recover completely from the Great Depression . Taking place in the midst of a short - lived government and a less - than - a-decade old Swedish democracy , events such as those surrounding Ivar Kreuger ( who eventually committed suicide ) remain infamous in Swedish history . The Social Democrats under Per Albin Hansson formed their first long - lived government in 1932 based on strong interventionist and welfare state policies , monopolizing the office of Prime Minister until 1976 with the sole and short - lived exception of Axel Pehrsson - Bramstorp 's `` summer cabinet '' in 1936 . During forty years of hegemony , it was the most successful political party in the history of Western liberal democracy . | Great Depression |
846499272_66661-66832 | In Thailand , then known as the Kingdom of Siam , the Great Depression contributed to the end of the absolute monarchy of King Rama VII in the Siamese revolution of 1932 . | Great Depression |
846499272_66983-67197 | The World Depression broke at a time when the United Kingdom had still not fully recovered from the effects of the First World War more than a decade earlier . The country was driven off the gold standard in 1931 . | Great Depression |
846499272_67198-68570 | The world financial crisis began to overwhelm Britain in 1931 ; investors across the world started withdrawing their gold from London at the rate of £ 21⁄2 millions a day . Credits of £ 25 millions each from the Bank of France and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and an issue of £ 15 millions fiduciary note slowed , but did not reverse the British crisis . The financial crisis now caused a major political crisis in Britain in August 1931 . With deficits mounting , the bankers demanded a balanced budget ; the divided cabinet of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald 's Labour government agreed ; it proposed to raise taxes , cut spending and most controversially , to cut unemployment benefits by 20 % . The attack on welfare was totally unacceptable to the Labour movement . MacDonald wanted to resign , but King George V insisted he remain and form an all - party coalition `` National Government '' . The Conservative and Liberals parties signed on , along with a small cadre of Labour , but the vast majority of Labour leaders denounced MacDonald as a traitor for leading the new government . Britain went off the gold standard , and suffered relatively less than other major countries in the Great Depression . In the 1931 British election , the Labour Party was virtually destroyed , leaving MacDonald as Prime Minister for a largely Conservative coalition . | Great Depression |
846499272_68571-69322 | The effects on the northern industrial areas of Britain were immediate and devastating , as demand for traditional industrial products collapsed . By the end of 1930 unemployment had more than doubled from 1 million to 2.5 million ( 20 % of the insured workforce ) , and exports had fallen in value by 50 % . In 1933 , 30 % of Glaswegians were unemployed due to the severe decline in heavy industry . In some towns and cities in the north east , unemployment reached as high as 70 % as shipbuilding fell by 90 % . The National Hunger March of September -- October 1932 was the largest of a series of hunger marches in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s . About 200,000 unemployed men were sent to the work camps , which continued in operation until 1939 . | Great Depression |
846499272_69323-69664 | In the less industrial Midlands and Southern England , the effects were short - lived and the later 1930s were a prosperous time . Growth in modern manufacture of electrical goods and a boom in the motor car industry was helped by a growing southern population and an expanding middle class . Agriculture also saw a boom during this period . | Great Depression |
846499272_69818-70062 | Hoover 's first measures to combat the depression were based on voluntarism by businesses not to reduce their workforce or cut wages . But businesses had little choice and wages were reduced , workers were laid off , and investments postponed . | Great Depression |
846499272_70063-70511 | In June 1930 Congress approved the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act which raised tariffs on thousands of imported items . The intent of the Act was to encourage the purchase of American - made products by increasing the cost of imported goods , while raising revenue for the federal government and protecting farmers . Other nations increased tariffs on American - made goods in retaliation , reducing international trade , and worsening the Depression . | Great Depression |
846499272_70512-70778 | In 1931 Hoover urged bankers to set up the National Credit Corporation so that big banks could help failing banks survive . But bankers were reluctant to invest in failing banks , and the National Credit Corporation did almost nothing to address the problem . Shacks | Great Depression |
846499272_70966-72395 | By 1932 , unemployment had reached 23.6 % , peaking in early 1933 at 25 % . Drought persisted in the agricultural heartland , businesses and families defaulted on record numbers of loans , and more than 5,000 banks had failed . Hundreds of thousands of Americans found themselves homeless , and began congregating in shanty towns -- dubbed `` Hoovervilles '' -- that began to appear across the country . In response , President Hoover and Congress approved the Federal Home Loan Bank Act , to spur new home construction , and reduce foreclosures . The final attempt of the Hoover Administration to stimulate the economy was the passage of the Emergency Relief and Construction Act ( ERA ) which included funds for public works programs such as dams and the creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) in 1932 . The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was a Federal agency with the authority to lend up to $2 billion to rescue banks and restore confidence in financial institutions . But $2 billion was not enough to save all the banks , and bank runs and bank failures continued . Quarter by quarter the economy went downhill , as prices , profits and employment fell , leading to the political realignment in 1932 that brought to power Franklin Delano Roosevelt . It is important to note , however , that after volunteerism failed , Hoover developed ideas that laid the framework for parts of the New Deal . Buried | Great Depression |
