sentence1
stringlengths
4
369
sentence2
stringlengths
10
462
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชุณู„ุณู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุนุงู… 1995ุŒ ูุฃู† ู…ุนูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ุฏู‚ุฉ ูƒุงู† ุฎุทุฃ ู„ูƒู„ 10ุŒ000 ุฒูˆุฌ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ.
When we first sequenced this genome in 1995, the standard of accuracy was one error per 10,000 base pairs.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุจุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุณู„ุณู„ุชู‡ุงุŒ 30 ุฎุทุงุกู‹. ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุชู…ู‡ูŠุฏุงู‹ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุณู„ุณู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุฃุตู„ุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ุฃุจุฏุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ูŠุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุญุฑูƒ.
We actually found, on resequencing it, 30 errors; had we used that original sequence, it never would have been able to be booted up.
ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ู‡ูˆ ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุทูˆู„ู‡ุง ุนู† 50 ุญุฑูุงู‹ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุฏุงุฎู„ ู…ุน ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุญุฑู ุงู„ 50 ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ุจู†ุงุก ูˆุญุฏุงุช ูุฑุนูŠุฉ ุฃุตุบุฑ ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุชุตู…ูŠู…ู‡ุง ุจุญูŠุซ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุนุงู‹.
Part of the design is designing pieces that are 50 letters long that have to overlap with all the other 50-letter pieces to build smaller subunits we have to design so they can go together.
ู†ุญู† ู†ุตู…ู… ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ู…ุชูุฑุฏุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง.
We design unique elements into this.
ุฑุจู…ุง ู‚ุฑุฃุชู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ูˆุถุนู†ุง ุนู„ุงู…ุงุช ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ ููŠู‡ุง.
You may have read that we put watermarks in.
ููƒุฑูˆุง ุจู‡ุฐุง: ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุญุฑู ู„ู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ: A, C, G ูˆ T.
Think of this: we have a four-letter genetic code -- A, C, G and T.
ุซู„ุงุซูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู ุดูุฑุฉ ู„ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ 20 ุญู…ุถ ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠ-- ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชุนูŠูŠู† ู„ุญุฑู ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ูƒู„ ุญู…ุถ ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠ.
Triplets of those letters code for roughly 20 amino acids, such that there's a single letter designation for each of the amino acids.
ู„ุฐุง ููŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ ู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ูƒู„ู…ุงุชุŒ ุฌูู…ู„ุŒ ุฃููƒุงุฑ.
So we can use the genetic code to write out words, sentences, thoughts.
ู…ุจุฏุฆูŠุงู‹ุŒ ูƒู„ู…ุง ูุนู„ู†ุงู‡ ูƒุงู† ุชูˆู‚ูŠุนู‡ุง.
Initially, all we did was autograph it.
ูƒุงู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุบุงุถุจุงู‹ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู‚ุตูŠุฏุฉ.
Some people were disappointed there was not poetry.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุตู…ู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุจุญูŠุซ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ู…ุถู‚ู‡ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช. ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฅุตู„ุงุญู‡ุง-ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู- ูˆูˆุถุนู‡ุง ุณูˆูŠุงู‹.
We designed these pieces so we can just chew back with enzymes; there are enzymes that repair them and put them together.
ูˆู‚ุฏ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ู†ุตู†ุน ุงู„ู‚ุทุนุŒ ุจุฏุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจู„ุบ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ 7ุŒ000 ุญุฑูุงู‹ุŒ ุถุน ุฃุคู„ุฆูƒ ู…ุนุงู‹ ู„ุชุตู†ุน 24ุŒ000 ู‚ุทุนุฉุŒ ุซู… ุถุน ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒุŒ ูŠุฑุชูุน ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุฅู„ู‰ 72ุŒ000.
And we started making pieces, starting with pieces that were 5,000 to 7,000 letters, put those together to make 24,000-letter pieces, then put sets of those going up to 72,000.
ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉุŒ ู†ู†ู…ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุจูˆูุฑุฉ ุจุญูŠุซ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุณู„ุณู„ุชู‡ุง ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุตู†ุน ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ-- ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุง ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
At each stage, we grew up these pieces in abundance so we could sequence them because we're trying to create a process that's extremely robust that you can see in a minute.
