MARS-S2L dataset

This repository contains the MARS-S2L dataset to be released with the publication:

Allen, Mateo-Garcia, Irakulis-Loitxate et al., AI for methane emission detection and mitigation, Aug. 08, 2024, arXiv:2408.04745

The MARS-S2L dataset contains approximately 87,000 pairs of Sentinel-2 and Landsat images with more than 5,600 manually verified plumes. It requires approximately 110GB of hard-disk storage.

Top emitter locations and delineation of case-study areas; we show in red sites that are only seen at test time and in blue sites used also for training.

Bottom Time series of monthly number of images, plumes, and distinct locations. Shaded areas indicate the split of the dataset in train, validation, and test subsets.

Dataset structure

The file validated_images_all.csv contains the metadata of all the items in the dataset. Each item comprises a Sentinel-2 or Landsat image of 200x200 pixels together with its concatenated background image, the plume mask, the cloud mask and the methane enhancement image in ppb. In addition, each item has includes several metadata which is described in the Images metadata description section.

The file validated_images_plumes.csv contains all validated plumes in the dataset. Notice that there are few images that contain more than one plume. the content of this file is described in the Plumes metadata description section.

The files: train.csv, val.csv and test.csv are the training/validation/test splits of the validated_images_all.csv file. They are added for Hugging Face dataset view purposes.

Images metadata description

Column description of file validated_images_all.csv (and their subsets train.csv, val.csv and test.csv):

Name	Description	Example
s2path	Path to S2 or Landsat image concatenated with the background image. S2 L1C image with bands: B02, B03, B04, B08, B11, B12. Landsat TOA reflectance image with bands B02, B03, B04, B05, B06, B07	model_data_all/b82be820-fe9c-411a-af20-82cf162760a7_ea782bfb-21b6-46c5-a6ed-d3b8ef8815a0_s2.tif
plumepath	Path to binary representation of the mask.	model_data_all/b82be820-fe9c-411a-af20-82cf162760a7_ea782bfb-21b6-46c5-a6ed-d3b8ef8815a0_label.tif
cloudmaskpath	Path to cloud mask generated with CloudSEN12 with interpretation {0 : "clear", 1: "Thick cloud", 2: "Thin cloud", 3: "Cloud shadow"}	model_data_all/b82be820-fe9c-411a-af20-82cf162760a7_ea782bfb-21b6-46c5-a6ed-d3b8ef8815a0_cloudmask.tif
ch4path	Path to CH4 enhancement image in ppb.	model_data_all/b82be820-fe9c-411a-af20-82cf162760a7_ea782bfb-21b6-46c5-a6ed-d3b8ef8815a0_ch4.tif
wind_u	U component of the wind at 10m	-1.87
wind_v	V component of the wind at 10m	3.76
wind_source	Source where the wind data is downloaded from.	ECMWF/ERA5_LAND/HOURLY
vza	Viewing zenith angle.	5.40
sza	Solar zenith angle.	16.32
percentage_clear	Percentage of pixels clear according to CloudSEN12 mask.	100.0
tile	Name of the S2 or Landsat product	S2A_MSIL1C_20240613T100031_N0510_R122_T32RNS_20240613T134114 or LC08_L1TP_192040_20190601_20200828_02_T1
isplume	Whether there is a methane plume on the image or not	True
ch4_fluxrate	Flux rate in kg/h if there is a plume in the tile.	7756.50
ch4_fluxrate_std	Standard deviation of the fluxrate.	2941.19
satellite	Name of the satellite	S2A, S2B, LC08 or LC09
tile_date	Date of acquisition	2024-06-13 10:00:31+00:00
notified	If the image contains a plume, whether the plume was notified or not	False
id_location	UUID of the site	b82be820-fe9c-411a-af20-82cf162760a7
last_update	Last time this registry was modified	2025-05-20 10:00:31+00:00
location_name	Code of the location.	A_10
country	Country of the location	Algeria
lon	Longitude of the center of the location	9.783133
lat	Latitude of the center of the location	28.087894
offshore	Whether the location is offshore or onshore.	False
sector	Sector of the observation	Oil and Gas, Coal, Waste or Unknown
observability	Given observability to the image. Clear and cloudy is computed automatically with the cloudmask (50% threshold). Additionally the analyst can change this category (e.g. if the cloudmask is not correct or if there're artifacts in the scene such as snow, smoke, shadows...).	clear, cloudy, bad_retrieval, smoke, shadow, snow, out_of_swath
background_image_tile	Name of the S2 or Landsat product used as background.	S2A_MSIL1C_20240603T100031_N0510_R122_T32RNS_20240603T134002
crs	Coordinate reference system of the image	EPSG:32632
transform_a	Geotransform of the image	10.0
transform_b	Geotransform of the image	0.0
transform_c	Geotransform of the image	575940.0
transform_d	Geotransform of the image	0.0
transform_e	Geotransform of the image	-10.0
transform_f	Geotransform of the image	3108180.0
width	Width of the image	200
height	Height of the image	200
window_row_off	Top left row of the location of the plume within the image (used for the simulation).	0.0
window_col_off	Top left column of the location of the plume within the image (used for the simulation).	62.0
window_height	Height in pixels of the plume within the image (used for the simulation).	101.0
window_width	Width in pixels of the plume within the image (used for the simulation).	46.0
id_loc_image	Id of the image	ea782bfb-21b6-46c5-a6ed-d3b8ef8815a0
plume	Vector WKT representation of the plume.	MULTIPOLYGON (((9.781389 28.090856, 9.781646 28.090288, 9.781861 28.089796, 9.781818 28.089134, 9.781989 28.088622, 9.782268 28.088187, 9.782633 28.087903, 9.783105 28.087865, 9.783362 28.088244, 9.783083 28.088774, 9.78304 28.089436, 9.783148 28.090061, 9.783384 28.090705, 9.783663 28.091424, 9.783856 28.092522, 9.783642 28.093299, 9.783234 28.093905, 9.783106 28.094794, 9.783041 28.095571, 9.782312 28.096195, 9.78154 28.096422, 9.780896 28.096934, 9.779888 28.097104, 9.779352 28.096915, 9.779759 28.096063, 9.780596 28.09523, 9.781132 28.094472, 9.780896 28.093867, 9.780896 28.09309, 9.781154 28.092314, 9.781239 28.091784, 9.781154 28.091292, 9.781389 28.090856)))
footprint	Vector WKT representation of the footprint of the image	POLYGON ((9.772934575210368 28.09701036650939, 9.7728039936767 28.07877712456095, 9.793361656935707 28.07865982254285, 9.7934957112434 28.09689297500473, 9.772934575210368 28.09701036650939))
split_name	Name of the split the item belongs to. One of 'train_2023', 'test_2023', 'val_2023' or 'Control releases'	'train_2023'
case_study	Case study area of the same.	Turkmenistan

