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9b48596f-66aa-4353-accc-096833202bd1
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016333 | 2025-06-19T09:39:59.336321 |
038b3c10-4ffa-48c4-a5ab-9be73e954c7f
|
[10.3390/en9030127](https://doi.org/10.3390/en9030127)
|
Losses
|
Thermal losses depend on the thermal conductivity coefficient of the tank walls and the difference in water and air temperatures.Since the thermal conductivity coefficient is constant and room temperature is also fairly constant, losses are mainly a function of temperature.Greater losses are experienced when water temperature is kept high.Therefore, in the event of shifting energy use into the future (delay raising the temperature), the heater exerts less heat waste, and vice versa.
|
None
|
[
[]
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"Correct"
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"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
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[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
3d730168-e90d-448d-9f08-7d853c0a77b4
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016339 | 2025-06-03T09:06:30.611791 |
b0289f87-540a-4755-a38c-23b0abe77cc9
|
[10.3390/inventions6010002](https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6010002)
|
abstract
|
This paper presents a strategical project for the new version of the Moroccan energy policy. It highlights the technology of solar water heaters (SWH), studying energy, economic and environmental gains of SWH generalization to satisfy the total resident need proposing a new strategic version diversified in terms of adopted technologies (more than green electricity). A detailed analysis of thermal performances and economic profitability of direct thermosyphon solar water heaters (TSWH) for residential requirements in Morocco. The optimum design parameters were defined and investigated using the dynamic TRNSYS simulation program. The optimum system was simulated under the six climatic conditions of Morocco in order to assess the related performances in terms of the collector efficiency and solar fraction. The major finding of this work is that large-scale integration of TSWH into Moroccan residences could provide up to 70% of thermal energy loads. An economic study was also developed to predict the life-cycle savings generated by the generalization of this technology in Morocco for all residential building’s categories. Approximately 1250 million USD as national saving on the total energy bill can be achieved. The environmental effects were also assessed to achieve the aims of this work and to evaluate the CO2 emissions avoided due to this environmentally friendly solution.
|
<li> <b>solar water heaters:</b> Solar water heating (242200)<li> <b>thermosyphon solar water heaters:</b> Solar water heating (242200)
|
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a71800ef-119d-4bfe-b75c-62c83bb0f485
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016346 | 2025-06-19T09:39:59.435582 |
0b2db9fe-21fe-48a2-9751-0a1d84175df0
|
[10.3390/inventions6010002](https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions6010002)
|
Collector Efficiency
|
The collector efficiency describes the ratio of the total useful energy gain to the solar energy absorbed by the collector.It is calculated using the equation below (11): Qucoll is the energy rate from heat source, and Icoll is the total radiation on the tilted surface.
|
None
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"submitted"
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[] | null | null |
b72e8e3d-6074-4d45-9ea2-28b0778f713b
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016352 | 2025-05-05T07:25:59.256190 |
2855f750-378d-4ff2-8fd3-aecfd7254ad3
|
[10.18764/2178-2229.v20n.especialp26-35](https://doi.org/10.18764/2178-2229.v20n.especialp26-35)
|
abstract
|
Objetivando a preservação ambiental e a melhoria do desempenho dos motores dos transportes, a Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis estabelece a adição obrigatória de biodiesel ao diesel mineral em uma proporção de 5% de biodiesel, em volume, ao diesel. Um dos parâmetros de qualidade é o período de indução, que está relacionado com a estabilidade oxidativa do biodiesel e é determinado pelo método Rancimat. A RANP 14/12 estabelece o período de indução mínimo de 6 h, queindica que o biocombustível será estável por até 6 meses de armazenamento. O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia eletroquímica para estudar o comportamento oxidativo do biodiesel, utilizando a técnica voltametria cíclica. O biodiesel metílico de soja, sintetizado a partir da rota com catálise básica homogênea, apresentou período de indução 4,88 h e foi utilizado em todos os experimentos deste trabalho. Dentre os meios estudados para os ensaios voltamétricos, optou-se pelo meio orgânico, utilizando ácido nítrico como eletrólito de suporte. A metodologia proposta apresentou boa resposta à oxidação eletroquímica do biodiesel, devido à boa linearidade de crescimento da corrente de pico anódico com as adições da amostra, com coeficiente de correlação 0,996, para concentrações de até 10,66 mg.mL-1 de biodiesel. A partir da concentração de 12,44 mg.mL-1, observa-se uma pequena perda de linearidade, que pode ser atribuída à limitação do processo catalítico na superfície do eletrodo de ouro e à possível formação de um filme de poliacetonitrila. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho confirmam a viabilidade do método proposto para o estudo eletroquímico sobre a oxidação do biodiesel.Palavras-chave: Biodiesel. Estabilidade Oxidativa. Voltametria Cíclica. ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDY ABOUT THE OXIDATION OF BIODIESELAbstract: Aiming environmental preservation and improvement on performance of engines transports, the Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels establishes the mandatory addition of biodiesel to mineral diesel in Brazil, in a proportion of 5% of biodiesel, in volume, to diesel. One of the quality parameters of the biodiesel is the induction period, which is related to its oxidative stability, it being determined by the Rancimat method. The RANP no 14/2012 establishes a minimum value of 6 h for the induction period, which indicates that the biofuel will be stable for 6 months storage. This work proposes an electrochemical methodology to study oxidative behavior of biodiesel, using cyclic voltammetry technique. A methylic soybean biodiesel was synthesized through a basic catalysis homogeneous route, presenting an induction period of 4,88 h, which was utilized in all experiments of this work. Among all conditions evaluated for the voltammetric study, the organic middle was the chosen, using nitric acid as supporting electrolyte, because it presented the best voltammetric results, in terms of resolution and sensitivity. The proposed methodology presented a good response for the electrochemical oxidation study of biodiesel, due to the good linear relationship obtained between the anodic peak current and biodiesel concentration, with a correlation coefficient of 0,996, to concentrations until 10,66 mg.mL-1 of biodiesel. From concentration of 12,44 mg.mL-1, a small deviation from linearity is observed, which could be attributed to the limitation of the catalytic process on the gold electrode surface and to the possible formation of a polyacetonitrile film.The results obtained in the present work confirm the viability of the proposed method to the electrochemical study about oxidation of biodiesel.Keywords: Biodiesel. Oxidative Stability. Cyclic Voltammetry. ESTUDIO ELECTROQUÍMICO SOBRE LA OXIDACIÓN DE BIODIESELResumen: Con el objetivo de preservar el medio ambiente y mejorar el desempeño de los motores de los transportes, la Agencia Nacional de Petróleo, Gas Natural y Biocombustibles establece la adición obligatoria de biodiesel al diesel mineral en una proporción de 5% de biodiesel, en volumen, de diesel. Uno de los parámetros de calidad es el período de inducción, que tiene relación con la estabilidad oxidativa del biodiesel y se determina por el método Rancimat. La RANP 14/12 establece el período de inducción mínimo de 6 h, que indica que el biocombustible será estable durante 6 meses de almacenamiento. En este trabajo se propone una metodología electroquímica para estudiar el comportamiento electroquímico de la oxidación de biodiesel, utilizando la técnica de voltametría cíclica. El biodiesel de soja metílico, sintetizado a partir de la ruta con catálisis básica homogénea, presentó período de inducción de 4,88 h y se utilizó en todos los experimentos de este trabajo. De las condiciones estudiadas para los ensayos de voltametría, el medio orgánico fue el elegido, usando ácido nítrico como electrólito de soporte. La metodología propuesta presenta una buena respuesta a la oxidación electroquímica del biodiesel, debido a la buena linealidad de aumento de la corriente de pico anódico con adición de muestra, con un coeficiente de correlación 0,996 para concentraciones de hasta 10,66 mg.mL-1 de biodiesel. Después de la concentración de 12,44 mg.mL-1, una pequeña desviación de la linealidad se observa, lo que podría atribuirse a la limitación del proceso catalítico en la superficie del electrodo de oro y a la posible formación de una película de poliacetonitrila. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo confirman la viabilidad del método propuesto para el estudio sobre la oxidación electroquímica de biodiesel.Palabras clave: Biodiesel. Estabilidad oxidativa. Voltametría cíclica.
|
<li> <b>biodiesel:</b> Biodiesels (262200)
|
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a9bf2a56-0900-484d-858c-ca1c4cfbf481
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016358 | 2025-06-19T09:39:59.578637 |
fde23543-8fef-4943-902e-546b528da6b5
|
[10.18764/2178-2229.v20n.especialp26-35](https://doi.org/10.18764/2178-2229.v20n.especialp26-35)
|
Síntese do biodiesel de soja
|
A síntese do biodiesel foi realizada conforme descrito por Ghisi (GHISI, 2011).Foram utilizados aproximadamente 200 g de óleo vegetal de soja.Para cada 100 g do óleo de soja, foram utilizados 35 mL de metanol e 1,5 g do catalisador hidróxido de potássio.A produção do biodiesel foi feita no LPQA. O óleo de soja foi previamente seco em estufa durante 2 horas a 80 o C. Inicialmente foi obtido o metóxido de potássio misturando-se o álcool metílico com o hidróxido de potássio, sob agitação magnética até a homogeneização completa.Adicionou-se ao óleo de soja seco o metóxido de potássio, misturando-se por 2 horas sob agitação constante em agitador mecânico.Ao final da reação, a mistura foi transferida para um funil de decantação, com a finalidade de separar as fases. Após o repouso de 24 h, observaramse duas fases bem distintas: uma contendo ésteres, clara e menos densa, e outra rica em glicerina, mais densa e escura.A glicerina foi retirada e o biodiesel foi purificado pelo processo de lavagem.O biodiesel foi neutralizado com solução aquosa de HCl 0,5% v/v e, em seguida, lavado quatro vezes com água destilada.A cada adição de água, o biodiesel foi deixado em repouso, decantando por 30 minutos para que houvesse a separação das fases aquosa e orgânica.Em seguida, o biodiesel purificado, cuja água retirada depois da lavagem apresentava pH próximo de 7,0, foi levado para a estufa por aproximadamente 4 horas a 100 o C para eliminar traços de água e álcool que ainda poderiam estar presentes.
