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70734343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach%20handball%20at%20the%202022%20South%20American%20Youth%20Games | Beach handball at the 2022 South American Youth Games | Beach Handball competition of the 2022 South American Youth Games in Rosario were held from 5 to 8 May at the Arena La Rural.
Participating teams
Men
Women
Medal summary
Men's Tournament
Group A
Group B
Knockout stage
Bracket
Placement round
Final ranking
Women's Tournament
Group A
Knockout stage
Bracket
Final ranking
References
External links
2022 South American Youth Games Website
s
2022
Beach handball competitions | 1 | 1 |
70982712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haleon | Haleon | Haleon plc is a proposed British-American multinational consumer healthcare company with headquarters in Weybridge, Surrey. Its principal market categories are oral health, led by Sensodyne toothpaste; pain relief, with the Panadol and Advil brands; and wellness, led by the Centrum vitamin brand. Other products include Eno antacids and ChapStick lipcare. It will be a global leader in over the counter medicines with a 7.3 percent market share. Its chairman is Sir David Lewis, with Brian McNamara as CEO. It will be listed on the London Stock Exchange and will be a component of the FTSE 100. Annual sales amounted to around £10 billion across 120 markets in 2020.
Haleon is expected to be established on 18 July 2022 as a corporate spin-off from GSK.
History
GSK and Pfizer merged their consumer healthcare businesses in 2019. GSK owned just over two thirds of the joint venture, and Pfizer held the remainder.
GSK announced plans to spin-off Haleon in 2018 in order to give the "tired drugmaker extra focus and firepower by gearing up and hiving off the consumer division".
Unilever offered £50 billion for the business in 2022, in a bid which GSK rejected. Nestlé examined the possibility of a bid in conjunction with Reckitt.
Operations
Oral health accounted for 28.5 percent of revenue in 2021.
Gross assets amounted to over £45 billion on 31 March 2022.
Ownership
Pfizer will own 32 percent of Haleon, while GSK will retain a 13 percent stake.
References
Companies based in Surrey
Companies established in 2022
Corporate spin-offs
Dental companies
Health care companies of England
Manufacturing companies of England
Manufacturing companies established in 2022
Personal care companies | 0 | -1 |
10553715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%A5s%20HC | Borås HC | Borås HC is a Swedish professional ice hockey club, based in Borås, currently playing in Swedish division 2.
The club played constantly in the second-tier league HockeyAllsvenskan between 2007 and 2012, but due to economical problems the Board of HockeyAllsvenskan announced on 27 June 2012 that they would not grant Borås HC elite license for the 2012–13 season and the club was therefore relegated to Division 1. They appealed the decision to the Swedish Ice Hockey Association, but the appeal was effectively turned down on 6 July 2012.
Notable players
Nikolai Drozdetsky (1989–1995)
Sergei Fokin (2002–2005)
Stefan Persson (1986–1990)
Fabian Brunnström (2006–2007)
Mattias Remstam (2008–)
References
External links
Official website
Ice hockey teams in Sweden
Sport in Borås
Ice hockey clubs established in 1969
1969 establishments in Sweden
Ice hockey teams in Västra Götaland County | 1 | 1 |
7086283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain%20Folk%20of%20the%20Old%20South | Plain Folk of the Old South | Plain Folk of the Old South is a 1949 book by Vanderbilt University historian Frank Lawrence Owsley, one of the Southern Agrarians. In it he used statistical data to analyze the makeup of Southern society, contending that yeoman farmers made up a larger middle class than was generally thought.
Historical perspectives
Historians have long debated the social, economic, and political roles of Southern classes. Terms used by scholars for the self-sufficient farmers at the middle economic level include "common people" and "yeomen." At the lowest level were the struggling poor whites, known disparagingly in some areas of the South as "Crackers."
In the colonial and antebellum years, subsistence farmers tended to settle in the back country and uplands. They generally did not raise commodity crops and owned few or no slaves. Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democrats favored the term "yeoman" for a land-owning farmer. It emphasized an independent political spirit and economic self-reliance.
Views of Olmsted, Dodd, and Phillips
Northerners such as Frederick Law Olmsted, who traveled in and wrote about the 1850s South, through the early 20th-century historians such as William E. Dodd and Ulrich B. Phillips, assessed common southerners as minor players in antebellum social, economic, and political life of the South.
Twentieth-century romantic portrayals of the antebellum South, such as Margaret Mitchell's novel Gone with the Wind (1936) and the 1939 film adaptation, mostly ignored the yeomen. The nostalgic view of the South emphasized the elite planter class of wealth and refinement, controlling large plantations and numerous slaves.
Novelist Erskine Caldwell's Tobacco Road portrayed the degraded condition of impoverished whites dwelling beyond the great plantations.
Frank Lawrence Owsley
The major challenge to the view of planter dominance came from historian Frank Lawrence Owsley in Plain Folk of the Old South (1949). His work ignited a long historiographical debate. Owsley started with the work of Daniel R. Hundley, who in 1860 had defined the southern middle class as "farmers, planters, traders, storekeepers, artisans, mechanics, a few manufacturers, a goodly number of country school teachers, and a host of half-fledged country lawyers, doctors, parsons, and the like". To find these people, Owsley turned to the name-by-name files on the manuscript federal census. Using their own newly invented codes, the Owsleys created databases from the manuscript federal census returns, tax and trial records, and local government documents and wills. They gathered data on all southerners. Historian Vernon Burton described Owsley's Plain Folk of the Old South, as "one of the most influential works on southern history ever written".
Plain Folk argued that southern society was not dominated by planter aristocrats, but that yeoman farmers played a significant role in it. The religion, language, and culture of these common people created a democratic "plain folk" society. Critics say Owsley overemphasized the size of the southern landholding middle class, while excluding the large class of poor whites who owned neither land nor slaves. Owsley believed that shared economic interests united southern farmers; critics suggest the vast difference in economic classes between the elite and subsistence farmers meant they did not have the same values or outlook.
Recent scholarship
In his study of Edgefield County, South Carolina, Orville Vernon Burton classified white society into the poor, the yeoman middle class, and the elite. A clear line demarcated the elite, but according to Burton, the line between poor and yeoman was less distinct. Stephanie McCurry argues that yeomen were clearly distinguished from poor whites by their ownership of land (real property). Yeomen were "self-working farmers", distinct from the elite because they physically labored on their land alongside any slaves they owned. Planters with numerous slaves had work that was essentially managerial, and often they supervised an overseer rather than the slaves themselves.
Wetherington (2005) argues the plain folk (of Georgia) supported secession to defend their families, homes, and notions of white liberty. During the war, the established patriarchy continued to control the home front and kept it functioning, even though growing numbers of plain folk joined the new wartime poor. Wetherington suggests that their localism and racism dovetailed with a republican ideology founded on Jeffersonian notions of an "economically independent yeomanry sharing common interests". Plain folk during the war raised subsistence crops and vegetables and relied on a free and open range to hunt hogs. Examples of these conditions can be seen in the award-winning novel Cold Mountain.
Before the war, they became more active in the cotton and slave markets, but plain folk remained unwilling to jeopardize their self-sufficiency and the stability of their neighborhoods for the economic interests of planters. The soldiers had their own reasons for fighting. First and foremost, they sought to protect hearth and home from Yankee threats. White supremacy and masculinity depended on slavery, which Lincoln's Republicans threatened. Plain-folk concepts of masculinity explain why so many men enlisted: they wanted to be worthy of the privileges of men, including the affections of female patriots. By March 1862, the piney woods region of Georgia had a 60% enlistment rate, comparable to that found in planter areas.
As the war dragged on, hardship became a way of life. Wetherington reports that enough men remained home to preserve the paternalistic social order, but there were too few to prevent mounting deprivation. Wartime shortages increased the economic divide between planters and yeoman farmers; nevertheless, some planters took seriously their paternalistic obligations by selling their corn to plain folk at the official Confederate rate "out of a spirit of patriotism." Wetherington's argument weakens other scholars' suggestions that class conflict led to Confederate defeat. More damaging to Confederate nationalism was the growing localism that grew, as areas had to fend for themselves as William Tecumseh Sherman's forces came nearer.
During Reconstruction Era after the war, plain folk split. Most supported the conservative (or Democratic Party) position, but some were "Scalawags" who supported the Republican Party.
See also
Culture of the Southern United States
Jeffersonian democracy
The Impending Crisis of the South, an 1857 anti-slavery critique by North Carolina writer Hinton Rowan Helper
The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, a farmers organization founded in 1867 and still in operation
Sharecropping, where the farmer does not own the land
Yeoman, the independent farmer
References
Further reading
Atack, Jeremy. "The Agricultural Ladder Revisited: A New Look at an Old Question with Some Data for 1860," Agricultural History Vol. 63, No. 1 (Winter, 1989), pp. 1–25 in JSTOR
Atack, Jeremy. "Tenants and Yeomen in the Nineteenth Century," Agricultural History, Vol. 62, No. 3, (Summer, 1988), pp. 6–32 in JSTOR
Bolton, Charles C. "Planters, Plain Folk, and Poor Whites in the Old South." in Lacy K. Ford, ed., A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction, (2005) 75–93.
Bolton, Charles C. Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi (Duke University Press, 1994).
Bruce Jr., Dickson D. And They All Sang Hallelujah: Plain Folk Camp Meeting Religion, 1800–1845 (1974)
Burton, Orville Vernon. In My Father's House Are Many Mansions: Family and Community in Edgefield, South Carolina (1985)
Campbell, Randolph B. Campbell and Richard G. Lowe. Planters & Plain Folk: Agriculture in Antebellum Texas. (1987)
Campbell, Randolph B. "Planters and Plain Folks: The Social Structure of the Antebellum South," in John B. Boles and Evelyn Thomas Nolen, eds., Interpreting Southern History(1987), 48–77;
Campbell, Randolph B. Campbell and Richard G. Lowe. Wealth and Power in Antebellum Texas (1977)
Carey, Anthony Gene. "Frank L. Owsley's Plain Folk of the Old South after Fifty Years," in Glenn Feldman, ed., Reading Southern History: Essays on Interpreters and Interpretations (2001)
Cash, Wilbur J. The Mind of the South (1941), famous classic
Flynt, J. Wayne Dixie's Forgotten People: The South's Poor Whites (1979). deals with 20th century.
Cecil-Fronsman, Bill. Common Whites: Class and Culture in Antebellum North Carolina (1992)
Delfino, Susanna, Michele Gillespie, and Louis M. Kyriakoudes, eds. Southern Society and Its Transformation (U of Missouri Press; 2011) 248pp. Scholarly essays on ante-bellum working poor, non-slaveholding whites, and small planters and other "middling" property holders
Genovese, Eugene D. "Yeomen Farmers in a Slaveholders' Democracy," Agricultural History Vol. 49, No. 2 (Apr. 1975), pp. 331–342 in JSTOR
Hahn, Steven. The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850–1890 (1983)
Harris, J. William. Plain Folk and Gentry in a Slave Society: White Liberty and Black Slavery in Augusta's Hinterlands (1985)
Hyde Jr., Samuel C. ed., Plain Folk of the South Revisited (1997).
Hyde Jr., Samuel C. "Plain Folk Yeomanry in the Antebellum South," in John Boles, Jr., ed., Companion to the American South, (2004) pp 139–55
Hundley, Daniel R. Social Relations in Our Southern States (1860; reprint 1979)
Linden, Fabian. "Economic Democracy in the Slave South: An Appraisal of Some Recent Views," Journal of Negro History, 31 (April 1946), 140–89 in JSTOR; emphasizes statistical inequality
Kwas, Mary L. "Simon T. Sanders and the Meredith Clan: The Case for Kinship Studies,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly (Oct. 2006): 250–273.
Lowe, Richard G. and Randolph B. Campbell, Planters and Plain Folk: Agriculture in Antebellum Texas (1987)
McCurry, Stephanie. Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country (1995),
McWhiney, Grady. In Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (1988)
Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (1975).
Newby, I. A. Plain Folk in the New South: Social Change and Cultural Persistence, 1880–1915 (1989). concentrates on the poorest whites
Owsley, Frank Lawrence. Plain Folk of the Old South (1949), the classic study
Sarson, Steven, "Yeoman Farmers in a Planters' Republic: Socioeconomic Conditions and Relations in Early National Prince George’s County, Maryland,” Journal of the Early Republic, 29 (Spring 2009), 63–99.
Wetherington, Mark V. Plain Folk's Fight: The Civil War and Reconstruction in Piney Woods Georgia (2005)
Wiley, Bell I. The Plain People of the Confederacy (1963)
Wilkison, Kyle G. Yeomen, Sharecroppers and Socialists: Plain Folk Protest in Texas, 1870–1914. (2008).
Woodward, C. Vann. Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (1938). on Georgia leader 1890–1920 online edition
, a statistical critique of Owsley
American middle class
Culture of the Southern United States
English-American history
Social class in the United States
Scotch-Irish American history
Southern Agrarians | 1 | 1 |
6410239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Land%20Before%20Time%20XII%3A%20The%20Great%20Day%20of%20the%20Flyers | The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers | The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers is a 2006 animated musical direct-to-video film, and is the twelfth film in the Land Before Time series. It was released on TV on December 6, 2006, and then on DVD on February 27, 2007, by Universal Studios Home Entertainment. This was the final film role of Kenneth Mars before his retirement in 2008 and death in 2011.
Plot
Petrie is having a difficult time preparing for "The Day of the Flyers", an important day for all of the flying residents of the Great Valley, when all of the young flyers must participate in a very precise flying exhibition to prove that they are ready to fly with the adults. Always a nervous flyer, Petrie has even more trouble flying with his siblings in precise group formations—he's more of an independent, free-style flier. At the same time, a strange newcomer to the Great Valley has Littlefoot and his friends trying to help figure out just exactly what he is. Named Guido, a Microraptor, he's the strangest looking creature any of the Great Valley creatures has ever seen, especially since he's covered with feathers, and has never seen another like himself. Cera is having her own troubles, as her grumpy father and his new mate, Tria, get ready to welcome a hatchling to the family. The hatchling's name is Tricia and Cera begins to slowly bond with her new sister.
All of these issues come together on the night before "The Day of the Flyers," when Guido starts to figure out what he is. Guido begins sleep walking and Petrie and his friends follow him, inadvertently leading all of the gang on a perilous adventure into the Mysterious Beyond. They also discovered that Guido can glide during the adventure. In the Mysterious Beyond, Guido wakes up from sleep walking and accidentally wakes up a Spinosaurus which gives chase and tried to eat them. But Petrie, Guido, and the others defeat the Spinosaurus and they returned to the Great Valley.
As "The Day of the Flyers" arrived, Petrie and his siblings begin to participate. Following Guido's advice to be himself, Petrie's uniqueness ends up being the "key" to completing the day, changing the Great Day of the Flyers forever. Tricia was watching and following the flyers when she falls into a river and was carrying her straight to the waterfall. Guido, Petrie, and Petrie's siblings rescued Tricia just in time but they accidentally dropped Tricia. Cera saved her before she lands in the river again. She even said her first words, which is "Cera". The film ends with Cera and her family loving on Tricia while the other Dinosaurs watch in awe.
Voice cast
Nick Price as Littlefoot
Anndi McAfee as Cera
Aria Curzon as Ducky
Jeff Bennett as Petrie/Petrie's Sibling #2
Rob Paulsen as Spike/Guido/Kosh
Tress MacNeille as Petrie's Mother
John Ingle as Topsy/Narrator
Camryn Manheim as Tria
Kenneth Mars as Grandpa Longneck/Parasaurolophus
Nika Futterman as Petrie's Sibling #1/Tricia
Susan Blu as Petrie's Sibling #3
Production
The project was announced on August 8, 2005, along with The Land Before Time TV series, both set to debut in 2007. It was the first sequel in the series to be filmed in widescreen and the first to be filmed in the high-definition format, although the Region 1 DVD was in full screen (cropping the left and right of the image), though not pan and scan as the camera stays directly in the center of the image. However, the previous film The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration was matted to anamorphic widescreen on DVD in Israel. To help promote the film, the music video for the film's song Flip, Flap and Fly was shown during early theatrical screenings of Curious George, and was then released as part of the opening previews on the DVD release of that film and PollyWorld with the music video two times.
The Universal Studios website notes this film as a "tween film".
The same production team remains, with Charles Grosvenor as director and producer. It was produced by Universal Animation Studios and distributed by Universal Studios Home Entertainment.
This was the second film in the series to contain slow-motion; as Littlefoot jumps off the falling tree, he is very slow until he lands on the cliff.
Animation was provided by Wang Film and Cuckoo's Nest studios in Taiwan.
Release
It was released on DVD in the United States and Canada on February 27, 2007. Bonus features included a read-along, two sing-alongs, and two interactive games. On the same day, the film was also given a Walmart exclusive DVD 2-pack with a bonus DVD containing two episodes of The Land Before Time TV series to promote the Cartoon Network airing of the TV series in the United States.
Music
The music score was composed by Michael Tavera and Kyle Kenneth Batter with additional music composed by Billy Martin. This was the second film in the series without James Horner's original score from the first film (the first was The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration), although Michael Tavera's older themes from the previous sequels can still be heard in this film.
See also
List of animated feature-length films
References
External links
Official website
The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers trailer
The Land Before Time films
Direct-to-video sequel films
2006 animated films
2006 films
2006 direct-to-video films
American films
English-language films
Films scored by Michael Tavera
Universal Animation Studios animated films
Universal Pictures direct-to-video animated films
2000s American animated films
Animated films about dinosaurs
2000s children's animated films | 0 | -1 |
1117141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orewa | Orewa | Orewa is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand’s largest city. It lies on the Hibiscus Coast, just north of the base of the Whangaparāoa Peninsula and 40 kilometres north of central Auckland. It is a popular holiday destination.
The Northern Motorway, part of State Highway 1, passes just inland of Orewa and extends through the twin Johnston Hill tunnels to near Puhoi. Orewa was administered as part of the Rodney District for two decades, until this was subsumed into the new Auckland Council in October 2010.
History
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Orewa and the Weiti River (then known as the Wade River) were a major locations for the kauri gum digging trade.
Demographics
Orewa covers and had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2.
Orewa had a population of 10,242 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 1,653 people (19.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 2,871 people (38.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 4,389 households, comprising 4,599 males and 5,643 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.81 males per female, with 1,287 people (12.6%) aged under 15 years, 1,170 (11.4%) aged 15 to 29, 3,720 (36.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 4,062 (39.7%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 86.1% European/Pākehā, 6.1% Māori, 2.7% Pacific peoples, 11.0% Asian, and 1.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 35.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 42.2% had no religion, 47.6% were Christian, 0.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.5% were Hindu, 0.5% were Muslim, 0.8% were Buddhist and 1.3% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 1,707 (19.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,683 (18.8%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,530 people (17.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 3,210 (35.8%) people were employed full-time, 1,107 (12.4%) were part-time, and 165 (1.8%) were unemployed.
Education
Orewa District High School was founded in 1956. In 1974, the school was split into Orewa School and Orewa College. Orewa North School was founded in 1978, and another primary school opened at Red Beach to the south in 1988.
Orewa College is a secondary (years 7-13) school with a roll of students.
Orewa School and Orewa North School are contributing primary (years 1-6) schools, with rolls of students and students respectively.