ู†ุญู† ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ุขู„ูŠ.
We're trying to get to the point of automation.
ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุจุงุฑุงุฉ ูƒุฑุฉ ุณู„ุฉ.
So, this looks like a basketball playoff.
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุตู„ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุญู‚ุงู‹-- ู…ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ 100ุŒ000 ุฒูˆุฌ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ-- ูุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ู† ุชู†ู…ูˆ ุฃุทูˆู„ ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅุดุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ูˆู†ูŠุฉ. ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฑู‡ู‚ ูƒู„ ู…ุนุฏุงุช ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ. ูˆู„ุฐุง ูู‚ุฏ ุชุญูˆู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุขู„ูŠุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
When we get into these really large pieces over 100,000 base pairs, they won't any longer grow readily in E. coli -- it exhausts all the modern tools of molecular biology -- and so we turned to other mechanisms.
ุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ุชู…ุงุซู„ุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ู„ุฅุตู„ุงุญ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠุŒ ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ูˆุถุน ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุณูˆูŠุงู‹.
We knew there's a mechanism called homologous recombination that biology uses to repair DNA that can put pieces together.
ู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ. ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒุงุฆู† ุญูŠ ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจุงูƒุชุฑูŠุง Deinococcus radiodurans ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฅุณุชู‚ุจุงู„ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุดุนุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ.
Here's an example of it: there's an organism called Deinococcus radiodurans that can take three millions rads of radiation.
ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุง ููŠ ู‚ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุฉุŒ ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ู‡ุง ูŠุญุชุฑู‚ ุฌุฒุฆูŠุงู‹.
You can see in the top panel, its chromosome just gets blown apart.
12 ุฅู„ู‰ 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ุŒ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจูˆุถุนู‡ ุณูˆูŠุงู‹ ู…ุฌุฏุฏุงู‹ ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„.
Twelve to 24 hours later, it put it back together exactly as it was before.
ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุขู„ุงู„ุงู ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ูุนู„ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดุฆ.
We have thousands of organisms that can do this.
ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฌุงูุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹. ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ.
These organisms can be totally desiccated; they can live in a vacuum.
ุฃู†ุง ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ุฃู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุชูˆุงุฌุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุŒ ุชุชู†ู‚ู„ุŒ ุชุฌุฏ ุจูŠุฆุฉ ู…ุงุฆูŠุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
I am absolutely certain that life can exist in outer space, move around, find a new aqueous environment.
ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุนุฑุถุช ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ู†ุงุณุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง.
In fact, NASA has shown a lot of this is out there.
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุฌู‡ุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฌุฒูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจู†ูŠู†ุงู‡ ุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช -- ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุขู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชุฎู…ูŠุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ู„ู„ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุถุนู‡ุง ุณูˆูŠุงู‹. ุงู„ุชุฎู…ูŠุฑ ูŠุถุนู‡ู… ุณูˆูŠุงู‹ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุขู„ูŠุฉ.
Here's an actual micrograph of the molecule we built using these processes, actually just using yeast mechanisms with the right design of the pieces we put them in; yeast puts them together automatically.
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูŠุณุช ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุฌู‡ุฑูŠุฉ. ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุฌู‡ุฑูŠุฉ ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ.
This is not an electron micrograph; this is just a regular photomicrograph.
ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฌุฒูŠุก ูƒุจูŠุฑ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆุณูƒูˆุจ ุถูˆุฆูŠ.
It's such a large molecule we can see it with a light microscope.
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ู„ู…ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ูุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณุช ุซูˆุงู†ูŠ.
These are pictures over about a six-second period.
ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุดุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู„ู„ุชูˆ ู‚ุจู„ ู‚ู„ูŠู„.
So, this is the publication we had just a short while ago.
ู‡ุฐุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 580ุŒ000 ุญุฑูุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ. ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุฌุฒูŠุก ุชู… ุตู†ุนู‡ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ู„ุดูƒู„ ู…ุนุฑูˆู.
This is over 580,000 letters of genetic code; it's the largest molecule ever made by humans of a defined structure.
ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฒู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ูˆุฒู† 300 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฌุฒูŠุก.