|
<li> <b>biodiesel:</b> Biodiesels (262200)
|
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]
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[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
{
"end": 22,
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"start": 13
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{
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{
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{
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"label": "energyType",
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},
{
"end": 1287,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 1278
}
] | null | null |
b96e4d26-fcff-4942-be3e-f35fd2ff46ac
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016364 | 2025-06-19T09:39:59.664452 |
fc0a53cb-6e9e-4adc-bc73-daa5cd53a4bf
|
[10.3390/en15228767](https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228767)
|
abstract
|
The global changes which are affecting countries at the moment act as a ‘censor’ of modern energy relations and energy market development strategies in general. The development of the energy market is no longer considered in terms of its efficiency but more in terms of its survivability under the influence of external environmental factors and its ability to maintain an acceptable level of energy safety. In order to fully balance a country’s internal interests and increase its competitiveness in the global energy market, the importance of the problem of choosing a development strategy—following the path of energy independence or cooperative development—is becoming evident. The purpose of this paper is to identify an effective energy strategy for a country under the influence of contemporary challenges. The object of the study is the Russian energy market and the energy companies as its key players. In this context, it examines the situations where Russia and other energy market players are unequally affected by external environmental factors. Particular emphasis is placed on the possibility of overcoming the negative impact of environmental factors during the implementation of measures aimed at ensuring energy safety, achieving a better environmental situation in the country by reducing CO2 emissions, and strengthening the country’s position in the global energy market by changing its own energy development strategy. The dependence of the financial outcome of the energy complex companies of the Russian Federation on the factors of the external and internal environment was determined as the main direction of the study. The financial outcome of the Russian energy complex companies in this article serves as a landmark indicator of energy market development. The working hypothesis of the research is the authors’ claim that it is necessary for modern energy companies in Russia, as important participants in the energy market of the country, to transform their strategy in the direction of deepening cooperation under the influence of external and internal environmental factors. The methodological and theoretical framework of this study consists of classical and modern economic science, covering the analysis of energy market dynamics and structure, as well as the theories aimed at selecting the most effective strategies under the influence of external and internal environmental factors. The study is based on the works of domestic and foreign scientists devoted to the issues of competitiveness, strategic planning, and sustainable development in the context of total digitalization. Within the framework of the conducted research, we used methods of system and factor analysis; statistical research methods, in particular the analysis of dynamic changes, as well as correlation and regression analysis; and methods of comparison, analogy, and generalization. An important source of data on the financial result of companies in the Russian energy sector was the materials of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. As a result of this paper, a notable influence of external and internal environmental factors is determined. Among the most significant factors, digitalization is identified as a development trend. It also represents a driver of improvement in Russia’s energy market, both in terms of improving its competitiveness and environmental safety and in terms of strengthening the country’s leadership position in the global energy market. In addition to the findings, this article provides a theoretical contribution and recommendations for the development of theoretical ideas concerning the choice of an effective strategy for the development of Russia’s energy market. Future research directions are also considered, and the implications of the presented analysis for further research are discussed.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
389bd7a7-fadc-4204-8833-0df52da8b584
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016370 | 2025-05-13T09:56:35.243254 |
959d3a60-25a8-409d-9299-0269dab95730
|
[10.3390/en15228767](https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228767)
|
•
|
Digital transformation of companies (culture, attitudes, and personnel competencies) implies a change in the organizational model of companies, a transition to flexible business models, a greater interaction with external sources of innovation, etc.
|
None
|
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
deb03074-b507-424e-8a0b-521bfb297e11
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016377 | 2025-06-19T09:39:59.774106 |
317be067-39e6-4a1c-9023-7b1650e1d800
|
[10.3204/pubdb-2023-04951](https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2023-04951)
|
abstract
|
Abstract The total and differential Higgs boson production cross-sections are measured through a combined statistical analysis of the H → ZZ* → 4ℓ and H → γγ decay channels. The results are based on a dataset of 139 fb−1 of proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The measured total Higgs boson production cross-section is $$ {55.5}_{-3.8}^{+4.0} $$ 55.5 − 3.8 + 4.0 pb, consistent with the Standard Model prediction of 55.6 ± 2.5 pb. All results from the two decay channels are compatible with each other, and their combination agrees with the Standard Model predictions. A combined statistical interpretation of the measured fiducial cross-sections as a function of the Higgs boson transverse momentum is performed in order to probe the Yukawa couplings to the bottom and charm quarks. A similar interpretation is performed by including also the constraints from the measurements of Higgs boson production in association with a W or Z boson in the H →$$ b\overline{b} $$ b b ¯ and $$ c\overline{c} $$ c c ¯ decay channels.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
66f415fe-24d5-419a-80f0-2eac5c856429
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016383 | 2025-06-19T09:39:59.864088 |
61b87751-b85d-4464-bf30-0f6c7343a39b
|
[10.3204/pubdb-2023-04951](https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2023-04951)
|
JHEP05(2023)028
|
Channel Parameter Observed Expected 95% confidence interval 95% confidence interval 7. Observed and expected 95% confidence intervals for the Yukawa coupling modifiers when modifications to both the p H T shape and normalisation are considered (shape+normalisation), for the individual decay channels and their combination.The results for one coupling modifier are obtained while fixing the other one to the SM expectation (κ = 1).T differential cross-section (shape-only) or (b) also its normalisation (shape+normalisation) is used to constrain the parameters for the combined and individual decay channels results.The SM predictions ( * ) and the observed best-fit values (+) are indicated on the plots.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
db395a5c-d771-4df6-806d-30e79c1da401
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016389 | 2025-05-05T07:39:03.206899 |
2c22f31f-e5ef-4841-9810-6611a1c8ed93
|
[10.3390/molecules25040802](https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040802)
|
Routes for the Production of Jet Fuels from Biomass
|
Despite both being natural carbon sources, petroleum and biomass have very different chemical compositions.While petroleum is composed of fully deoxygenated hydrocarbons with different molecular weights and levels of branching/cycling, biomass feedstocks (e.g., lignocellulose, starches, and lipids) are highly oxygenated.This different composition determines the processing strategies used to convert both resources into hydrocarbon fuels.Thus, the nature of petroleum feeds (hydrophobic, very volatile, and inert) obligates carrying out the conversion at high temperatures and in the gas phase.In contrast, biomass feeds are highly reactive and therefore require significantly lower temperatures than petroleum compounds.Petroleum derivatives are completely unfunctionalized and can therefore be used almost directly for the production of liquid transportation fuels (gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel) after simple fractional distillation and catalytic processing.These steps, required to adjust the molecular weight and structure of the hydrocarbons, do not involve profound chemical transformations.In contrast, the catalytic production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels from biomass is a complex process that involves deep chemical transformations through selective oxygen removal steps, followed by molecular-weight and structure adjustments.The oxygen removal steps (e.g., dehydration, hydrogenation, decarboxylation, C-O hydrogenolysis) are required to control the high reactivity of the biomass molecules, allowing the production of less reactive (yet active) intermediates.These intermediates are then more easily processed by well-known catalytic reactions such as Fischer-Tropsch, oligomerization dehydration, isomerization, and hydrogenation, which are aimed to increase the molecular weight of the intermediates and completely deoxygenate the final product.Figure 2 shows the main routes available today for converting biomass into jet fuels.In all cases, a first conditioning step is necessary to reduce the structural complexity of biomass and to produce oxygenated intermediates less complex and therefore more amenable for subsequent upgrading to jet fuels.These intermediates (oils, syngas, alcohols, and sugars/platform molecules) give name to the different routes for the conversion of biomass into jet fuels: oil to jet fuels (OTJ), gas to jet fuels (GTJ), alcohols to jet fuels (OTJ), and sugars/platform molecules to jet fuels (STJ), respectively.The most relevant aspects of these four routes will be described in the following subsections. Molecules 2020, 25, 802 4 of 18 to produce oxygenated intermediates less complex and therefore more amenable for subsequent upgrading to jet fuels.These intermediates (oils, syngas, alcohols, and sugars/platform molecules) give name to the different routes for the conversion of biomass into jet fuels: oil to jet fuels (OTJ), gas to jet fuels (GTJ), alcohols to jet fuels (OTJ), and sugars/platform molecules to jet fuels (STJ), respectively.The most relevant aspects of these four routes will be described in the following subsections. Figure 2. Routes for the conversion of biomass feedstocks (lignocellulose, starches, and lipids) into jet fuels.Species highlighted in grey correspond to less oxygenated intermediates, which are subsequently upgraded to hydrocarbons in the range of jet fuels by well-known catalytic and biological routes.
|
<li> <b>petroleum:</b> Oil (114000)<li> <b>gasoline:</b> Gasolines (114550)
|
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[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Partially correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
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[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
null
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
{
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{
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{
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{
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] | null | null |
76c0bc12-f544-4278-a7c6-f1f15631ebde
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016395 | 2025-06-03T09:06:52.163066 |
5d6aba9c-eb9a-464e-9fc1-4423c9ecc778
|
[10.48550/arxiv.2112.00895](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2112.00895)
|
abstract
|
AbstractMeasurements of the associated production of a W boson and a charm ($${\text {c}}$$ c ) quark in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8$$\,\text {TeV}$$ TeV are reported. The analysis uses a data sample corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 19.7$$\,\text {fb}^{-1}$$ fb - 1 collected by the CMS detector at the LHC. The W bosons are identified through their leptonic decays to an electron or a muon, and a neutrino. Charm quark jets are selected using distinctive signatures of charm hadron decays. The product of the cross section and branching fraction $$\sigma (\text {p}\text {p}\rightarrow \text {W}+ {\text {c}}+ \text {X}) {\mathcal {B}}(\text {W}\rightarrow \ell \upnu )$$ σ ( pp → W + c + X ) B ( W → ℓ ν ) , where $$\ell = \text {e}$$ ℓ = e or $$\upmu $$ μ , and the cross section ratio $$\sigma (\text {p}\text {p}\rightarrow {{\text {W}}^{+} + \bar{{\text {c}}} + \text {X}}) / \sigma (\text {p}\text {p}\rightarrow {{\text {W}}^{-} + {\text {c}}+ \text {X}})$$ σ ( pp → W + + c ¯ + X ) / σ ( pp → W - + c + X ) are measured in a fiducial volume and differentially as functions of the pseudorapidity and of the transverse momentum of the lepton from the W boson decay. The results are compared with theoretical predictions. The impact of these measurements on the determination of the strange quark distribution is assessed.
|
None
|
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
9cd3d475-3acd-468a-b875-22de4a883120
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016401 | 2025-06-19T09:39:59.998276 |
fcff4083-74c8-42bc-9052-d56eb7b6a8c3
|
[10.48550/arxiv.2112.00895](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2112.00895)
|
The CMS detector
|
The central feature of the CMS apparatus is a superconducting solenoid of 6 m internal diameter, providing a magnetic field of 3.8 T. Within the solenoid volume are a silicon pixel and strip tracker, a lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), and a brass and scintillator hadron calorimeter, each composed of a barrel and two endcap sections.Extensive forward calorimetry complements the coverage provided by the barrel and endcap detectors.The silicon tracker measures charged particles within the pseudorapidity range |η| < 2.5.It consists of 1440 silicon pixel and 15 148 silicon strip detector modules.For particles of 1 < p T < 10 GeV and |η| < 1.4, the track resolutions are typically 1.5% in p T and 25-90 (45-150) µm in the transverse (longitudinal) impact parameter [12].The electron momentum is estimated by combining the energy measurement in the ECAL with the momentum measurement in the tracker.The momentum resolution for electrons with p T ≈ 45 GeV from Z → e + e -decays ranges from 1.7% for nonshowering electrons in the barrel region to 4.5% for showering electrons in the endcaps [13].Muons are measured in the pseudorapidity range |η| < 2.4, using three technologies: drift tubes, cathode strip chambers, and resistive plate chambers.Matching muons to tracks measured in the silicon tracker results in a relative transverse momentum resolution for muons with 20 < p T < 100 GeV of 1.3-2.0% in the barrel and better than 6% in the endcaps.The p T resolution in the barrel is better than 10% for muons with p T up to 1 TeV [14].For muons with 1 < p T < 25 GeV, the relative transverse momentum resolution is 1.2-1.7% in the barrel and 2.5-4.0% in the endcaps [12].Events of interest are selected using a two-tiered trigger system [15].The first level, composed of custom hardware processors, uses information from the calorimeters and muon detectors to select events at a rate of around 100 kHz within a fixed latency of about 4 µs.The second level, known as the high-level trigger, consists of a farm of processors running a version of the full event reconstruction software optimized for fast processing, and reduces the event rate to around 1 kHz before data storage.A more detailed description of the CMS detector, together with a definition of the coordinate system used and the basic kinematic variables, can be found in Ref. [16].