All three schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of
Gallery
Orewa Speech
Orewa made political headlines on 27 January 2004, when New Zealand National Party leader Don Brash, then the leader of the opposition in Parliament, gave what became known as the Orewa speech in front of the local Rotary club on a theme of race relations in New Zealand and, in particular, the special status of Māori. He advocated 'one rule for all'.
References
External links
Hibiscus Coast Community House
Populated places in the Auckland Region
Beaches of the Auckland Region
Hibiscus Coast | 1 | 1 |
53842040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh%20Williams%20%28racing%20driver%29 | Josh Williams (racing driver) | Joshua L. Williams (born August 3, 1993) is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 78 Chevrolet Camaro for B. J. McLeod Motorsports and part-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 78 Ford Mustang for Live Fast Motorsports. He previously raced in the ARCA Racing Series, accumulating over 100 starts in that series.
Racing career
Early years
Williams started his racing career in go-kart racing and later raced Fastrucks and Legends cars to advance his early career, eventually earning a berth in the 2009 edition of "Humpy's Heroes", a summer driver development program run by Humpy Wheeler for young drivers.
ARCA Racing Series
Williams drove five races in the 2010 ARCA Racing Series in his family car, numbered 02. He recorded the best finish of 15th at Iowa Speedway. Williams caught the attention of those in the racing community with those performances, as he ran three races for Andy Belmont the following year and another three for his family team, which later developed an alliance with Lira Motorsports. Williams recorded two top-tens in Belmont's car and one more in his own car. For 2012, Williams took his Josh Williams Motorsports team full-time, running all but one race while having limited funding. He failed to finish three races and had four top tens with a best finish of seventh.
The 2013 season was a struggle, to begin with for Williams, who remained sponsorless through the first five races of the season despite having two top ten finishes. He then signed a four race deal with Roulo Brothers Racing, making sporadic appearances in their Ford racecars. Running in between races for Roulo with his family team, Williams was signed by Frank Kimmel to drive one of his cars at Road America, starting and parking. Williams drove the next race for GMS Racing, again start and parking at Michigan International Speedway. Williams carried the sponsorship from Allegiant Air for the rest of the year, grabbing his first top-five finish (a second at Chicagoland Speedway). He finished fifth in points while utilizing four teams to get there.
Again hampered by limited funding, Williams scaled back to just over half the schedule in 2014, always running near or in the top ten. He scored another runner-up finish in the season's penultimate race. He raced the full season with the number six in 2015, except for one race with Cunningham Motorsports. He only finished outside of the top ten in five races and finished third in the drivers standings, behind Grant Enfinger and Austin Wayne Self, who passed Williams for second during the final race. 2016 brought new success for Williams, as he won his first two races, at Madison International Speedway and Nashville Fairgrounds Speedway. The Madison win came after he blew an engine in the previous contests and considered withdrawing from Madison; his crew pulled an all-nighter during the week to get the engine prepared. He finished fifth in points after an inconsistent season with 11 top tens.
Williams had said that he would have liked to run more ARCA Racing Series races in 2017. His team ran two races in the beginning of the season in a partnership with Lira Motorsports, and Williams himself went behind the wheel for the annual Salem Speedway throwback weekend, running fourth.
Williams returned once again in 2018 season behind the wheel of No. 6 Chevrolet at Talladega in a partnership between his own team and Our Motorsports. They finished 5th.
National series
Williams and family made one Camping World Truck Series start in a partnership with T3R2 Racing, falling out at Martinsville Speedway in 2014. He made two Xfinity Series starts as a start and park driver in 2016, one for Jimmy Means Racing and one for King Autosport. He was announced as the driver of King's No. 90 entry for the spring Bristol Motor Speedway Xfinity race on April 21, 2017. Longtime friend Mario Gosselin helped Williams get the ride. Along with the Bristol race, Williams wanted to run about six Truck races for his family team in 2017. The Truck races never came, but Williams garnered six other starts split between King's 90 and 92 cars, mostly starting and parking in the 92 and running full races in the 90. At Daytona in summer, Williams was running just outside the top ten before he was clipped by Daniel Suárez, finishing last. Williams broke the top thirty in all of his full races.
For 2018, Williams took over the majority of the races in the No. 90 and served as crew chief for drivers of the 90 like Donald Theetge and Andy Lally most weekends when he was not in the seat.
On January 29, 2019, it was announced that Williams would move over to DGM's No. 36 car for the 2019 NASCAR Xfinity Series season. After gambling on pit strategy, Williams finished a then-career-best sixteenth in the Boyd Gaming 300 in early March. He later improved on that career-best with his first career top-ten, an eighth at Talladega Superspeedway in the spring. The finish helped Williams and DGM bounce back from a sponsor who failed to pay the team in the beginning portions of the year.
Williams returned to DGM in 2020, piloting the team's No. 92 entry. He reeled off two top-ten finishes in the month of October, including a career-best sixth-place finish at Kansas Speedway that came only a day after the death of one of Williams' employees. On October 31, Williams and the team confirmed another full-season effort in 2021. Following the 2021 season, Williams and DGM parted with Williams taking an opportunity that will help him reach racing on Sundays.
In December 2021, it was announced that Williams would drive the No. 78 in 2022 for B. J. McLeod Motorsports.
On April 12, 2022, it was announced that Williams would make his first career NASCAR Cup Series start at the 2022 Food City Dirt Race, and will drive the No. 78 for Live Fast Motorsports.
Josh Williams Motorsports
Aside from his NASCAR racing, Williams operates a driver development program, Josh Williams Motorsports, that deals in the Legends car racing, bandolero racing, and late model racing ranks.
Personal life
Williams was born in Florida but moved to the Charlotte area at age 15, taking online classes to get through high school while racing. As a teen, Williams was injured in a head-on four-wheeler collision and spent five days in the ICU. Williams visits children's hospitals to give back to the community in his free time. Williams, with his wife Trazia Rae, owns a company that prepares foreclosed homes for auction, which he works at during the week while racing.
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Cup Series
Xfinity Series
Camping World Truck Series
ARCA Racing Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Season still in progress
Ineligible for series points
References
External links
1993 births
Racing drivers from Florida
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
Living people | 0 | -1 |
39982286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan%20Singh%20II | Karan Singh II | Karan Singh II (7 January 1584 – March 1628) was the Maharana of Mewar Kingdom (r. 1620 – 1628). He was one of the sons of Maharana Amar Singh I and the grandson of Maharana Pratap. He, in turn, was succeeded by his son Jagat Singh I.. He succeeded his father on 26 Jan 1620 at the age of 36.
He made several reforms after coming to the throne. Also, palaces were enlarged and defenses strengthened. He presided in relatively peaceful times and Mewar prospered under his rule. He also renovated the Ranakpur Jain temple in 1621. In the same year, he sent some forces to support the Sikhs during the Battle of Rohilla. As a Hindu he made great contributions towards the Dharmic faiths such as the Jain faith and also to the development of the Sikhi faith.
A lot of construction activities are known to have taken place during Rana Karan Singh's reign. He constructed water ditches that ran all along the walls of the Lake Pichola. These ditches received stormwater and overflow from Lake Pichola and conveyed it to Lake Udai Sagar from where the water was used for irrigation. Among the constructions in Udaipur city, he built the Gol Mahal and dome at Jagmandir Island Palace, along with a tank in Krishna Niwas.
References
Mewar dynasty
1584 births
1628 deaths | 0 | -1 |
61196756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20D%C3%ADaz%20%28Costa%20Rican%20footballer%29 | Luis Díaz (Costa Rican footballer) | Luis Mario Díaz Espinoza (born 6 December 1998) is a Costa Rican professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Major League Soccer club Columbus Crew and the Costa Rica national team.
Career
Díaz started his career in the Segunda División de Costa Rica with Municipal Grecia. In the 2016–17 season, he and Grecia earned promotion to Liga FPD, the first division of Costa Rican football. Over the summer of 2018, Díaz was the subject of transfer rumors from Herediano; he would officially join Herediano for the 2019 Clausura. On July 2, 2019, it was announced that Díaz had been transferred to Major League Soccer club Columbus Crew SC for $1 million, and would join the club as a Young Designated Player.
Díaz made his Columbus debut on July 17th against the Chicago Fire. Coming on in the 65th minute for Eduardo Sosa, Diaz assisted fellow debutant Romario Williams in scoring a 90th minute equalizer as part of a 2–2 draw. He went on to finish the 2019 season making 13 appearances along with two goals and four assists. During the 2020 season, Diaz was part of the Columbus team that won the 2020 MLS Cup, making a total of 25 appearances for the club. Though Diaz was in and out of the starting lineup throughout the season, he started three out of four of the club's playoff games, including the final in which Columbus beat the Seattle Sounders 3–0.
International
He made his Costa Rica national team debut on 6 September 2019 in a friendly against Uruguay, when he replaced Joel Campbell in the 68th minute and was cautioned in the remaining minutes.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Columbus Crew
MLS Cup: 2020
Campeones Cup: 2021
References
External links
Living people
1998 births
Costa Rican footballers
People from Guanacaste Province
Association football midfielders
Municipal Grecia players
C.S. Herediano footballers
Columbus Crew players
Liga FPD players
Major League Soccer players
Costa Rica under-20 international footballers
Costa Rica international footballers
Designated Players (MLS)
Costa Rican expatriate footballers
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Costa Rican expatriate sportspeople in the United States | 0 | -1 |
22646544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay%20family | Ramsay family | The Ramsay family is a fictional family from the Australian soap opera Neighbours. The family were one of three central families created by Reg Watson and introduced in the first episode of Neighbours in March 1985. Watson wanted the Ramsays to be humorous and rougher than the Robinson family. Ramsay Street, a cul-de-sac which is the central setting of the series, is named after the family. In 2001, the last Ramsay, Madge (Anne Charleston), departed the series. Eight years later, a new generation of the Ramsay family was introduced.
Creation and development
The Ramsay family were one of three central families introduced to viewers when Neighbours began in 1985, created by the show's creator and executive producer Reg Watson. Unlike the Robinsons, Watson wanted "humour and likeable roughness" with the Ramsay family. Josephine Monroe, author of The Neighbours Programme Guide, wrote "The Ramsays are the royal family of Neighbours and their claim on Erinsborough goes back generations." The family originally consisted of Max Ramsay (Francis Bell), his wife Maria Ramsay (Dasha Blahova), and their two sons Shane Ramsay (Peter O'Brien) and Danny Ramsay (David Clencie). The family lived at No. 24 Ramsay Street, one of the original three houses on Neighbours.
The family were friendly with the Robinsons, but tension briefly developed between the two families when Jim Robinson (Alan Dale) began dating Maria's sister Anna Rossi (Roslyn Gentle). Maria was the first member of the family to leave the show, with Danny and Max following shortly after. The producers then decided to introduce some new Ramsays in the form of Max's sister Madge Mitchell (Anne Charleston) and their brother Tom Ramsay (Gary Files), who took over Max's planned storylines. Shane's departure made way for Madge's children Charlene Mitchell (Kylie Minogue) and Henry Ramsay (Craig McLachlan), who arrived in 1986 and 1987 respectively. Charlene's romance with Scott Robinson (Jason Donovan) had become popular with Neighbours viewers, who dubbed them "TV's Romeo and Juliet" because they were from feuding families. Their wedding in "Episode 523" famously united the Ramsay and Robinson families. In 2001, Madge, the last remaining Ramsay on the street, died, after Charleston quit the show.
In February 2009, it was announced that a new generation of the Ramsay family would be introduced to the show. At the time, the Ramsays had not appeared in Neighbours for almost a decade. Executive producer Susan Bower said the introduction of the new Ramsay family members was based on the American drama series Party of Five. Paul Robinson's (Stefan Dennis) daughter Elle Robinson (Pippa Black) discovered that Max had a secret daughter with Paul's mother Anne. The affair was kept a secret due to the feud between their families, and Anne moved away with her daughter Jill Ramsay (Peri Cummings). As a result, Elle tracked down Jill and met her three children; Kate Ramsay (Ashleigh Brewer), Harry Ramsay (Will Moore) and Sophie Ramsay (Kaiya Jones). When Jill was killed in a hit and run accident, Kate, Harry and Sophie move to Ramsay Street and eventually become close with their uncle Paul. They lived at No. 24, like the original Ramsays, until it was sold off and Kate and Sophie moved in with Paul. Since then, all three have departed the soap. Charlene and Scott's son, Daniel Robinson (Tim Phillipps) was introduced on 29 April 2014. Two years later, his sister, Madison Robinson (Sarah Ellen), was introduced, and he was written out with his wife, Imogen Willis (Ariel Kaplan). In 2019, producers introduced Gemma Ramsay's (Beth Buchanan) daughter Roxy Willis (Zima Anderson), which leads to a short return for Gemma.
Family members
Jack Ramsay; married an unknown woman
Maud Ramsay; daughter of Jack
Dan Ramsay; son of Jack; married Edna Wilkins
Max Ramsay; son of Dan and Edna; married Maria Rossi
Jill Ramsay; daughter of Max and Anne Robinson
Kate Ramsay; daughter of Jill and Patrick Mooney
Harry Ramsay; son of Jill and Patrick
Sophie Ramsay; daughter of Jill and Patrick
Shane Ramsay; son of Max and Maria
Danny Ramsay; son of Maria and Tim Duncan; adopted by Max
Tom Ramsay; son of Dan and Edna; married Doreen Leicester
Moira Ramsay; daughter of Tom and Doreen; married to Mr. Harrigan
Holly Harrigan; daughter of Moira and Mr Harrigan
Gemma Ramsay; daughter of Tom and Doreen; married Adam Willis
Roxy Willis; daughter of Gemma and Adam; married Kyle Canning
Madge Ramsay; daughter of Dan and Edna; married Fred Mitchell; married Harold Bishop
Henry Ramsay; son of Madge and Fred; married to Bronwyn Davies
Charlene Mitchell; daughter of Madge and Fred; married Scott Robinson
Daniel Robinson; son of Charlene and Scott; married Imogen Willis
Madison Robinson; daughter of Charlene and Scott
Reception
In her book, Neighbours: The First 10 Years, Josephine Monroe observed that the Ramsays were "a good foil to the better bred Robinsons". The Sydney Morning Herald's Robin Oliver branded the family "raucous". Andrew Mercado, author of Super Aussie Soaps, believed the family were once "the backbone of the show". In her book Soap opera, Dorothy Hobson describes the family as "more working class than other characters" and stated: "They had working-class jobs but were not represented as cloth cap wearing or dowdy, they were bright and modern and representative of a vibrant and working population."
See also
Ramsay Street
References
Bibliography
Neighbours families
Television characters introduced in 1985 | 0 | -1 |
40309662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20MacDonald | Edmund MacDonald | Edmund Francis MacDonald (May 7, 1908 – September 2, 1951) was an American actor.
Early years
MacDonald was born in Boston. He had one brother.
Career
MacDonald gained early acting experience in stock theater on Long Island. He made his Broadway debut in Getting Even (1929). His other Broadway credits include Her Tin Soldier (1933) and I, Myself (1934).
In 1938, he was a regular on Hollywood Showcase, an old-time radio variety show.
MacDonald worked primarily as a character actor in B films. He appeared in films such as Call of the Canyon 1942, The Mantrap 1943, and Detour 1945. His last film was Red Canyon in 1949.
Death
MacDonald suffered a stroke while at home at age 42 and was hospitalized; later he died of a brain hemorrhage at the Veterans' Administration Hospital in Los Angeles. He was interred at Los Angeles National Cemetery.
Filmography
References
External links
1908 births
1951 deaths
20th-century American male actors | 0 | -1 |
70804667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323%20FC%20Bayern%20Munich%20season | 2022–23 FC Bayern Munich season | The 2022–23 season is the 124th in the history of Bayern Munich and their 58th consecutive season in the top flight of German football. In addition to the domestic league, they are participating in this season's editions of the DFB-Pokal, DFL-Supercup and UEFA Champions League.
The season is the first since 2013–14 without Robert Lewandowski, who departed to FC Barcelona.
Players
Squad
Transfers
In
Out
Transfer summary
Undisclosed fees are not included in the transfer totals.
Expenditure
Summer: €137,500,000
Winter: €00,000,000
Total: €137,500,000
Income
Summer: €110,800,000
Winter: €0,000,000
Total: €110,800,000
Net totals
Summer: €26,700,000
Winter: €0,000,000
Total: €26,700,000
Pre-season and friendlies
Competitions
Overall record
Bundesliga
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
The league fixtures were announced on 17 June 2022.
DFB-Pokal
DFL-Supercup
UEFA Champions League
Group stage
The group stage draw was held on 25 August 2022.
Statistics
Appearances and goals
|-
! colspan="18" style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Goalkeepers
|-
! colspan="18" style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Defenders
|-
! colspan="18" style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Midfielders
|-
! colspan="18" style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Forwards
|-
! colspan="18" style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Players transferred out during the season
|-
Goalscorers
Notes
References
FC Bayern Munich seasons
Bayern Munich
Bayern Munich | 1 | 1 |
10468100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Am%20an%20American%20Soldier | I Am an American Soldier | I Am an American Soldier is a 2007 documentary film about the Iraq War, produced by John Laurence.
"One Year in Iraq with the 101st Airborne."
Synopsis
This is the inside story of what happens to a company of American soldiers - ninety-two air assault troopers from the 3rd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division (Rakkasans) - who are sent to fight, suffer and try to survive a full year's tour of duty in Iraq. From the final stages of their training and farewells at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, through their deployment to Baghdad, Samarra and Tikrit, and then the return home to their loved ones, this is a searching examination of the combat, the life and death struggles, and the profound changes in the lives of these professional soldiers who set out with hope and confidence of making a difference in Iraq.
Access
The British/American filmmakers were given unprecedented access to the soldiers for fourteen months: from September 2005, to November 2006, and accompanied them into the most dangerous places. The result is a feature film that attempts to examine the Iraq War with ruthless scrutiny, with honesty and fairness, and reveals courage of an uncommon kind.
Before they leave Fort Campbell, hundreds of soldiers shout “Hoo-ah” in response to their brigade commander's dramatic war speech in which he tells them to "look like a killer" at all times in Iraq. The film begins by demonstrating the lethal force of America's best-trained soldiers. But that is not how the rest of the story unfolds.
The soldiers of Charlie Troop find it increasingly difficult to carry out their mission in a hostile environment, full of deception and danger. A carefully planned attempt to destroy a team of insurgents who are firing rockets and mortars at them, the troops are sabotaged by the over-protective actions of a parent unit from the Third Infantry Division. Despite vigilant surveillance work, superior weapons and training, and all the energy of their warrior natures, the soldiers are thrown into the most frustrating mission conceivable.
This is a film about young men and their commanders who prepare in earnest for their duty, who understand what they are meant to do in Iraq, and how - through their experiences in Samarra, Baghdad and Tikrit - dramatic changes take place in their perspectives.
It is about soldiers who fight for their lives when their humvee is destroyed by insurgents. It is about a specialist who shoots up a car full of people who later turn out to be civilians. It is about mothers and young wives, gathered at a military funeral for the soldiers killed in action in Iraq, mourning their lost sons and husbands.
This is their story, narrated by the soldiers and their families. It provides the most revealing, in-depth look inside the U.S. Army at war ever produced on film.
Between them, Laurence, Green and Thompson have covered more than thirty wars since Vietnam in 1965, and have won every major award in broadcast journalism in the United States.