846499272_72520-73075 | Shortly after President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was inaugurated in 1933 , drought and erosion combined to cause the Dust Bowl , shifting hundreds of thousands of displaced persons off their farms in the Midwest . From his inauguration onward , Roosevelt argued that restructuring of the economy would be needed to prevent another depression or avoid prolonging the current one . New Deal programs sought to stimulate demand and provide work and relief for the impoverished through increased government spending and the institution of financial reforms . | Great Depression |
846499272_73076-73646 | During a `` bank holiday '' that lasted five days , the Emergency Banking Act was signed into law . It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision , with federal loans available if needed . The Securities Act of 1933 comprehensively regulated the securities industry . This was followed by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 which created the Securities and Exchange Commission . Though amended , key provisions of both Acts are still in force . Federal insurance of bank deposits was provided by the FDIC , and the Glass -- Steagall Act . | Great Depression |
846499272_73647-74298 | The Agricultural Adjustment Act provided incentives to cut farm production in order to raise farming prices . The National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) made a number of sweeping changes to the American economy . It forced businesses to work with government to set price codes through the NRA to fight deflationary `` cut - throat competition '' by the setting of minimum prices and wages , labor standards , and competitive conditions in all industries . It encouraged unions that would raise wages , to increase the purchasing power of the working class . The NRA was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1935 . CCC | Great Depression |
846499272_74455-75258 | These reforms , together with several other relief and recovery measures , are called the First New Deal . Economic stimulus was attempted through a new alphabet soup of agencies set up in 1933 and 1934 and previously extant agencies such as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation . By 1935 , the `` Second New Deal '' added Social Security ( which was later considerably extended through the Fair Deal ) , a jobs program for the unemployed ( the Works Progress Administration , WPA ) and , through the National Labor Relations Board , a strong stimulus to the growth of labor unions . In 1929 , federal expenditures constituted only 3 % of the GDP . The national debt as a proportion of GNP rose under Hoover from 20 % to 40 % . Roosevelt kept it at 40 % until the war began , when it soared to 128 % . | Great Depression |
846499272_75259-76142 | By 1936 , the main economic indicators had regained the levels of the late 1920s , except for unemployment , which remained high at 11 % , although this was considerably lower than the 25 % unemployment rate seen in 1933 . In the spring of 1937 , American industrial production exceeded that of 1929 and remained level until June 1937 . In June 1937 , the Roosevelt administration cut spending and increased taxation in an attempt to balance the federal budget . The American economy then took a sharp downturn , lasting for 13 months through most of 1938 . Industrial production fell almost 30 per cent within a few months and production of durable goods fell even faster . Unemployment jumped from 14.3 % in 1937 to 19.0 % in 1938 , rising from 5 million to more than 12 million in early 1938 . Manufacturing output fell by 37 % from the 1937 peak and was back to 1934 levels . WPA | Great Depression |
846499272_76186-76886 | Producers reduced their expenditures on durable goods , and inventories declined , but personal income was only 15 % lower than it had been at the peak in 1937 . As unemployment rose , consumers ' expenditures declined , leading to further cutbacks in production . By May 1938 retail sales began to increase , employment improved , and industrial production turned up after June 1938 . After the recovery from the Recession of 1937 -- 38 , conservatives were able to form a bipartisan conservative coalition to stop further expansion of the New Deal and , when unemployment dropped to 2 % in the early 1940s , they abolished WPA , CCC and the PWA relief programs . Social Security remained in place . | Great Depression |
846499272_76887-77910 | Between 1933 and 1939 , federal expenditure tripled , and Roosevelt 's critics charged that he was turning America into a socialist state . The Great Depression was a main factor in the implementation of social democracy and planned economies in European countries after World War II ( see Marshall Plan ) . Keynesianism generally remained the most influential economic school in the United States and in parts of Europe until the periods between the 1970s and the 1980s , when Milton Friedman and other neoliberal economists formulated and propagated the newly created theories of neoliberalism and incorporated them into the Chicago School of Economics as an alternative approach to the study of economics . Neoliberalism went on to challenge the dominance of the Keynesian school of Economics in the mainstream academia and policy - making in the United States , having reached its peak in popularity in the election of the presidency of Ronald Reagan in the United States , and Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom . | Great Depression |