It's over 300 million molecular weight.
ุฅุฐุง ุทุจุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุจุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฎุท 10 ุจุฏูˆู† ูุฑุงุบุงุชุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฃุฎุฐ 142 ุตูุญุฉ ูู‚ุท ู„ุทุจุงุนุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
If we printed it out at a 10 font with no spacing, it takes 142 pages just to print this genetic code.
ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…ุŸ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชู†ุดูŠุทู‡ุŸ
Well, how do we boot up a chromosome? How do we activate this?
ุนุงุฏุฉู‹ุŒ ู…ุน ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุบุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุณุงุทุฉ. ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจุงูƒุชุฑูŠุง ุฃุนู‚ุฏ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ .
Obviously, with a virus it's pretty simple; it's much more complicated dealing with bacteria.
ุฅู†ู‡ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุจุณุท ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฏุฎู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ ู…ุซู„ู†ุง: ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ูู‚ุท ุณุญุจ ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ ูˆุฅุฏุฎุงู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุณู…ุนุชู…ูˆุง ุนู†ู‡ ุจุดุฃู† ุงู„ุฅุณุชู†ุณุงุฎ.
It's also simpler when you go into eukaryotes like ourselves: you can just pop out the nucleus and pop in another one, and that's what you've all heard about with cloning.
ู…ุน ุนุชุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุจุงูƒุชุฑูŠุงุŒ ูุฃู† ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ูŠุฏู…ุฌ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ู…ุคุฎุฑุงู‹ ุจุฅุซุจุงุช ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ู…ู† ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูˆุชูุนูŠู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ.
With bacteria and Archaea, the chromosome is integrated into the cell, but we recently showed that we can do a complete transplant of a chromosome from one cell to another and activate it.
ู†ุญู† ู†ู†ู‚ูŠ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ู…ู† ูƒุงุฆู† ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆุจูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ. ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุซู†ุชูŠู† ุจุนูŠุฏุชุงู† ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ูˆุงู„ูุฆุฑุงู†. ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃุถูู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุฅุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู…. ูˆู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฎู„ุทู‡ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ู„ู‚ุชู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช. ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ู…ุฐู‡ู„ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูˆุถุนู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ -- ุณูˆู ู†ู‚ุฏู‘ุฑ ุฑุณูˆู…ุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ู‡ู†ุง --
We purified a chromosome from one microbial species -- roughly, these two are as distant as human and mice -- we added a few extra genes so we could select for this chromosome, we digested it with enzymes to kill all the proteins, and it was pretty stunning when we put this in the cell -- and you'll appreciate our very sophisticated graphics here.
ุฅู†ุชู‚ู„ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ.
The new chromosome went into the cell.
ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุง ูˆุตู„ุชุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุญุงูˆู„ู†ุง ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูˆุณุน ุจู‚ู„ูŠู„.
In fact, we thought this might be as far as it went, but we tried to design the process a little bit further.
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑ ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง.
This is a major mechanism of evolution right here.
ู†ุญู† ู†ุฌุฏ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฎุฐุช ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆ ุซุงู„ุซ ู…ู† ู…ูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑุŒ ู…ุถูŠูุฉู‹ ุขู„ุงู„ุงู ุงู„ุณู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุจุฌุงู†ุจ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช.
We find all kinds of species that have taken up a second chromosome or a third one from somewhere, adding thousands of new traits in a second to that species.
ู„ุฐุง ูุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุคู…ู†ูˆู† ุจุงู„ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑ ูƒู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฌูŠู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุชุบูŠู‘ุฑ ูƒู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ู‚ุฏ ุถูŠู‘ุนูˆุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุงูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ.
So, people who think of evolution as just one gene changing at a time have missed much of biology.
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุชุณู…ู‰ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุชู‡ุถู… ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ.
There are enzymes called restriction enzymes that actually digest DNA.
ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุฃุญุฏู‡ุง. ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ -- ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆุถุนู†ุงู‡ ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ุง -- ูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ ุฃุญุฏุงู‡ุง.