Plumes metadata description

Column description of file validated_images_plumes.csv:

Name	Description	Example
id_plume	UUID of the plume	652fd72a-4a24-4938-8646-84309f899914
id_loc_image	UUID of its corresponding image	37ecaefe-619e-4dc7-90f1-d57bd48dbf0f
tile	Name of the S2 or Landsat product	S2A_MSIL1C_20240613T100031_N0510_R122_T32RNS_20240613T134114 or LC08_L1TP_192040_20190601_20200828_02_T1
tile_date	Date of acquisition	2024-06-13 10:00:31+00:00
satellite	Name of the satellite	S2A, S2B, LC08 or LC09
lat	Latitude origin of the plume	28.088329877970512
lon	Longitude origin of the plume	9.78350881586494
ch4_fluxrate	Estimated flux rate of the plume in kg/h	9639.58562343052
ch4_fluxrate_std	Estimated std of the flux rate of the plume in kg/h	3964.424919968837
geometry	Plume shape	MULTIPOLYGON (((9.782459 28.090423, 9.782716 28.089211, 9.782802 28.088378, 9.783746 28.088151, 9.78396 28.089249, 9.784217 28.090953, 9.784475 28.092316, 9.784432 28.093528, 9.783788 28.095156, 9.782802 28.095383, 9.78293 28.09402, 9.782716 28.093339, 9.782201 28.092203, 9.782416 28.09118, 9.782459 28.090423)))
last_update	Last time this registry was updated	2025-05-19 05:30:16.151729+00:00
window_row_off	Pixel upper left row coordinate within the image where the plume is located	15
window_col_off	Pixel upper left column coordinate within the image where the plume is located	88
window_height	Number of columns from the upper left coordinate	82
window_width	Number of rows from the upper left coordinate	25

Licence

The MARS-S2L database and all pre-trained models are released under a Creative Commons non-commercial Share-Alike licence.

Cite

If you find this work useful, please cite:

@article{allen_ai_2024,
    title = {{AI} for methane emission detection and mitigation},
    author = {Allen, Anna and Mateo-Garcia, Gonzalo and Irakulis-Loitxate, Itziar and Montesinos San Martin, Manuel and Watine, Marc and Fernandez-Poblaciones, Pablo and Requeima, James and Gorroño, Javier and Randles, Cynthia and Turner, Richard E. and Caltagirone, Manfredi and Cifarelli, Claudio},
    year={2024},
    month = aug,
    eprint={2408.04745},
    archivePrefix={arXiv}}
}