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
1497353a-ca8e-4d45-abba-c7b6c52361ca
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016407 | 2025-06-19T09:40:00.086066 |
d6ed3d08-f9ee-48ca-aa8b-29e694355597
|
[10.21203/rs.3.rs-794017/v1](https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-794017/v1)
|
abstract
|
Abstract Present study concerns with the production of H2 rich product gas by thermochemical energy conversion having biomass gasification as a route for the four biomasses i.e., Kasai Saw Dust, Lemon Grass, Wheat Straw and Pigeon Pea Seed Coat. The biomasses are from the family of woody biomass, grasses, agricultural waste and food process industry wastes. Waste engine oil as an additive is used, which also acts as a binder. Air gasification and Air-steam gasification is applied and compared for product gas composition, hydrogen yield and other performance parameters like lower heating value, energy yield. Product gas constituents, hydrogen production is examined with different steam to biomass ratio (S/B ratio) and equivalence ratio. The equivalence ratio varies from 0.20–0.40 and the steam to biomass ratio varies between 0–4. The waster engine oil is mixed with the biomasses with different percentage of 5 and 10 wt%. For enhancement of feedstock quality palletization process is applied. The H2 yield is greatly affected by the equivalence ratio. Results show maximum H2 production and higher calorific value of product gas at an air to fuel of 0.26 for all the biomass pallets. Also, the S/B ratio observed as important aspect for hydrogen enrichment. Hydrogen yield is maximum at 2.4 steam to biomass ratio. This study considers the rarely studied Indian biomasses with waste engine oil as an additive for hydrogen-rich product gas production and will be beneficial for small scale hydrogen-rich syngas production considering the central Indian region originated biomasses. Statement of Novelty (SON): Research work belongs to eco-friendly use of rarely studied Indian biomass pallets. Equivalence air to fuel ratio (E/R ratio), steam to biomass ratio (S/B ratio) and waste engine oil as additive have been considered to upgrade H2 content and Calorific Value (CV) of the product gas. Novelty of work include use of waste engine oil as additive to make biomass pallets.
|
<li> <b>biomass gasification:</b> Biogas from thermal processes (263200)<li> <b>biomasses:</b> Bioenergy (260000)<li> <b>woody biomass:</b> Wood fuel (261110)
|
[
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[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Partially correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Missed entity when singular: biomass, but identifies biomasses, misses synonims like grass-straw, misses some entities like hydrogen"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
{
"end": 138,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 118
},
{
"end": 172,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 163
},
{
"end": 259,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 250
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{
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"start": 881
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{
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{
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"start": 283
}
] | null | null |
05efb589-2dca-4755-99f2-b7d0c6a29fea
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016413 | 2025-06-19T09:40:00.169203 |
f530ea9b-bf5e-4a2c-abc5-b1dad5002979
|
[10.21203/rs.3.rs-794017/v1](https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-794017/v1)
|
Temperature distribution in the gasifier
|
Fig. 5: Temperature profile at different ER for biomasses during gasification process. The temperature is obtained from the thermocouple installed at 15 min during the gasification process of all the four feedstocks Kasai sawdust, lemongrass, wheat straw and pigeon pea seed coat for ER of 0.2, 0.26, 0.33 and 0.398 are depicted in figure 5.There is specific temperature at which bonds breaks and it is different for all the materials. The temperature inside the reactors depends on the equivalence ratio.It can be observed for all the four feedstocks that the temperature of the oxidation-reduction region is maximum for ER 0.26, while it starts decreasing on further increment in ER.For lower equivalence ratio i.e., 0.2 the temperature is in between 625-825°C, it is maximum of about 800-1000°C for the ER 0.26 and starts again decreasing on the further increment of ER.On increasing the ER from 0.2 to 0.26, oxygen availability is increased and it releases more heat due to increment of oxidation rate.This heat increases the reactor temperature.This process is continuing as the ER increases but there is another fact that as the ER increases the supply of N2 also increases.More N2 behaves as heat transfer medium and diminishes the temperature inside the reactor on further increment of air supply, thus lower temperature found inside the reactor on higher ER.[8], [21], [50], [51] The different temperature profile is obtained for the different feedstock as it based on the composition, density of pallets etc.The higher temperature of reduction zone is obtained for pigeon pea seed coat and it lowers for wheat straw, Kasai and lemongrass in order but all the feedstock shows the same trends only temperature changes.The density of pallets which depends on biomass particle size itself plays a vital role as it regulates the air contact with feedstock particles.Good contacts show better efficiency of the process and higher gasification temperature.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Partially correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Partially correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"gasification missed recognition"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
399ef841-b3e8-4731-a725-79325d2db8c4
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016420 | 2025-06-19T09:40:00.256137 |
c94a4ece-1fcd-4e99-8673-6147ec477db4
|
[10.3390/en16207072](https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207072)
|
abstract
|
The copper-based metal-organic framework (HKUST-1) exhibits interesting properties, such as high porosity and large specific surface area, which are useful as electrode materials for supercapattery. Herein, the HKUST-1 was synthesized through a facile hydrothermal method and exhibited a typical octahedral structure with a specific surface area of 1015.02 m2 g−1, which was calculated using the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method. From the three-electrode analysis, the HKUST-1 demonstrated a specific capacity of 126.2 C g−1 in 1 M LiOH. The structural fingerprint of the HKUST-1 was confirmed with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. A supercapattery device, i.e., the HKUST-1//N-doped graphene, revealed a maximum specific power of 300 W kg−1 and a specific energy of 2.61 W h kg−1 at 1 A g−1 with 57% capacitance retention during continuous charging–discharging, even after 10,000 cycles. The HKUST-1 also demonstrated a low charge transfer resistance and a low equivalent series resistance of 7.86 Ω and 0.87 Ω, respectively, verifying its good conductivity. The prominent supercapattery performance of the HKUST-1//N-doped graphene suggested that the HKUST-1 is a promising positive electrode for supercapattery.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
e6587226-a1c4-4bff-bd58-6d267783e0b4
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016426 | 2025-05-08T14:18:05.260466 |
9046c05b-e494-4494-a522-78cb7cf4fdd2
|
[10.3390/en16207072](https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207072)
|
Electrochemical Performance of Assembled Supercapattery
|
Figure 5a shows the cyclic voltammetry curves of the HKUST-1 and N-doped graphene in a three-electrode configuration at 1 mV/s in 1 M LiOH.The operating potential window for the battery-type HKUST-1 is 0-0.6 V, whereas the operating window for the capacitive N-doped graphene is -0.6-0V, which suggests that the supercapattery device can be operated between 0 and 1.2 V [24].The cyclic voltammetry analysis of the HKUST-1//Ndoped graphene at different scan rates from 0 to 1.2 V was carried out using PVA/LiOH gel as an electrolyte.The cyclic voltammetry curves (Figure 5b) illustrate both contributions from capacitive and battery-type behavior at all scan rates, which are confirmed by the calculated b-value (0.41) of the HKUST-1//N-doped graphene.In addition, the shape of the cyclic voltammetry curves is maintained, even at high scan rates, indicating its good rate capability.Galvanostatic charge-discharge analysis of the HKUST-1//N-doped graphene was also carried out from 0 to 1.2 V at various current densities, as shown in Figure 5c.The curves reveal a plateau observed at ~1.0 V during the discharging curve, indicating that the HKUST-1 possesses a battery-type charge storage mechanism, whereas a linear curve is observed during the charging curve between 0.8 and 0.2 V, implying the capacitive nature of the N-doped graphene [25].The specific energy and the specific power of the HKUST-1//N-doped graphene were calculated using Equations ( 3) and (4), respectively.The specific energy and specific power of the device are 2.61 Wh kg -1 and 600 W kg -1 at 1 A g -1 .Figure 5d illustrates the Ragone plot of the HKUST-1//N-doped graphene, which shows that the specific power increases as the specific energy decreases. The resistivity of the HKUST-1//N-doped graphene was studied via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at an open circuit potential with a frequency of 0.1-100 kHz (amplitude, 5 mV).The Nyquist plot (Figure 5e) shows a semicircle at the high-frequency region, and the charge transfer resistance and equivalent series resistance values for the device are 7.86 Ω and 0.87 Ω, respectively.These values indicate that the device has excellent conductivity and exhibits low equivalent series resistance, which is due to the large surface area and mesoporous structure of the HKUST-1 that provides efficient transportation of electrolyte ions.The equivalent circuit of the HKUST-1//NDG is displayed in the inset Figure 5e.The equivalent circuit consists of ESR, R ct , constant phase elements (CPEs), and Warburg (W) elements.Furthermore, the cycle stability of the device was analyzed by galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements at 0.2 A g -1 for 10,000 cycles, as depicted in Figure 5f.It can be observed that the capacity retention decreases are attributable to the low structural stability of the HKUST-1 after repeated charging-discharging cycles.It is well known that metal-organic framework has low structural stability due to the collapsing of its framework after repeated and continuous charging-discharging cycles.However, with the presence of the high mechanical stability of N-doped graphene, the device is able to retain 57% after continuous 10,000 charging-discharging cycles.The device exhibits decent cycling retention on account of the synergistic effect between both the HKUST-1 and the N-doped graphene [26].
|
None
|
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
null
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
fd2206e4-246d-43f7-a73c-04f769c56b22
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016432 | 2025-05-08T14:58:35.200372 |
67234544-465b-40ec-b209-a271e9ba2a92
|
[10.3390/electronics11081285](https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081285)
|
abstract
|
The Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) has been widely studied for Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). However, a major drawback of the SRG system adopting the conventional control is the slow response of the DC link voltage controller. In this paper, a Proportional Resonant (PR) control strategy is proposed to control the output voltage of the SRG system to improve the fast response. The SRG model has a high non-linearity, which makes the design of controllers a difficult task. For this reason, the important practical engineering aspect of this work is the role played by the SRG model linearization in testing the sensitivity of the PR controller performance to specific parameter changes. The characteristics of steady-state behaviors of the SRG-based WECS under different control approaches are simulated and compared. The controller is implemented on a digital signal processor (TMS320F28379D). The experimental results are carried out using a 250 W 8/6 SRG prototype to assess the performance of the proposed control compared with the traditional Proportional Integral (PI) control strategy. The experimental results show that the PR control enhances the steady-state performance of the SR power generation system in WECS. Compared to PI control, the rise and settling times are reduced by 45% and 43%, respectively, without an overshoot.