846499272_78428-79559 | The Great Depression has been the subject of much writing , as authors have sought to evaluate an era that caused both financial and emotional trauma . Perhaps the most noteworthy and famous novel written on the subject is The Grapes of Wrath , published in 1939 and written by John Steinbeck , who was awarded both the Nobel Prize for literature and the Pulitzer Prize for the work . The novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers who are forced from their home as drought , economic hardship , and changes in the agricultural industry occur during the Great Depression . Steinbeck 's Of Mice and Men is another important novella about a journey during the Great Depression . Additionally , Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird is set during the Great Depression . Margaret Atwood 's Booker prize - winning The Blind Assassin is likewise set in the Great Depression , centering on a privileged socialite 's love affair with a Marxist revolutionary . The era spurred the resurgence of social realism , practiced by many who started their writing careers on relief programs , especially the Federal Writers ' Project in the U.S. | Great Depression |
846499272_79560-80558 | A number of works for younger audiences are also set during the Great Depression , among them the Kit Kittredge series of American Girl books written by Valerie Tripp and illustrated by Walter Rane , released to tie in with the dolls and playsets sold by the company . The stories , which take place during the early to mid 1930s in Cincinnati , focuses on the changes brought by the Depression to the titular character 's family and how the Kittredges dealt with it . A theatrical adaptation of the series entitled Kit Kittredge : An American Girl was later released in 2008 to positive reviews . Similarly , Christmas After All , part of the Dear America series of books for older girls , take place in 1930s Indianapolis ; while Kit Kittredge is told in a third - person viewpoint , Christmas After All is in the form of a fictional journal as told by the protagonist Minnie Swift as she recounts her experiences during the era , especially when her family takes in an orphan cousin from Texas . | Great Depression |
846499272_80613-81170 | The term `` The Great Depression '' is most frequently attributed to British economist Lionel Robbins , whose 1934 book The Great Depression is credited with formalizing the phrase , though Hoover is widely credited with popularizing the term , informally referring to the downturn as a depression , with such uses as `` Economic depression can not be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement '' ( December 1930 , Message to Congress ) , and `` I need not recount to you that the world is passing through a great depression '' ( 1931 ) . Black | Great Depression |
846499272_81266-81723 | The term `` depression '' to refer to an economic downturn dates to the 19th century , when it was used by varied Americans and British politicians and economists . Indeed , the first major American economic crisis , the Panic of 1819 , was described by then - president James Monroe as `` a depression '' , and the most recent economic crisis , the Depression of 1920 -- 21 , had been referred to as a `` depression '' by then - president Calvin Coolidge . | Great Depression |
846499272_81724-82239 | Financial crises were traditionally referred to as `` panics '' , most recently the major Panic of 1907 , and the minor Panic of 1910 -- 11 , though the 1929 crisis was called `` The Crash '' , and the term `` panic '' has since fallen out of use . At the time of the Great Depression , the term `` The Great Depression '' was already used to refer to the period 1873 -- 96 ( in the United Kingdom ) , or more narrowly 1873 -- 79 ( in the United States ) , which has retroactively been renamed the Long Depression . | Great Depression |
846499272_82270-82577 | Other economic downturns have been called a `` great depression '' , but none had been as widespread , or lasted for so long . Various nations have experienced brief or extended periods of economic downturns , which were referred to as `` depressions '' , but none have had such a widespread global impact . | Great Depression |
846499272_82578-83100 | The collapse of the Soviet Union , and the breakdown of economic ties which followed , led to a severe economic crisis and catastrophic fall in the standards of living in the 1990s in post-Soviet states and the former Eastern Bloc , which was even worse than the Great Depression . Even before Russia 's financial crisis of 1998 , Russia 's GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s , and some populations are still poorer as of 2009 than they were in 1989 , including Moldova , Central Asia , and the Caucasus . | Great Depression |
846499272_83137-83394 | This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main | Great Depression |
846499272_83470-83614 | Some journalists and economists have taken to calling the late - 2000s recession the `` Great Recession '' in allusion to the Great Depression . | Great Depression |
846499272_83615-84158 | The causes of the Great Recession seem similar to the Great Depression , but significant differences exist . The previous chairman of the Federal Reserve , Ben Bernanke , had extensively studied the Great Depression as part of his doctoral work at MIT , and implemented policies to manipulate the money supply and interest rates in ways that were not done in the 1930s . Generally speaking , the recovery of the world 's financial systems tended to be quicker during the Great Depression of the 1930s as opposed to the late - 2000s recession . | Great Depression |
846499272_84159-85598 | If we contrast the 1930s with the Crash of 2008 where gold went through the roof , it is clear that the U.S. dollar on the gold standard was a completely different animal in comparison to the fiat free - floating U.S. dollar currency we have today . Both currencies in 1929 and 2008 were the U.S. dollar , but in an analogous way it is as if one was a Saber - toothed tiger and the other is a Bengal tiger ; they are two completely different animals . Where we have experienced inflation since the Crash of 2008 , the situation was much different in the 1930s when deflation set in . Unlike the deflation of the early 1930s , the U.S. economy currently appears to be in a `` liquidity trap , '' or a situation where monetary policy is unable to stimulate an economy back to health . In terms of the stock market , nearly three years after the 1929 crash , the DJIA dropped 8.4 % on August 12 , 1932 . Where we have experienced great volatility with large intraday swings in the past two months , in 2011 , we have not experienced any record - shattering daily percentage drops to the tune of the 1930s . Where many of us may have that ' 30s feeling , in light of the DJIA , the CPI , and the national unemployment rate , we are simply not living in the ' 30s . Some individuals may feel as if we are living in a depression , but for many others the current global financial crisis simply does not feel like a depression akin to the 1930s . | Great Depression |