References
External links
I Am an American Soldier website
2007 films
Documentary films about the Iraq War
2000s English-language films | 1 | 1 |
24605778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkou%20District | Gangkou District | Gangkou (; Zhuang language: ) is a district of the city of Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China.
County-level divisions of Guangxi
Fangchenggang | 1 | 1 |
49241042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor%20Peller | Professor Peller | Professor Moshood Abiola Peller (1941, in Iseyin – 2 August 1997, in Onipanu) was a Nigerian magician and one of Africa's most renowned magicians.
Life
Born Folorunsho Abiola, Peller attended Moslem School, Iseyin and Native Authority Primary School, Iseyin. He started performing illusion tricks in 1954 travelling to Ibadan, Lagos and Oyo for performance. In 1959, he changed occupation and began work as a representative of G.B.O. and later moved into trading. His interest in illusion continued and in 1964, he attended a school of magical arts in India, he spent 18 months at the school and after completion, settled in Liberia. In 1966, he had his first post-training show at the Federal Palace Hotel, Lagos. He was later assassinated in 1997.
References
Nigerian magicians
1941 births
1997 deaths | 1 | 1 |
1023671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuckey%27s | Stuckey's | Stuckey's is a candy maker that is known for its pecan log rolls and kitschy souvenirs which it sells at its convenience stores along highways in the United States. Although today there are Stuckey's locations concentrated mostly in the Southeast, Southwest, and Midwest, operations once existed from coast to coast in nearly all of the 48 contiguous states. Additionally, Stuckey's sells candy, apparel, and souvenirs, and other products online.
Stuckey's Corporation is headquartered in Eastman, Georgia, and in 2021, purchased a pecan processing and candy making plant in Wrens, Georgia. The current CEO of Stuckey's is Stephanie Stuckey, granddaughter of the brand's founder W.S. Stuckey, Sr.
History
Early days
Back in the 1930s, with a Model A Ford Coupe he borrowed from his friend and $35 he borrowed from his grandmother, W.S. Stuckey, Sr., drove around the Eastman, Georgia, countryside buying pecans from local farmers and selling them to local pecan processors. Stuckey made over $4500 his first year in the pecan business.
By 1937, Stuckey was selling over $150,000 worth of pecans a year that he bought himself and sold to local processors. That same year, he opened a roadside stand along Highway 23 in Eastman selling pecans, sugar cane juice, syrup, homemade quilts, and “all you can drink for five-cents” cherry cider. It was then and there that Stuckey’s was born.
Business picked up after Stuckey's wife Ethel began making pecan pralines. After she tried out a recipe for pecan log rolls and added her own secret ingredient (maraschino cherries) to the mix, things got so good that the next year Stuckey built his own store in Eastman. The year after that, he opened another store in Unadilla, Georgia. Another soon followed in Hilliard, Florida with each Stuckey’s making their own candy on site.
Unfortunately, Stuckey’s franchise expansion was slowed by World War II when Stuckey was forced to close his Unadilla branch. Sometime later, the Hilliard Stuckey’s burned to the ground. However, during the war, Stuckey managed to stay afloat during the after buying a candy making factory in Jacksonville, Florida, and securing government contracts making candy for the troops.
After the war ended, Stuckey's business once again began to grow as it opened a number of new franchises. The company then constructed its own candy factory in Eastman to supply an eventual 350-plus Stuckey's stores located throughout the continental US. As the post-war baby boom flourished and families undertook more long-distance auto travel, Stuckey's continued to grow along major highways, often paired with Texaco gas stations.
Downfall, then rise
After a failed attempt to go into the hospitality business in the early 1960s with Stuckey's Carriage Inns (only four of the motels were actually built), and with over 368 stores across the country now filled with candy, novelty toys, and kitschy souvenirs, the franchise seemed to become something bigger than one man alone could handle. As a result, Stuckey sold his franchise to Pet, Inc., maker of Pet Milk.
W.S. Stuckey, Sr. died in 1977, the same year that Illinois Central Industries, a Chicago conglomerate, bought Pet Milk Co., and they began to close Stuckey’s stores across the country. By the end of the decade, only 75 original Stuckey’s stores remained.
Nevertheless, in 1984, W.S. “Billy” Stuckey, Jr., son of the founder and a five-term Congressman from the 8th District of Georgia, repurchased Stuckey’s and began to turn the company around. Billy had a new idea for the company – Stuckey’s Express, a store-within-a-store concept that resulted in over 165 licensed Stuckey’s Express stores in 17 states. He also sold the Eastman candy making plant to Standard Candy Company in Nashville, Tennessee who shuttered it during the 2009 recession. Still, Stuckey’s world-famous pecan log rolls and other pecan candies would continue to be made by outside vendors.
Stuckey’s “comeback” really began taking off, however, after W.S. Stuckey, Sr.’s granddaughter, Ethel “Stephanie” Stuckey, a former Georgia State Representative herself, took her life’s savings, bought the company and became its CEO in November 2019.
Back in family hands once again, in August of 2020, Stuckey’s acquired Front Porch Pecans, a pecan snack company that sells to domestic and foreign markets, including grocery channels in the Southeast U.S. With this merger, Stuckey’s gained management support with R.G. Lamar as new President to run Stuckey’s with Stephanie, as well as a new product line to market to more health-conscious consumers.
In January of 2021, Stephanie and R.G. acquired Atwell Pecans, The Orchards Gourmet, and Thames corporations to add candy making, pecan processing, and fundraising businesses to the company’s portfolio.
Today, Stuckey’s has 65 licensed locations, a distribution center based in Eastman, a pecan and candy plant to make their own Stuckey’s products, an active online business, and some 200 retailers that sell Stuckey’s pecan snacks and candies. With fresh leadership, new acquisitions, and increased market share for Georgia’s homegrown nut, the pecan, Stuckey’s is on the rebound.
Stuckey hopes to eventually own a handful of Stuckey’s interstate stores to revive the original premise behind the company as a “roadside oasis” while continuing to build up the candy making side of the business to secure its future for another 85 years.
See also
Nickerson Farms
Horne's (restaurant)
References
External links
See also
Nickerson Farms
Horne's (restaurant)
Companies based in Dodge County, Georgia
American companies established in 1937
Retail companies established in 1937
Convenience stores of the United States
Economy of the Southeastern United States
Franchises
1937 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) | 1 | 1 |
64677241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linzhiite | Linzhiite | Linzhiite is an iron silicide mineral with the formula FeSi2. It was discovered in the 1960s in Donetsk Oblast in Soviet Union, and named ferdisilicite, but was not approved by the International Mineralogical Association. It was later rediscovered near Linzhi in Tibet. Linzhiite occurs together with other rare iron silicide minerals, xifengite (Fe5Si3) and naquite (FeSi).
References
Iron minerals | 0 | -1 |
55023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin%20dynasty%20%281115%E2%80%931234%29 | Jin dynasty (1115–1234) | The Jin dynasty (, ; ) or Jin State (; Jurchen: Anchun Gurun), officially known as the Great Jin (), lasted from 1115 to 1234 as one of the last dynasties in Chinese history to predate the Mongol conquest of China. Its name is sometimes written as Kin, Jurchen Jin or Jinn in English to differentiate it from an earlier Jìn dynasty of China whose name is identical when transcribed without tone marker diacritics in the Hanyu Pinyin system for Standard Chinese. It is also sometimes called the "Jurchen dynasty" or the "Jurchen Jin", because members of the ruling Wanyan clan were of Jurchen descent.
The Jin emerged from Taizu's rebellion against the Liao dynasty (916–1125), which held sway over northern China until the nascent Jin drove the Liao to the Western Regions, where they became known in historiography as the Western Liao. After vanquishing the Liao, the Jin launched a century-long campaign against the Han-led Song dynasty (960–1279), which was based in southern China. Over the course of their rule, the ethnic Jurchen emperors of the Jin dynasty adapted to Han customs, and even fortified the Great Wall against the rising Mongols. Domestically, the Jin oversaw a number of cultural advancements, such as the revival of Confucianism.
After spending centuries as vassals of the Jin, the Mongols invaded under Genghis Khan in 1211 and inflicted catastrophic defeats on the Jin armies. After numerous defeats, revolts, defections, and coups, they succumbed to Mongol conquest 23 years later in 1234.
Name
The Jin dynasty was officially known as the "Great Jin" at that time. Furthermore, the Jin emperors referred to their state as China, Zhongguo (), just as some other non-Han dynasties. Non-Han rulers expanded the definition of "China" to include non-Han peoples in addition to Han people whenever they ruled China. Jin documents indicate that the usage of "China" by dynasties to refer to themselves began earlier than previously thought.
History
Origin
The original homeland of the Jurchens was the forested mountain areas of what is now eastern Manchuria and Russia's Primorsky Krai, but they had spread to the Songhua River basin by the tenth century. Unlike the nomadic Khitans and Mongols, the Jurchens were hunters and fishers, while those who moved to the plains practiced agriculture. During Tang times, the Jurchens formed part of the Mohe people and were subjects of the Bohai kingdom until its conquest by the Liao dynasty in 926. Two groups were considered ancestors of the Jurchen people: the Heishui Mohe ("Black River Mohe"), named after the Amur River, and the Wuguo ("Five Nations") federation, which lived to the northeast of nodern Jilin.
By the 10th century, the Jurchens had become vassals of the Khitan rulers of the Liao dynasty. While most Jurchen groups in the Northeast China Plain became Liao subjects, some sought to establish direct relations with other countries such as the Song dynasty and Goryeo. The Jurchens sent a number of tributary and trade missions to the Song capital Kaifeng, which the Liao tried unsuccessfully to prevent. Some Jurchens paid tribute to Goryeo and the Jurchens sided with the latter during the Khitan–Goryeo War. They offered tribute to both courts out of political necessity and the attraction of material benefits.
In the 11th century, there was widespread discontent against Khitan rule among the Jurchens, as the Liao violently extorted annual tribute from the Jurchen tribes. Leveraging the Jurchens' desire of independence from the Khitans, chief Wugunai of the Wanyan clan rose to prominence, dominating all of eastern Manchuria from Mount Changbai to the Wuguo tribes. His grandson Aguda eventually founded the Jin dynasty.
Wanyan Aguda
The Jin dynasty was created in modern Jilin and Heilongjiang by the Jurchen tribal chieftain Aguda in 1115. According to tradition, Aguda was a descendant of Hanpu. Aguda adopted the term for "gold" as the name of his state, itself a translation of "Anchuhu" River, which meant "golden" in Jurchen. This river, known as Alechuka in modern Chinese, is a tributary of the Songhua River east of Harbin. The Jurchens' early rulers were the Khitan-led Liao dynasty, which had held sway over modern north and northeast China and the Mongolian Plateau, for several centuries. In 1121, the Jurchens entered into the Alliance Conducted at Sea with the Han-led Northern Song dynasty and agreed to jointly invade the Liao dynasty. While the Song armies faltered, the Jurchens succeeded in driving the Liao to Central Asia. In 1125, after the death of Aguda, the Jin dynasty broke its alliance with the Song dynasty and invaded north China. When the Song dynasty reclaimed the Han-populated Sixteen Prefectures, they were "fiercely resisted" by the Han Chinese population there who had previously been under Liao rule, while when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all and handed over the Southern Capital (present-day Beijing, then known as Yanjing) to them. The Jurchens were supported by the anti-Song, Beijing-based noble Han clans. The Han Chinese who worked for the Liao were viewed as hostile enemies by the Song dynasty. Song Han Chinese also defected to the Jin. One crucial mistake that the Song made during this joint attack was the removal of the defensive forest it originally built along the Song-Liao border. Because of the removal of this landscape barrier, in 1126/27, the Jin army marched quickly across the North China Plain to Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng). On 9 January 1127, the Jurchens ransacked the Imperial palaces in Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song dynasty, capturing both Emperor Qinzong and his father, Emperor Huizong, who had abdicated in panic in the face of the Jin invasion. Following the fall of Bianjing, the succeeding Southern Song dynasty continued to fight the Jin dynasty for over a decade, eventually signing the Treaty of Shaoxing in 1141, which called for the cession of all Song territories north of the Huai River to the Jin dynasty and the execution of Song general Yue Fei in return for peace. The peace treaty was formally ratified on 11 October 1142 when a Jin envoy visited the Song court.
Having conquered Kaifeng and occupied North China, the Jin later deliberately chose earth as its dynastic element and yellow as its royal color. According to the theory of the Five Elements (wuxing), the earth element follows the fire, the dynastic element of the Song, in the sequence of elemental creation. Therefore, this ideological move shows that the Jin regarded the Song reign of China was officially over and themselves as the rightful ruler of China Proper.
Migration south
After taking over Northern China, the Jin dynasty became increasingly sinicised. About three million people, half of them Jurchens, migrated south into northern China over two decades, and this minority governed about 30 million people. The Jurchens were given land grants and organised into hereditary military units: 300 households formed a (company) and 7–10 formed a (battalion). Many married Han Chinese, although the ban on Jurchen nobles marrying Han Chinese was not lifted until 1191. After Emperor Taizong died in 1135, the next three Jin emperors were grandsons of Aguda by three different princes. Emperor Xizong (r. 1135–1149) studied the classics and wrote Chinese poetry. He adopted Han Chinese cultural traditions, but the Jurchen nobles had the top positions.
Later in life, Emperor Xizong became an alcoholic and executed many officials for criticising him. He also had Jurchen leaders who opposed him murdered, even those in the Wanyan clan. In 1149 he was murdered by a cabal of relatives and nobles, who made his cousin Wanyan Liang the next Jin emperor. Because of the brutality of both his domestic and foreign policy, Wanyan Liang was posthumously demoted from the position of emperor. Consequently, historians have commonly referred to him by the posthumous name "Prince of Hailing".
Rebellions in the north
Having usurped the throne, Wanyan Liang embarked on the program of legitimising his rule as an emperor of China. In 1153, he moved the empire's main capital from Huining Prefecture (south of present-day Harbin) to the former Liao capital, Yanjing (present-day Beijing). Four years later, in 1157, to emphasise the permanence of the move, he razed the nobles' residences in Huining Prefecture. Wanyan Liang also reconstructed the former Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng), which had been sacked in 1127, making it the Jin's southern capital.
Wanyan Liang also tried to suppress dissent by killing Jurchen nobles, executing 155 princes. To fulfil his dream of becoming the ruler of all China, Wanyan Liang attacked the Southern Song dynasty in 1161. Meanwhile, two simultaneous rebellions erupted in Shangjing, at the Jurchens' former power base: led by Wanyan Liang's cousin, soon-to-be crowned Wanyan Yong, and the other of Khitan tribesmen. Wanyan Liang had to withdraw Jin troops from southern China to quell the uprisings. The Jin forces were defeated by Song forces in the Battle of Caishi and Battle of Tangdao. With a depleted military force, Wanyan Liang failed to make headway in his attempted invasion of the Southern Song dynasty. Finally he was assassinated by his own generals in December 1161, due to his defeats. His son and heir was also assassinated in the capital.
Although crowned in October, Wanyan Yong (Emperor Shizong) was not officially recognised as emperor until the murder of Wanyan Liang's heir. The Khitan uprising was not suppressed until 1164; their horses were confiscated so that the rebels had to take up farming. Other Khitan and Xi cavalry units had been incorporated into the Jin army. Because these internal uprisings had severely weakened the Jin's capacity to confront the Southern Song militarily, the Jin court under Emperor Shizong began negotiating for peace. The Treaty of Longxing (隆興和議) was signed in 1164 and ushered in more than 40 years of peace between the two empires.
In the early 1180s, Emperor Shizong instituted a restructuring of 200 meng'an units to remove tax abuses and help Jurchens. Communal farming was encouraged. The Jin Empire prospered and had a large surplus of grain in reserve. Although learned in Chinese classics, Emperor Shizong was also known as a promoter of Jurchen language and culture; during his reign, a number of Chinese classics were translated into Jurchen, the Imperial Jurchen Academy was founded, and the imperial examinations started to be offered in the Jurchen language. Emperor Shizong's reign (1161–1189) was remembered by the posterity as the time of comparative peace and prosperity, and the emperor himself was compared to the mythological rulers Yao and Shun. Poor Jurchen families in the southern Routes (Daming and Shandong) Battalion and Company households tried to live the lifestyle of wealthy Jurchen families and avoid doing farming work by selling their own Jurchen daughters into slavery and renting their land to Han tenants. The Wealthy Jurchens feasted and drank and wore damask and silk. The History of Jin (Jinshi) says that Emperor Shizong of Jin took note and attempted to halt these things in 1181.
Emperor Shizong's grandson, Emperor Zhangzong (r. 1189–1208), venerated Jurchen values, but he also immersed himself in Han Chinese culture and married an ethnic Han Chinese woman. The Taihe Code of law was promulgated in 1201 and was based mostly on the Tang Code. In 1207, the Southern Song dynasty attempted an invasion, but the Jin forces effectively repulsed them. In the peace agreement, the Song dynasty had to pay higher annual indemnities and behead Han Tuozhou, the leader of the hawkish faction in the Song imperial court.
Fall of Jin
Starting from the early 13th century, the Jin dynasty began to feel the pressure of Mongols from the north. Genghis Khan first led the Mongols into Western Xia territory in 1205 and ravaged it four years later. In 1211 about 50,000 Mongol horsemen invaded the Jin Empire and began absorbing Khitan and Jurchen rebels. The Jin had a large army with 150,000 cavalry but abandoned the "western capital" Datong (see also the Battle of Yehuling). The next year the Mongols went north and looted the Jin "eastern capital", and in 1213 they besieged the "central capital", Zhongdu (present-day Beijing). In 1214 the Jin made a humiliating treaty but retained the capital. That summer, Emperor Xuanzong abandoned the central capital and moved the government to the "southern capital" Kaifeng, making it the official seat of the Jin dynasty's power.
In 1216, a hawkish faction in the Jin imperial court persuaded Emperor Xuanzong to attack the Song dynasty, but in 1219 they were defeated at the same place by the Yangtze River where Wanyan Liang had been defeated in 1161. The Jin dynasty now faced a two front war that they could not afford. Furthermore, Emperor Aizong won a succession struggle against his brother and then quickly ended the war and went back to the capital. He made peace with the Tanguts of Western Xia, who had been allied with the Mongols.
The Jurchen Jin emperor Wanyan Yongji's daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader Genghis Khan in exchange for relieving the Mongol siege upon Zhongdu (Beijing) in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty.
Many Han Chinese and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze and Liu Heima (), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala (蕭札剌) defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor, Ögedei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were four Han tumens and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals Shimo Beidi'er (石抹孛迭兒), Tabuyir (塔不已兒), and Xiao Zhongxi (; Xiao Zhala's son) commanded the three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals Zhang Rou (), Yan Shi (), Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ögedei Khan.
Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived under Jin rule. Inter-ethnic marriage between Han Chinese and Jurchens became common at this time. His father was Shi Bingzhi (史秉直). Shi Bingzhi married a Jurchen woman (surname Nahe) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Zhang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother. Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives. His Jurchen wives' surnames were Monian and Nahe, his Korean wife's surname was Li, and his Han Chinese wife's surname was Shi. Shi Tianze defected to the Mongol forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty. His son, Shi Gang, married a Keraite woman; the Keraites were Mongolified Turkic people and considered as part of the "Mongol nation". Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi and other Han Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new Mongol state.
The Mongols created a "Han Army" () out of defected Jin troops, and another army out of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" ().