|
<li> <b>wind energy:</b> Wind energy (230000)
|
[
[
{
"end": 79,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 68
}
],
[
{
"end": 79,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 68
}
]
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
null
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
{
"end": 79,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 68
}
] | null | null |
9a53ad9a-9cb0-4cf9-a99d-035ec38c8d38
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016438 | 2025-05-20T09:31:24.048481 |
610ae71b-60c2-4c7b-b84a-54cbb9614c49
|
[10.3390/electronics11081285](https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081285)
|
Voltage Controller Using PI and PR Controllers
|
The control strategy proposed in this section is based on regulating the voltage.Figure 6 shows the SRG voltage control block diagram.This way, the voltage controller processes the error between the measured voltage (VDC) and its reference (VDC*).The main idea is to improve the performance of SRG using two different types of regulators, the PI and PR controllers.Typically, the voltage controller is implemented using a PI controller with voltage feedforward, as presented in Figure 7a.Instead, the PR controller can be applied as a voltage controller, as illustrated in Figure 7b.Compared to a PI controller, the only computational requirement that is imposed by the PR controller is an additional integrator for the second-order system implementation.For comparison, the PI and PR voltage controllers are analyzed.The equations of PI and PR voltage control used for the comparison are depicted in Equations ( 14) and (15). The reference current output (I*) is next tracked by an inner current loop whose output is fed to a hysteresis control for switching the asymmetric half-bridge converter.The transfer function of closed-loop control can be determined only with the voltage controller and the load; the transfer function of the current closed-loop is approximated by a unit function.The closed-loop transfer function of DC link voltage based on PI and PR compensators is given by: ( ) The Bode diagram of the PI controller is presented in Figure 8.The frequency response is 1 kHz and the system phase margin is 78.4°.The equations of PI and PR voltage control used for the comparison are depicted in Equations ( 14) and (15). The reference current output (I*) is next tracked by an inner current loop whose output is fed to a hysteresis control for switching the asymmetric half-bridge converter.The transfer function of closed-loop control can be determined only with the voltage controller and the load; the transfer function of the current closed-loop is approximated by a unit function.The closed-loop transfer function of DC link voltage based on PI and PR compensators is given by: The Bode diagram of the PI controller is presented in Figure 8.The frequency response is 1 kHz and the system phase margin is 78.The equations of PI and PR voltage control used for the comparison are depicted in Equations ( 14) and (15). The reference current output (I*) is next tracked by an inner current loop whose output is fed to a hysteresis control for switching the asymmetric half-bridge converter.The transfer function of closed-loop control can be determined only with the voltage controller and the load; the transfer function of the current closed-loop is approximated by a unit function.The closed-loop transfer function of DC link voltage based on PI and PR compensators is given by: ( ) The Bode diagram of the PI controller is presented in Figure 8.The frequency response is 1 kHz and the system phase margin is 78.4°.The tuning of the PR controller parameters is conducted by analyzing the stability using Bode diagrams and the phase margin.In order to study the effect of the PR controller parameters on the performance of voltage control, one parameter is changed while others are maintained constant.When K p = 100 and the proportional gain K i is changed, the magnitude of the PR controller rises, but the phase of the PR controller reduces, as illustrated in Figure 9.The tuning of the PR controller parameters is conducted by analyzing the stability using Bode diagrams and the phase margin.In order to study the effect of the PR controller parameters on the performance of voltage control, one parameter is changed while others are maintained constant.When Kp = 100 and the proportional gain Ki is changed, the magnitude of the PR controller rises, but the phase of the PR controller reduces, as illustrated in Figure 9. Depicted in Figure 10 is the frequency response of the controller when Kp is added and Ki fixed at 1.It can be noted that the magnitude of the PR controller gain increases when Kp is added.The important results of this study should be highlighted.The parameters of the controller Kp and Ki are chosen to obtain a good closed-loop response and a steady state performance.The proportional gain constant Ki should be selected to ensure an improved tracking performance.A higher Kp value produces a faster response but increases the bandwidth and phase margin.Thus, the reasonable value of Kp can be selected according to the required bandwidth and phase margin.Based on the theoretical analysis, in this paper, the gains of the PR controller are taken as follows: Ki = 1, Kp = 100.Depicted in Figure 10 is the frequency response of the controller when K p is added and K i fixed at 1.It can be noted that the magnitude of the PR controller gain increases when K p is added.The important results of this study should be highlighted.The parameters of the controller K p and K i are chosen to obtain a good closed-loop response and a steady state performance.The proportional gain constant K i should be selected to ensure an improved tracking performance.A higher K p value produces a faster response but increases the bandwidth and phase margin.Thus, the reasonable value of K p can be selected according to the required bandwidth and phase margin.Based on the theoretical analysis, in this paper, the gains of the PR controller are taken as follows: K i = 1, K p = 100.The tuning of the PR controller parameters is conducted by analyzing the stability using Bode diagrams and the phase margin.In order to study the effect of the PR controller parameters on the performance of voltage control, one parameter is changed while others are maintained constant.When Kp = 100 and the proportional gain Ki is changed, the magnitude of the PR controller rises, but the phase of the PR controller reduces, as illustrated in Figure 9. Depicted in Figure 10 is the frequency response of the controller when Kp is added and Ki fixed at 1.It can be noted that the magnitude of the PR controller gain increases when Kp is added.The important results of this study should be highlighted.The parameters of the controller Kp and Ki are chosen to obtain a good closed-loop response and a steady state performance.The proportional gain constant Ki should be selected to ensure an improved tracking performance.A higher Kp value produces a faster response but increases the bandwidth and phase margin.Thus, the reasonable value of Kp can be selected according to the required bandwidth and phase margin.Based on the theoretical analysis, in this paper, the gains of the PR controller are taken as follows: Ki = 1, Kp = 100.
|
None
|
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
003c286e-b482-4abc-99a9-054a6d5facf3
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016444 | 2025-06-19T09:40:00.402782 |
ce3fc34a-f740-4fb5-8585-7c1c351bc71a
|
[10.3390/agronomy13102654](https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102654)
|
Efficiency Coefficients
|
The nitrogen efficiency coefficients were calculated as follows: • R/F, or removal to fertilizer ratio, was calculated according to the following equation: where Nremoval is the nitrogen taken up as yield, and Nfertilizer is the total quantity of nitrogen applied.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
d2c43a24-91a5-4ce1-a633-36ea40666c52
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016450 | 2025-06-19T09:40:00.488613 |
3269f5a7-58df-475e-b540-ed75717df8ae
|
[10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10241-z](https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10241-z)
|
abstract
|
AbstractThe study of the production of nuclei and antinuclei in pp collisions has proven to be a powerful tool to investigate the formation mechanism of loosely bound states in high-energy hadronic collisions. In this paper, the production of protons, deuterons and $$^{3}\mathrm {He}$$ 3 He and their charge conjugates at midrapidity is studied as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity in inelastic pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=5.02$$ s = 5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector. Within the uncertainties, the yields of nuclei in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=5.02$$ s = 5.02 TeV are compatible with those in pp collisions at different energies and to those in p–Pb collisions when compared at similar multiplicities. The measurements are compared with the expectations of coalescence and Statistical Hadronisation Models. The results suggest a common formation mechanism behind the production of light nuclei in hadronic interactions and confirm that they do not depend on the collision energy but on the number of produced particles.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
1de04b11-d2af-4c4a-9ffe-1c71022d931c
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016456 | 2025-05-08T14:26:25.633968 |
5fe158cd-415b-41ab-aef8-8cc058afd704
|
[10.3390/en13184689](https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184689)
|
abstract
|
Ammonia is a hydrogen-rich compound that can play an important role in the storage of green hydrogen and the deployment of fuel cell technologies. Nowadays used as a fertilizer, NH3 has the right peculiarities to be a successful sustainable fuel for the future of the energy sector. This study presents, for the first time in literature, an integration study of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier and a high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) as an energy conversion device. A system design is presented, that integrates a reactor for the decomposition of ammonia with an HT-PEMFC, where hydrogen produced from NH3 is electrochemically converted into electricity and heat. The overall system based on the two technologies is designed integrating all balance of plant components. A zero-dimensional model was implemented to evaluate system efficiency and study the effects of parametric variations. Thermal equilibrium of the decomposition reactor was studied, and two different strategies were implemented in the model to guarantee thermal energy balance inside the system. The results show that the designed system can operate with an efficiency of 40.1% based on ammonia lower heating value (LHV) at the fuel cell operating point of 0.35 A/cm2 and 0.60 V.
|
None
|
[
[
{
"end": 100,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 75
},
{
"end": 145,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 123
},
{
"end": 181,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 178
},
{
"end": 369,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 362
},
{
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"start": 398
},
{
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},
{
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"start": 594
},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"start": 375
}
],
[
{
"end": 100,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 75
}
]
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Incorrect",
"Partially correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Incorrect",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
"green hydrogen storage missed "
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
cf762ce5-b80c-4006-97bd-bd2e30eefcd2
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016462 | 2025-05-08T14:58:54.171761 |
d36480a7-8011-44eb-bfc8-90cad4aa13ff
|
[10.3390/en9070560](https://doi.org/10.3390/en9070560)
|
abstract
|
Electric vehicles (EVs) have received wide attention due to their higher energy efficiency and lower emissions. However, the random charging and discharging behaviors of substantial numbers of EVs may lead to safety risk problems in a distribution network. Reasonable price incentives can guide EVs through orderly charging and discharging, and further provide a feasible solution to reduce the operational risk of the distribution network. Considering three typical electricity prices, EV charging/discharging load models are built. Then, a Probabilistic Load Flow (PLF) method using cumulants and Gram-Charlier series is proposed to obtain the power flow of the distribution network including massive numbers of EVs. In terms of the risk indexes of node voltage and line flow, the operational risk of the distribution network can be estimated in detail. From the simulations of an IEEE-33 bus system and an IEEE 69-bus system, the demonstrated results show that reasonable charging and discharging prices are conducive to reducing the peak-valley difference, and consequently the risks of the distribution network can be decreased to a certain extent.