846499272_85599-85952 | 1928 and 1929 were the times in the 20th century that the wealth gap reached such skewed extremes ; half the unemployed had been out of work for over six months , something that was not repeated until the late - 2000s recession . 2007 and 2008 eventually saw the world reach new levels of wealth gap inequality that rivalled the years of 1928 and 1929 . | Great Depression |
864996542_48-406 | A football is a ball inflated with air that is used to play one of the various sports known as football . In these games , with some exceptions , goals or points are scored only when the ball enters one of two designated goal - scoring areas ; football games involve the two teams each trying to move the ball in opposite directions along the field of play . | Football (ball) |
864996542_407-838 | The first balls were made of natural materials , such as an inflated pig bladder , later put inside a leather cover , which has given rise to the American slang - term `` pigskin '' . Modern balls are designed by teams of engineers to exacting specifications , with rubber or plastic bladders , and often with plastic covers . Various leagues and games use different balls , though they all have one of the following basic shapes : | Football (ball) |
864996542_839-1068 | a sphere : used in association football and Gaelic football a prolate spheroid either with rounded ends : used in the rugby codes and Australian football or with more pointed ends : used in American football and Canadian football | Football (ball) |
864996542_1069-1178 | The precise shape and construction of footballs is typically specified as part of the rules and regulations . | Football (ball) |
864996542_1179-1575 | The oldest football still in existence , which is thought to have been made circa 1550 , was discovered in the roof of Stirling Castle , Scotland , in 1981 . The ball is made of leather ( possibly from a deer ) and a pig 's bladder . It has a diameter of between 14 -- 16 cm ( 5.5 -- 6.3 in ) , weighs 125 g ( 4.4 oz ) and is currently on display at the Smith Art Gallery and Museum in Stirling . | Football (ball) |
864996542_1946-2669 | In the United States and Canada , the term football usually refers to a ball made of cow hide leather , which is required in professional and collegiate football . Footballs used in recreation and in organized youth leagues may be made of rubber or plastic materials ( the high school football rulebooks still allow the inexpensive all - rubber footballs , though they are less common than leather ) . Since 1941 , Horween Leather Company has been the exclusive supplier of leather for National Football League footballs . The arrangement was established by Arnold Horween , who had played and coached in the NFL . Horween Leather Company also supplies leather to Spalding , supplier of balls to the Arena Football League . | Football (ball) |
864996542_2670-3462 | Leather panels are typically tanned to a natural brown color , which is usually required in professional leagues and collegiate play . At least one manufacturer uses leather that has been tanned to provide a `` tacky '' grip in dry or wet conditions . Historically , white footballs have been used in games played at night so that the ball can be seen more easily however , improved artificial lighting conditions have made this no longer necessary . At most levels of play ( but not , notably , the NFL ) , white stripes are painted on each end of the ball , halfway around the circumference , to improve nighttime visibility and also to differentiate the college football from the pro football . However , the NFL once explored the usage of white - striped footballs -- in Super Bowl VIII . | Football (ball) |
864996542_3463-4058 | In the CFL the stripes traverse the entire circumference of the ball . The UFL used a ball with lime - green stripes . The XFL used a novel color pattern , a black ball with red curved lines in lieu of stripes , for its footballs ; this design was redone in a tan and navy color scheme for the Arena Football League in 2003 . A ball with red , white and blue panels was introduced in the American Indoor Football League in 2005 and used by its successors , as well as the Ultimate Indoor Football League of the early 2010s and the Can - Am Indoor Football League during its lone season in 2017 . | Football (ball) |
864996542_4059-4291 | Footballs used in gridiron - style games have prominent points on both ends . The shape is generally credited to official Hugh `` Shorty '' Ray , who introduced the new ball in 1934 as a way to make the forward pass more effective . | Football (ball) |
864996542_4427-5193 | Law 2 of the game specifies that the ball is an air - filled sphere with a circumference of 68 -- 70 cm ( 27 -- 28 in ) , a weight of 410 -- 450 g ( 14 -- 16 oz ) , inflated to a pressure of 0.6 to 1.1 atmospheres ( 60 -- 111 kPa or 8.7 -- 16.1 psi ) `` at sea level '' , and covered in leather or `` other suitable material '' . The weight specified for a ball is the dry weight , as older balls often became significantly heavier in the course of a match played in wet weather . There are a number of different types of football balls depending on the match and turf including : training footballs , match footballs , professional match footballs , beach footballs , street footballs , indoor footballs , turf balls , futsal footballs and mini / skills footballs . | Football (ball) |
864996542_5194-5923 | Most modern Association footballs are stitched from 32 panels of waterproofed leather or plastic : 12 regular pentagons and 20 regular hexagons . The 32 - panel configuration is the spherical polyhedron corresponding to the truncated icosahedron ; it is spherical because the faces bulge from the pressure of the air inside . The first 32 - panel ball was marketed by Select in the 1950s in Denmark . This configuration became common throughout Continental Europe in the 1960s , and was publicised worldwide by the Adidas Telstar , the official ball of the 1970 World Cup . This design in often referenced when describing the truncated icosahedron Archimedean solid , carbon buckyballs , or the root structure of geodesic domes . | Football (ball) |