Genghis Khan died in 1227 while his armies were attacking Western Xia. His successor, Ögedei Khan, invaded the Jin dynasty again in 1232 with assistance from the Southern Song dynasty. The Jurchens tried to resist; but when the Mongols besieged Kaifeng in 1233, Emperor Aizong fled south to the city of Caizhou. A Song–Mongol allied army surrounded the capital, and the next year Emperor Aizong committed suicide by hanging himself to avoid being captured in the Mongols besieged Caizhou, ending the Jin dynasty in 1234. The territory of the Jin dynasty was to be divided between the Mongols and the Song dynasty. However, due to lingering territorial disputes, the Song dynasty and the Mongols eventually went to war with one another over these territories.
In Empire of The Steppes, René Grousset reports that the Mongols were always amazed at the valour of the Jurchen warriors, who held out until seven years after the death of Genghis Khan.
Military
Contemporary Chinese writers ascribed Jurchen success in overwhelming the Liao and Northern Song dynasties mainly to their cavalry. Already during Aguda's rebellion against the Liao dynasty, all Jurchen fighters were mounted. It was said that the Jurchen cavalry tactics were a carryover from their hunting skills. Jurchen horsemen were provided with heavy armor; on occasions, they would use a team of horses attached to each other with chains (Guaizi Ma).
As the Liao dynasty fell apart and the Song dynasty retreated beyond the Yangtze, the army of the new Jin dynasty absorbed many soldiers who formerly fought for the Liao or Song dynasties. The new Jin empire adopted many of the Song military's weapons, including various machines for siege warfare and artillery. In fact, the Jin military's use of cannons, grenades, and even rockets to defend besieged Kaifeng against the Mongols in 1233 is considered the first ever battle in human history in which gunpowder was used effectively, even though it failed to prevent the eventual Jin defeat.
On the other hand, the Jin military was not particularly good at naval warfare. Both in 1129–30 and in 1161 Jin forces were defeated by the Southern Song navies when trying to cross the Yangtze River into the core Southern Song territory (see Battle of Tangdao and Battle of Caishi), even though for the latter campaign the Jin had equipped a large navy of their own, using Han Chinese shipbuilders and even Han Chinese captains who had defected from the Southern Song.
In 1130, the Jin army reached Hangzhou and Ningbo in southern China. But heavy Chinese resistance and the geography of the area halted the Jin advance, and they were forced to retreat and withdraw, and they had not been able to escape the Song navy when trying to return until they were directed by a Han Chinese defector who helped them escape in Zhenjiang. Southern China was then cleared of the Jurchen forces.
The Jin military was organised through the meng-an mou-k'o system, which seemed to be similar to the later Eight Banners of the Qing dynasty. Meng-an is from the Mongol word for thousand, mingghan (see Military of the Yuan dynasty) while mou-k'o means clan or tribe. Groups of fifty households known as p'u-li-yen were grouped together as a mou-k'o, while seven to ten mou-k'o formed a meng-an, and several meng-an were grouped into a wanhu, Chinese for Ten Thousand Households. This was not only a military structure but also grouped all Jurchen households for economic and administrative functions. Khitans and Han Chinese soldiers who had defected to the Jin dynasty were also assigned into their own meng-an. All male members of the households were required to serve in the military; the servants of the household would serve as auxiliaries to escort their masters in battle. The numbers of Han Chinese soldiers in the Jin armies seemed to be very significant.
Jin Great Wall
In order to prevent incursion from the Mongols, a large construction program was launched. The records show that two important sections of the Great Wall were completed by the Jurchens.
The Great Wall as constructed by the Jurchens differed from the previous dynasties. Known as the Border Fortress or the Boundary Ditch of the Jin, it was formed by digging ditches within which lengths of wall were built. In some places subsidiary walls and ditches were added for extra strength. The construction was started in about 1123 and completed by about 1198. The two sections attributable to the Jin dynasty are known as the Old Mingchang Walls and New Great Walls, together stretching more than 2,000 kilometres in length.
Government
The government of the Jin dynasty merged Jurchen customs with institutions adopted from the Liao and Song dynasties. The pre-dynastic Jurchen government was based on the quasi-egalitarian tribal council. Jurchen society at the time did not have a strong political hierarchy. The Shuo Fu (說郛) records that the Jurchen tribes were not ruled by central authority and locally elected their chieftains. Tribal customs were retained after Aguda united the Jurchen tribes and formed the Jin dynasty, coexisting alongside more centralised institutions. The Jin dynasty had five capitals, a practice they adopted from the Balhae and the Liao. The Jin had to overcome the difficulties of controlling a multicultural empire composed of territories once ruled by the Liao and Northern Song. The solution of the early Jin government was to establish separate government structures for different ethnic groups.
Culture
Because the Jin had few contacts with its southern neighbour, the Song dynasty, different cultural developments took place in both states. Within Confucianism, the "Learning of the Way" that developed and became orthodox in Song did not take root in Jin. Jin scholars put more emphasis on the work of northern Song scholar and poet Su Shi (1037–1101) than on Zhu Xi's (1130–1200) scholarship, which constituted the foundation of the Learning of the Way.
Architecture
The Jin pursued a revival of Tang dynasty urban design with architectural projects in Kaifeng and Zhongdu (modern Beijing), building for instance a bell tower and drum tower to announce the night curfew (which was revived after being abolished under the Song). The Jurchens followed Khitan precedent of living in tents amidst the Chinese-style architecture, which were in turn based on the Song dynasty Kaifeng model.
Religion
Taoism
A significant branch of Taoism called the Quanzhen School was founded under the Jin by Wang Zhe (1113–1170), a Han Chinese man who founded formal congregations in 1167 and 1168. Wang took the nickname of Wang Chongyang (Wang "Double Yang") and the disciples he took were retrospectively known as the "seven patriarchs of Quanzhen". The flourishing of ci poetry that characterized Jin literature was tightly linked to Quanzhen, as two-thirds of the ci poetry written in Jin times was composed by Quanzhen Taoists.
The Jin state sponsored an edition of the Taoist Canon that is known as the Precious Canon of the Mysterious Metropolis of the Great Jin (Da Jin Xuandu baozang 大金玄都寶藏). Based on a smaller version of the Canon printed by Emperor Huizong (r. 1100–1125) of the Song dynasty, it was completed in 1192 under the direction and support of Emperor Zhangzong (r. 1190–1208). In 1188, Zhangzong's grandfather and predecessor Shizong (r. 1161–1189) had ordered the woodblocks for the Song Canon transferred from Kaifeng (the former Northern Song capital that had now become the Jin "Southern Capital") to the Central Capital's "Abbey of Celestial Perpetuity" or Tianchang guan 天長觀, on the site of what is now the White Cloud Temple in Beijing. Other Daoist writings were also moved there from another abbey in the Central Capital. Zhangzong instructed the abbey's superintendent Sun Mingdao 孫明道 and two civil officials to prepare a complete Canon for printing. After sending people on a "nationwide search for scriptures" (which yielded 1,074 fascicles of text that was not included in the Huizong edition of the Canon) and securing donations for printing, in 1192 Sun Mingdao proceeded to cut the new woodblocks. The final print consisted of 6,455 fascicles. Though the Jin emperors occasionally offered copies of the Canon as gifts, not a single fragment of it has survived.
Buddhism
A Buddhist Canon or "Tripitaka" was also produced in Shanxi, the same place where an enhanced version of the Jin-sponsored Taoist Canon would be reprinted in 1244. The project was initiated in 1139 by a Buddhist nun named Cui Fazhen, who swore (and allegedly "broke her arm to seal the oath") that she would raise the necessary funds to make a new official edition of the Canon printed by the Northern Song. Completed in 1173, the Jin Tripitaka counted about 7,000 fascicles, "a major achievement in the history of Buddhist private printing." It was further expanded during the Yuan.
Buddhism thrived during the Jin, both in its relation with the imperial court and in society in general. Many sutras were also carved on stone tablets. The donors who funded such inscriptions included members of the Jin imperial family, high officials, common people, and Buddhist priests. Some sutras have only survived from these carvings, which are thus highly valuable to the study of Chinese Buddhism. At the same time, the Jin court sold monk certificates for revenue. This practice was initiated in 1162 by Shizong to fund his wars, and stopped three years later when war was over. His successor Zhanzong used the same method to raise military funds in 1197 and one year later to raise money to fight famine in the Western Capital. The same practice was used again in 1207 (to fight the Song and more famine) as well as under the reigns of emperors Weishao (r. 1209–1213) and Xuanzong (r. 1213–1224) to fight the Mongols.
Fashion
List of emperors
Emperors family tree
See also
Eastern Xia
Jurchen Jin emperors family tree
Korean–Jurchen border conflicts
Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars
References
Citations
Sources
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External links
States and territories established in 1115
States and territories disestablished in 1234
Dynasties in Chinese history
Former countries in Chinese history
1234 disestablishments in Asia
13th-century disestablishments in China
12th century in China
13th century in China | 0 | -1 |
49914898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20P%C3%A5lsson | Adam Pålsson | Adam Gustav Justus Pålsson (born 25March 1988) is a Swedish actor and musician. He has worked at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and is known for his portrayal of Kurt Wallander in the Netflix web series Young Wallander, as a lead [Christian] in the TV series “Before We Die” and as the lead Tom Blixen in the TV series Moscow Noir.
Pålsson was educated at the Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting in Stockholm between 2008 and 2011. In 2012, he had his own play Frida är gravid! put up at Teater Galeasen. He has also written and performed his own version of Hamlet, inspired by William Shakespeare and Heiner Müller at Stockholms stadsteater in 2010.
Pålsson is perhaps best known for his role in Jonas Gardell's series Don't Ever Wipe Tears Without Gloves which was broadcast on Swedish Television, and for playing the lead role in Ted: För kärlekens skull, a 2018 biopic about the Swedish singer/songwriter Ted Gärdestad. He also played a major role, as Emil, in the third series of The Bridge.
Pålsson used to be the lead singer in an indie rock group, ÅR&DAR.
He played Mads in Armando Iannucci’s space sitcom Avenue 5 who was a gormless but good-looking crew-member. Initially he was supposed to be an extra, but was given a part and a name. Pålsson went for the role as he admires Iannucci so much.
He plays Kurt Wallander in the 2020 Netflix/Yellow Bird production Young Wallander. In an interview in The Guardian he explained he was able to connect with the character of Wallander as his family are from the same area of Sweden. He is also the only Swedish actor in the series.
He played in the Swedish crime drama series Before We Die in both seasons 1 and 2 that can be seen on Walter Presents.
References
External links
Living people
1988 births
People from Haninge Municipality
Male actors from Stockholm
21st-century Swedish male actors
21st-century Swedish singers
21st-century Swedish male singers | 0 | -1 |
55656881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris%20J | Harris J | Harris Jung, known professionally as Harris J, is a British singer who signed with Awakening in 2013. He is a graduate of London's BRIT School of Performing Arts. In 2017, he published a children's book entitled Salam Alaikum: A Message of Peace.
References
External links
ABtalks with Harris J, April 2021
Living people
Performers of Islamic music
Awakening Music artists
British Muslims
British people of Irish descent
British people of Indian descent
British people of Jamaican descent
Year of birth missing (living people) | 0 | -1 |
142049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority%20Report%20%28film%29 | Minority Report (film) | Minority Report is a 2002 American science fiction film directed by Steven Spielberg, loosely based on the 1956 short story "The Minority Report" by Philip K. Dick. The film is set in Washington, D.C. and Northern Virginia in the year 2054, where Precrime, a specialized police department, apprehends criminals based on foreknowledge provided by three psychics called "precogs". The cast stars Tom Cruise as Precrime Chief John Anderton, Colin Farrell as Department of Justice agent Danny Witwer, Samantha Morton as precog Agatha Lively, and Max von Sydow as Precrime director Lamar Burgess.
The film combines elements of tech noir, whodunit, thriller and science fiction genres, as well as a traditional chase film, as the main protagonist is accused of a crime he has not committed and becomes a fugitive. Spielberg has characterized the story as "fifty percent character and fifty percent very complicated storytelling with layers and layers of murder mystery and plot". The film's central theme is the question of free will versus determinism. It examines whether free will can exist if the future is set and known in advance. Other themes include the role of preventive government in protecting its citizenry, the role of media in a future state where technological advancements make its presence nearly boundless, the potential legality of an infallible prosecutor, and Spielberg's perennial theme of broken families.
The film was first optioned in 1992, as a sequel to another Dick adaptation, Total Recall, and started its development in 1997, after a script by Jon Cohen reached Spielberg and Cruise. Production suffered many delays due to Cruise's Mission: Impossible 2 and Spielberg's A.I. running over schedule, eventually starting in March 2001. During pre-production, Spielberg consulted numerous scientists in an attempt to present a more plausible future world than that seen in other science fiction films, and some of the technology designs in the film have proven prescient.
Minority Report was one of the best-reviewed films of 2002 and was nominated for several awards. It received an Academy Award nomination for Best Sound Editing, and eleven Saturn Award nominations, including Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor, and Saturn Award for Best Music, winning Best Science Fiction Film, Best Direction, Best Writing, and Best Supporting Actress. The film earned over $358 million worldwide against an overall budget of $142 million. Over four million DVDs were sold in its first few months of home release.
Plot
In April 2054, the federal government plans to nationally implement Washington, D.C.'s prototype "Precrime" police program: as three clairvoyant humans ("Precogs") visualize an impending homicide, officers analyze the data to determine the crime's location and apprehend the perpetrator before the crime occurs. The Precogs - Agatha Lively and twins Arthur and Dashiell "Dash" Arkadin - lie in a shallow pool, under sleep-inducing drugs that deprive them of external stimuli. Their thoughts are projected onscreen and stored in a database. Would-be killers are imprisoned in a benevolent virtual reality state. Although Precrime has eliminated nearly all premeditated murders during its six-year existence, spontaneous crimes of passion or "red ball" killings remain problematic, where police have an hour or less to stop the murder.
John Anderton, the commanding officer of Precrime, joined the program after his son, Sean, was kidnapped and never found. He is depressed, withdrawn, and addicted to neuroin, a fictional hard drug; and his wife Lara has since left him. While United States Department of Justice agent Danny Witwer audits the Precrime operation, the Precogs predict that in 36 hours Anderton will kill Leo Crow, a man whom Anderton has never met. Anderton flees the facility, prompting a manhunt led by Witwer.
Anderton visits Precrime founder Dr. Iris Hineman at her home and learns that one Precog occasionally sees a different future vision from the others, known as a "minority report." These discrepancies are reviewed and purged from the official record, as group precognition agreement is the foundation of the Precrime bylaws. However, the Precogs still retain their individual memories. Anderton also discovers that early neuroin adopters and addicts had been predisposed to having mentally disabled children, many of whom had precognitive abilities and were tested—often fatally—and three of whom were submitted to Precrime. Anderton returns to Precrime and kidnaps Agatha, described by Hineman as the most clairvoyant Precog, shutting down the group-mind on which Precrime depends. Anderton and Agatha track Crow to a hotel room and find numerous photos of children, including Sean; Anderton accuses Crow of killing Sean, but Crow claims he was hired to plant the photos. He wants Anderton to kill him so that his family can benefit from his death. When Anderton refuses, Crow kills himself in a similar manner to the Precog file.
Anderton fails to find a minority report within Agatha's mind, but discovers a memory of a murder from five years earlier; the victim was Agatha's mother, Anne Lively, who sold her daughter to Precrime while addicted to neuroin. After breaking her addiction, she tried to reclaim Agatha, but was drowned by a hooded figure. Witwer simultaneously investigates the same case independently and learns that two attempts were made on Lively's life: the first was thwarted by Precrime, but the second one succeeded shortly after. Witwer reports his findings to Precrime Director Lamar Burgess, who kills him without being detected since the Precog system is offline. Anderton is eventually captured and imprisoned on suspected murder of Crow and Witwer, and Agatha is reconnected to the system.
During a banquet in Burgess's honor, Anderton - released from prison by Lana - contacts him and reveals the truth. Knowing that Precrime cannot function without Agatha, Burgess hired a neuroin addict to kill Lively, and the attempt was stopped by Precrime personnel. Once they departed, Burgess killed Lively in a manner identical to the first attempt and the actual murder footage was deleted by technicians as a misidentified "echo."
After Agatha is returned to Precrime, a new Precrime report is generated, showing that Burgess will kill Anderton. The two meet and Anderton states the dilemma Burgess now faces: kill him and validate Precrime at the cost of his own freedom, or spare him and see the program be discredited and shut down. Anderton states that Burgess can change his own future since he now knows it. Burgess shoots himself, and asks Anderton for forgiveness.
Anderton and Lara reconcile, with Lara becoming pregnant with another child. Precrime is abandoned and all prisoners are pardoned and released, though many remain under police surveillance. Agatha and the twins are moved to an "undisclosed location" to live in peace.
Cast
Tom Cruise as Chief John Anderton, Precrime program commanding officer.
Max von Sydow as Lamar Burgess, Director of Precrime.
Colin Farrell as Danny Witwer, agent from Department of Justice.
Samantha Morton as Agatha Lively, described as the most "talented" of the three precogs.
Michael and Matthew Dickman as Arthur and Dashiell "Dash" Arkadin, the precog twins.
Lois Smith as Dr. Iris Hineman, creator of precrime.
Kathryn Morris as Lara Anderton, estranged wife of Anderton.
Tyler Patrick Jones as Sean Anderton, John and Lara's son supposedly murdered by Crow.
Mike Binder as Leo Crow, the precrime victim who is supposed to be killed by Anderton.
Steve Harris as Jad Watson, agent who assists Anderton in temple.
Jessica Harper as Anne Lively, Agatha's mother.
Tim Blake Nelson as Gideon, a guard of the Precrime prison.
Daniel London as Norbert "Wally" Wallace, the caretaker of the Precogs.
Peter Stormare as Dr. Solomon P. Eddie, an underground surgeon who replaces Anderton's eyes.
The cast also features Neal McDonough as Gordon "Fletch" Fletcher and Patrick Kilpatrick as Geoffrey Knott, Precrime officers, Jessica Capshaw as Evanna, Precrime's transport pilot, Jason Antoon as Rufus T. Riley, cyber parlor proprietor; Nancy Linehan Charles as Celeste Burgess, Lamar's wife; Victor Raider-Wexler as Attorney General Arthur Nash, Arye Gross as Howard Marks, Ashley Crow as Sarah Marks, David Stifel as Lycon, Anna Maria Horsford as Casey, Joel Gretsch as Donald Dubin, Tom Choi as Nick Paymen, Caroline Lagerfelt as Greta van Eyck, William Mapother (Tom Cruise's cousin) as a Hotel Clerk, and Jamie Foxx as Edward "Buttons".
Cameron Diaz, Cameron Crowe, and Paul Thomas Anderson make uncredited cameo appearances as subway passengers.