|
None
|
[
[],
[
{
"end": 196,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 193
},
{
"end": 17,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 0
},
{
"end": 22,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 19
},
{
"end": 489,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 487
},
{
"end": 298,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 295
},
{
"end": 717,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 714
}
]
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Partially correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
"EV missing"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
483e0ca7-d63e-47f6-9f61-316fbd6af777
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016468 | 2025-05-20T09:43:03.762972 |
138334d8-e10a-47c3-9c85-03288dd6a491
|
[10.3390/en9070560](https://doi.org/10.3390/en9070560)
|
Case Studies
|
In this section, an IEEE 33-bus distribution network [32] and an IEEE 69-bus distribution network [33] are respectively selected for the case studies.The acceptable voltage magnitude of the distribution networks is in the range of (0.95, 1.05) p.u.It is assumed that each branch has the same transmission power limit, and the upper limit of power flow is set as 1.2 times of the maximum value of daily load curve.Since the efficiency of EV charging and discharging has little effect on the risk assessment, it is ignored in the case studies. To analyze the charging and discharging behaviors of EVs under different price incentives, four cases are enumerated and investigated.The consumer-price elasticity matrix is referring to [34].The price profiles of charging or discharging in different time are shown in Figure 4. Case 1: There are no EVs in the distribution network.As the uncertainty of regular load, the basic load at each bus follows a normal distribution, and the standard deviation is 10% of the mean values.Case 2: There are a total of 1000 EVs charging in five EV-stations with a daily constant price which is shown in Figure 4 (profile a).The basic load is same to that in Case 1. Case 3: There are 1000 EVs charging in five EV-stations with the TOU price, and the price profile of charging in this case is shown in Figure 4 (profile b).The basic load is same to that in Case 1. Case 4: There are totally 1000 EVs charging or discharging in five EV-stations.The TOU price of charging is same as Case 3. The discharging price is shown in Figure 4 (profile c).The basic load is same to that in Case 1. Energies 2016, 9, 560 9 of 20
|
None
|
[
[
{
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"label": "energyStorage",
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},
{
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"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 595
},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"start": 1220
},
{
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"start": 1241
},
{
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"start": 1426
},
{
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"start": 1462
}
],
[
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 1426
},
{
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"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 1241
}
]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Partially correct",
"Incorrect"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Incorrect"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"EV electric vehicles missed",
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
6b618379-daf8-4a89-804a-e2e45ef7092a
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016475 | 2025-06-19T09:40:00.636588 |
0a586921-a83f-4ed1-bef9-d8affbc07205
|
[10.3390/en17194981](https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194981)
|
abstract
|
Aerogels, characterized by their exceptional porosity, vast specific surface areas, minimal density, and unparalleled thermal insulation capabilities, have become a focal point of attention in the energy sector over the past decade, particularly in the realms of batteries and supercapacitors. This comprehensive review delves into aerogels and their preparation methods, while reviewing their recent applications in batteries and supercapacitors. It delves deeply into the research and development progress, as well as the application advancements of aerogel materials in separators, electrolytes, and electrodes. Furthermore, this article highlights that the research on aerogels still faces some challenges, such as steep costs, sophisticated production steps, and relatively weak overall mechanical strength. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to further strengthen the fundamental research and technological innovation of aerogel materials, and promote their industrialization process and wide application in the field of energy storage, particularly in the areas of batteries and supercapacitors.
|
<li> <b>batteries:</b> Electrochemical storage (320000)<li> <b>supercapacitors:</b> Supercapacitors (311000)
|
[
[
{
"end": 272,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 263
},
{
"end": 426,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 417
},
{
"end": 1088,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 1079
},
{
"end": 292,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 277
},
{
"end": 446,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 431
},
{
"end": 1108,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 1093
}
]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
{
"end": 272,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 263
},
{
"end": 426,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 417
},
{
"end": 1088,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 1079
},
{
"end": 292,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 277
},
{
"end": 446,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 431
},
{
"end": 1108,
"label": "energyStorage",
"start": 1093
}
] | null | null |
855a7c20-a1e0-4425-b092-468824c6ae20
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016481 | 2025-06-19T09:40:00.718923 |
9041ecc1-32cf-4052-b5dd-282c77551822
|
[10.3390/en17194981](https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194981)
|
Electrospinning
|
With the advancement in nanotechnology, electrospinning has rapidly emerged as a convenient and effective novel processing technique for producing nano-polymer fiber aerogels.During the electrospinning process, a polymer fluid is electrostatically atomized and ejected into a fine stream, where the solvent evaporates during the ejection, ultimately solidifying into a nonwoven-like fiber that further crosslinks to form an aerogel [35,36].Zhang et al. [37] successfully prepared a modified polyacrylonitrile/silica aerogel separator utilizing electrospinning techniques.The hydrolysis of cyano groups and the in-situ growth of silica particles enhanced the chemical stability of the polyacrylonitrile nonwoven material.The half-cell with the as-prepared separator exhibited high-rate capacity (85.15 mA h g -1 at 5 C), and maintained a remarkable capacity maintenance of 96.9% after 1000 cycles at 5 C. Electrospinning technology enables the direct and facile production of desired polymer nanofibers in a one-step process, highlighting the necessity for further development of this technology.However, the current electrospinning technology is still immature and faces numerous limitations.For instance, while nanofibers can be manufactured through electrospinning, achieving well-separated nanofibers remains challenging.Additionally, the fibers produced by electrospinning often exhibit low crystallinity and poor strength.Furthermore, there is room for improvement in electrospinning setups regarding voltage, nozzle design, and alignment collectors.Addressing these shortcomings is crucial for enhancing the capabilities and application prospects of electrospinning technology.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
6141894a-784f-47b2-8476-abf6b2b29cec
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016487 | 2025-06-19T09:40:00.797894 |
d2ec2fa4-bc9d-472d-a436-5f3dee45ace6
|
[10.3390/su10010112](https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010112)
|
abstract
|
The emissions of carbon dioxide generated by urban traffic is generally reflected by urban size. In order to discuss the traffic volume generated in developed buildings and road crossings in a single urban block, with the metropolitan area in Taichung, Taiwan as an example, this study calculates the mutual relationship between the carbon dioxide generated by the traffic volume and building development scale, in order to research energy consumption and relevance. In this research, the entire-day traffic volume of an important road crossing is subject to statistical analysis to obtain the prediction formula of total passenger car units in the main road crossing within 24 h. Then, the total CO2 emissions generated by the traffic volume in the entire year is calculated according to the investigation data of peak traffic hours within 16 blocks and the influential factors of the development scale of 95 buildings are counted. Finally, this research found that there is a passenger car unit of 4.72 generated in each square meter of land in the urban block every day, 0.99 in each square meter of floor area in the building and the average annual total CO2 emissions of each passenger car unit is 41.4 kgCO2/yr. In addition, the basic information of an integrated road system and traffic volume is used to present a readable urban traffic hot map, which can calculate a distribution map of passenger car units within one day in Taichung. This research unit can be used to forecast the development scale of various buildings in future urban blocks, in order to provide an effective approach to estimate the carbon dioxide generated by the traffic volume.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
522ac573-6b60-4428-b637-44dd901d514f
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016494 | 2025-06-19T09:40:00.880370 |
c538acfa-4acd-48f2-8496-5c90af1b697b
|
[10.3390/su10010112](https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010112)
|
Result of the Relation between Urban Blocks and Traffic CO2 Emissions
|
In this research, regarding the forecast analysis model of the total traffic volume in each road crossing in the urban block, after counting the total number of vehicles within 24 h in the road crossing, linear regression analysis is conducted according to the morning peak and evening peak data (Figure 3). In this research, the forecast of total traffic volume in the road crossings is obtained as shown in Equation ( 5 This formula is the passenger car unit (PCU/day) generated at the road crossings in an entire day, where is the morning peak hours (PCU/h) and is the evening peak hours (PCU/h).In this research, the total area of an urban block, the total floor area of buildings, the total traffic volume generated at the four road crossings of the block and the total CO2 emissions generated by the total number of vehicles (Table 3), are analyzed and counted (Figure 4) and the research results on the distribution of the total CO2 emissions generated by total number of vehicles in each block is as follows (Figure 5): This formula is the passenger car unit (PCU/day) generated at the road crossings in an entire day, where y 1 is the morning peak hours (PCU/h) and y 2 is the evening peak hours (PCU/h). In this research, the total area of an urban block, the total floor area of buildings, the total traffic volume generated at the four road crossings of the block and the total CO 2 emissions generated by the total number of vehicles (Table 3), are analyzed and counted (Figure 4) and the research results on the distribution of the total CO 2 emissions generated by total number of vehicles in each block is as follows (Figure 5): Regarding the influential relation between the development scale of various buildings and the car traffic volume, through the analysis result in this research, each square meter area in the urban block generates a passenger car unit (PUC/day) of 4.72 every day.Each square meter of floor area of the building generates a passenger car unit (PCU/day) of 0.99 every day.Each passenger car unit (PCU) generates total CO 2 emissions of 41.4 kgCO 2 /yr throughout the year.Regarding the influential relation between the development scale of various buildings and the car traffic volume, through the analysis result in this research, each square meter area in the urban block generates a passenger car unit (PUC/day) of 4.72 every day.Each square meter of floor area of the building generates a passenger car unit (PCU/day) of 0.99 every day.Each passenger car unit (PCU) generates total CO2 emissions of 41.4 kgCO2/yr throughout the year.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
b0c4f4f6-e5f8-45b7-a659-b12253e00ecd
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016500 | 2025-05-08T14:10:34.087353 |
3a4c5c5b-d77e-4002-be4d-4cc24013de2f
|
[10.4236/eng.2011.34039](https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2011.34039)
|
abstract
|
The effect of lead anode, rotating cylinder electrode (RCE), amount of 1,2-dihydroxypropane (12-DHP), temperature and rotation on the electrowinning of copper from low concentration acidified copper sulphate solution has been investigated. Copper powder was electrodeposited onto RCE that made of pure copper. From cyclic voltammetry experiments, an empirical parameter called the departure percent, S, was obtained which may represent the stability of the organic additive in the given medium and under the experimental conditions. The inhibition percentage, P, was 0.00 - 89.91% depending on the experimental variables. P was affected by temperature and mole fraction of 12-DHP, while rotation did not show any influence on it. Values of activation energy of electrodeposition process, Ea, were found to be less than 28 kJ mol-1 indicating diffusion controlled process. The overall mass transfer correlations under the present conditions have been computed using the dimensional analysis method. The data were valid for 90 < Sh < 1098, 737 < Sc < 59284 and 271 < Re < 7046 and the results agreed with the previous studies of mass transfer to rotating cylinders in turbulent flow regimes. The effect of time, content of 12-DHP, temperature and the speed of rotation on the morphological changes of the electrodeposited copper powder as well as deposits composition and crystallite size have been studied. Various crystallite sizes ranged 7.1 nm - 250.6 nm were obtained and characterized by EDS and XRD. Different topographs proved that the rate of copper electrodeposition increased by increasing deposition time, temperature and the speed of rotation. Also, they proved that the deposition rate decreased by adding 12-DHP to the solution. Therefore, the results obtained by SEM supported those achieved by measuring the limiting current density and follow the normal manner when organic solvents were added to the electrodeposition bath.