864996542_5988-6513 | The football used in Australian football is similar to a rugby ball but generally slightly smaller and more rounded at the ends , but more elongated in overall appearance , being longer by comparison with its width than a rugby ball . A regulation football is 720 -- 730 millimetres ( 28 -- 29 in ) in circumference , and 545 -- 555 mm ( 21.5 -- 21.9 in ) transverse circumference , and inflated to a pressure of 62 -- 76 kPa ( 9.0 -- 11.0 psi ) . In the AFL , the balls are red for day matches and yellow for night matches . | Football (ball) |
864996542_6514-6845 | The first games of Australian football were played with a round ball , because balls of that shape were more readily available . In 1860 , Australian football pioneer Tom Wills argued that the oval rugby ball travelled further in the air and made for a more exciting game . It became customary in Australian football by the 1870s . | Football (ball) |
864996542_6846-7063 | The Australian football ball was invented by T.W. Sherrin in 1880 , after he was given a misshapen rugby ball to fix . Sherrin designed the ball with indented rather than pointy ends to give the ball a better bounce . | Football (ball) |
864996542_7064-7195 | Australian football ball brands include Burley , Ross Faulkner , and Sherrin ( the brand used by the Australian Football League ) . | Football (ball) |
864996542_7254-7678 | The game is played with a round leather football made of 18 stitched leather panels , similar in appearance to a traditional volleyball ( but larger ) , with a circumference of 68 -- 70 cm ( 27 -- 28 in ) , weighing between 480 -- 500 g ( 17 -- 18 oz ) when dry . It may be kicked or hand passed . A hand pass is not a punch but rather a strike of the ball with the side of the closed fist , using the knuckle of the thumb . | Football (ball) |
864996542_7729-8751 | Until 1870 , rugby was played with a near spherical ball with an inner - tube made of a pig 's bladder . In 1870 Richard Lindon and Bernardo Solano started making balls for Rugby school out of hand stitched , four - panel , leather casings and pigs ' bladders . The rugby ball 's distinctive shape is supposedly due to the pig 's bladder , although early balls were more plum - shape than oval . The balls varied in size in the beginning depending upon how large the pig 's bladder was . Because of the pliability of rubber the shape gradually changed from a sphere to an egg . In 1892 the RFU endorsed ovalness as the compulsory shape . The gradual flattening of the ball continued over the years . The introduction of synthetic footballs over the traditional leather balls , in both rugby codes , was originally governed by weather conditions . If the playing surface was wet , the synthetic ball was used , because it would n't absorb water and become heavy . Eventually , the leather balls were phased out completely . | Football (ball) |
864996542_8817-9707 | Rugby league is played with a prolate spheroid shaped football which is inflated with air . A referee will stop play immediately if the ball does not meet the requirements of size and shape . Traditionally made of brown leather , modern footballs are synthetic and manufactured in a variety of colours and patterns . Senior competitions should use light - coloured balls to allow spectators to see the ball more easily . The football used in rugby league is known as `` international size '' or `` size 5 '' and is approximately 27 cm ( 11 in ) long and 60 cm ( 24 in ) in circumference at its widest point . Smaller - sized balls are used for junior versions of the game , such as `` Mini '' and `` Mod '' . A full size ball weighs between 383 and 440 g ( 13.5 and 15.5 oz ) . Rugby league footballs are slightly more pointed than rugby union footballs and larger than American footballs . | Football (ball) |
864996542_9708-9884 | The Australasian National Rugby League and European Super League use balls made by Steeden . Steeden is also sometimes used in Australia as a noun to describe the ball itself . | Football (ball) |
864996542_9956-10419 | The ball used in rugby union , usually referred to as a rugby ball , is a prolate spheroid essentially elliptical in profile . Traditionally made of brown leather , modern footballs are manufactured in a variety of colours and patterns . A regulation football is 28 -- 30 cm ( 11 -- 12 in ) long and 58 -- 62 cm ( 23 -- 24 in ) in circumference at its widest point . It weighs 410 -- 460 g ( 14 -- 16 oz ) and is inflated to 65.7 -- 68.8 kPa ( 9.5 -- 10.0 psi ) . | Football (ball) |
864996542_10420-10632 | In 1980 , leather - encased balls , which were prone to water - logging , were replaced with balls encased in synthetic waterproof materials . The Gilbert Synergie was the match ball of the 2007 Rugby World Cup . | Football (ball) |
834329916_156-358 | This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` | Sarah |
834329916_437-758 | Sarah A depiction of Sarah and her husband , Abraham on the far left , hosting three angels in white robes Personal Sarai Ur Kaśdim Hebron Spouse Abraham ( half - brother ) Children Isaac Relatives Haran ( brother - in - law ) Nahor ( brother - in - law ) Terah ( father - in - law ) Lot ( nephew ) Lot 's wife ( niece ) | Sarah |
834329916_759-1239 | Sarah or Sara ( / ˈsɛərə / SAIR - ə ; Hebrew : שָׂרָה , Modern Sara , Tiberian Śārā ISO 259 - 3 Śara ; Latin : Sara ; Arabic : سارا or سارة Sāra ) was the half -- sister and wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac as described in the Hebrew Bible . Her name was originally Sarai ( Hebrew : שָׂרָי , Sarai ) . According to Genesis 17 : 15 , God changed her name to Sarah as part of a covenant after Hagar bore Abraham his first son , Ishmael . | Sarah |
834329916_1240-1350 | The Hebrew name Sarah indicates a woman of high rank and is translated as `` princess '' or `` noblewoman '' . | Sarah |