Production
Development
Dick's story was first optioned by producer and writer Gary Goldman in 1992. He created the initial script for the film with Ron Shusett and Robert Goethals (uncredited). It was supposed to be a sequel to the 1990 Dick adaptation Total Recall, which starred Arnold Schwarzenegger. Novelist Jon Cohen was hired in 1997 to adapt the story for a potential film version that would have been directed by Dutch filmmaker Jan de Bont. Meanwhile, Cruise and Spielberg, who met and became friends on the set of Cruise's film Risky Business in 1983, had been looking to collaborate for ten years. Spielberg was set to direct Cruise in Rain Man, but left to make Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Cruise read Cohen's script, and passed it onto Spielberg, who felt it needed some work. Spielberg was not directly involved in the writing of the script, though he was allowed to decide whether the picture's screenplay was ready to be filmed. When Cohen submitted an acceptable revision, he called Cruise and said, "Yeah, I'll do this version of the script." In that version, Witwer creates a false disk which shows Anderton killing him. When Anderton sees the clip, his belief in the infallibility of the precogs' visions convinces him it is true, therefore the precogs have a vision of him killing Witwer. At the end, Anderton shoots Witwer and one of the brother precogs finishes him off, because Witwer had slain his twin. Spielberg was attracted to the story because as both a mystery and a film set 50 years in the future, it allowed him to do "a blending of genres" which intrigued him.
In 1998, the pair joined Minority Report and announced the production as a joint venture of Spielberg's DreamWorks and Amblin Entertainment, 20th Century Fox, Cruise's Cruise/Wagner Productions, and De Bont's production company, Blue Tulip. Spielberg however stated that despite being credited, De Bont never became involved with the film. Cruise and Spielberg, at the latter's insistence, reportedly agreed to each take 15% of the gross instead of any money up front to try to keep the film's budget under $100 million. Spielberg said he had done the same with name actors in the past to great success: "Tom Hanks took no cash for Saving Private Ryan but he made a lot of money on his profit participation." He made this agreement a prerequisite:
Production was delayed for several years. The original plan was to begin filming after Cruise's Mission: Impossible 2 was finished, but that film ran over schedule, which also allowed Spielberg time to bring in screenwriter Scott Frank to rework Cohen's screenplay. John August did an uncredited draft to polish the script, and Frank Darabont was also invited to rewrite, but was by then busy with The Majestic. The film closely follows Scott Frank's final script (completed May 16, 2001), and contains much of Cohen's third draft (May 24, 1997). Frank removed the character of Senator Malcolm from Cohen's screenplay, and inserted Burgess, who became the "bad guy". He also rewrote Witwer from a villain to a "good guy", as he was in the short story. In contrast to Spielberg's next science fiction picture, War of the Worlds, which he called "100 percent character" driven, Spielberg said the story for Minority Report became "50 percent character and 50 percent very complicated storytelling with layers and layers of murder mystery and plot." According to film scholar Warren Buckland, Cohen and Frank apparently did not see the Goldman and Schusett screenplay, but instead worked on their own adaptation. Goldman and Schusett, however, claimed the pair used a lot of material from their script, so the issue went through the Writer's Guild arbitration process. They won a partial victory; they were not given writing credits, but were listed as executive producers. The film was delayed again so Spielberg could finish A.I. after the death of his friend Stanley Kubrick. When Spielberg originally signed on to direct, he planned to have an entirely different supporting cast. He offered the role of Witwer to Matt Damon, Iris Hineman to Meryl Streep, Burgess to Ian McKellen, Agatha to Cate Blanchett, and Lara to Jenna Elfman. Streep declined the role, Damon opted out, and the other roles were recast due to the delays. Spielberg also offered the role of Witwer to Javier Bardem, who turned it down.
Technology
After E.T., Spielberg started to consult experts, and put more scientific research into his science fiction films. In 1999, he invited fifteen experts convened by Peter Schwartz and Stewart Brand to a hotel in Santa Monica for a three-day "think tank". He wanted to consult with the group to create a plausible "future reality" for the year 2054 as opposed to a more traditional "science fiction" setting. Dubbed the "think tank summit", the experts included architect Peter Calthorpe, author Douglas Coupland, urbanist and journalist Joel Garreau, computer scientist Neil Gershenfeld, biomedical researcher Shaun Jones, computer scientist Jaron Lanier, and former Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) architecture dean William J. Mitchell. Production designer Alex McDowell kept what was nicknamed the "2054 bible", an 80-page guide created in preproduction which listed all the aspects of the future world: architectural, socio-economic, political, and technological. While the discussions did not change key elements in the film, they were influential in the creation of some of the more utopian aspects, though John Underkoffler, the science and technology advisor for the film, described it as "much grayer and more ambiguous" than what was envisioned in 1999. Underkoffler, who designed most of Anderton's interface after Spielberg told him to make it "like conducting an orchestra", said "it would be hard to identify anything [in the movie] that had no grounding in reality." McDowell teamed up with architect Greg Lynn to work on some of the technical aspects of the production design. Lynn praised his work, saying that a "lot of those things Alex cooked up for Minority Report, like the 3-D screens, have become real."
Spielberg described his ideas for the film's technology to Roger Ebert before its release:
Filming
Minority Report was the first film to have an entirely digital production design. Termed "previz", as an abbreviation of previsualization (a term borrowed from the film's narrative), production designer Alex McDowell said the system allowed them to use Photoshop in place of painters, and employ 3D animation programs (Maya and XSI) to create a simulated set, which could be filled with digital actors then used to block out shots in advance. The technology also allowed the tie-in video game and special effects companies to cull data from the previous system before the film was finished, which they used to establish parameters for their visuals. When Spielberg quickly became a fan, McDowell said "It became pretty clear that [he] wouldn't read an illustration as a finished piece, but if you did it in Photoshop and created a photorealistic environment he focused differently on it." Filming took place from March 22 to July 18, 2001, in Washington, D.C., Virginia, and Los Angeles. Film locations included the Ronald Reagan Building (as PreCrime headquarters) and Georgetown. The skyline of Rosslyn, Virginia is visible when Anderton flies across the Potomac River. A quick shot of Indian Field Creek, which crosses the Colonial Parkway in Yorktown, Virginia, is seen as John takes Agatha to his wife's house. During production, Spielberg made regular appearances on a video-only webcam based in the craft services truck, both alone and with Tom Cruise; together they conferred publicly with Ron Howard and Russell Crowe via a similar webcam on the set of "A Beautiful Mind" in New York.
The location of the small, uncharted island in the last shot of the film is Butter Island off North Haven, Maine in the Penobscot Bay.
Although it takes place in an imagined future world of advanced technology, Minority Report attempts to embody a more "realistic" depiction of the future. Spielberg decided that to be more credible, the setting had to keep both elements of the present and ones which specialists expected would be forthcoming. Thus Washington, D.C. as depicted in the movie keeps well-known buildings such as the Capitol and the Washington Monument, as well as a section of modern buildings on the other side of the Potomac River. Production designer Alex McDowell was hired based on his work in Fight Club and his storyboards for a film version of Fahrenheit 451 which would have starred Mel Gibson. McDowell studied modern architecture, and his sets contain many curves, circular shapes, and reflective materials. Costume designer Deborah L. Scott decided to make the clothes worn by the characters as simple as possible, so as not to make the depiction of the future seem dated.
The stunt crew was the same one used in Cruise's Mission: Impossible 2, and was responsible for complex action scenes. These included the auto factory chase scene, filmed in a real facility using props such as a welding robot, and the fight between Anderton and the jetpack-clad officers, filmed in an alley set built on the Warner Bros. studio lot. Industrial Light & Magic did most of the special effects, while PDI/DreamWorks was responsible for the Spyder robots. The company Pixel Liberation Front did previsualization animatics. The holographic projections and the prison facility were filmed by several roving cameras which surrounded the actors, and the scene where Anderton gets off his car and runs along the Maglev vehicles was filmed on stationary props, which were later replaced by computer-generated vehicles.
Storyline differences
Like most film adaptations of Dick's works, many aspects of his story were changed in their transition to film, such as the addition of Lamar Burgess and the change in setting from New York City to Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and Northern Virginia. The character of John Anderton was changed from a balding and out-of-shape old man to an athletic officer in his 40s to fit its portrayer and the film's action scenes. The film adds two stories of tragic families; Anderton's, and that of the three pre-cogs. In the short story, Anderton is married with no children, while in the film, he is the divorced father of a kidnapped son, who is most likely deceased. Although it is implied, but unclear in the film whether Agatha is related to the twin pre-cogs, her family was shattered when Burgess murdered her mother, Anne Lively. The precogs were intellectually disabled and deformed individuals in the story, but in the film, they are the genetically mutated offspring of drug addicts. Anderton's future murder and the reasons for the conspiracy were changed from a general who wants to discredit PreCrime to regain some military funding, to a man who murdered a precog's mother to preserve PreCrime. The subsequent murders and plot developed from this change. The film's ending also differs from the short story's. In Dick's story, Anderton prevents the closure of the PreCrime division, however, in the movie Anderton successfully brings about the end of the organization. Other aspects were updated to include current technology. For instance in the story, Anderton uses a punch card machine to interpret the precogs' visions; in the movie, he uses a virtual reality interface.
Themes
The main theme of Minority Report is the classic philosophical debate of free will versus determinism. Other themes explored by the film include involuntary commitment, the nature of political and legal systems in a high technology-advanced society, the rights of privacy in a media-dominated world, and the nature of self-perception. The film also continues to follow Spielberg's tradition of depicting broken families, which he has said is motivated by his parents' divorce when he was a child.
Music
The score was composed and conducted by John Williams and orchestrated by John Neufeld, with vocals by Deborah Dietrich. Williams normally enters Spielberg productions at an early stage, well before the movie starts shooting. For Minority Report however, his entry was delayed due to his work on Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, and he joined the film when it was nearly completed, leaving him scant production time. The soundtrack takes inspiration from Bernard Herrmann's work. Williams decided not to focus on the science fiction elements, and made a score suitable for film noir. He included traditional noir elements such as a female singer in the Anne Lively scenes, but the "sentimental scenes", which Williams considered unusual for that genre, led to soothing themes for Anderton's ex-wife Lara and son Sean. The track "Sean's Theme" is described as the only one "instantly recognizable as one of Williams'" by music critic Andrew Granade. Spielberg typified it as "a black and white score" and said, "I think Johnny Williams does a really nice bit of homage to Benny Herrmann."
In an interview which appeared in The New York Times, Williams said that the choices for many of the pieces of classical music were made by the studio. He also said that while he did not know why certain pieces were chosen, Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 8 (commonly known as the Unfinished Symphony), which features prominently in the film, was most likely included because Anderton was a big fan of classical music in the script. Some of the other choices, such as Gideon's playing of "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring" by Bach on an organ in the subterranean prison, were also in the screenplay, and he figured that "They are some writer's conception of what this character might have listened to." Williams did choose the minuet from a Haydn string quartet (Op. 64, No. 1) which plays on the radio in the scene where Dr. Hineman is gardening in her greenhouse. He said he picked the piece because "It seemed to me to be the kind of thing a woman like this would play on the radio." James R. Oestreich in The New York Times characterized the score as "evocative" and said it was "thoroughly modern" while also being "interlaced with striking snippets of masterworks", including the "lopsided waltz" from the second movement of Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6, known as the Pathétique.
In 2019, a 2-disc limited "expanded edition" was released through La-La-Land Records featuring the full score as heard in the film, along with several alternate and unused tracks as bonus material.
Style
[[Image:Minority Report bleached.jpg|thumb|Minority Report'''s unique visual style: It was overlit, and the negatives were bleach-bypassed in post-production to desaturate the colors in the film.|alt=Two men, one of whom is wearing futuristic armor and helmet. A distinctive blue tint colours the image.]]Minority Report is a futuristic film which portrays elements of a both dystopian and utopian future. The film renders a much more detailed view of its future world than the book and contains new technologies not in Dick's story. From a stylistic standpoint, Minority Report resembles Spielberg's previous film A.I., but also incorporates elements of film noir. Spielberg said that he "wanted to give the movie a noir feel. So I threw myself a film festival. Asphalt Jungle. Key Largo. The Maltese Falcon." The picture was deliberately overlit, and the negative was bleach-bypassed during post-production. The scene in which Anderton is dreaming about his son's kidnapping at the pool is the only one shot in "normal" color. Bleach-bypassing gave the film a distinctive look; it desaturated the film's colors, to the point that it nearly resembles a black-and-white movie, yet the blacks and shadows have a high contrast like a film noir picture.Vest. p. 128 The color was reduced by "about 40%" to achieve the "washed-out" appearance. Elvis Mitchell, formerly of The New York Times, commented that "The picture looks as if it were shot on chrome, caught on the fleeing bumper of a late '70s car."
Cinematographer Janusz Kamiński shot the film with high-speed film in Super 35 format to increase the overall grain, which Spielberg preferred to the then-emerging digital video format. The film's camera work is very mobile, alternating between handheld and Steadicam shots, which are "exaggerated by the use of wide angle lenses and the occasional low camera angle" to increase the perception of movement according to film scholar Warren Buckland. Kamiński said that he never used a lens longer than 27mm, and alternated between 17, 21, and 27mm lenses, as Spielberg liked to "keep the actors as close to the camera as possible". He also said, "We staged a lot of scenes in wide shots that have a lot of things happening with the frame." The duo also used several long takes to focus on the emotions of the actors, rather than employing numerous cuts. Spielberg eschewed the typical "shot reverse shot" cinematography technique used when filming characters' interactions in favor of the long takes, which were shot by a mobile, probing camera. McDowell relied on colorless chrome and glass objects of curved and circular shapes in his set designs, which, aided by the "low-key contrastive lighting", populated the film with shadows, creating a "futuristic film noir atmosphere".
Buckland describes the film's 14 minute opening sequence as the "most abstract and complex of any Spielberg film." The first scene is a distorted precog vision of a murder, presented out of context. The pace of the film is sped up, slowed, and even reversed, and the movie "jumps about in time and space" by intercutting the images in no discernible order. When it ends, it becomes clear that the scene was presented through Agatha's eyes, and that this is how previsions appear to her. Fellow scholar Nigel Morris called this scene a "trailer", because it foreshadows the plot and establishes the type of "tone, generic expectations, and enigmas" that will be used in the film. The visions of the pre-cogs are presented in a fragmented series of clips using a "squishy lens" device, which distorts the images, blurring their edges and creating ripples across them. They were created by a two-man production team, hired by Spielberg, who chose the "layered, dreamlike imagery" based on some comments from cognitive psychologists the pair consulted. In the opening's next scene, Anderton is "scrubbing the images", by standing like a composer (as Spielberg terms it), and manipulating them, while Jad assists him. Next the family involved in the murder in Agatha's vision is shown interacting, which establishes that the opening scene was a prevision. The picture then cuts back to Anderton and the precogs' images, before alternating between the three. The opening is self-contained, and according to Buckland acts merely as a setup for numerous elements of the story. It lasts 14 minutes, includes 171 shots, and has an average shot length of five seconds as opposed to the 6.5 second average for the entire film. The opening's five-second average is attained despite "very fast cutting" in the beginning and ending, because the middle has longer takes, which reach 20 seconds in some instances. Spielberg also continues his tradition of "heavily diffused backlighting" for much of the interior shots.
Release
Spielberg typically keeps the plot points of his films closely guarded before their release, and Minority Report was no different. He said he had to remove some scenes, and a few "F-words" to get the film's PG-13 rating. Following the disappointing box office results of Spielberg's A.I., the marketing campaign for Minority Report downplayed his role in the movie and sold the film as a Cruise action thriller.
Tom Rothman, chairman of the film's co-financier Fox Filmed Entertainment, described the film's marketing strategy thus: "How are we marketing it? It's Cruise and Spielberg. What else do we need to do?" The strategy made sense; coming into the film, Spielberg had made 20 films which grossed a domestic total of $2.8 billion, while Cruise's resume featured 23 films and $2 billion in domestic revenues. With their combined 30% take of the film's box office though, sources such as BusinessWeek's Ron Grover predicted the studios would have a hard time making the money needed to break even. Despite the outward optimism, as a more adult-oriented, darker film than typical blockbusters, the studio held different box office expectations for the film than they would a more family friendly film. Entertainment Weekly projected the film would gross $40 million in the US in its opening weekend, and Variety predicted that the high concept storyline would not appeal to children and would render it a "commercial extra-base hit rather than a home run."
Theatrical run Minority Report's world premiere took place in New York City on June 19, 2002. An online "popcorn cam" broadcast live from inside the premiere. Cruise attended the London premiere the following week, and mingled with thousands of adoring fans as he walked through the city's Leicester Square. It debuted at first place in the U.S. box office, collecting $35.677 million in its opening weekend, ahead of Lilo & Stitch. Forbes considered those numbers below expectations, as they gave the film a small edge over Lilo & Stitch, which debuted in second place ($35.260 million). Lilo & Stitch sold more tickets, but since much of the film's attendees were children, its average ticket price was much lower. The film opened at the top of the box office in numerous foreign markets; it made $6.7 million in 780 locations in Germany its opening weekend, and accounted for 35% of France's total box office weekend office gross when it collected $5 million in 700 theaters. In Great Britain, Minority Report made $36.9 million in its first three days, in Italy, $6.2 million in its first ten, in Belgium, $815,000 in its 75 location opening weekend, and in Switzerland, $405,000 in an 80 theater opening weekend. The BBC felt the film's UK performance was "buoyed by Cruise's charm offensive at last week's London premiere." Minority Report made a total of $132 million in the United States and $226.3 million overseas.
Home media
DreamWorks spent several million dollars marketing the film's DVD and VHS releases. The campaign included a tie-in video game released by Activision, which contained a trailer for the movie's DVD. Minority Report was successful in the home video market, selling at least four million DVDs in its first few months of release. The DVD took two years to produce. For the first time, Spielberg allowed filmmakers to shoot footage on the set of one of his films. Premiere-award-winning DVD producer Laurent Bouzereau, who would become a frequent Spielberg DVD collaborator, shot hundreds of hours of the film's production in the then-new high-definition video format. It contained over an hour of featurettes which discussed various aspects of film production, included breakdowns of the film's stunt sequences, and new interviews with Spielberg, Cruise, and other "Academy Award-winning filmmakers". The film was released on a two-disc Blu-ray by Paramount Pictures (now the owner of the early DreamWorks library) on May 16, 2010. It included exclusive extras and interactive features, such as a new Spielberg interview, that were not included in the DVD edition. The film was transferred from its "HD master" which retained the distinctive grainy appearance.
Video game
A video game based on the film titled Minority Report: Everybody Runs was developed by Treyarch, published by Activision and released on November 18, 2002, for Game Boy Advance, Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It received mixed reviews.
Reception
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Minority Report received 90% positive reviews based on 254 critics and an average rating of 8.20/10. The site's critical consensus is, "Thought-provoking and visceral, Steven Spielberg successfully combines high concept ideas and high octane action in this fast and febrile sci-fi thriller." The website listed it among the best reviewed films of 2002. The film also earned an 80 out of a possible 100 on the similar review aggregating website Metacritic based on 37 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
Most critics gave the film's handling of its central theme (free will vs. determinism) positive reviews, and many ranked it as the film's main strength. Other reviewers felt that Spielberg did not adequately tackle the issues he raised. The film has inspired discussion and analysis, the scope of which has been compared to the continuing analysis of Blade Runner. This discussion has advanced past the realm of standard film criticism. Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek fashioned a criticism of the Cheney Doctrine by comparing its preemptive strike methodology to that of the film's PreCrime system.
Richard Corliss of Time said it's "Spielberg's sharpest, brawniest, most bustling entertainment since Raiders of the Lost Ark". Mike Clark of USA Today felt it succeeded due to a "breathless 140-minute pace with a no-flab script packed with all kinds of surprises." Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly praised the film's visuals, and Todd McCarthy of Variety complimented the cast's performances. Film scholar Warren Buckland recommended the film, but felt that the comedic elements—aside from Stormare's lines—detracted from the plot and undermined the film's credibility.