|
None
|
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
null
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
472ce4ae-0eb8-4c1b-8d00-3f5955dfa48d
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016506 | 2025-05-08T14:05:09.248548 |
6c9e7d28-f0e1-4c41-99f6-6cf96e54774b
|
[10.4236/eng.2011.34039](https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2011.34039)
|
Cathodic Polarisation
|
Values of the limiting current densities were measured from the polarization curves of all solutions at different rotations and different temperatures are given in Table 3. It is clear in Table 3 that the limiting current density increases with increasing the speed of rotation, which proves that the electrodeposition (electrowinning) process of copper in presence of 12-DHP as well as in aqueous media is diffusion-controlled reaction [2].The relation between the limiting current densities, i l , and the mole fractions, X, for 12-DHP solutions at different temperatures and 500 rpm is revealed in Figure 2 as an example.Noticeably, the limiting current density decreases with increasing 12-DHP mole fraction and increases by increasing temperature. The increase of mass transport under forced or turbulent conditions may refer to [11] solution temperature elevation, roughness of the deposit and/or the increase of agitation.Equation ( 5) was used to calculate the mass transfer coefficients, k, for 12-DHP solutions. where: n = number of electrons involved in the reaction, F = Faraday constant = 96500 (coulomb mol -1 , coulomb = A.s.), C o bulk concentration of copper sulphate (mol cm -3 ). The percentage of inhibition efficiency, P, was calculated from Equation ( 6) and its values are listed in Table 4.The percentage of inhibition caused by 12-DHP was in the range of 0.00 -89.91% depending on the concentration of 12-DHP and the temperature.The relation between the percentage of inhibition, P, and the mole fraction of 12-DHP, X, at 308 K and different rotations is represented in Figure 3 as an example.It is observed from Figure 3 and Table 4 that P increased as X increased and as temperature decreased, but it was not affected by rotation.This indicates that the rotation factor has little effect on the adsorption process and the decrease in mass transfer coefficient in this case is attributable to the increase in the interfacial viscosity [12], which caused by the adsorption of alcohol molecules at the cylinder surface with their non-polar ends, while the polar ones are directed towards solution. . To investigate the mechanism of electrodeposition process, the activation energies, E a , of the process were calculated from the values of the limiting current densities in presence and in absence of 12-DHP at different temperatures according to Arrhenius equation: where A is a pre-exponential factor related to concentration, steric effects, metal surface characteristics...etc; R is the molar gas constant and T is the absolute temperature. Figure 4 shows the relation between ln (i l ) against 1/T for the 12-DHP solutions at 500 rpm as an example.Straight lines were obtained and E a values were calculated using Equation ( 7) and their values are given in Table 5. Thermodynamic parameters, the enthalpy of activation, ΔH * , entropy of activation, ΔS * , and free energy of activation, ΔG * , were calculated and their values are also listed in Table 5. The activation energy of the process, E a , is an important parameter for determining the rate-controlling step.If the rate-controlling step [13] is the diffusion of aqueous species in the boundary layer then E a is generally Ő ≤ 28 kJ mol -1 , while E a values usually > 43 kJ mol -1 if adsorption of species on the reaction surface and subsequent chemical reaction takes place.Table 5 shows that in case of blank solution, values of E a are smaller than those obtained on adding 12-DHP indicating that 12-DHP affecting, in somehow, the mechanism of solvation.For instance, the acidity (proton availability) is decreased with the addition of an alcohol to a pure acidified aqueous solution.This decrease may be attributed to [8] the gradual breakdown of a quasi-crystalline tetrahedral structure of water caused by interposition of alcohol molecules.Thus, the acidity of the medium decreased due to the change in the state of solvation.Table 5 shows also that all E a values are lower than 43 kJ mol -1 ; characterizing diffusion processes are controlling the electrodeposition reaction.Figure 5 is another presentation of controlling the crystallite size as a parameter of two variables, the composition of 12-DHP and the speed of rotation.As it is shown in Figure 5, the highest composition of 12-DHP does not mean the lowest E a value and vice versa as well as does the same meaning on the speed of rotation.From Table 5, it is also noticed that the weak dependence of ∆G * on the composition of the organic solvent can be attributed largely to the general linear compensation between ∆H * and ∆S * for the given temperature. The angular velocity, ω, is given by Equation ( 8). Figure 6 gives the relation between the limiting current density and the angular velocity, ω, to the power 0.7 at different compositions of 12-DHP and at 298 K as a representative graph.In Figure 6, straight lines were obtained and the limiting current density increases by increasing rotation, which indicates that the electrodeposition reaction is diffusion-controlled reaction [11]. The diffusion coefficient of Cu 2+ ions, D, in different solutions was determined from the values of limiting current densities using Eisenberg equation [14]: 0.7 0.3 0.344 0.644 0.0791 where C b is the bulk concentration (mol•cm -3 ), U is the peripheral velocity = ωr in cm•rad•s -1 (r is the radial distance in cm) or U = 2πωr in cm•s -1 , d is the characteristic length for the rotating cylinder in cm, and υ is the kinematic viscosity in stoke (υ = η/ρ, η is the viscosity in g•cm -1 •s -1 and ρ is the density in g•cm -3 ).The diffusion coefficient; D, of Cu 2+ ions in solutions containing alcohols decreases due to the increase in the interfacial viscosity [15], η, in accordance with the Stokes-Einstein equation: .
|
None
|
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[],
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[
"Correct",
"Correct"
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[
"Correct",
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[
"submitted",
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[
null,
null
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[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
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[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
c7ff4619-572c-466f-a35f-1f8c24db50e2
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016512 | 2025-05-19T08:25:57.493890 |
fd3d7dbc-bd11-4beb-aa83-d4cb855a172d
|
[10.3390/en17205157](https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205157)
|
abstract
|
In many energy policies, including Poland’s, environmental priorities clash with the issue of energy security. With these contradictions in mind, the main objective of the article is a comparative analysis of domestic production and imports of hard coal in Poland and the formulation of conclusions for energy policy and competitiveness. The analysis covers the years 2018–2023 and concerns three issues: the volume and directions of coal imports to Poland, the qualitative and price competitiveness of coal, and the possibility of substituting imported coal with domestic coal. The research used statistical analysis. Indicators of structure and dynamics as well as comparative analysis were also used. The analysis shows that the structure of coal importers to Poland is quite diverse and includes many geographic directions. However, until 2021, it was dominated by Russia, followed by Colombia, indicating a fairly homogeneous supply market and a continuing tendency to depend on a single importer. Analysis of qualitative competitiveness confirms the existence of balance and industrial resources whose quality parameters (sulfur content, ash content, and calorific value) are comparable to and better than those of imported coal. Polish hard coal can also compete with imported coal in terms of price. From 2021 to 2023, it was clearly cheaper than foreign coal. In the above circumstances, it is quite difficult to unequivocally assess the reasons for importing coal to Poland and to justify dependence on external suppliers. This is especially relevant since domestic mining in 2020–2023 remains stable (periodically even increasing), which does not indicate a decisive shift away from coal as an energy resource.
|
<li> <b>hard coal:</b> Hard coal (111100)<li> <b>coal:</b> Coal (111000)
|
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{
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"label": "energyType",
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}
] | null | null |
edd94e01-8476-4e66-adad-0461b58e5bf8
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016518 | 2025-06-19T09:40:01.035209 |
cf0bfa3a-e722-4c05-9198-2c6933892f1c
|
[10.3390/en17205157](https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205157)
|
Originality of Research and Its Contribution to the Economics of Mining
|
The analyses presented in this article are conducted from a macro perspective, one rarely found in the literature, which is dominated by statistical research and comparative analyses of national economies and industries.Moreover, this research assesses not only the volume and directions of imports, but also its competitiveness in terms of quality and price.At the level of the Polish economy, such comparisons have not been carried out in the last few years.Therefore, the conclusions obtained can be a valuable source of knowledge supporting decision-making processes in the area of mining and energy policy.From a methodological point of view, the undertaken research can be easily replicated in other emerging and developing economies.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
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[
"submitted"
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[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
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[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
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[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
77c069b0-ce02-45a7-ba05-9b599f85e7d8
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016524 | 2025-05-08T14:04:54.756299 |
6315cdb5-32a7-4104-b257-1245def9a689
|
[10.3390/e19060263](https://doi.org/10.3390/e19060263)
|
abstract
|
The paper addresses the problem of the existence and quantification of the exergy of non-equilibrium systems. Assuming that both energy and exergy are a priori concepts, the Gibbs “available energy” A is calculated for arbitrary temperature or concentration distributions across the body, with an accuracy that depends only on the information one has of the initial distribution. It is shown that A exponentially relaxes to its equilibrium value, and it is then demonstrated that its value is different from that of the non-equilibrium exergy, the difference depending on the imposed boundary conditions on the system and thus the two quantities are shown to be incommensurable. It is finally argued that all iso-energetic non-equilibrium states can be ranked in terms of their non-equilibrium exergy content, and that each point of the Gibbs plane corresponds therefore to a set of possible initial distributions, each one with its own exergy-decay history. The non-equilibrium exergy is always larger than its equilibrium counterpart and constitutes the “real” total exergy content of the system, i.e., the real maximum work extractable from the initial system. A systematic application of this paradigm may be beneficial for meaningful future applications in the fields of engineering and natural science.
|
None
|
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
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[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
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[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
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[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
null
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
8935f084-f9d9-417f-b6d9-10b428481e05
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016530 | 2025-05-08T15:02:12.008023 |
ebc98be2-8dac-436c-b3ef-1e1da0b1e211
|
[10.3390/e19060263](https://doi.org/10.3390/e19060263)
|
Two Necessary Primitives: Energy and Exergy
|
Consider an arbitrary system P of mass M known to be in a state P(t = 0) of non-equilibrium.If the analysis addresses only scales sufficiently removed from the smallest ones (those identified by statistical mechanics behavior), and if the gradients of the relevant measurables remain bounded throughout the system, we can divide P(t = 0) in a finite number k of spatial domains δP j such that m j , each one small enough to be considered in local equilibrium within the timescales imposed by the evolution of P: notice that this assumption, often criticized by theoreticians as lacking of rigor for its being clearly an approximation of reality, is currently a standard and very successful procedure adopted in numerical calculations of structural, thermal and fluid-dynamic processes (finite-elements, finite-volumes techniques).Each one of these domains has a measurable energy (c pj m j T j if thermal, 0.5m j V j 2 if kinetic, etc.) and thus both the total and the specific energy of P at the time we open our window of observation are computable as well: At any other instant τ, if it is possible to identify another finite number m, not necessarily equal to k, of spatial domains, each one still small enough to be considered in local equilibrium within the prevailing timescales between t = 0 and t = τ, the energy of the (closed) system is: Since the time interval is arbitrary, as long as the above formulated local equilibrium assumption is acceptable, the evolution of the energy of the system is: where dU/dt denotes the "infinitesimal" (continuous or finite) variation in time of the system's energy. If P is also isolated, then U(t) = U(0) at any time, and the evolution shall consist of a redistribution of the energy among the small spatial subdomains in which P is divided at each time.If P can exchange energy with the external world, then dU/dt is dictated by the prevailing boundary conditions.