834329916_1802-1916 | Sarah was the wife of Abraham and his half - sister . Sarah was approximately ten years younger than her husband . | Sarah |
834329916_1917-2409 | She was considered beautiful to the point that Abraham feared that when they were near more powerful rulers she would be taken away and given to another man . Twice he purposely identified her as being his sister so that he would be `` treated well '' for her sake . No reason is given why Sarah remained barren ( childless ) for a long period of time . She was originally called `` Sarai '' , which is translated `` my princess '' . Later she was called `` Sarah '' , i.e. , `` princess '' . | Sarah |
834329916_2437-3050 | Terah , with Abram ( as he was then called ) , Sarai and Lot , departed for Canaan , but stopped in a place named Haran , where Terah remained until he died at the age of 205 . The LORD had told Abram to leave his country and his father 's house for a land that he would show him , promising to make of him a great nation , bless him , make his name great , bless those who blessed him , and curse `` him '' that curses him . Following God 's command , Abram took his wife Sarai , his nephew Lot , and the wealth and persons that they had acquired , and traveled to Shechem in Canaan . Abram was 75 at this time . | Sarah |
834329916_3131-4131 | There was a severe famine in the land of Canaan , so that Abram and Lot and their households , travelled south to Egypt . On the journey to Egypt , Abram instructed Sarai to identify herself only as his sister , fearing that the Egyptians would kill him in order to take his wife , saying , `` I know what a beautiful woman you are . When the Egyptians see you , they will say , ' this is his wife . ' Then they will kill me but will let you live . Say you are my sister , so that I will be treated well for your sake and my life will be spared because of you . '' When brought before Pharaoh , Sarai said that Abram was her brother , and the king thereupon took her into his palace and bestowed upon the latter many presents and marks of distinction . It is possible that Sarai acquired her Egyptian handmaid Hagar during this stay . However , God afflicted Pharaoh 's household with great plagues . Pharaoh then realized that Sarai was Abram 's wife and demanded that they leave Egypt immediately . | Sarah |
834329916_4317-4767 | After having lived in Canaan for ten years and still childless , Sarai suggested that Abram have a child with her Egyptian handmaid Hagar , to which he agreed . This resulted in tension between Sarai and Hagar , and Sarai complained to her husband that the handmaid no longer respected her . At one point , Hagar fled from her mistress but returned after angels met her . She gave birth to Abram 's son Ishmael when Abram was eighty - six years old . | Sarah |
834329916_4783-6313 | In Genesis 17 when Abram was ninety - nine years old , God declared his new name : `` Abraham '' -- `` a father of many nations '' , and gave him the covenant of circumcision . God gave Sarai the new name `` Sarah '' , and blessed her . Abraham was given assurance that Sarah would have a son . Not long afterwards , Abraham and Sarah were visited by three men . One of the visitors told Abraham that upon his return next year , Sarah would have a son . While at the tent entrance , Sarah overheard what was said , and she laughed to herself about the prospect of having a child at their ages . The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at the idea of bearing a child , for her age was as nothing to God . Sarah soon became pregnant and bore a son to Abraham , at the very time which had been spoken . The patriarch , then a hundred years old , named the child `` Isaac '' ( Hebrew yitschaq , `` laughter '' ) and circumcised him when he was eight days old . For Sarah , the thought of giving birth and nursing a child , at such an old age , also brought her much laughter , as she declared , `` God had made me to laugh , ( so that ) all that hear will laugh with me . '' Abraham held a great feast on the day when Isaac was to be weaned . It was during this banquet that Sarah happened upon the then teenaged Ishmael mocking and was so disturbed that she requested that both he and Hagar be removed from their company . Abraham was initially distressed by this but relented when told by God to do as his wife had asked . | Sarah |
834329916_6409-7260 | After being visited by the three men , Abraham and Sarah settled between Kadesh and Shur in the land of the Philistines . While he was living in Gerar , Abraham again claimed that Sarah was his sister . King Abimelech subsequently had her brought to him . Later , God came to Abimelech in a dream and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a married woman . Abimelech , who had not laid hands on her , inquired if he would also slay a righteous nation , especially since Abraham had claimed that he and Sarah were siblings . In response , God told Abimelech that he did indeed have a blameless heart and that was why he continued to exist . However , if he did not return Sarah to Abraham , God would surely destroy Abimelech and his entire household . Abimelech was informed that Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him . | Sarah |
834329916_7261-8144 | Early next morning , Abimelech informed his servants of his dream and approached Abraham inquiring as to why he had brought such great guilt upon his kingdom . Abraham replied that he thought there was no fear of God in that place , and that they might kill him for his wife . Then Abraham defended what he had said as not being a lie at all : `` And yet indeed she is my sister ; she is the daughter of my father , but not the daughter of my mother ; and she became my wife . '' Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham , and gave him gifts of sheep , oxen , and servants ; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased in Abimelech 's lands . Further , Abimelech gave Abraham a thousand pieces of silver to serve as Sarah 's vindication before all . Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his household , since God had stricken the women with infertility because of the taking of Sarah . | Sarah |