Several critics used their reviews to discuss Spielberg and analyze what the film signified in his development as a filmmaker. Andrew O'Hehir of the online magazine Salon expressed excitement over the atypically hard edge of the movie. "Little Steven Spielberg is all grown up now ... into of all things a superior film artist ... It's too early to know whether Minority Report, on the heels of A.I., marks a brief detour in Spielberg's career or a permanent change of course, but either way it's a dark and dazzling spectacle." J. Hoberman of The Village Voice said it is "the most entertaining, least pretentious genre movie Steven Spielberg has made in the decade since Jurassic Park." Randy Shulman of Metro Weekly said that "the movie is a huge leap forward for the director, who moves once and for all into the world of adult movie making." Roger Ebert called the film a "masterpiece" and said that when most directors of the period were putting "their trust in technology", Spielberg had already mastered it, and was emphasizing "story and character" while merely using technology as a "workman uses his tools". Ebert eventually named the film the best film of the year. David Edelstein of Slate echoed the positive sentiments, saying "It has been a long time since a Spielberg film felt so nimble, so unfettered, so free of self-cannibalizing." Jonathan Rosenbaum, then of the Chicago Reader, was less convinced. Though he approved of the film, he derided it in his review as a superficial action film, cautioning audiences to enjoy the movie but not "be conned into thinking that some sort of serious, thoughtful statement is being delivered along with the roller-coaster ride."
Andrew Sarris of the New York Observer gave the film a negative review in which he described the script as full of plot holes, the car chases as silly, and criticized the mixture of futuristic environments with "defiantly retro costuming". The complexity of the storyline was also a source of criticism for Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times, who considered the plot "too intricate and difficult to follow". Both Rosenbaum and Hoberman belittled the titular minority report as a "red herring". More positive reviews have seen it similarly, but referred to it as a "MacGuffin".
Awards and honors
The film earned nominations for many awards, including Best Sound Editing at the Academy Awards, and Best Visual Effects at the BAFTAs. It was nominated for eleven Saturn Awards including Best Actor for Cruise, Best Supporting Actor for von Sydow and Best Music for Williams, and won four: Best Science Fiction Film, Best Direction for Spielberg, Best Writing for Frank and Cohen and Supporting Actress for Morton. It was nominated for two Visual Effects Society Awards in the categories of "Best Effects Art Direction in a Motion Picture" and "Best Compositing in a Motion Picture." It also won the BMI Film Music Award, the Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress, and the Empire Awards for Best Actor for Cruise, Best Director for Spielberg and Best British Actress for Morton. Ebert listed Minority Report as the best film of 2002, as did online film reviewer James Berardinelli. The film was also included in top ten lists by critic Richard Roeper, and both reviewers at USA Today.
In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Science Fiction Films list. Roger Ebert eventually called it one of his favorite films of the 2000s. Likewise, The Washington Post picked Minority Report'' as one of the 23 best films from 2000 to 2018.
Television series
On September 9, 2014, it was announced that a follow-up television series had been given a pilot commitment at Fox. Max Borenstein wrote the script and served as executive producer alongside Spielberg, Justin Falvey and Darryl Frank. The series was envisioned to be set 10 years after the film, and focused on a male precog who teams up with a female detective to find a purpose to his gift. On February 13, 2015, Daniel London and Li Jun Li joined the cast. On February 24, 2015, Laura Regan was cast as Agatha Lively, replacing Samantha Morton, who was said to have been offered to reprise the role. In March 2015, Stark Sands and Meagan Good landed the lead roles with Sands playing the role of Dash, one of the male precogs, and Good playing Lara Vega, a detective haunted by her past, who works with Dash to help him find a purpose for his gift, Li Jun Li plays Akeela, a CSI technician, Daniel London reprised his role as Wally the Caretaker from the original film and Wilmer Valderrama was cast as a police detective. The show was picked up to series by Fox on May 9, 2015, and made its broadcast debut on September 21, 2015, but was cancelled on May 13, 2016.
See also
Causal loop
Inchoate offense
List of films featuring surveillance
References
Bibliography
External links
2002 films
2000s action thriller films
2002 science fiction films
2002 science fiction action films
2000s chase films
2000s dystopian films
20th Century Fox films
Alternate timeline films
Amblin Entertainment films
American action thriller films
American dystopian films
American neo-noir films
American science fiction action films
American science fiction thriller films
Cruise/Wagner Productions films
DreamWorks Pictures films
English-language films
Films about advertising
Films about altered memories
Films about memory
Films about precognition
Films about security and surveillance
Films adapted into television shows
Films based on science fiction short stories
Films based on works by Philip K. Dick
Films directed by Steven Spielberg
Films produced by Bonnie Curtis
Films produced by Gerald R. Molen
Films produced by Walter F. Parkes
Films set in 2054
Films set in Virginia
Films set in Washington, D.C.
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Virginia
Films shot in Washington, D.C.
Films scored by John Williams
Films with screenplays by Scott Frank | 0 | -1 |
35881774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%20%28film%29 | Student (film) | Student (, Stýdent) is a 2012 Kazakhstani drama film directed by Darezhan Omirbaev. It is an adaptation of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's 1866 novel Crime and Punishment. The film competed in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.
Reception
Leslie Felperin of Variety wrote: "As he did with Killer, Omirbayev once again offers a quietly scathing portrait of his homeland, which, on the evidence here, is on the verge of losing its soul in the pursuit of Range Rovers, banal soap operas and other ephemeral pleasures. ... [T]here's much to admire in the film's elegantly classical tempo and the way Omirbayev achieves so much with so little[.]"
References
External links
2012 films
2012 drama films
Kazakhstani films
Kazakhstani drama films
Kazakh-language films
Films based on Crime and Punishment
Films directed by Darezhan Omirbaev | 0 | -1 |
4108606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Joyce%20%28writer%29 | William Joyce (writer) | William Edward Joyce (born December 11, 1957) is an American writer, illustrator, and filmmaker. He has achieved worldwide recognition as an author, artist and pioneer in the digital and animation industry.
He has written and illustrated over 50 bestselling children’s books and novels which have been translated into over 40 languages.
He began his film career on Toy Story and has since been a producer/director/screenwriter/production designer in both animation and live action.
Among his many awards, Bill has won 6 Emmys, 3 Annies and an Academy award for his short film The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore (2011).
Bill was named by Newsweek magazine as “one of the 100 people to watch in the new millennium. His feature films, all based on his books, include Epic, Rise of the Guardians, Robots and Meet the Robinsons. His television series include the groundbreaking computer animated Rolie Polie Olie for which he was creator and showrunner.
He has also painted numerous covers for the New Yorker Magazine.
His new company, Howdybot Studios, is focused on Bill’s stories in a variety of mediums and media. Mr. Joyce’s newest short film Mr. Spam Gets a New Hat (2022) has won awards at a number of film festivals in the U.S. and abroad. He is also in pre-production on an animated version of The Great Gatsby from Apple TV+ and Apple Studios. Both projects are in collaboration with DNEG Studios and Epic Games.
His novel “Ollie's Odyssey” will be aired as a live action/CG limited series on Netflix in August 2022.
Career
Children's literature
He has written and illustrated over 50 children's books including George Shrinks, Santa Calls, Dinosaur Bob and His Adventures with the Family Lazardo, Rolie Polie Olie, The Leaf Men and the Brave Good Bugs and A Day with Wilbur Robinson, The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore, The Guardians of Childhood series and many others.
His first book “Tammy and the Gigantic Fish” by James and Katherine Gray was published by Harper & Row (now Harper Collins) in 1983. After the retirement of his longtime editor there Laura Gerringer, in 2011 Joyce moved his backlist and all subsequent books to Simon & Schuster where his editor is Caitlyn Dlouhy.
Since being at Simon & Schuster Mr. Joyce has produced a number of bestselling titles, including The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore which debuted at Number 1 on the New York Times bestseller list in July 2012, a position it held for several weeks. Morris Lessmore has been translated into over 40 languages and was named by Time Magazine as one of the 100 best children's books of all time. Morris Lessmore is the most expansive and experimental of Joyce’s stories. With his company Moonbot Studios, Joyce along with his partners, produced the Lessmore story in a variety of media and mediums simultaneously. A short film was in production (using handmade miniature sets) while the book was being illustrated (along with Joe Bluhm) and an interactive story app was being devised.
The story app of Morris Lessmore received overwhelmingly positive attention and in August 2011 briefly dislonged Angry Birds as the bestselling app in the world. It was voted into the app hall of fame soon after.
Film and television
Joyce has received three Emmys for Rolie Polie Olie, a Canadian animated television series based on his series of children's books that aired on Disney Channel (part of Playhouse Disney block) and is currently on Disney+. His second television series, George Shrinks, used to air daily on PBS stations. He has received three additional Emmys for other animated projects.
Joyce created conceptual characters for Disney/Pixar's feature films Toy Story (1995) and A Bug's Life (1998). In 2001 Pixar founder John Lasseter introduced Joyce to animation director Chris Wedge. At this time Wedge’s fledging animation studio Blue Sky was completing its Oscar winning short film Bunny and hoped to begin developing feature animated films, which they soon did with the Ice Age franchise.
In 2002, after Joyce and Ice Age director Chris Wedge attempted to adapt one of Joyce's book Santa Calls into a feature film Santa Calls, during that process they both came up with the idea for the computer-animated feature film Robots (2005). Besides being one of the creators, Joyce also served as a producer and production designer.
In 2005, Joyce and Reel FX launched a joint venture, Aimesworth Amusements, to produce feature films, video games and books. The new company announced plans to make three feature films: The Guardians of Childhood, The Mischevians, and Dinosaur Bob and His Adventures with the Family Lazardo. The first of those projects, The Guardians of Childhood was developed by DreamWorks Animation into the feature film, Rise of the Guardians. It was released in 2012 and is based on Joyce's book series and the short film Man in the Moon, directed by Joyce. Joyce was originally slated to direct the film, however early in the production his daughter Mary Katherine, his wife Elizabeth and his sister Cecile were diagnosed with terminal illnesses. He continued on as an executive producer along with his friend Guillermo del Toro. At the beginning of the end credits Dreamworks dedicated the film to Joyce’s daughter who died before the film's release.
In 2007, Disney released Meet the Robinsons, a feature film based on his book A Day with Wilbur Robinson, to which Joyce served as one of the executive producers of the film along with John Lasseter and Clark Spencer. Joyce had written several drafts of the screenplay and did production design on a number of key characters and sets for the final film.
In August 2009, Joyce and Reel FX co-founder Brandon Oldenburg and producers Lampton Enoch and Alyssa Kantrow founded a Shreveport-based animation and visual effects studio MOONBOT Studios. The studio produced an Oscar-winning animated short film and an iPad app The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore. The short film went on to win an Academy award. A book adaption was released in summer 2012. The studio released in January 2012 another app, The Numberlys. A short film and a bestselling book followed soon after. The Numberlys film was short listed for the 2012 Academy Awards animated short film Oscar.
His book The Leaf Men was adapted by Blue Sky Studios into a 2013 feature film titled Epic, with Joyce as writer, executive producer, and production designer.
In 2021, Joyce wrote and directed the short film Mr. Spam Gets a New Hat with the visual effects company DNEG. DNEG also announced they would be producing a feature animated film adaptation of The Great Gatsby directed by Joyce and written by noted author Brian Selznick (The Invention of Hugo Cabret).
Joyce’s acclaimed young adult novel “Ollie’s Odyssey” has been adopted as a live action/CG hybrid show by Netflix and premieres August 24, 2022. It is the second of Joyces works to be adapted by Peter Ramsey (Rise of the Guardians, Spiderman: Into the Spiderverse 2018).
Awards and accolades
Joyce received the 2008 Louisiana Writer Award for his enduring contribution to the "literary intellectual heritage of Louisiana." The award was presented to him on October 4, 2008, during a ceremony at the 2008 Louisiana Book Festival in Baton Rouge. On February 26, 2012, he won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore.
Newsweek called him one of the top 100 people to watch in the new millennium.
Gold medal from the Society of Illustrators for Santa Calls.
Three silver medals from the Society of Illustrators.
Academy Awards
Emmy Awards
Personal life
William Joyce lives with his son Jackson Edward Joyce in Shreveport, Louisiana. His daughter, Mary Katherine, died from a brain tumor at the age of 18 on May 2, 2010. Rise of the Guardians, a film inspired by stories Joyce told her while young and later resulted in The Guardians of Childhood book series, was dedicated to her memory, reading “For Mary Katherine Joyce, a Guardian Fierce and True” during the credits. The main character of Epic, which is also based on Joyce's book, The Leaf Men and the Brave Good Bugs, was named after her. His wife, Frances Elizabeth Baucum Joyce, who was a Shreveport attorney, died on January 20, 2016 at the age of 55, after a long battle with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
In 2006, Joyce founded the Katrinarita Gras Foundation to raise money for victims of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita. He is selling prints of his unpublished Mardi Gras The New Yorker cover through the foundation with all profit going to Louisiana artists and arts organizations.
Works by William Joyce
Books
In May 2017, Atheneum Young Readers released the picture book Bently & Egg, A Day with Wilbur Robinson, of which the film version is entitled Meet the Robinsons, and Dinosaur Bob and His Adventures with the Family Lazardo. All are under the label The World of William Joyce.
Note: All books are written and illustrated by William Joyce, except as noted
My First Book of Nursery Tales, retold by Marianna Mayer and illustrated by William Joyce (1983)
Tammy and the Gigantic Fish by Catherine & James Gray, illustrated by William Joyce (1983)
Waiting for Spring Stories by Bethany Roberts, illustrated by William Joyce (1984)
William Joyce's Mother Goose, illustrated by William Joyce (1984)
George Shrinks (1985)
Shoes, written by Elizabeth Winthrop (1986)
Dinosaur Bob and His Adventures with the Family Lazardo (1988)
Humphrey's Bear by Jan Wahl, illustrated by William Joyce (1989)
Some of the Adventures of Rhode Island Red by Stephen Manes, illustrated by William Joyce (1990)
A Day with Wilbur Robinson (1990)
Nicholas Cricket by Joyce Maxner, illustrated by William Joyce (1991)
Bently & Egg (1992)
Santa Calls (1993)
Don't Wake the Princess: Hopes, Dreams, and Wishes, Cover art (1993)
A Wiggly, Jiggly, Joggly Tooth by Bill Hawley, illustrated by William Joyce (1995)
The Leaf Men and the Brave Good Bugs (1996), Play (premiere at Strand Theatre, Shreveport) - 1998
Buddy (1997)
World of William Joyce Scrapbook by William Joyce, photos by Philip Gould and design by Christine Kettner (1997)
Life with Bob (board book) (1998)
Baseball Bob (board book) (1999)
The Art of Robots (2004)
The Art of Rise of the Guardians (2012)
The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore (2012)
The Mischievians (2013)
The Numberlys, co-illustrated with Christina Ellis (2014)
A Bean, a Stalk and a Boy Named Jack (2014)
Billy's Booger (2015)
Ollie's Odyssey (2016)
Bently & Egg (2017)
Rolie Polie Olie series
Rolie Polie Olie (1999)
Rolie Polie Olie: How Many Howdys? (board book) (1999)
Rolie Polie Olie: A Little Spot of Color (board book) (2000)
Rolie Polie Olie: Polka Dot! Polka Dot! (board book) (2000)
Snowie Rolie (2000)
Rolie Polie Olie - Character Books: Olie, Spot, Zowie, Billie (2001)
Sleepy Time Olie (2001)
Big Time Olie (2002)
Busy Books - Peakaboo You!, Rolie Polie Shapes, Be My Pal!, Rocket Up, Rolie! (2002)
The Guardians of Childhood series
Novels
Nicholas St. North and the Battle of the Nightmare King, written with Laura Geringer (2011)
E. Aster Bunnymund and the Warrior Eggs at the Earth's Core! (2012)
Toothiana: Queen of the Tooth Fairy Armies (2012)
The Sandman and the War of Dreams (2013)
Jack Frost: The End Becomes the Beginning (2018)
Picture books
The Man in the Moon (2011)
The Sandman: The Story of Sanderson Mansnoozie (2012)
Jack Frost (2015)
Filmography
Film
Television series
Notes
References
External links
The Guardians of Childhood
William Joyce at Encyclopedia of World Biography
National Center for Children's Illustrated Literature
William Joyce at publisher HarperCollins
1957 births
American animated film directors
American animated film producers
American children's book illustrators
American children's writers
American film producers
American production designers
Blue Sky Studios people
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Directors of Best Animated Short Academy Award winners
DreamWorks Animation people
C. E. Byrd High School alumni
Writers from Shreveport, Louisiana
Southern Methodist University alumni
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
Writers who illustrated their own writing
Living people
Pixar people | 1 | 1 |
24128922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae%20bioreactor | Algae bioreactor | An algae bioreactor is used for cultivating micro or macro algae. Algae may be cultivated for the purposes of biomass production (as in a seaweed cultivator), wastewater treatment, CO2 fixation, or aquarium/pond filtration in the form of an algae scrubber. Algae bioreactors vary widely in design, falling broadly into two categories: open reactors and enclosed reactors. Open reactors are exposed to the atmosphere while enclosed reactors, also commonly called photobioreactors, are isolated to varying extents from the atmosphere. Specifically, algae bioreactors can be used to produce fuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol, to generate animal feed, or to reduce pollutants such as NOx and CO2 in flue gases of power plants. Fundamentally, this kind of bioreactor is based on the photosynthetic reaction, which is performed by the chlorophyll-containing algae itself using dissolved carbon dioxide and sunlight energy. The carbon dioxide is dispersed into the reactor fluid to make it accessible for the algae. The bioreactor has to be made out of transparent material.
Historical background
It has been documented that the first microalgae cultivation was unicellular Chlorella vulgaris by Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck in 1890. Later, during World War II, Germany used open ponds to increase algal cultivation for use as a protein supplement. Some of the first experiments with the aim of cultivating algae were conducted in 1957 by the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington. In these experiments, monocellular Chlorella were cultivated by adding and some minerals. The goal of this research was the cultivation of algae to produce a cheap animal feed.
Metabolism of microalgae
Algae are primarily eukaryotic photoautotrophic organisms which perform oxygenic photosynthesis. These types of algae are classified by their light-harvesting pigments which give their color. The green algae species, also known as Chlorophyta, are often used in bioreactors due to their high growth rate and ability to withstand a variety of environments. Blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, are classified as prokaryotic photoautotrophs due to their lack of a nucleus. Light provides essential energy the cell needs to metabolize , nitrogen phosphorus and other essential nutrients. The wavelengths and intensities of light are very important factors in a successful. Available is also an important factor for growth and due to the lower concentration in our atmosphere, supplementary can be added as seen with the bubble column PBR below. Microalgae also possess the ability to uptake excess nitrogen and phosphorus under starvation conditions, which are essential for lipid and amino acid synthesis. Higher temperatures and a pH above 7 and below 9 are also common factors. Each of these factors may vary from species to species so it is important to have the correct environmental conditions while designing bioreactors of any sort.
Types of bioreactors
Bioreactors can be divided into two broad categories, open systems and photobioreactors (PRB). The difference between these two reactors are their exposure to the surrounding environment. Open systems are fully exposed to the atmosphere, while PBRs have very limited exposure to the atmosphere.