The chromosome that was in the cell doesn't have one; the chromosome we put in does.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุฅุณุชู‚ุจุงู„ู‡ ูˆุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ูƒู…ุงุฏุฉ ุบุฑูŠุจุฉุŒ ุชู… ู…ุถุบู‡ุŒ ูˆุนู„ูŠู‡ ุชูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุจูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.
It got expressed and it recognized the other chromosome as foreign material, chewed it up, and so we ended up just with a cell with the new chromosome.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชุญูˆู„ุช ู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุถุนู†ุงู‡ุง ููŠู‡ุง.
It turned blue because of the genes we put in it.
ูˆู…ุน ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ูุชุฑุฉ ุฒู…ู†ูŠุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ ูƒู„ ุตูุงุช ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‚ุฏ ุฃุฎุชูุช ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชุญูˆู„ุช ูƒู„ูŠุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒุงุฆู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏุŒ ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู†ุญู† ูˆุถุนู†ุงู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ.
And with a very short period of time, all the characteristics of one species were lost and it converted totally into the new species based on the new software that we put in the cell.
ุชุบูŠุฑุช ูƒู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุชุŒ ูˆุชุบูŠุฑุช ุงู„ุฃุบุดูŠุฉ -- ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ู‚ุฑุฃ ุงู„ุดูุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ู…ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจู†ู‚ู„ู‡ ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ุง.
All the proteins changed, the membranes changed; when we read the genetic code, it's exactly what we had transferred in.
ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูู‡ุฐุง ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ ู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุงุŒ ุจุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠุŒ ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฌุฐุฑูŠุฉู‹.
So, this may sound like genomic alchemy, but we can, by moving the software of DNA around, change things quite dramatically.
ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฌุงุฏู„ุช ุจุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ุชูƒูˆู‘ู† -- ู‡ุฐุง ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆู†ุตู ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑุŒ
Now I've argued, this is not genesis; this is building on three and a half billion years of evolution.
ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ุฌุงุฏู„ุช ุจุฃู†ู†ุง ุฑุจู…ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุดูƒ ุฅู†ุดุงุก ู†ุณุฎุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจุฑูŠ ุญูŠุซ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุดูˆุก ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠ.
And I've argued that we're about to perhaps create a new version of the Cambrian explosion, where there's massive new speciation based on this digital design.
ู„ู… ู†ูุนู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
Why do this?
ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุถุญ ุฌุฏุง ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุญุชูŠุงุฌุงุช.
I think this is pretty obvious in terms of some of the needs.
ู†ุญู† ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุดูƒ ุฃู† ู†ุตุจุญ ู…ู† ุณุชุฉ ูˆู†ุตู ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุณุนุฉ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู†ุณู…ุฉ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ 40 ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ.
We're about to go from six and a half to nine billion people over the next 40 years.
ู„ุฃุถุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณูŠุงู‚ ู„ู†ูุณูŠ: ู„ู‚ุฏ ูˆูู„ุฏุช ุนุงู… 1946.
To put it in context for myself: I was born in 1946.
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ู„ูƒู„ ู…ู†ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุงู‹ ุนุงู… 1946. ุฎู„ุงู„ 40 ุณู†ุฉุŒ ุณูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ.
There are now three people on the planet for every one of us that existed in 1946; within 40 years, there'll be four.
ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุชูˆููŠุฑ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุกุŒ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุธูŠูุŒ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุกุŒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ู„ู„ุณุชุฉ ูˆู†ุตู ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู†ุณู…ุฉ.
We have trouble feeding, providing fresh, clean water, medicines, fuel for the six and a half billion.
ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุชู…ุฏุฏุงู‹ ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู„ุชุณุนุฉ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ู†ุณู…ุฉ.
It's going to be a stretch to do it for nine.
ู†ุญู† ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ู…ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู„ู‰ 5 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุทู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูุญู…ุŒ 30 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจุฑู…ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ูุท. ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุงุฆุฉ ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุจุฑู…ูŠู„ ูŠูˆู…ูŠุงู‹.
We use over five billion tons of coal, 30 billion-plus barrels of oil -- that's a hundred million barrels a day.
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุจุงูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู„ุฅุญู„ุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูุฃู†ู‡ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุชุญุฏูŠุงู‹ ุถุฎู…ุงู‹.