834329916_8160-8496 | Sarah , who died at the age of 127 , is the only woman in the Hebrew scriptures ( Old Testament ) whose age is given . Abraham buried her in the Cave of the Patriarchs ( also called the Cave of Machpelah ) , near Hebron which he had purchased , along with the adjoining field , from Ephron the Hittite and laid her to rest in the cave . | Sarah |
834329916_8518-8869 | Terah Sarah Abraham Hagar Haran Nahor Ishmael Milcah Lot Iscah Ishmaelites 7 sons Bethuel 1st daughter 2nd daughter Isaac Rebecca Laban Moabites Ammonites Esau Jacob Rachel Bilhah Edomites Zilpah Leah 1 . Reuben 2 . Simeon 3 . Levi 4 . Judah 9 . Issachar 10 . Zebulun Dinah ( daughter ) 7 . Gad 8 . Asher 5 . Dan 6 . Naphtali 11 . Joseph 12 . Benjamin | Sarah |
834329916_8902-9973 | The Talmud identifies Sarai with Iscah , daughter of Abraham 's deceased brother Haran , so that in this Sarah turns out to be the niece of Abraham and the sister of Lot and Milcah . Rashi on Genesis 20 : 12 She is ( indeed ) my sister , my father 's daughter . - And the daughter of ( one 's ) father ( from a different mother ) is permitted to a son of Noah , ( i.e. , a non-Jew ) , for there is no ( halachic relationship ( with regard to forbidden marriages ) through ) paternity for non-Jews . In order to bear out his words he answered him ( Avimelech ) thus . And if you will say ( by way of objection ) , is it not true that she was the daughter of his brother ( Sanhedrin 58b ) , ( and not his father ? The answer is that ) the children of children are like ( one 's own ) children ( Yevamos 62b . In his comments to Exodus 18 : 1 , Rashi explains that `` young children call their father 's father , ' Father ' . '' ) and ( Sarah ) is thus ( considered ) the daughter of Terah , ( Abraham 's father , for she was the daughter of Haran , another son of Terah ) . | Sarah |
834329916_10000-11819 | When brought before Pharaoh , Sarah said that Abram was her brother , and the king thereupon bestowed upon the latter many presents and marks of distinction . As a token of his love for Sarai the king deeded his entire property to her , and gave her the land of Goshen as her hereditary possession : for this reason the Israelites subsequently lived in that land . Sarai prayed to God to deliver her from the king , and He thereupon sent an angel , who struck Pharaoh whenever he attempted to touch her . Pharaoh was so astonished at these blows that he spoke kindly to Sarai , who confessed that she was Abraham 's wife . The king then ceased to annoy her . According to another version , Pharaoh persisted in annoying her after she had told him that she was a married woman ; thereupon the angel struck him so violently that he became ill , and was thereby prevented from continuing to trouble her . According to one tradition it was when Pharaoh saw these miracles wrought in Sarai 's behalf that he gave her his daughter Hagar as slave , saying : `` It is better that my daughter should be a slave in the house of such a woman than mistress in another house . '' Abimelech acted likewise . Sarah is the sister of Abram by another mother and wife of Abram as described in the Hebrew Bible ( the Book of Genesis ) . In Genesis 17 : 15 , God changes her name to Sarah ( princess ) ( `` a woman of high rank '' ) as part of the covenant with El Shaddai after Hagar bears Abram his first born son Ishmael . The name Sarai uses the semitic root Šarai or law and like El has the sense of power , authority , lord , deity , natural law , law as might be expected for the lady of the house . The Hebrew name Sarah indicates a woman of high rank ( less than that of 1st wife ) and is sometimes translated as `` princess . '' | Sarah |
834329916_11928-13111 | Sarai treated Hagar well , and induced women who came to visit her to visit Hagar also . Hagar , when pregnant by Abraham , began to act superciliously toward Sarai , provoking the latter to treat her harshly , to impose heavy work upon her , and even to strike her . Some believe Sarai was originally destined to reach the age of 175 years , but forty - eight years of this span of life were taken away from her because she complained of Abraham , blaming him as though he was the cause that Hagar no longer respected her . Sarah was sterile ; but a miracle was granted to her after her name was changed from `` Sarai '' to `` Sarah '' . According to one myth , when her fertility had been restored and she had given birth to Isaac , the people would not believe in the miracle , saying that the patriarch and his wife had adopted a foundling and pretended that it was their own son . Abraham thereupon invited all the notabilities to a banquet on the day when Isaac was to be weaned . Sarah invited the women , also , who brought their infants with them ; and on this occasion she gave milk from her breasts to all the strange children , thus convincing the guests of the miracle . | Sarah |
834329916_13127-14489 | Legends connect Sarah 's death with the attempted sacrifice of Isaac , however , there are two versions of the story . According to one , Samael came to her and said : `` Your old husband seized the boy and sacrificed him . The boy wailed and wept ; but he could not escape from his father . '' Sarah began to cry bitterly , and ultimately died of her grief . According to the other legend , Satan came to Sarah disguised as an old man , and told her that Isaac had been sacrificed . Believing it to be true , she cried bitterly , but soon comforted herself with the thought that the sacrifice had been offered at the command of God . She started from Beer - sheba to Hebron , asking everyone she met if he knew in which direction Abraham had gone . Then Satan came again in human shape and told her that it was not true that Isaac had been sacrificed , but that he was living and would soon return with his father . Sarah , on hearing this , died of joy at Hebron . Abraham and Isaac returned to their home at Beer - sheba , and , not finding Sarah there , went to Hebron , where they discovered her dead . According to the Genesis Rabbah , during Sarah 's lifetime her house was always hospitably open , the dough was miraculously increased , a light burned from Friday evening to Saturday evening , and a pillar of cloud rested upon the entrance to her tent . | Sarah |