Commonly used open systems
Simple ponds
The simplest system yields a low production and operation cost. Ponds need a rotating mixer to avoid settling of algal biomass. However, these systems are prone to contamination due to the lack of environmental control.
Raceway ponds
A modified version of a simple pond, the raceway pond uses paddle wheels to drive the flow in a certain direction. The pond is continuously collecting biomass while providing carbon dioxide and other nutrients back into the pond. Typically, raceway ponds are very large due to their low water depth.
Other systems
Less common systems include an incline cascade system where flow is gravity driven to a retention tank, then gets pumped back up to start again. This system can yield high biomass densities but requires higher operating costs.
Commonly used photobioreactors (PBRs)
Nowadays, 3 basic types of algae photobioreactors have to be differentiated, but the determining factor is the unifying parameter – the available intensity of sunlight energy.
Flat plate PBR
A plate reactor simply consists of inclined or vertically arranged translucent rectangular boxes, which are often divided in two parts to affect an agitation of the reactor fluid. Generally, these boxes are arranged into a system by linking them. Those connections are also used for making the process of filling/emptying, introduction of gas and transport of nutritive substances. The introduction of the flue gas mostly occurs at the bottom of the box to ensure that the carbon dioxide has enough time to interact with algae in the reactor fluid. Typically, these plates are illuminated from both sides and have a high light penetration. Disadvantages of the flat plate design are the limited pressure tolerance and high space requirements.
Tubular PBR
A tubular reactor consists of vertical or horizontal arranged tubes, connected together in a pipe system. The algae-suspended fluid can circulate in this tubing. The tubes are generally made out of transparent plastics or borosilicate glass, and the constant circulation is kept up by a pump at the end of the system. The introduction of gas takes place at the end/beginning of the tube system. This way of introducing gas causes the problem of carbon dioxide deficiency, high concentration of oxygen at the end of the unit during the circulation, ultimately making the process inefficient. The growth of microalgae on the walls of the tubes can inhibit the penetration of the light as well.
Bubble column PBR
A bubble column photo reactor consists of vertical arranged cylindrical columns made out of transparent material. The introduction of gas takes place at the bottom of the column and causes a turbulent stream to enable an optimum gas exchange. The bubbling also acts as a natural agitator. Light is typically sourced from outside the column, however recent designs introduce lights inside the column to increase light distribution and penetration.
Industrial usage
The cultivation of algae in a photobioreactor creates a narrow range of industrial application possibilities. There are three common pathways for cultivated biomass. Algae may be used for environmental improvements, biofuel production and food/biofeed. Some power companies already established research facilities with algae photobioreactors to find out how efficient they could be in reducing CO2 emissions, which are contained in flue gas, and how much biomass will be produced. Algae biomass has many uses and can be sold to generate additional income. The saved emission volume can bring an income too, by selling emission credits to other power companies. Recent studies around the world look at the algae usage for treating wastewater as a way to become more sustainable.
The utilization of algae as food is very common in East Asian regions and is making an appearance around the world for uses in feedstock and even pharmaceuticals due to their high value products. Most of the species contain only a fraction of usable proteins and carbohydrates, and a lot of minerals and trace elements. Generally, the consumption of algae should be minimal because of the high iodine content, particularly problematic for those with hyperthyroidism. Likewise, many species of diatomaceous algae produce compounds unsafe for humans. The algae, especially some species which contain over 50 percent oil and a lot of carbohydrates, can be used for producing biodiesel and bioethanol by extracting and refining the fractions. The algae biomass is generated 30 times faster than some agricultural biomass, which is commonly used for producing biodiesel.
Microgeneration
The built in 2013 in Germany is completely powered by algae. The bionic house features a heat exchanger which cultivates micro algae within its glass panels in order to be used as a resource for providing the building with energy and warmth. This produces zero carbon electricity, which is twice as effective as photovoltaics. The Green Power House in Montana, United States used newly-developed Algae Aquaculture Technology within a system that uses sunlight and woody debris waste from a lumber mill for providing nutrients to eight algae ponds of the AACT that cover its floor. Identified challenges of algae façades include durability of microalgae panels, the need for maintenance, and construction and maintenance costs
In 2022, news outlets reported about the development of algae biopanels by a company for sustainable energy generation with unclear viability.
See also
Moss bioreactor
References
Further reading
How an entrepreneur killed his investor. August 18, 2016
Biotechnology
Biological engineering
Bioreactors
Algaculture
Renewable energy | 1 | 1 |
37683082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick%20stitch | Pick stitch | A pick stitch in sewing is a simple running stitch that catches only a few threads of the fabric, showing very little of the thread on the right side (outer side) of the garment. It is also sometimes known as "stab stitch".
A pick stitch can be made from either the inside of the garment or the outside, depending upon how much thread is meant to show on the outside of the garment. A pick stitch is commonly used for making hems, although it is also used with contrasting thread to create a decorative finish on some garments. It has decorative uses in embroidery. It is exceedingly useful for inserting zips and is strong. Many home-sewers and new dressmakers find this much easier than inserting zips by sewing machine.
A pick stitch along the outside of a lapel is a hallmark of a "high-end, hand-made" men's suit or blazer. A finely made pick stitch is difficult to accomplish but can be achieved with practice.
References
Embroidery stitches
Needlework
Sewing stitches | 1 | 1 |
52037260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Wilson%20%28administrator%29 | Arthur Wilson (administrator) | Arthur J. Wilson is an Australian administrator and historian who is currently the chairman of the Fitzroy–Brisbane Lions Historical Society. He has been involved with Fitzroy and its successor, the Brisbane Lions, for more than 40 years.
Fitzroy involvement
Wilson was a mascot in the 1944 Grand Final, in which Fitzroy won its last VFL premiership. He unofficially joined the club in 1965, and officially joined the Fitzroy General Committee in 1968. He remained on the Committee until 1978, and was the Recruiting manager in 1979. His recruiting has been described as "important" to the club's success in the 1980s. From 1980 to 1985 he was the club's secretary, and he had his last official stint at the club from 1986 to 1990, as the Football Manager.
Fitzroy–Brisbane Lions Historical Society
In 1997, after the merger between Fitzroy and the Brisbane Bears to create the Brisbane Lions, Wilson founded the Fitzroy–Brisbane Lions Historical Society with George Coates, creator of Fitzroy's logo. He was the president of the Society from 1997 to 2010, and is currently the chairman. He helped found a Fitzroy museum at Docklands Stadium.
Honours
Wilson was one of eight inducted into the Brisbane Lions Hall of Fame in 2016. He was the first non-player or coach inducted. He is also a Brisbane Lions Life Member and a member of the Fitzroy–Brisbane Lions Past Players and Officials Association Hall of Fame.
References
Living people
Australian historians
Fitzroy Football Club administrators
1944 births | 0 | -1 |
3014429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia%20Keys%20discography | Alicia Keys discography | American singer Alicia Keys has released eight studio albums, two live albums, one remix album, four reissue albums, one extended play, seven box sets, 45 singles as lead artist, and six promotional singles. Throughout her career, Keys has sold over 65 million records worldwide. According to Recording Industry Association of America, Keys is the top certified female R&B artist of the millennium, with 20 million certified albums and 38 million certified digital singles in the United States. Billboard ranked her as the second top female artist of the 2000s decade (5th overall), fourth top R&B/hip-Hop female artist of the 2010s decade (26th overall) and the 60th Greatest Artist of all time.
Keys released her debut album Songs in A Minor (2001) through J Records, after having had previous recording deals with Columbia and Arista. It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and produced the singles "Fallin'", "A Woman's Worth", "How Come You Don't Call Me" and "Girlfriend," the former of which peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100. A commercial success, Songs in A Minor went on to sell over 12 million copies worldwide and made Keys the best-selling new artist and best-selling R&B artist of 2001. In 2002, the album was reissued as Remixed & Unplugged in A Minor, which included a disc of remixes and live songs.
Her second studio album, The Diary of Alicia Keys, was released in December 2003 and sold eight million copies worldwide. It became Keys' second consecutive number-one US debut, selling over 618,000 copies its first week of release, becoming the largest first-week sales for a female artist in 2003. Four singles were released from the album, three of which became top-ten singles, including "You Don't Know My Name" and "If I Ain't Got You", the latter oh which became the first single by a female artist to remain on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for over a year.
In 2005, Keys released her first live album, Unplugged, which again debuted at number one in the United States. She became the first female to have an MTV Unplugged album to debut at number one and the highest since Nirvana in 1994. In 2007, "No One", the lead single from Keys's third studio album, As I Am, was released. Her biggest commercial success since "Fallin'", it remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 for five consecutive weeks and became the song most listened to of 2007 in the United States. Selling 742,000 copies in its first week, As I Am gained Keys the largest first week sales of her career and became her fourth consecutive number one album. The album sold five million copies worldwide.
Departing from the classicist soul music of Keys' previous albums, Keys's fourth album The Element of Freedom (2009) introduced a mid-tempo, low-key sound and features mostly ballads. It became her first non-number one album in the United States and her first number one album in the United Kingdom. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA within its first month of release and produced five singles that attained chart success, including "Doesn't Mean Anything" and "Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)". In 2012, Keys's fifth studio album Girl on Fire was released. It sold 159,000 copies in its first week in the United States and marked her lowest opening sales for an album. The lead single was the title track, which reached the top ten in several countries worldwide. On November 4, 2016, she released her sixth album Here.
Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Reissue albums
Box sets
Remix albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Guest appearances
Production discography
Soundtrack appearances
See also
Alicia Keys videography
List of songs written by Alicia Keys
Notes
References
External links
Discography
Discographies of American artists
Rhythm and blues discographies
Soul music discographies | 1 | 1 |
47230932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingle%20International | Ingle International | Ingle International is a Canadian insurance group of companies based in Toronto, with offices around the world. Ingle International provides travel health insurance products to various types travellers, including international students, snowbirds, expatriates, and high risk travellers.
History
Ingle International was established in 1946 under the name John Ingle Insurance by John and Muriel Ingle, as a health insurance provider for newcomers and immigrants to Canada. The company first began to offer student insurance in 1950. International student insurance was introduced in 1960, with the first travel insurance for snowbirds introduced in 1988.
John Ingle Insurance was rebranded as Ingle International several years after Robin Ingle, son of John and Muriel, took over the company in 1985. In 1991, the Ontario provincial government ended its US health coverage for Canadian travellers. As a result, Ingle International developed the first formal Snowbird Insurance plan for the province of Ontario, by the direct request of the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP).
In 1998, Ingle International, known as Ingle Health at the time, was sold to the investment arm of a Canadian financial institution.
In 2002, after a private settlement between Robin Ingle and the institution that purchased the company, Ingle Health resumed operations in Canada as Ingle, now functioning as a managing general insurance underwriter and managing general insurance agent.
In 2006, the Ingle Group of Companies was created, which included Ingle International, and the newly founded Novus Health. In 2008, Peak Contact, a technology development company was founded and joined the group. In 2011, Intrepid 24/7 was launched and added to the Ingle Group of Companies as an emergency travel and medical assistance service. In 2013, sisu production was founded and joined the Ingle Group as a media and digital production company.
In 2013, Ingle International expanded internationally and the company introduced new implementations to existing products, such as third-party liability and homestay liability insurance for international students and homestay families.
Business
Ingle International’s primary product is travel insurance, including medical and non-medical coverage to international and domestic travelers. It operates internationally and has offices in Canada, the United States, Chile, Mexico, Malta, and Brazil, and the business is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The current CEO and chairman is Robin Ingle.
Ingle International offers custom services with its group of companies, including Novus Health, Peak Contact, Intrepid 24/7, and sisu production.
Awards
2013 – International Travel Insurance Journal's Assistance/Claims Handler Finalist
2014 – Insurance-Canada Technology Award Winner
References
Financial services companies established in 1946
Companies based in Toronto
Health insurance companies of Canada
Privately held companies of Canada | 1 | 1 |
3542706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto%20Cam%C3%B5es | Instituto Camões | The Instituto Camões (English: Camões Institute), formally, Camões — Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua, I. P. (English: Camões — Institute for Cooperation and Language, Public Institute), is a Portuguese international institution dedicated to the worldwide promotion of the Portuguese language, Portuguese culture, and international aid, on behalf of the Government of Portugal. Headquartered in Lisbon with centers across five continents, the mission of the Instituto Camões is the promotion of Portugal's language, culture, values, charity, and economy. The institution is named for Portuguese Renaissance author Luís Vaz de Camões, considered the greatest poet of the Portuguese language and the national poet of Portugal.
Originating in the early 20th century as the Portuguese Institute for High Culture, the institution restructured with a greater linguistic focus in 1980, and absorbed the Portuguese Institute for Development Support, Portugal's development aid agency, in 2012. The Instituto Camões exercises institutional autonomy, under the supervision of the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with the role of co-ordination and execution of external cultural policies of the Portuguese Government.
History
The Instituto Camões was named in honour of Luís de Camões, a poet of the Portuguese Renaissance and author of Os Lusíadas, considered to be the national epic of Portugal and the Portuguese language. The Instituto Camões head office is headquartered at Seixas Palace, a 19th-century mansion on Marquis of Pombal Square, in Lisbon, Portugal.
The institution has its roots in the Junta da Educação Nacional, founded in 1924 to grant scholarships, funds, and grants to foreign universities and institutions that promoted Portuguese language education.
In 1936, the institution's role was expanded to include the promotion of Portuguese culture and arts, as the Institute for High Culture (Instituto para a Alta Cultura). The institution was briefly named the Institute of Portuguese Culture (Instituto de Cultura Portuguesa), from 1976 to 1980.
In 1980, the institution's mission was refocused on language and renamed the Institute of Portuguese Culture and Language (Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa). The institution took its current name, after the Portuguese Renaissance author Luís Vaz de Camões, in 1992.
In 2005, the Instituto Camões received the Prince of Asturias Award for outstanding achievements in communications and the humanities, alongside the UK's British Council, Germany's Goethe-Institut, France's Alliance française, Spain's Instituto Cervantes, and Italy's Società Dante Alighieri.
In 2012, the Instituto Camões absorbed the Portuguese Institute for Development Support, the development aid agency of the Government of Portugal. Since then, Instituto Camões operates with a wider mission of promoting Portuguese language, culture, and aid across the world.
Structure
Portuguese Language Centers
The Institute's Portuguese Language Centres (Centros de Língua Portuguesa or CLP) aim to promote the Portuguese language as well as co-operation with different countries in the field of education, including those where Portuguese is already spoken. This is in contrast to Spain's Instituto Cervantes, which is only represented in non-Spanish-speaking countries.
New centres are presently being established in Paris and in the headquarters of the African Union in Addis Ababa and of the Economic Community of West African States in Abuja and in 2005, the towns of Canchungo, Ongoré, Mansôa, Bafatá, Gabú, Buba, Catió, Bolama, Bubaque, and Quinhamel in Guinea-Bissau to spread the fluency of Portuguese as the official language in the country.
Portuguese Cultural Centres
The Institute's Portuguese cultural centres (Centros culturais portugueses) are centres whose aim is the promotion of cultural relations between Portugal and other countries, including those with which Portugal has strong historical and cultural ties, and where Portuguese is already widely spoken. Like in language centres' counterparts, this is in contrast to Spain's Instituto Cervantes, which is only represented in non-Spanish-speaking countries.
There are also delegations in Berlin (Germany) and Brussels (Belgium).
See also
Portuguese language
Portuguese literature
Portuguese poetry
Lusophone
Lusitanic
Music of Portugal
Lusophone music
Portuguese cuisine
Lusophony Games
Culture of Portugal
Architecture of Portugal
Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Geographic distribution of the Portuguese language
List of countries where Portuguese is an official language
List of international organisations which have Portuguese as an official language
Portuguese-speaking African countries (PALOP)
International Association of Portuguese-Speaking Communications
External links
Cultural promotion organizations
Foreign relations of Portugal
Portuguese language
1992 establishments in Portugal
Organizations established in 1992 | 0 | -1 |
44700227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last%20Days%20%282014%20film%29 | Last Days (2014 film) | Last Days is a 2014 animated short documentary film about the decline of African elephant populations and the illegal ivory trade. It was directed by Kathryn Bigelow, whose other films include The Hurt Locker (2009), Point Break (1991), and Zero Dark Thirty (2012). Featured in the film is footage of the 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack in Nairobi, Kenya, which has been attributed to the militant organization Al-Shabaab. The film advances the claim that terrorist networks derive much of their income from poached ivory.
These claims, which were similar to ones made by several public officials including former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, UK Foreign Secretary William Hague, and Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta, were based on a 2013 report by the environmental nonprofit Elephant Action League (EAL). However, a report published jointly by Interpol and the United Nations Environment Programme described EAL's findings as "highly unreliable". According to the report, Al-Shabaab's primary income comes from the trade in charcoal, a significant source of deforestation.
Reception
Last Days has been subjected to criticism for being overly simplistic and misleading in its portrayal of how to stop elephant poaching. Survival International, an international organization promoting tribal peoples’ rights, has asked for the film to be withdrawn.
Survival Director Stephen Corry said: "The militarization of conservation is gaining momentum, and it is increasingly fuelling the brutal persecution of hunter-gathering tribes. Tribespeople who hunt to feed their families face arrest and beatings, torture and death at the hands of heavily armed park guards. “It seems that the link Bigelow’s film claims between the Westgate terrorist attack and ivory poaching doesn’t exist in real life. For certain conservationists to manipulate public opinion like this in favor of policies which exacerbate the destruction of tribal peoples, the best guardians of the natural world, is simply unacceptable.”
See also
Environmental crime
The Ivory Game, 2016 documentary on the trade in ivory
Short film
Wildlife trade
References
Further reading
External links
2014 films
American short documentary films
English-language films
Films directed by Kathryn Bigelow
2010s short documentary films
Documentary films about elephants
Ivory trade | 0 | -1 |
122503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald%20Beach%2C%20Missouri | Emerald Beach, Missouri | Emerald Beach is a village in White River Township, Barry County, Missouri, United States. It was incorporated in 1981. The village is served by the Golden Post Office and thus have Golden addresses. The population was 228 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Emerald Beach is located at (36.574202, -93.670944).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. The village is located adjacent to Table Rock Lake.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 228 people, 117 households, and 76 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 245 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.9% White, 1.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.
There were 117 households, of which 13.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.0% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.37.
The median age in the village was 60.1 years. 11.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 2.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 7.9% were from 25 to 44; 39% were from 45 to 64; and 38.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.1% male and 46.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 250 people, 120 households, and 84 families living in the village. The population density was 349.8 people per square mile (136.0/km2). There were 215 housing units at an average density of 300.8 per square mile (116.9/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.40% White, 0.40% Native American, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population.
There were 120 households, out of which 15.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 3.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.45.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 13.2% under the age of 18, 1.6% from 18 to 24, 16.8% from 25 to 44, 36.8% from 45 to 64, and 31.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 60.1 years according to city-data.com. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $32,813, and the median income for a family was $36,875. Males had a median income of $29,286 versus $19,063 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,267. About 9.0% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 8.3% of those 65 or over.
Education
It is in the Cassville R-IV School District.
References
Villages in Barry County, Missouri
1981 establishments in Missouri
Villages in Missouri
Populated places established in 1981 | 1 | 1 |
111594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison%2C%20Illinois | Madison, Illinois | Madison is a city in Madison and St. Clair counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. The population was 3,891 at the 2010 census. It is home to World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway and the first Bulgarian Orthodox church in the United States.