When we try to think of biological processes or any process to replace that, it's going to be a huge challenge.
ุซู…ุŒ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
Then of course, there's all that CO2 from this material that ends up in the atmosphere.
ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู…ู† ุฅุณุชูƒุดุงูู†ุง ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ู„ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 20 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุชุŒ ูˆุฃุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจู‡ุง ูƒู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุช ุชุตู…ูŠู… ู„ู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„.
We now, from our discovery around the world, have a database with about 20 million genes, and I like to think of these as the design components of the future.
ุฅู† ู‚ุทุงุน ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุงุช ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ูู‚ุท ุญูู†ุฉ ุฃูˆ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุชุŒ ูˆุฃู†ุธุฑูˆุง ู„ู„ุชู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุงุก ุฌุฑุงุก ุฐู„ูƒ.
The electronics industry only had a dozen or so components, and look at the diversity that came out of that.
ู†ุญู† ู…ุญุฏูˆุฏูˆู† ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ุจุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุจุงูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ ูˆุจุฎูŠุงู„ู†ุง.
We're limited here primarily by a biological reality and our imagination.
ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงู„ูŠุจุŒ ุจุณุจุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ ู„ู„ุชุฌู…ูŠุนุŒ ู„ุชู†ููŠุฐ ู…ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูˆู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุฏู…ุงุฌูŠ.
We now have techniques, because of these rapid methods of synthesis, to do what we're calling combinatorial genomics.
ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ุขู† ู„ุจู†ุงุก ุฑูˆุจูˆุช ุถุฎู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุตู†ุน ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ูƒุฑูˆู…ูˆุณูˆู… ูŠูˆู…ูŠุงู‹.
We have the ability now to build a large robot that can make a million chromosomes a day.
ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ุชููƒุฑ ุจู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ 20 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฌูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุชุญุณูŠู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุฃูˆูƒุชุงู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุญุถุฑุงุช ุงู„ุตูŠุฏู„ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ ู„ู‚ุงุญุงุช ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุบูŠู‘ุฑุŒ ูู‚ุท ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ูุฑูŠู‚ ุตุบูŠุฑุŒ ุนู…ู„ ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู….
When you think of processing these 20 million different genes or trying to optimize processes to produce octane or to produce pharmaceuticals, new vaccines, we can just with a small team, do more molecular biology than the last 20 years of all science.
ูˆุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ. ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุฅุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ู„ู„ูˆูุฑุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏุŒ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู„ู‚ุงุญุงุชุŒ ูˆู‡ู„ู…ุฌุฑุง.
And it's just standard selection: we can select for viability, chemical or fuel production, vaccine production, etc.
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุงุดุฉ ู„ุจุนุถ ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู„ู„ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆุณ ูˆุชุตู…ูŠู… ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ.
This is a screen snapshot of some true design software that we're working on to actually be able to sit down and design species in the computer.
ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุนู„ู… ุจุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุง ุณุชุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡. ู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ู…ุง ุชุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุดูุฑุชู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
You know, we don't know necessarily what it'll look like: we know exactly what their genetic code looks like.
ู†ุญู† ู†ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุขู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน ู„ู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ.
We're focusing on now fourth-generation fuels.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุดู‡ุฏู†ุง ู…ุคุฎุฑุงู‹ ุฃู† ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅูŠุซุงู†ูˆู„ ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุณูŠุฆุฉ.
You've seen recently, corn to ethanol is just a bad experiment.
ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฌูŠู„ ุซุงู†ูŠ ูˆุซุงู„ุซ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูŠุฃุชูŠ ู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ู†ุณุจูŠุงู‹ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุชุงู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ู„ุจูŠูˆุชุงู†ูˆู„.
We have second- and third-generation fuels that will be coming out relatively soon that are sugar, to much higher-value fuels like octane or different types of butanol.
ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ุง ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุจุฏูˆู† ุชุฒูˆูŠุฏ ุณุนุฑ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ูˆูุฑุชู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฅุฐุง ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ูƒู…ุงุฏุฉ ูˆุณูŠุทุฉุŒ ูˆู„ุฐุง ูู†ุญู† ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุตู…ูŠู…ุงุช ู„ู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ู„ู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุชุฌุงู‡ุŒ
But the only way we think that biology can have a major impact without further increasing the cost of food and limiting its availability is if we start with CO2 as its feedstock, and so we're working with designing cells to go down this road.