834329916_14524-14870 | The First Epistle of Peter praises Sarah for obeying her husband . She is praised for her faith in the Hebrews `` hall of faith '' passage alongside a number of other Old Testament figures . Other New Testament references to Sarah are in Romans and Galatians . In Galatians 4 , she and Hagar are used as an allegory of the old and new covenants : | Sarah |
834329916_14871-15625 | `` For it is written that Abraham had two sons , one by the slave woman and the other by the free woman . His son by the slave woman was born in the ordinary way ; but his son by the free woman was born as the result of a promise . These things may be taken figuratively , for the women represent two covenants . One covenant is from Mount Sinai and bears children who are to be slaves : This is Hagar . Now Hagar stands for Mount Sinai and corresponds to the present city of Jerusalem , because she is in slavery with her children . But the Jerusalem that is above is free , and she is our mother ... Now you , brothers , like Isaac , are children of promise ... Therefore , brothers , we are not children of the slave woman , but of the free woman . '' | Sarah |
834329916_15703-16686 | Sarah ( Arabic : سارة Sāra ) , the wife of the patriarch and Islamic prophet Abraham and the mother of the prophet Isaac , is an honoured woman in the Islamic faith . She lived with Abraham throughout her life and , although she was barren , God promised her the birth of a prophetic son , Isaac . Abraham , however , prayed constantly to God for a child . Sarah , being barren , subsequently gave him her Egyptian handmaiden , Hājar ( Hagar ) , to wed as his second wife . Hagar bore Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) , when Abraham was eighty - six , who too would become a prophet of God like his father . Thirteen years later , God announced to Abraham , then ninety - nine , that barren Sarah would give birth to Abraham 's second son , Isaac , who would also be a prophet of the Lord . Although the Qur'an does not mention Sarah by name , it mentions the annunciation of the birth of Isaac . The Qur'an mentions that Sarah laughed when the angels gave her the glad tidings of Isaac : | Sarah |
834329916_16687-17325 | There came Our messengers to Abraham with glad tidings . They said , ' Peace ! ' He answered , ' Peace ! ' and hastened to entertain them with a roasted calf . But when he saw their hands went not towards the ( meal ) , he felt some mistrust of them , and conceived a fear of them . They said : `` Fear not : We have been sent against the people of Lut . And his wife was standing ( there ) , and she laughed : But we gave her glad tidings of Isaac , and after him , of Jacob . She said : `` Alas for me ! shall I bear a child , seeing I am an old woman , and my husband here is an old man ? That would indeed be a wonderful thing ! '' -- | Sarah |
834329916_17417-17999 | Sarah is believed to be buried in the Cave of the Patriarchs ( known by Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham ) . The compound , located in the ancient city of Hebron , is the second holiest site for Jews ( after the Temple Mount in Jerusalem ) , and is also venerated by Christians and Muslims , both of whom have traditions which maintain that the site is the burial place of three biblical couples ; Abraham and Sarah , Isaac and Rebecca , and Jacob and Leah . According to the Book of Genesis , Abraham purchased the plot of land for her tomb from a man named Ephron the Hittite . | Sarah |
834329916_18041-18665 | Sarah has been featured in several novels , and she is the central character in Sarah by Orson Scott Card in the Women of Genesis series , Sarai : A Novel by Jill Eileen Smith , and Sarah : A Novel by Marek Halter . In the Christian fiction novel Redeeming Love by Francine Rivers , the protagonist , called `` Angel '' throughout the duration of the story , is barren . At the end of the book , she reveals that her birth name is `` Sarah '' to her husband , who takes the revelation as a promise from God that they will one day be able to have children . In the 1994 movie Abraham , Sarah is portrayed by Barbara Hershey . | Sarah |
834329916_18666-19152 | Sarah is also a subject discussed in nonfiction books . In Twelve Extraordinary Women by Pastor John F. MacArthur , her life and story is analyzed along with that of Eve , Rahab , Ruth , Hannah , the Virgin Mary , Anna the Prophetess , the Samaritan woman at the well , Mary of Bethany , Martha , Mary Magdalene , and Lydia of Thyatira . Sarah appears in Slightly Bad Girls of the Bible : Flawed Women Loved by a Flawless God by Liz Curtis Higgs alongside several other biblical women . | Sarah |
834329916_19153-19896 | Some classical and modern scholars have analyzed Abraham 's reasoning for hiding Sarah 's position as his wife . Rashi argued that when a stranger comes to town , the proper thing to do would be to inquire if he needs food and drink , not whether his female companion is a married woman , and hence as Abimelech did the latter , it tipped off Abraham to the fact that there is no fear of God in this place , and so he lied about his relationship with Sarah in order to avoid being killed . Christian interpretation of the incidents has varied considerably . Some commentators have seen them as regrettable exceptions in the lives of those who otherwise lived upright lives , comparable to Noah 's and Lot 's drunkenness and David 's adultery . | Sarah |
834329916_19897-20668 | Others have questioned Sarah 's status as Abraham 's sister . According to Emanuel Feldman ( 1965 ) , basing his argument on Albright 's interpretation of the archaeology of Nuzu , a wife could legally be awarded the title `` sister '' , and that this was the most sacred form of marriage , and hence Abraham and Isaac referred to their wives as `` sisters '' for this reason . Most archaeologists however dispute that view , instead arguing the opposite - that sisters in the region were often awarded the title `` wife '' in order to give them much greater status in society . Savina Teubal 's book Sarah the Priestess explains that while Sarah was indeed both Abram 's wife and sister , there was no incest taboo because she was a half - sister by a different mother . | Sarah |