|
None
|
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
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[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
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[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
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[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
null
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[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
31966d99-6d98-4bf4-b22f-6cb58e512eb8
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016536 | 2025-05-20T09:44:17.177782 |
7071e938-853e-47e3-8c91-1cc31c78d00a
|
[10.5027/andgeov45n3-3151](https://doi.org/10.5027/andgeov45n3-3151)
|
abstract
|
The urban expansion of Santiago city includes areas with geomorphological and geological conditions with potential to be affected by landslide processes. This work presents compiled landslide susceptibility maps for the Andean foothills of Santiago city, between Maipo and Mapocho rivers. The maps identify the areas prone to the generation of slides, falls and flows. The results show that the oriental foothills of Santiago city have moderate to high susceptibility of rock falls, rock and soil slides and debris flows. The most important of these landslide types are debris flows, due to the runout of this processes that may reach urban areas posing a risk for the city, for which detailed hazard studies are required.
|
None
|
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
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[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
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[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
e250b4ad-76b5-474d-97dd-8d8c8a5c3419
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016543 | 2025-06-19T09:40:01.185952 |
ba793869-e2f7-4c32-9116-d093389a24f6
|
[10.5027/andgeov45n3-3151](https://doi.org/10.5027/andgeov45n3-3151)
|
Summary:
|
This special number of the Andean Geology (formerly Revista Geológica de Chile) is intended to review and celebrate the contribution of Professor Francisco Hervé to our knowledge of the geological evolution of the southwestern margin of Gondwana, a field in which he has worked tirelessly over more than 60 years. Those who have had the opportunity to know and work with Francisco Hervé (Pancho, as is known among colleagues and friends) recognize him as an outstanding, charming, and diplomatic geologist with an infectiously positive attitude towards both science and culture.Pancho has spent the majority of his career in Santiago at the Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Chile, having completed a doctorate in 1968 in Paris on the petrology of mafic rocks in the Massif Central of France and in 1975 a further doctorate in Japan studying the petrology of basement complex at Cordillera Nahuelbuta.His work is highly valued by the national and international geoscience community, and he has received numerous awards and honours.Pancho has been a member of the Academia Chilena de Ciencias, Instituto de Chile since 2001 and is also an honorary member of the prestigious science academies of Argentina (Córdoba) and Buenos Aires.He has served as vice-president of the International Union on Geological Sciences (1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000) and a board member of the Sociedad Geológica de Chile during several periods and has continued to serve on numerous committees in national and international scientific initiatives, congresses and symposia.Pancho was instrumental in promoting Chilean participation in the study of the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Patagonian Andes and Antarctic Peninsula, thereby opening the door for many Chilean students and researchers and strongly influencing their early careers.Since 2008, he has promoted the development of the geological heritage of Chile through the Geosites program of the Sociedad Geológica de Chile as a tool for geology education.He retired from the Universidad de Chile in 2024 but remains as part-time full professor at the Universidad Andrés Bello since 2011.Currently Francisco Hervé is Editor Emeritus of Andean Geology. Pancho's research has concentrated on global tectonic processes in active continental margins, with emphasis on the continental growth and tectonic evolution of the ancient southwestern margin of Gondwana.His focus has been the study of igneous and metamorphic rocks and minerals as the key to unravelling the Earth's geological history.International cooperation projects of CONICYT (Chile) with France (ECOS), USA (NSF), Germany (BMBF), Argentina (CONICET), and IGCP (UNESCO) allowed access to modern analytical facilities and interaction with renowned scientists for himself and numerous students.Together with colleagues and friends from Brazil, Chile, Argentina, the United Kingdom, and Australia, he has been central to pioneering projects in the isotope geochemistry and geochronology of the Andes.This research into unravelling the complicated tectonic history of accretionary complexes and batholiths, especially in Patagonia, has led to published articles that are widely known and cited by the world's geological community.The results of FONDECYT-sponsored projects have led the team to propose the existence of a Devonian parautochthonous volcanic island-arc terrane, which they named Chaitenia, accreted to southwestern Gondwana in late Paleozoic times. Pancho's scientific and academic impact is in part related to his outstanding writing and editing skills.Matched with his wider interests in history and education, this led him to write imaginative novels about notable characters in the history of Chile (Soy Jemmy Button el salvaje, La incredible historia de Orelie Antoine, Rey de la Araucanía) and books for children introducing the wonders of geology.His bright personality, generosity and role as supporter and promoter of Earth sciences and geology will have a long-lasting impact on our community. Authors who would like to be part of this celebratory volume are encouraged to submit review and research papers highlighting state-of-the-art knowledge of the geological evolution of the Southern Andes, the Antarctic Peninsula, and the Scotia Arc.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
20c31c5b-f77e-4bba-989b-20ee409bf41a
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016549 | 2025-06-19T09:40:01.272327 |
873255ad-f95e-4fa9-b29c-32c563ba9a80
|
[10.4038/tare.v9i0.5403](https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v9i0.5403)
|
abstract
|
This paper reviews the pre and post independence agricultural productivity and poverty alleviation issues in Nigeria. Descriptive statistics and secondary data were adopted in the discussion. The review indicated that a laudable performance was recorded in pre-independence period due to the establishment of model research farms. , Physical rural infrastructures like motor, roads and railways for easy evacuation of farm products, commodity boards for stability of producer prices, promotion of quality of export crops, providing stable market outlet for export crops and generating foreign reserves. All these resulted in the promotion of employment in both production and post-production of agricultural activities. Rural disposable income was high and this generated high demand for consumable goods in rural areas. Surpluses generated from foreign trade were used to finance a large number of development projects. In contrast, in post-independence period, the structure of rural infrastructure began to collapse with negative impact. Average growth rate for palm oil expenditure between 1935-1939 was 30.88% and it dropped to 7.5 post-independence. Also, food crop productivity dropped, poverty level rose and food import bill escalated. This paper therefore recommends the pre-independence model for Nigeria to use. This will encourage increase in Agricultural productivity, income level and consequently reduce poverty.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
9e72c7e8-fe2c-4e49-9cb6-8364da9f028f
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016555 | 2025-06-19T09:40:01.360869 |
79191bf1-fd1c-4332-a3ad-ba4aaa9a0d3b
|
[10.1007/s00450-014-0281-9](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-014-0281-9)
|
abstract
|
This contribution presents the methodology and the application possibilities of blackout-simulator.com, a recent software development for the ad-hoc simulation of user specified power outages in Europe. This tool draws upon a novel econometric modeling approach including businesses' production data as well as data from a willingness-to-pay (WTP) survey covering more than 8300 households. Making use of these inputs, blackout-simulator.com allows elaborated economic assessments of the value of electricity supply security. Households' WTP to avoid power outages is elicited via a stated preference (SP) approach. Power outages at any user-defined time and duration in all of the European countries (at the NUTS II specification level) can be assessed for durations from 1 to 48 hours. Such analyses can serve as essential inputs especially in the discussions on necessary investments for maintaining and upgrading transmission and distribution infrastructures. This tool thus provides a rationale for electricity supply security enhancing investments and energy policy decisions. Illustrating the capabilities of blackout-simulator.com, the blackout of September 28th 2003 in Italy, is assessed in this contribution. Damages to society are found to exceed 1.15 billion Euros, which corresponds to almost 0.1 percent of the annual Italian GDP.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Partially correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"electric energy"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
f3b61a71-fa54-46fa-a701-cb7d3dc31801
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016561 | 2025-06-19T09:40:01.453472 |
b18f2a10-139e-4f12-9d95-9d9f27403ec2
|
[10.1007/s00450-014-0281-9](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00450-014-0281-9)
|
Introduction
|
Securing an uninterrupted electricity supply is essential for any advanced economy to function economically, socially and politically.Europe has enjoyed a high degree of electricity supply security (ESS) during the last few decades.However, the need for action to ensure sufficient levels of ESS in the future is increasing, mainly because electricity production and distribution are currently undergoing significant restructuring. While developing the necessary measures to secure the electricity grid and future supply is primarily a challenge for the engineering disciplines, it is the task of economic research to support the development of a system of incentives to counterbalance possible market failures and therefore enable the implementation of societally optimal measures.One central prerequisite for developing an efficient regulatory system is the ability to quantify the value of electricity supply security.As supply security constitutes a non-market good, which can be purchased only in combination with the physical product (electricity), the value of supply security cannot be determined directly.That is why usually the failure of electricity supply, and in particular the cost of power outages, is used to assess supply security's value [1][2][3].Economic valuations of reliability are required for instance in discussions regarding necessary investments for maintaining and upgrading transmission and distribution infrastructures.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
da1e782a-223c-47a9-9648-6b16f58e3a7f
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016567 | 2025-06-03T09:05:34.778821 |
7099ad7f-2046-4b75-b143-9b64ce4f72c0
|
[10.3390/s20030873](https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030873)
|
abstract
|
The exponential growth in population and their overall reliance on the usage of electrical and electronic devices have increased the demand for energy production. It needs precise energy management systems that can forecast the usage of the consumers for future policymaking. Embedded smart sensors attached to electricity meters and home appliances enable power suppliers to effectively analyze the energy usage to generate and distribute electricity into residential areas based on their level of energy consumption. Therefore, this paper proposes a clustering-based analysis of energy consumption to categorize the consumers’ electricity usage into different levels. First, a deep autoencoder that transfers the low-dimensional energy consumption data to high-level representations was trained. Second, the high-level representations were fed into an adaptive self-organizing map (SOM) clustering algorithm. Afterward, the levels of electricity energy consumption were established by conducting the statistical analysis on the obtained clustered data. Finally, the results were visualized in graphs and calendar views, and the predicted levels of energy consumption were plotted over the city map, providing a compact overview to the providers for energy utilization analysis.