ูˆู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุณู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูˆู„ ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน ููŠ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 18 ุดู‡ุฑุงู‹.
And we think we'll have the first fourth-generation fuels in about 18 months.
ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ูˆุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู‡ูŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ --
Sunlight and CO2 is one method ...
-- ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุฅุณุชูƒุดุงูู†ุง ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู„ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚.
but in our discovery around the world, we have all kinds of other methods.
ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆุตูู†ุงู‡ ุนุงู… 1996.
This is an organism we described in 1996.
ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฃุนู…ุงู‚ ุงู„ุจุญุงุฑุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุนู…ู‚ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู…ูŠู„ ูˆู†ุตู ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ููŠ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุบู„ูŠุงู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก.
It lives in the deep ocean, about a mile and a half deep, almost at boiling-water temperatures.
ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุฃุฎุฐ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠุซุงู† ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู…ุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠุก ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ูƒู…ุตุฏุฑ ู„ู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ.
It takes CO2 to methane using molecular hydrogen as its energy source.
ู†ุญู† ู†ุจุญุซ ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุจู…ุณุชุทุงุนู†ุง ุฃุฎุฐ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุชู‚ุทุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุฅูŠุตุงู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูˆูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ุฌุฏุฏุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ูˆู‚ูˆุฏุŒ ู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ.
We're looking to see if we can take captured CO2, which can easily be piped to sites, convert that CO2 back into fuel to drive this process.
ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูุฎู„ุงู„ ูˆู‚ุช ู‚ุตูŠุฑุŒ ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ู…ุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ " ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŸ"
So, in a short period of time, we think that we might be able to increase what the basic question is of "What is life?"
ู†ุญู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†-- ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃู‡ุฏุงู ู…ุชูˆุงุถุนุฉ ู„ุฅุญู„ุงู„ ูƒู„ ู‚ุทุงุน ุงู„ุจุชุฑูˆูƒูŠู…ุงูˆูŠุงุช. ู†ุนู…. ุฅู† ู„ู… ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ "ุชูŠุฏ"ุŒ ุฃูŠู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ูุนู„ู‡ุŸ ู„ูŠุตุจุญ ู…ุตุฏุฑุงู‹ ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุงู‹ ู„ู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ.
We truly, you know, have modest goals of replacing the whole petrol-chemical industry -- Yeah. If you can't do that at TED, where can you? -- become a major source of energy ...
ู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู†ุญู† ู†ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุขู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ู„ู„ุชูˆุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู„ุญุธูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู‚ุงู‚ูŠุฑ.
But also, we're now working on using these same tools to come up with instant sets of vaccines.
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุดู‡ุฏู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃู†ูู„ูˆู†ุฒุงุŒ ู†ุญู† ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ู…ุชุฎู„ููˆู† ุจุณู†ุฉ ูˆูŠู†ู‚ุตู†ุง ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุงู„ุฏูˆุงุก ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ.
You've seen this year with flu; we're always a year behind and a dollar short when it comes to the right vaccine.
ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ุจุจู†ุงุก ุนู‚ุงู‚ูŠุฑ ุฅู†ุฏู…ุงุฌูŠุฉ ู…ู‚ุฏู…ุงู‹.
I think that can be changed by building combinatorial vaccines in advance.
ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุง ุณูŠุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุฑุจู…ุง ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุจุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑุŒ ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุดุฌุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑุŒ ุชุณุฑูŠุน ุงู„ู†ุดูˆุก ุจุงู„ุจุงูƒุชุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฅุตุทู†ุงุนูŠุฉุŒ archeaุŒ ูˆููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ.
Here's what the future may begin to look like with changing, now, the evolutionary tree, speeding up evolution with synthetic bacteria, Archaea and, eventually, eukaryotes.