History
Madison was founded in 1820. There have been three villages named Madison.
Geography
Madison is located at (38.683700, -90.151047).
According to the 2010 census, Madison has a total area of , of which (or 84.69%) is land and (or 15.31%) is water.
Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 4,545 people, 1,881 households, and 1,117 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 2,322 housing units at an average density of . The racial makup of the city was 55.36% White, 42.13% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.92% from other races, and 1.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.96%.
Of the 1,881 households 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.2% were married couples living together, 22.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 34.9% of households were one person and 14.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.13.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 29.8% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.4 males.
The median household income was $24,828 and the median family income was $29,926. Males had a median income of $27,363 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,090. About 19.6% of families and 24.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.4% of those under age 18 and 12.0% of those age 65 or over.
National Register of Historic Places
Chain of Rocks Bridge over the Mississippi River
Notable people
George Becker, president of United Steelworkers 1993-2001
Sam Harshaney, catcher for the St. Louis Browns
Donnie Freeman, basketball player at Illinois and in ABA and NBA
References
External links
City of Madison official website
Cities in Illinois
Cities in Madison County, Illinois
Madison
Illinois populated places on the Mississippi River
Populated places established in 1820
1820 establishments in Illinois | 1 | 1 |
5503341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20team%20appearances%20in%20the%20FIFA%20Women%27s%20World%20Cup | National team appearances in the FIFA Women's World Cup | This article lists the performances of each of the 36 national teams which have made at least one appearance in the FIFA Women's World Cup finals.
Debut of teams
The 2007 Women's World Cup is the only World Cup for either sex in which every competing team had appeared in at least one of previously held tournaments.
The total number of teams which have participated in the Women's World Cup through 2019 is 36.
Overall team records
In this ranking 3 points are awarded for a win, 1 for a draw and 0 for a loss. As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. Teams are ranked by total points, then by goal difference, then by goals scored.
Comprehensive team results by tournament
Legend
– Champions
– Runners-up
– Third place
– Fourth place
QF – Quarter-finals
R2 – Round 2
R1 – Round 1
– Did not qualify
– Qualified but withdrew
– Withdrew during qualification / Kicked during qualification
– Did not enter / Banned / Permanetly banned
– Hosts
Q – Qualified for forthcoming tournament
For each tournament, the number of teams in each finals tournament are shown (in parentheses).
Hosts
Host nations are granted an automatic spot in the World Cup group stage.
Results of defending finalists
Medal table
Results by confederation
— Hosts are from this confederation
AFC
CAF
CONCACAF
CONMEBOL
OFC
UEFA
Droughts
This section is a list of droughts associated with the participation of women's national football teams in the FIFA Women's World Cups.
Longest active World Cup appearance droughts
Does not include teams that have not yet made their first appearance or teams that no longer exist.
Longest World Cup appearance droughts overall
Only includes droughts begun after a team's first appearance and until the team ceased to exist updated to include qualification for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.
See also
National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup
FIFA Women's World Cup qualification
References
FIFA Women's World Cup records and statistics
FIFA Women's World Cup-related lists
International women's association football competition records and statistics | 0 | -1 |
44594399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg%20coffee | Egg coffee | An egg coffee () is a Vietnamese drink traditionally prepared with egg yolks, sugar, condensed milk and robusta coffee. The drink is made by beating egg yolks with sugar and coffee, then extracting the coffee into the half of the cup, followed by a similar amount of "egg cream" — egg yolks which are heated and beaten, or whisked.
The drink is served in cafes throughout Vietnam, though it originates in Hanoi. The Giang Café () in Hanoi is known for serving the drink, which it makes with chicken egg yolk, coffee powder, condensed milk, and, optionally, cheese. The cup is sometimes served inside a bowl of hot water or set upon a small candle to retain its temperature. The son of the café's founder Nguyen Giang claims that his father developed the recipe for the drink when milk was scarce in Vietnam in the late 1940s, replacing milk with egg yolk.
Ingredients and preparation
Ingredients for making coffee include fresh chicken eggs, sugar, milk, and coffee. The egg yolks are hand-whipped with milk and sugar, and then boiled. Hot or iced coffee is poured into the beaten eggs, which will form an aromatic foam. A teaspoon is provided in order to eat the foam before drinking the coffee at the bottom.
Egg coffee is contained in a small cup. To keep the drink warm, the waiter puts a cup of coffee in a bowl of warm water. After being poured over the cream made from eggs, the coffee at the bottom of the cup acquires a richer taste. In the past, eggs were just hand-beaten, so it took time and the foam of the eggs could not be achieved. Now, after the eggs have been smoothed with the machine, hot or iced coffee is added, together with cocoa eggs, egg white beans and matcha (tea powder) eggs. It can be served either hot or iced.
Non-Vietnamese "egg coffees"
There are other, different, recipes for coffee containing egg.
Scandinavian-Style Coffee Brewed With Egg from Sweden is made by mixing coffee grounds with an egg and simmering, like cowboy coffee; the egg makes the grounds sink, leaving smooth coffee.
Egg Brandy Coffee from Sri Lanka
Cuban egg coffee
Gallery
See also
Vietnamese iced coffee
Egg soda
Eggnog
Zabaione
Uovo sbattuto
List of coffee drinks
List of egg drinks
References
External links
Tách cà phê trứng 'huyền thoại' của Hà Nội
Cà phê trứng Hà Nội lên CNN: Điều bí mật trong ly cà phê 70 năm tuổi
Coffee drinks
Vietnamese cuisine
Vietnamese drinks
Eggs (food)
Mixed drinks | 1 | 1 |
4224088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb%20Southern | Caleb Southern | Caleb Southern (born December 26, 1969) is an American professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology, musician and record producer. He has worked with Ben Folds Five, Fear of Pop and Archers of Loaf. As of 2002, he was a member of Partners Against Crime, District 5. Ben Folds has called him the "fourth member" of Ben Folds Five.
Currently, he teaches at Georgia Institute of Technology. He is widely regarded as one of the best professors and lecturers in the college of computing
Select Production Credits
Archers of Loaf, Icky Mettle
Ben Folds Five, Ben Folds Five
Ben Folds Five, Whatever and Ever Amen
Ben Folds Five, The Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner
References
1969 births
Living people
Record producers from North Carolina
Musicians from Durham, North Carolina | 1 | 1 |
30163997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballerina%20%28disambiguation%29 | Ballerina (disambiguation) | A ballerina is a principal female dancer in a ballet company.
Ballerina may also refer to:
Films
Ballerina (1937 film), 1937 film featuring Jeanine Charrat, Mia Čorak Slavenska and Yvette Chauviré
Ballerina (1950 film), 1950 French film directed by Ludwig Berger
Ballerina (1956 film), 1956 German film by Georg Wilhelm Pabst
Ballerina (1966 film), 1966 American/German film
Ballerina (2006 film), 2006 documentary
Ballerina (2016 film), 2016 French/Canadian animated film
The Ballerina (film), 2017 American film
Ballerina, an upcoming spinoff film in the John Wick franchise
Television
Angelina Ballerina, a fictional mouse in children's books and a British animated TV series
Tina Ballerina, a recurring character on The Simpsons
Music
"Ballerina" (Sidney Keith Russell and Carl Sigman song), a 1947 song covered by many artists
"Ballerina" (Van Morrison song), a 1968 song on the album Astral Weeks
"Ballerina (Prima Donna)", a 1983 song by Steve Harley
Other uses
Ballerina (programming language), a programming language
Ballerina Stakes, an American Thoroughbred horse race
Ballerina, a method of growing vines in vineyards | 1 | 1 |
24179115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichinodium | Lichinodium | Lichinodium is a genus of filamentous lichens. It is the only genus in the family Lichinodiaceae, itself the only member of the order Lichinodiales. Lichinodium has four species. Previously considered part of the class Lichinomycetes, molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that Lichinodium represents a unique lineage in the Leotiomycetes—the first known group of lichen-forming fungi in this class.
Taxonomy
The genus Lichinodium is typified by Lichinodium sirosiphoideum, first described in 1875 by William Nylander. Aino Henssen added three species to the genus about a century later.
Lichinodium used to be classified in the Lichinomycetes, but molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2018 showed that the genus was incorrectly classified there, and that instead it represents a new lichen-forming lineage in the superclass Sordariomyceta (containing the (Leotiomycetes, Laboulbeniomycetes, and the Sordariomycetes), a major fungal group that was not previously known to have any lichenised species. Lichinodium has a sister taxon relationship with the family Leotiaceae, and thus the order Lichinodiales is placed in the class Leotiomycetes.
Studies using transmission electron microscopy also showed that in Lichinodium, there are no haustoria (microscopic root-like structures) made in the interface between mycobiont and cyanobiont; this difference further distinguishes Lichinodium from the Lichinomycetes.
Description
Lichinodium lichens form tiny pads of branched filaments comprising threads of cyanobionts surrounded by hyphal cells forming a collar. The apothecia are brownish and gelatinous, with an indistinct proper and thalline margin. Two species are known to produce asexual conidiomata. The photobiont partner of Lichinodium is from Rhizonema, a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria in family Nostocaceae. Lichinodium species generally prefer cool, humid environments, where they grow on conifer twigs, tree trunks, or rocks, sometimes along with or overgrowing other mosses and lichens.
Species
Lichinodium ahlneri
Lichinodium canadense
Lichinodium saxicola
Lichinodium sirosiphoideum
References
Leotiomycetes
Lichens
Taxa described in 1875
Taxa named by William Nylander (botanist)
Leotiomycetes genera | 0 | -1 |
12292713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru%20Golban | Alexandru Golban | Alexandru Golban (born 28 February 1979 in Chișinău, Moldavian SSR, Soviet Union) is a retired footballer and also former member of Moldova national team.
He holds dual Moldovan-Romanian nationality.
Career
Club career
At club level, he was known in 2001–02 season where he received his first national call-up. In February 2004, he leave Moldova to Ukrainian side Karpaty Lviv, signed a three-year contract. He played for the club in two First League season, and two Premier League half-season, where he just played 4 times in Ukrainian Premier League. After receiving the Romanian nationality, he moved to German 2. Bundesliga side Eintracht Braunschweig. After the club relegated to the Regionalliga in summer 2007, he moved to Romanian side Ceahlăul Piatra Neamţ and in mid-season to Kazakhstani side FC Tobol.
International career
Golban has made 15 appearances for Moldova, and he played in UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying and 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying.
Career statistics
International goals
References
External links
Profile at FFU website
1979 births
Romanian people of Moldovan descent
Living people
Moldovan footballers
Moldova international footballers
FC Dacia Chișinău players
Eintracht Braunschweig players
FC Karpaty Lviv players
FC Tobol players
Simurq PIK players
CSM Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț players
Association football forwards
Moldovan Super Liga players
Liga I players
2. Bundesliga players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Kazakhstan Premier League players
Moldovan expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Ukraine
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Romania
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
Expatriate footballers in Azerbaijan
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Azerbaijan
Sportspeople from Chișinău
Speranța Nisporeni players
FC Veris Chișinău players
FC Speranța Crihana Veche players | 1 | 1 |
52881289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel%20Changi%20Airport | Jewel Changi Airport | Jewel Changi Airport (also known as Jewel or Jewel Changi) is a nature-themed entertainment and retail complex surrounded by and linked to Changi Airport, Singapore, linked to one of its passenger terminals. Its centrepiece is the world's tallest indoor waterfall, the Rain Vortex, that is surrounded by a terraced forest setting.
Jewel includes gardens, attractions, a hotel, about 300 retail and dining outlets, as well as early baggage check-in aviation facilities. It covers a total gross floor area of , spanning 10 storeys – five above-ground and five basement levels. Its attractions include the Shiseido Forest Valley, an indoor garden spanning five storeys, and the Canopy Park at the topmost level, featuring gardens and leisure facilities.
Jewel receives about 300,000 visitors per day. In October 2019, six months after its soft opening, it had welcomed 50 million visitors, exceeding its initial target for the whole year. The complex and airport is located in Changi, at the eastern end of Singapore, approximately northeast from Singapore's Downtown Core.
Conception
Jewel was conceived to maintain Changi Airport's status as a major aviation hub in the Asia-Pacific. It was first mentioned by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong in his National Day Rally speech in 2013 as part of Changi Airport's long-term plans to double its capacity by the mid-2020s and "create more opportunities for Singapore and Singaporeans".
Built over the former open-air car park in front of Changi Airport Terminal 1, Jewel expanded Terminal 1's arrival hall and baggage reclaim areas by 70%, and its handling capacity is also expected to increase from 21 to 24 million passengers a year. Jewel was officially opened on 18 October 2019 by Lee Hsien Loong, six months after its soft opening. During this time, it had received 50 million visitors – about 300,000 visitors a day – exceeding its initial target of 40–50 million visitors for the first year.
Jewel was developed by Jewel Changi Airport Trustee Pte Ltd, a joint venture between Changi Airport Group (CAG) and CapitaLand, through its wholly owned shopping mall business, CapitaLand Mall Asia. The project cost S$1.7 billion, and did not involve any government funds or taxpayers’ money, despite both entities being either wholly or partially owned by Temasek Holdings, the state-owned investment company.
Design and development
Jewel's toroidal glass-and-steel façade was designed by a consortium of architects, led by Moshe Safdie, who also designed Singapore's Marina Bay Sands. Renowned local firm RSP Architects Planners & Engineers were the executive architect and structural engineers. The landscape architect was Peter Walker and Partners, who co-designed the National 9/11 Memorial and worked with Safdie on the landscaping of Marina Bay Sands. Benoy were the interior designers; BuroHappold Engineering were responsible for the façade and Lighting Planners Associates handled the lighting. The Rain Vortex was engineered by water design firm WET Design. It has a 360-degree light and sound show projected onto it.
Jewel was envisioned to combine a marketplace and an urban park. "The component of the traditional mall is combined with the experience of nature, culture, education and recreation, aiming to provide an uplifting experience. By drawing both visitors and local residents alike, we aim to create a place where the people of Singapore interact with the people of the world," said Safdie.
The glass panels of the dome are framed in steel which rests on a complex latticework. At night, the glowing dome is visible from all surrounding areas.
Attractions
Shiseido Forest Valley
A collaboration of Shiseido and art collective teamLab, the is one of Asia's largest indoor gardens, spanning five stories and approximately located in the heart of Jewel Changi Airport. It houses around 3,000 trees and 60,000 shrubs of 120 species that live in high-altitude tropical forests from around the world.
The Rain Vortex
The Rain Vortex, sponsored as the HSBC Rain Vortex, is the world's largest and tallest indoor waterfall, standing at high. Recirculating rain water is pumped to the roof to free fall through a round hole at up to per minute to a basement-level pool. An acrylic funnel at the bottom prevents splashing and insulates the sound of the cascade. The toroid-shaped roof has more than 9,000 pieces of glass spanning with a sloped oculus as the mouth of the waterfall acting as "a continuation of the building...completed in a liquid form." At night, the circular walls of the waterfall becomes a 360-degree stage for a light-and-sound show.
To prevent excess humidity in the Jewel, the waterfall's flow alternates between cascades and trickles that reduce air turbulence. The design process by WET Design engineers included testing a one-fifth-scale model and a full-size partial prototype.
The Changi Airport Skytrain connecting the terminals passes above ground near the waterfall, allowing passengers remaining airside to see the Vortex and Jewel itself.
Canopy Park
At the topmost level of Jewel, the Canopy Park houses recreation and leisure attractions. About half of the total landscaping is hosted at Canopy Park, including two gardens: Topiary Walk and Petal Garden. The Topiary Walk features animal-shaped topiaries at every corner, while the Petal Garden has seasonal floral displays. The park includes a suspension bridge called the Canopy Bridge that is located above the ground which offers a panoramic view of the Rain Vortex. At long, the Canopy Bridge also has a glass panel flooring at the centre section that offers a view through to level 1 of Jewel.
The park also consists of two mazes, situated at the eastern end of the Jewel called the Hedge Maze and Mirror Maze. The Hedge Maze is Singapore's largest with hedge walls standing at high. The maze features gates that can be pushed within that will change the path of the maze. It ends at an elevated watchtower that offers a bird's-eye view of the entire maze. The Mirror Maze is located under the dome with plants branching across the top of the maze. The maze makes use of mirrors and various reflections.
Sky Nets
The Sky Nets, also called the Manulife Sky Nets for sponsorship reasons, provide children's play facilities, including a Bouncing Net and a Walking Net. The Bouncing Net is long, suspended 8 metres above ground at its highest point. A separate long Walking Net enables visitors to look down s to Jewel's Level 1.
Discovery Slides
The Discovery Slides feature four integrated slides: two tube slides and two sliding surfaces. The entire structure sits at an incline, high on one end, and close to on the other, and enables visitors to view the Forest Valley and the Rain Vortex. The Discovery Slides were designed by Carve and built by Playpoint in Singapore.
Foggy Bowls
The Foggy Bowls are four concave bowls with depths of between and for people to jump in while mist is released to create an illusion of playing among clouds.
Changi Experience Studio
The Changi Experience Studio is a space with interactive games and displays relating to Changi Airport's history and allows visitors a behind-the-scenes look of how the airport is run.
Facilities
Hotel
A hotel within Jewel, with approximately 130 rooms, operated by the international hotel brand, YOTEL, opened on 12 April 2019. It is YOTEL's second hotel in Singapore after the 2017 opening of the YOTEL on Orchard Road.
Aviation facilities
An ‘integrated multi-modal transport lounge’ provides ticketing, boarding pass collection and baggage transfer service in a single location. Early check-in facilities enable passengers to check-in and drop off luggage up to 24 hours ahead of regular check-in times. There are dedicated facilities for fly-cruise and fly-ferry passengers.
Retail
Jewel houses both local and international brands. Anchor tenants include the largest Nike store in Southeast Asia, the first and only Apple Store located inside an airport complex, Marks & Spencer, Muji, Zara, Uniqlo, Singapore's second basement cinema operated by Shaw Theatres with 11 screens including an IMAX theatre with a seating capacity of 828 and Five Spice, a food court by Food Junction with 19 unique stalls and supermarket chain FairPrice Finest.
Jewel also includes American burger chains A&W Restaurants and Shake Shack, Norwegian fast-casual restaurant Pink Fish, Swiss artisanal chocolatier Läderach, Sichuan restaurants Xiao Bin Lou and Yu's Kitchen, Boston-based ice cream parlour chain Emack & Bolio's, British casual eatery Burger & Lobster, Peruvian restaurant TONITO, Japan's Tokyo Milk Cheese Factory and the first permanent Pokémon Centre in East Asia outside of Japan.
Awards
Jewel Changi Airport was accorded the 2016 International Architecture Award by The Chicago Athenaeum, an international museum of architecture and design.
In November 2019, Jewel Changi Airport was awarded the Special Jury Award at the year's Mapic Awards.
In popular culture
The song "The Right Time" by Singaporean singer JJ Lin was inspired by Jewel, which was featured in its music video.
See also
Infrastructure of Singapore Changi Airport
References
Commons category
Airport terminals
Changi Airport
Tourist attractions in Singapore
2019 establishments in Singapore
Neo-futurism architecture
CapitaLand
Buildings and structures completed in 2019 | 1 | 1 |
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