|
None
|
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Partially correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"electricity missed",
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
23aba169-c4a4-4c44-998c-b203a5823fb1
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016574 | 2025-06-19T09:40:01.562632 |
3bca3505-da6d-4c1e-8ec2-72c1b6a27af9
|
[10.3390/s20030873](https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030873)
|
Datasets
|
In this study, the experimental results were conducted over two benchmark datasets.These datasets are fundamentally different from each other in a sense that the first dataset contains energy consumption smart sensors data from residential buildings in a city whereas the second one represents the data of a single house.This means that the proposed system was assessed from different viewpoints: analyzing the whole city and focusing on the single house.First, the proposed technique was examined on the dataset of the monthly energy consumption of Gainesville, located in Alachua County (Florida, USA), which is available via the Open Energy Information website [19].The data contained the monthly electricity usage of 29,393 residential buildings measured in kWh over the period of five years from 2006 to 2010.During data inspection, some inconsistent samples and outliers were detected.Therefore, they were effectively removed from the dataset because their percentage was insignificant.Next, a single feature defined as kWh per area was used for the experiment.For this purpose, initially, a gross floor area of each building was extracted from the residential buildings' characteristics data, and then the electricity energy consumption of each house was divided by their gross area.Finally, this single feature was passed into a proposed deep autoencoder. The second dataset is available on the UCI Repository [20].It holds 2,075,259 measurements of electric power consumption collected from December 2006 to November 2010 in a house situated in Sceaux, near Paris, France.Some missing values were present in the data, which comprised around 1.25% of the whole data.Pre-processing steps were applied, and all samples were normalized.The original data were recorded with a sampling rate of one minute.Therefore, the minutely data were resampled to a daily one to obtain the level of electricity energy consumption on a daily basis.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Partially correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"electricity missed"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
4e71d273-8c46-4cbf-82fa-f214b51d0ab1
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016580 | 2025-06-19T09:40:01.648475 |
7e12bc1d-b2f6-4d71-b402-8856c16fa5b5
|
[10.3390/psf2023008024](https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2023008024)
|
abstract
|
Monitored neutrino beams are facilities where beam diagnostics enable the counting and identification of charged leptons in the decay tunnel of a narrow band beam. These facilities can monitor neutrino production at the single particle level (flux precision %) and provide information about the neutrino energy at the 10% level. The ENUBET Collaboration has demonstrated that lepton monitoring might be achieved not only by employing kaon decays but also by identifying muons from the decays and positrons from the decay-in-flight of muons before the hadron dump. As a consequence, beam monitoring can be performed using the ENUBET technique even when the kaon production yield is kinematically suppressed. This finding opens up a wealth of opportunities for measuring neutrino cross-sections below 1 GeV. In this paper, we investigate this opportunity at the European Spallation Source (ESS), which is an ideal facility to measure and cross-sections in the 0.2–1 GeV range. We also describe the planned activities for the design of this beam at the ESS within the framework of the ESSSB+ design study, which was approved by the EU in July 2022.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
1816107d-b491-46cc-bc7e-29a449a97f35
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016586 | 2025-06-19T09:40:01.738864 |
ed540bca-ad0f-4422-9645-1232008fe19c
|
[10.3390/psf2023008024](https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2023008024)
|
Conclusions
|
The development of a static focusing system performed by the ENUBET Collaboration in 2020-22 opens up a wealth of application possibilities.In this paper, we discussed the most prominent of these: the construction of a monitored neutrino beam at the European Spallation Source to measure the neutrino cross-section with a precision of 1% in the energy range of interest for HyperKamiokande and ESSνSB.The measurement will be performed in the construction phase of the ESSνSB accumulator since the neutrino facility (MNB@ESS) employs the ESS in its present design, i.e., without additional accelerator developments.Preliminary calculations show that we can accumulate 10 3 (10 5 ) ν e (ν µ ) CC events per year with a 1 kton mass water Cherenkov detector while retaining the same precision in the flux of ENUBET at CERN.This opportunity will be addressed in the framework of ESSνSB+ (WP6) from 2023 to 2026.
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Partially correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"energy generic missed"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
ee62ecf3-3ca3-43f1-a1c9-1ee723083abc
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016592 | 2025-05-05T07:25:22.021525 |
db933131-b38f-4226-a0a6-cce1414b59e3
|
[10.3390/en15051724](https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051724)
|
abstract
|
It is imperative to use clean energy in order to achieve “carbon neutrality” and “carbon peaking”. This research aims to explore the impact of the agricultural mechanization level, the rural infrastructure construction level, and the rural economic development level on the utilization of high-quality straw energy, and, resultingly, this study aims to help provide suggestions for promoting high-quality straw energy utilization, develop the potential of high-quality straw energy, and alleviate China’s energy shortage problem. This paper develops a measurement model using the ridge regression model with panel fixed effects, which overcomes the multi-collinearity problem among the various factors influencing the utilization of high-quality energy from straw. Panel data from 24 provinces and cities, from 2009 to 2017, are used. The results show that the improvements of the agricultural mechanization level, the rural infrastructure construction level, and the rural economic development level all promote the use of high-quality straw energy. Moreover, the level of rural economic development plays a mediating role in the agricultural mechanization level and the rural infrastructure construction level pertaining to straw-based high-quality energy. Policy implications can be easy to derive based on our findings, and these include strengthening governmental investment in agricultural machinery in rural areas, paying more attention to areas with backward rural energy infrastructure construction, ensuring the steady improvement of economic development in rural areas, providing the necessary economic foundation for agricultural supply, and promoting the use of high-quality energy from straw.
|
<li> <b>straw:</b> Straw (261220)
|
[
[
{
"end": 763,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 758
},
{
"end": 1705,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 1700
},
{
"end": 314,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 302
},
{
"end": 417,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 405
},
{
"end": 481,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 469
},
{
"end": 1049,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 1037
},
{
"end": 1257,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 1226
}
],
[
{
"end": 307,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 302
},
{
"end": 410,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 405
},
{
"end": 474,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 469
},
{
"end": 763,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 758
},
{
"end": 1042,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 1037
},
{
"end": 1231,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 1226
},
{
"end": 1705,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 1700
}
]
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Partially correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
null
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
{
"end": 307,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 302
},
{
"end": 410,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 405
},
{
"end": 474,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 469
},
{
"end": 763,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 758
},
{
"end": 1042,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 1037
},
{
"end": 1231,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 1226
},
{
"end": 1705,
"label": "energyType",
"start": 1700
}
] | null | null |
89c65f43-5d79-44c8-bc38-80db729091df
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016598 | 2025-05-20T09:33:37.697415 |
d216e920-9e40-46d5-b58c-834631937a22
|
[10.3390/en15051724](https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051724)
|
Descriptive Statistical Analysis
|
Considering that the urban-rural income gap is the result of taking ratio, logarithmic processing is not carried out for the time being, and logarithms are taken for the core Stage 2: Test the mediating effect between the level of rural economic development and the level of rural energy infrastructure construction pertaining to straw optimized energy utilization.Where ele is rural electricity consumption. ln income it = α 5 + β 5 ln ele it + ρ 5 controls it + ε 5 (5) ln Equation ( 4) tests whether the construction level of rural energy infrastructure has a significant impact on optimal straw energy utilization.Equation ( 5) tests whether the construction level of rural energy infrastructure has a significant impact on the intermediary variable (rural economic development level).Equation ( 6) tests whether the mediating variable (rural economic development level) has a significant impact on optimal straw energy utilization after controlling the construction level of rural energy infrastructure.The inspection mechanism of the second valence paragraph is shown in Figure 3.
|
None
|
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
f378432f-a15a-4b76-a5c9-972f08c97cac
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016604 | 2025-06-19T09:40:01.871816 |
a0070da4-2dab-4a4f-8355-6ee00192d97a
|
[10.3390/en14248497](https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248497)
|
Support Preparation-A-Phonolite (A-Ph)
|
The material for the synthesis of the catalyst support, which is originally from the Czech Republic, was supplied by the company Keramost.Phonolite sand with a size range of 0.224-0.560mm was sieved using Retsch AS300.Then, it was dried in an oven at 120 • C overnight.The next step was leaching in 3M hydrochloric acid at 80 • C for four hours (dealumination).The phonolite to acid ratio was 1:10 (g/mL).The obtained product was filtered, washed with demineralized water, and again dried in an oven at 120 • C overnight.The prepared dried samples were then calcined at 500 • C for six hours with a 1 • C/min temperature ramp in the air [23].
|
None
|
[
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
82f86f86-ab0e-44e4-acda-410cd9d64e81
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016611 | 2025-05-08T14:58:22.030550 |
9b457337-2607-416a-a934-c4f1db919eb1
|
[10.3390/su11216162](https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216162)
|
abstract
|
The analytical framework presented herein is based on the identification of social groups with distinct patterns in their energy-relevant behaviour. This was achieved by clustering individuals according to their primary energy demands in six main areas of life. Due to the close relationship between energy-relevant behaviour and associated impacts, the suggested approach is considered better suited for the identification of groups with actual differences in their climate and energy-related behaviour than conventional approaches that cluster individuals based on their psychological or sociodemographic characteristics. Moreover, it is assumed that this focus on energy-relevant behaviour leads to a higher measuring equivalence in a country comparison or in a longitudinal setting. From an analytical point of view, the most significant benefit of the presented method over conventional lifestyle typologies is that all psychological, cultural and sociodemographic factors can be used as explanatory variables without resulting in circular reasoning. In terms of required data, the approach was designed around what could be collected by conventional survey methods. Variables such as energy use and emissions were calculated by the means of life cycle assessment (LCA) based on self-reported behaviour and equipment use.
|
None
|
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
null,
null
] |
[
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236",
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
408a9e72-60f2-4319-94cb-e59abb6b02e2
|
completed
| 2025-04-28T10:06:43.016617 | 2025-06-03T09:04:52.545020 |
48880943-9bd9-4635-bc57-f2b2e9085344
|
[10.3390/su11216162](https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216162)
|
Group Characterisation, Analysis of Driving Factors and the Role of the "Context"
|
In a first step, the groups identified during the cluster analysis can be roughly characterised by interpreting their energy demand profiles and underlying behaviour in combination with other variables that qualitatively describe the group.In such a descriptive characterisation, e.g., information on the housing situation, mobility behaviour, family status, age and gender distribution, professional status, and information about common technologies used by group members can be included. For the purpose of statistically assessing the driving factors behind group-specific behaviour, our experience in the course of the "ECHOES" project has shown that in terms of interpretation, it is favourable to model the odds for a group membership for each group in a binary logistic regression according to the scheme "1 = group membership, 0 = no group membership", by using "situation" and "mentality" variables as predictors.[68] This illustrates well how the respective group differs from the rest of the sample in terms of the driving factors behind its specific energy behaviour.If a comparison to a certain groups is of interest, bi-or multinomial logistic regression with a specific group instead of the remaining sample might be used as reference category. Ultimately, the physical, spatial, cultural, legal and economic "Context" (4) in which all human action occurs is similarly important for the understanding of how "Situation" and "Mentality" influence the energy-relevant behaviour on the aggregate and group level.Thus, relevant context parameters must be taken into account in both research planning and interpretation of results.In terms of interpretation, a thorough consideration of the context can be extraordinarily important for understanding e.g., differences between countries that cannot be explained by "Situation" and "Mentality" variables alone.This could, e.g., be the case when a certain region has a specific legal/political framework with extensive funding of certain technologies, while such funding is not available in another national entity.
|
None
|
[
[],
[]
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Partially correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"Correct",
"Correct"
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[
"energy generic missed",
null
] |
[
"0c55e31a-e8f5-4179-bc89-1418dcdb3d6a",
"126aa856-31dd-41e9-8688-003b63bdf236"
] |
[
"submitted",
"submitted"
] |
[] | null | null |
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