ู†ุญู† ุจุนูŠุฏูˆู† ู…ู† ุชุญุณูŠู† ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุณ. ูˆู‡ุฏูู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ู„ุตู…ูˆุฏ ุจู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู„ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฑุจู…ุง. ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงู‹ ู„ูƒู….
We're a ways away from improving people: our goal is just to make sure that we have a chance to survive long enough to maybe do that. Thank you very much.
ู…ุง ุณุฃุนุฑุถู‡ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฃูˆู„ุงู‹ุŒ ุจุฃุณุฑุน ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู‡ูˆ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉุŒ ุจุนุถุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฌู„ุจู†ุงู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุณูˆูุช ูƒุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงุณุชุญูˆุงุฐ ู…ู†ุฐ ุณู†ุฉ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹. ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ "ุณูŠ ุฏุฑุงุฌูˆู†" ูˆู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุจูŠุฆุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุณูˆุงุก ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุจุงุดุฑ ุฃูˆ ุนู† ุจูุนุฏ ู…ุน ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฑุฆูŠุฉ
What I'm going to show you first, as quickly as I can, is some foundational work, some new technology that we brought to Microsoft as part of an acquisition almost exactly a year ago. This is Seadragon, and it's an environment in which you can either locally or remotely interact with vast amounts of visual data.
ู†ุญู† ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู…ุณุงุญุงุช ุงู„ุฌูŠุฌุง ุจุงูŠุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ูˆุชูƒุจูŠุฑ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุณู„ุณ ูˆู…ุณุชู…ุฑ ูˆุงู„ุชุญุฑูƒ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุดูŠุกุŒ ูˆุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชุฑุชูŠุจู‡ ุจุฃูŠ ุดูƒู„ ู†ุฑูŠุฏู‡
We're looking at many, many gigabytes of digital photos here and kind of seamlessly and continuously zooming in, panning through it, rearranging it in any way we want.
ูˆู„ุง ูŠู‡ู… ูƒู… ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ูˆู„ุง ุญุฌู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุฃูˆ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ
And it doesn't matter how much information we're looking at, how big these collections are or how big the images are.
ู…ุนุธู…ู‡ุง ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชู‚ุทุช ุจูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุงุช ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ู…ุฃุฎูˆุฐุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุณุญ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠ ู…ู† ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุฌุฑุณ ูˆู‡ูŠ ููŠ ู†ุทุงู‚ 300 ู…ูŠุฌุง ุจูƒุณู„
Most of them are ordinary digital camera photos, but this one, for example, is a scan from the Library of Congress, and it's in the 300 megapixel range.
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠูุญุฏุซ ุฃูŠ ูุฑู‚ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุฃุฏุงุก ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ูƒู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุนุฏุฏ ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุงู„ุจูƒุณู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุงุดุฉ
It doesn't make any difference because the only thing that ought to limit the performance of a system like this one is the number of pixels on your screen at any given moment.
ููŠ ุฃูŠ ู„ุญุธุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุญุธุงุช. ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุดูƒู„ ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠ ู…ุฑู† ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ
It's also very flexible architecture.
ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุชุงุจ ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุชุดู…ู„ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ
This is an entire book, so this is an example of non-image data.
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฑูˆุงูŠุฉ "Bleak House" ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุชุจู‡ุง ุฏูŠูƒู†ุฒ. ูƒู„ ุนู…ูˆุฏ ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ูุตู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ
This is "Bleak House" by Dickens. Every column is a chapter.
ู„ูƒูŠ ุฃุซุจุช ู„ูƒู… ุฃู†ู‡ ู†ุต ุจุงู„ูุนู„ุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ูƒู‡ุฐุง. ู„ูƒูŠ ู†ูˆุถุญ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู†ุตุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุตูˆุฑุฉ
To prove to you that it's really text, and not an image, we can do something like so, to really show that this is a real representation of the text; it's not a picture.
ุฑุจู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงุตุทู†ุงุนูŠุฉ ู„ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ูƒุชุงุจ ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ
Maybe this is an artificial way to read an e-book.
ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุฑุฌุญู‡ุง
I wouldn't recommend it.
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุงู‚ุนูŠุฉ. ู‡ุฐุง ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุตุญูŠูุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏูŠุงู†
This is a more realistic case, an issue of The Guardian.